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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie_de_la_Couronne_de_Labuan" title="Colonie de la Couronne de Labuan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonie de la Couronne de Labuan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloni_Labuan" title="Koloni Labuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koloni Labuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_di_Labuan" title="Colonia di Labuan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonia di Labuan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajahan_Mahkota_Labuan" title="Jajahan Mahkota Labuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jajahan Mahkota Labuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E7%9B%B4%E8%BD%84%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="ラブアン直轄植民地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラブアン直轄植民地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuanin_kruununsiirtomaa" title="Labuanin kruununsiirtomaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Labuanin kruununsiirtomaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BA%A5t_Labuan" title="Thuộc địa vương thất Labuan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuộc địa vương thất Labuan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%BD%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="纳闽直辖殖民地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纳闽直辖殖民地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid 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country-name">Crown Colony of Labuan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Pulau Labuan</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1848–1946</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Labuan_(1912%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Labuan"><img alt="1912–1946 flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Labuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Labuan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Labuan_(1912%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badge of Labuan"><img alt="Badge of Labuan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_arms_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_arms_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_arms_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Labuan_%281912%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="534" /></a></span></div> <div>Badge</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the Queen</a> (1848–1901)<br /><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> (1901–1946)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track 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data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" 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kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Labuan_(1888).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Labuan, 1888"><img alt="Map of Labuan, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Map_of_Labuan_%281888%29.jpg/250px-Map_of_Labuan_%281888%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Map_of_Labuan_%281888%29.jpg/375px-Map_of_Labuan_%281888%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Map_of_Labuan_%281888%29.jpg/500px-Map_of_Labuan_%281888%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="653" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Labuan, 1888</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">British colony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Labuan" title="Victoria, Labuan">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and Chinese etc.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848–1876 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848–1852 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shenton_Thomas" title="Shenton Thomas">Shenton Thomas</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Transferred to <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1890</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> rule </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1904</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 January 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Allied liberation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Labuan to <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo Crown</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1946</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1864<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,853</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,545</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1941<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,963</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_dollar" title="British North Borneo dollar">North Borneo dollar</a> (1890–1907)<br /><a href="/wiki/Straits_dollar" title="Straits dollar">Straits dollar</a> (1907–1939)<br /><a href="/wiki/Malayan_dollar" title="Malayan dollar">Malayan dollar</a> (1939–1946)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><br /> <b>∟</b> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Crown Colony of Labuan</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> off the northwestern shore of the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> established in 1848 after the acquisition of the island of <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Sultanate of Brunei</a> in 1846. Apart from the main island, Labuan consists of six smaller islands; Burung, Daat, <a href="/wiki/Kuraman_Island" title="Kuraman Island">Kuraman</a>, Papan, Rusukan Kecil, and Rusukan Besar. </p><p>Labuan was expected by the British to be a second <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>, but it did not fulfill its promise especially after the failure of its <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> production that did not become fruitful, causing investors to withdraw their money, leaving all machinery equipment and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese workers</a> that had entered the colony previously. The Chinese workers then began involving themselves in other businesses with many becoming chief traders of the island's produce of <a href="/wiki/Edible_bird%27s_nest" title="Edible bird's nest">edible bird's nest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, with the main successful production later being the <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> and sago. </p><p>World War II brought the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan">Japanese forces</a> which abruptly ended British administration. Subsequently, Labuan became the place where the Japanese commander in Borneo surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a>, with the territory placed under a military administration before merging into the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_establishment">Foundation and establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremony_of_Hoisting_the_British_Flag_on_the_island_of_Labuan,_N._W._Coast_of_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ceremony_of_Hoisting_the_British_Flag_on_the_island_of_Labuan%2C_N._W._Coast_of_Borneo.jpg/220px-Ceremony_of_Hoisting_the_British_Flag_on_the_island_of_Labuan%2C_N._W._Coast_of_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ceremony_of_Hoisting_the_British_Flag_on_the_island_of_Labuan%2C_N._W._Coast_of_Borneo.jpg/330px-Ceremony_of_Hoisting_the_British_Flag_on_the_island_of_Labuan%2C_N._W._Coast_of_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ceremony_of_Hoisting_the_British_Flag_on_the_island_of_Labuan%2C_N._W._Coast_of_Borneo.jpg/440px-Ceremony_of_Hoisting_the_British_Flag_on_the_island_of_Labuan%2C_N._W._Coast_of_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>The hoisting of <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">British flag</a> for the first time on Labuan on 24 December 1846 following its foundation as a Crown colony</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1841, when <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a> had successfully established a solid presence in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> and began to assist in the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> along the island coast, he had persistently promoted the island of Labuan to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201375_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201375-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke urged the British to establish a <a href="/wiki/Naval_station" title="Naval station">naval station</a>, colony or <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">protectorate</a> along the northern coast to prevent other European powers from doing so which being responded by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> with the arrival of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bethune" title="Charles Bethune">Drinkwater Bethune</a> to look for a site for a naval station and specifically to investigate Labuan in November 1844,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198812_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198812-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Edward Belcher</a> with his <a href="/wiki/HMS_Samarang_(1822)" title="HMS Samarang (1822)">HMS <i>Samarang</i> (1822)</a> to survey the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWise184670_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise184670-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1846365_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1846365-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> then appointed Brooke as a diplomat to <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> in 1845 and asked him to co-operate with Bethune. At the same time, Lord <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> who was the British Foreign Minister at the time sent a letter to the Sultan of Brunei requesting the Sultan to not enter any treaties with other foreign powers while the island was under consideration as a British base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198812_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198812-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 February 1845, Admiral Bethune with his HMS <i>Driver</i> and several other political commissions left <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> to survey the island more. The crews found that it was the most suitable for inhabitants than any other island in the coast of Borneo especially with its <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens18454_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens18454-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British also saw the potential the island could be the next <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvening_Mail18483_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvening_Mail18483-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke acquired the island for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labuan" title="Treaty of Labuan">Treaty of Labuan</a> with the Sultan of Brunei, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_II" title="Omar Ali Saifuddin II">Omar Ali Saifuddin II</a> on 18 December 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYunos2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYunos2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Mundy" title="Rodney Mundy">Rodney Mundy</a> visited Brunei with his ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Iris_(1840)" title="HMS Iris (1840)">HMS <i>Iris</i> (1840)</a> to keep the Sultan in line until the British government made a final decision to take the island and he took <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momin" title="Abdul Momin">Pengiran Mumin</a> to witness the island's accession to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> on 24 December 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon18471_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon18471-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201378_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201378-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooke supervised the transferring process and by 1848, the island was made a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free port</a> with him appointed as the first Governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon18484_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon18484-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198813_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198813-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbottd2016192_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbottd2016192-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1890, Labuan came to be administered by the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a> before been reverted to British government rule in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelman2017162_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelman2017162-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 30 October 1906, the British government proposed to extend the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> to include Labuan. The proposal took effect from 1 January 1907, with the administration area being taken directly from Singapore, the capital of the Straits Settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeltie2016188_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeltie2016188-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_decline">World War II and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Battle of Labuan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_landing_off_the_west_coast_of_British_North_Borneo,_Labuan.jpg" title="File:Japanese landing off the west coast of British North Borneo, Labuan.jpg"><img alt="Japanese Navy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Japanese_landing_off_the_west_coast_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_Labuan.jpg/170px-Japanese_landing_off_the_west_coast_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_Labuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Japanese_landing_off_the_west_coast_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_Labuan.jpg/255px-Japanese_landing_off_the_west_coast_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_Labuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Japanese_landing_off_the_west_coast_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_Labuan.jpg/340px-Japanese_landing_off_the_west_coast_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_Labuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Troops,_Labuan_(AWM_127908).JPG" title="File:Japanese Troops, Labuan (AWM 127908).JPG"><img alt="Japanese Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Japanese_Troops%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_127908%29.JPG/150px-Japanese_Troops%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_127908%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Japanese_Troops%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_127908%29.JPG/225px-Japanese_Troops%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_127908%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Japanese_Troops%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_127908%29.JPG/300px-Japanese_Troops%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_127908%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Additional Japanese forces landing on the coast of Labuan on 14 January 1942</div></div></div></div> <p>As part of the World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese navy</a> anchored at Labuan on 3 January 1942 without being met by any strong resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002206_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002206-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most treasury notes on the island had been burned and destroyed by the British to prevent them from falling into Japanese hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1958255_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1958255-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Japanese forces then proceeded to Mempakul in the western coast of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> to strengthen their main forces there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrehanMace2015227_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrehanMace2015227-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the complete takeover of the rest of Borneo island, Labuan was ruled as part of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and garrisoned by units of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Seventh_Army_(Japan)" title="Thirty-Seventh Army (Japan)">Japanese 37th Army</a>, which controlled northern Borneo. The island was renamed Maeda Island<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">前田島</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Maeda-shima</i></span>)</span> after Marquis <a href="/wiki/Toshinari_Maeda" title="Toshinari Maeda">Toshinari Maeda</a>, the first commander of Japanese forces in northern Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199030_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199030-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling2001193_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling2001193-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese planned to construct two airfields on the island with eleven others to be located in different parts of Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald198088_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald198088-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013117_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013117-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandran2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve this, the Japanese brought approximately one hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labourers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> to work for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013117_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013117-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi20131867_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi20131867-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_troops_landing_on_Labuan,_1945.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Australian_troops_landing_on_Labuan%2C_1945.JPG/220px-Australian_troops_landing_on_Labuan%2C_1945.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Australian_troops_landing_on_Labuan%2C_1945.JPG/330px-Australian_troops_landing_on_Labuan%2C_1945.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Australian_troops_landing_on_Labuan%2C_1945.JPG/440px-Australian_troops_landing_on_Labuan%2C_1945.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Australian troops comprising the <a href="/wiki/24th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="24th Brigade (Australia)">24th Brigade</a> landing on Labuan on 10 June 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The liberation of the whole of Borneo began on 10 June 1945 when the Allied forces under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> and Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Morshead" title="Leslie Morshead">Leslie Morshead</a> landed at Labuan with a convoy of 100 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfennigwerth2009146_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfennigwerth2009146-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Australian Division</a> launched an attack, with its <a href="/wiki/24th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="24th Brigade (Australia)">24th Brigade</a> landing two battalions at the island southeast protrudance and the north side of Victoria Harbour on Brown Beach while being supported by massive air and sea bombardments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002262_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002262-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner201455_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner201455-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landings were witnessed by MacArthur on board the <a href="/wiki/USS_Boise_(CL-47)" title="USS Boise (CL-47)">USS <i>Boise</i> (CL-47)</a> when he decided to proceed further south from the southern <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a> to Labuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011343_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011343-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> on 15 August 1945, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Masao_Baba" title="Masao Baba">Masao Baba</a> who was the last commander of the Japanese army in northern Borneo surrendered at the island's Layang-layang beach on 9 September 1945. He was then brought to the 9th Division headquarters on the island to sign the surrender document in front of the commander of the 9th Division, Major General <a href="/wiki/George_Wootten" title="George Wootten">George Wootten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(1)2017_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(1)2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official surrender ceremony was held on the next day on 10 September at Surrender Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(2)2017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(2)2017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Labuan" title="Victoria, Labuan">Victoria</a> had been damaged by Allied bombings but was rebuilt after the war. The island assumed its former name and was under <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a> (BMA) along with the rest of the British territories in Borneo before joining the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> on 15 July 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raid_(Malaysia)" title="Dawn Raid (Malaysia)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_Opposition_Wave" title="2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave">2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1996_Pos_Dipang_mudflow" title="1996 Pos Dipang mudflow">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="History of Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor">Governor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Labuan" title="Governor of Labuan">Governor of Labuan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labuan_Government_Offices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Labuan_Government_Offices.jpg/220px-Labuan_Government_Offices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Labuan_Government_Offices.jpg/330px-Labuan_Government_Offices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Labuan_Government_Offices.jpg/440px-Labuan_Government_Offices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>The government offices of the British administration of the island</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the acquisition of Labuan, it was made a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> and governed by a Governor. Governor John Fitzpatrick imported a group of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin policemen</a> to clean up the island and enforce health regulations during his term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELack1965470_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELack1965470-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1880s, there had been a wide disenchantment over the position of Labuan as a crown colony among British administrators after the failure of coal production,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198891_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198891-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing the administration to be passed twice to <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1988100_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1988100-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the last years of British rule, the authorities encouraged the involvement of indigenous natives in the island to participate in politics although it was still controlled based on the interests of the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnak_RobinPuyok201516_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnak_RobinPuyok201516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its discovery by the British, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> has been found on the main island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWise184670_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise184670-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other economic resources include <a href="/wiki/Edible_bird%27s_nest" title="Edible bird's nest">edible bird's nest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British hoped that the island's capital would grow into a city to rival <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, but the dream was never realised. In particular the decline of coal production caused most investors to withdraw their investment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198891_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198891-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1924194_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1924194-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon_and_China_Telegraph1868557_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon_and_China_Telegraph1868557-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a replacement, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, and sago production became the main resources of the Labuan economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the administration of North Borneo, its revenue was <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_dollar" title="British North Borneo dollar">$</a>20,000 in 1889, increasing to $56,000 in 1902. Imports in 1902 were $1,948,742, while exports reached $1,198,945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Labuan_1885_2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stamp_Labuan_1885_2c.jpg/120px-Stamp_Labuan_1885_2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stamp_Labuan_1885_2c.jpg/180px-Stamp_Labuan_1885_2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stamp_Labuan_1885_2c.jpg/240px-Stamp_Labuan_1885_2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>2 cents Labuan postage stamp featuring <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1885</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island had a population of about 2,000 in 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5,853 in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,545 in 1911,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 8,963 in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is mainly <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a>, with a remainder of <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">European</a> and Eurasian. The Europeans were mainly government officials and staff of companies, the Chinese were the chief traders with most of the industries in the island in their hands, while the Malays were mostly fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1924194_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1924194-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service_infrastructure">Public service infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public service infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph line">telegraph line</a> was established from Labuan to <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> on neighbouring <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1962134_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1962134-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postal services were also available throughout the administration, with a post office operating on the island by 1864 and used a circular date stamp as a <a href="/wiki/Postmark" title="Postmark">postmark</a>. The postage stamps of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and Hong Kong were used on some mail, but they were probably carried there by individuals rather than being on sale in Labuan. Mail was routed through Singapore. From 1867, Labuan officially used the postage stamps of the Straits Settlements but began issuing its own in May 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong192035_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong192035-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall195868_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall195868-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeography_of_British_Colonies186431_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeography_of_British_Colonies1864">Geography of British Colonies 1864</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904792_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904">Hong Kong Daily Press Office 1904</a>, p. 792.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121510_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1912">Hong Kong Daily Press Office 1912</a>, p. 1510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2016225_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2016">Steinberg 2016</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201375-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201375_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2013">Saunders 2013</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198812-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198812_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198812_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1988">Wright 1988</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWise184670-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWise184670_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWise184670_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWise1846">Wise 1846</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon1846365-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon1846365_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFanon1846">anon 1846</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens18454-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens18454_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1845">Stephens 1845</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvening_Mail18483-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvening_Mail18483_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvening_Mail1848">Evening Mail 1848</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYunos2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYunos2008_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYunos2008">Yunos 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon18471-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon18471_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFanon1847">anon 1847</a>, pp. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201378-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201378_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2013">Saunders 2013</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEanon18484-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEanon18484_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFanon1848">anon 1848</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198813-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198813_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1988">Wright 1988</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbottd2016192-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbottd2016192_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbottd2016">Abbottd 2016</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsonShadle1996">Olson & Shadle 1996</a>, p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelman2017162-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelman2017162_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelman2017">Welman 2017</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeltie2016188-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeltie2016188_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeltie2016">Keltie 2016</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002206-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002206_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottman2002">Rottman 2002</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1958255-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1958255_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1958">Hall 1958</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrehanMace2015227-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrehanMace2015227_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrehanMace2015">Grehan & Mace 2015</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199030-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199030_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans1990">Evans 1990</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling2001193-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling2001193_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarling2001">Tarling 2001</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald198088-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzGerald198088_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzGerald1980">FitzGerald 1980</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013117-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013117_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013117_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratoska2013">Kratoska 2013</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2017-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandran2017_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandran2017">Chandran 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi20131867-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi20131867_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOoi2013">Ooi 2013</a>, p. 1867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfennigwerth2009146-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfennigwerth2009146_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfennigwerth2009">Pfennigwerth 2009</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002262-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002262_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRottman2002">Rottman 2002</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner201455-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner201455_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorner2014">Horner 2014</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey2011343-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey2011343_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey2011">Gailey 2011</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(1)2017-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(1)2017_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabuan_Corporation_(1)2017">Labuan Corporation (1) 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(2)2017-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabuan_Corporation_(2)2017_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabuan_Corporation_(2)2017">Labuan Corporation (2) 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELack1965470-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELack1965470_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLack1965">Lack 1965</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright198891-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198891_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright198891_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1988">Wright 1988</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1988100-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1988100_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1988">Wright 1988</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnak_RobinPuyok201516-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnak_RobinPuyok201516_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnak_RobinPuyok2015">Anak Robin & Puyok 2015</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1924194-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1924194_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1924194_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1924">Clark 1924</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon_and_China_Telegraph1868557-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondon_and_China_Telegraph1868557_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLondon_and_China_Telegraph1868">London and China Telegraph 1868</a>, p. 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1962134-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1962134_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1962">Baker 1962</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong192035-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong192035_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1920">Armstrong 1920</a>, pp. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall195868-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall195868_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1958">Hall 1958</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStephens1845" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, John (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27450832/2285893">"Borneo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Register" title="South Australian Register">South Australian Register</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Australian+Register&rft.atitle=Borneo&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F27450832%2F2285893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFanon1846" class="citation book cs1">anon (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkIFAAAAQAAJ&q=labuan+commerce&pg=PA365"><i>The New monthly magazine and universal register. [Continued as] The New monthly magazine and literary journal (and humorist) [afterw.] The New monthly (magazine)</i></a>. Vol. 76. Publisher not identified.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+monthly+magazine+and+universal+register.+%26%2391%3BContinued+as%26%2393%3B+The+New+monthly+magazine+and+literary+journal+%28and+humorist%29+%26%2391%3Bafterw.%26%2393%3B+The+New+monthly+%28magazine%29.&rft.pub=Publisher+not+identified&rft.date=1846&rft.au=anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkIFAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dlabuan%2Bcommerce%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1846" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Henry (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpBeAAAAcAAJ&q=edward+belcher+labuan&pg=PA70"><i>A Selection from Papers Relating to Borneo and the Proceedings at Sarāwak of James Brooke ...</i></a> Publisher not identified.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Selection+from+Papers+Relating+to+Borneo+and+the+Proceedings+at+Sar%C4%81wak+of+James+Brooke+...&rft.pub=Publisher+not+identified&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpBeAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dedward%2Bbelcher%2Blabuan%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFanon1847" class="citation web cs1">anon (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/94443846">"The island of Labuan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geelong_Advertiser_and_Squatters%27_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Advertiser and Squatters' Advocate">Geelong Advertiser and Squatters' Advocate</a></i>. Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geelong+Advertiser+and+Squatters%27+Advocate&rft.atitle=The+island+of+Labuan&rft.date=1847&rft.au=anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F94443846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFanon1848" class="citation web cs1">anon (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/709047">"Opening of the New Colony of Labuan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maitland_Mercury_and_Hunter_River_General_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser">The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser</a></i>. Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Maitland+Mercury+and+Hunter+River+General+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Opening+of+the+New+Colony+of+Labuan&rft.date=1848&rft.au=anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F709047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvening_Mail1848" class="citation web cs1">Evening Mail (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes18481021.2.14">"Labuan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Labuan.&rft.date=1848&rft.au=Evening+Mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes18481021.2.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeography_of_British_Colonies1864" class="citation book cs1">Geography of British Colonies (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nEDAAAAQAAJ&q=labuan+population+british&pg=PA31"><i>Geography of the British colonies and dependencies</i></a>. Publisher not identified.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+the+British+colonies+and+dependencies&rft.pub=Publisher+not+identified&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Geography+of+British+Colonies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nEDAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dlabuan%2Bpopulation%2Bbritish%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon_and_China_Telegraph1868" class="citation book cs1">London and China Telegraph (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKxNAAAAcAAJ&q=japanese+labuan&pg=PA557"><i>The London and China Telegraph: 1868</i></a>. Publisher not identified.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+and+China+Telegraph%3A+1868&rft.pub=Publisher+not+identified&rft.date=1868&rft.au=London+and+China+Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKxNAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Blabuan%26pg%3DPA557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1904" class="citation book cs1">Hong Kong Daily Press Office (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYxEAQAAMAAJ&q=labuan+population+british&pg=PA792"><i>The Directory & Chronicle for China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Malay States, Sian, Netherlands India, Borneo, the Philippines, &c: With which are Incorporated "The China Directory" and "The Hong Kong List for the Far East" ...</i></a> Hong Kong Daily Press Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Directory+%26+Chronicle+for+China%2C+Japan%2C+Corea%2C+Indo-China%2C+Straits+Settlements%2C+Malay+States%2C+Sian%2C+Netherlands+India%2C+Borneo%2C+the+Philippines%2C+%26c%3A+With+which+are+Incorporated+%22The+China+Directory%22+and+%22The+Hong+Kong+List+for+the+Far+East%22+...&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Daily+Press+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Hong+Kong+Daily+Press+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYxEAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlabuan%2Bpopulation%2Bbritish%26pg%3DPA792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1912" class="citation book cs1">Hong Kong Daily Press Office (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4tEAQAAMAAJ&q=Labuan&pg=PA1511"><i>The Directory & Chronicle for China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Malay States, Sian, Netherlands India, Borneo, the Philippines, &c: With which are Incorporated "The China Directory" and "The Hong Kong List for the Far East" ...</i></a> Hong Kong Daily Press Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Directory+%26+Chronicle+for+China%2C+Japan%2C+Corea%2C+Indo-China%2C+Straits+Settlements%2C+Malay+States%2C+Sian%2C+Netherlands+India%2C+Borneo%2C+the+Philippines%2C+%26c%3A+With+which+are+Incorporated+%22The+China+Directory%22+and+%22The+Hong+Kong+List+for+the+Far+East%22+...&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Daily+Press+Office&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Hong+Kong+Daily+Press+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4tEAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DLabuan%26pg%3DPA1511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1920" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Douglas Brawn (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26RMAAAAMAAJ&q=labuan+stamps+1879"><i>British & colonial postage stamps: a guide to the collection and appreciation of the adhesive postal issues of the British empire</i></a>. Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+%26+colonial+postage+stamps%3A+a+guide+to+the+collection+and+appreciation+of+the+adhesive+postal+issues+of+the+British+empire&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Brawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26RMAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlabuan%2Bstamps%2B1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1924" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Cumberland (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRsyAQAAIAAJ&q=malay+fishermen+labuan+british"><i>Britain overseas: the story of the foundation and development of the British Empire from 1497 to 1921</i></a>. K. 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Chung Nam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labuan+Story%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Small+Island&rft.pub=Chung+Nam&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMc2KF62gwBAC%26q%3Dlabuan%2Bjapanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1962" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Michael H. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlrRAAAAMAAJ&q=radio"><i>North Borneo: The First Ten Years 1946–1956</i></a>. Malaya Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Borneo%3A+The+First+Ten+Years+1946%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=Malaya+Publishing+House&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlrRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dradio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLack1965" class="citation web cs1">Lack, Clem (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:212737/s00855804_1964_1965_7_3_456.pdf">"Colonial Representation in the Nineteenth Century (Pro-Consuls of Empire and Some Australian Agents-General)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Library" title="University of Queensland Library">University of Queensland Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonial+Representation+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+%28Pro-Consuls+of+Empire+and+Some+Australian+Agents-General%29&rft.pub=University+of+Queensland+Library&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lack&rft.aufirst=Clem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A212737%2Fs00855804_1964_1965_7_3_456.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald1980" class="citation book cs1">FitzGerald, Lawrence (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTIvAAAAMAAJ&q=japanese+labuan+construct"><i>Lebanon to Labuan: a story of mapping by the Australian Survey Corps, World War II (1939 to 1945)</i></a>. J.G. Holmes Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780959497908" title="Special:BookSources/9780959497908"><bdi>9780959497908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+to+Labuan%3A+a+story+of+mapping+by+the+Australian+Survey+Corps%2C+World+War+II+%281939+to+1945%29&rft.pub=J.G.+Holmes+Pty+Ltd.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780959497908&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTIvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Blabuan%2Bconstruct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1988" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Leigh R. (1988). <i>The Origins of British Borneo</i>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-213-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-213-6"><bdi>978-962-209-213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+British+Borneo&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-962-209-213-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Leigh+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1990" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Stephen R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chxxAAAAMAAJ&q=Maeda-shima+labuan"><i>Sabah (North Borneo): Under the Rising Sun Government</i></a>. Tropical Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabah+%28North+Borneo%29%3A+Under+the+Rising+Sun+Government&rft.pub=Tropical+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchxxAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMaeda-shima%2Blabuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29367-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29367-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29367-2&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling2001" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (2001). <i>A Sudden Rampage: The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia, 1941-1945</i>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-584-8"><bdi>978-1-85065-584-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sudden+Rampage%3A+The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Southeast+Asia%2C+1941-1945&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-584-8&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). <i>World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Pacific+Island+Guide%3A+A+Geo-military+Study&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunos2008" class="citation web cs1">Yunos, Rozan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428182303/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/07/loss_of_labuan_a_former_brunei_island">"Loss of Labuan, a former Brunei island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brunei_Times" title="The Brunei Times">The Brunei Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2008/09/07/loss_of_labuan_a_former_brunei_island">the original</a> on 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=Loss+of+Labuan%2C+a+former+Brunei+island&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Yunos&rft.aufirst=Rozan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Flife%2F2008%2F09%2F07%2Floss_of_labuan_a_former_brunei_island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfennigwerth2009" class="citation book cs1">Pfennigwerth, Ian (2009). <i>The Royal Australian Navy and MacArthur</i>. Rosenberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-83-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-83-7"><bdi>978-1-877058-83-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australian+Navy+and+MacArthur&rft.pub=Rosenberg&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-877058-83-7&rft.aulast=Pfennigwerth&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGailey2011" class="citation book cs1">Gailey, Harry (2011). <i>War in the Pacific: From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay</i>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80204-0"><bdi>978-0-307-80204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Pacific%3A+From+Pearl+Harbor+to+Tokyo+Bay&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-80204-0&rft.aulast=Gailey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2013" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Graham (2013). <i>A History of Brunei</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87394-2&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2013" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2013). <i>Post-War Borneo, 1945-1950: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05810-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05810-5"><bdi>978-1-134-05810-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-War+Borneo%2C+1945-1950%3A+Nationalism%2C+Empire+and+State-Building&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-05810-5&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2013" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2013). <i>Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12514-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12514-0"><bdi>978-1-136-12514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Minorities+in+the+Wartime+Japanese+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-12514-0&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2014" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David (2014). <i>The Second World War (1): The Pacific</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0976-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0976-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-0976-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+%281%29%3A+The+Pacific&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0976-6&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrehanMace2015" class="citation book cs1">Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2015). <i>Disaster in the Far East 1940-1942</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5305-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5305-8"><bdi>978-1-4738-5305-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+in+the+Far+East+1940-1942&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-5305-8&rft.aulast=Grehan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mace%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnak_RobinPuyok2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anak Robin, Juwita Kumala; Puyok, Arnold (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816191455/http://www.borneo.unimas.my/images/jbk2016/jbk2.2/manuscript-no.3.pdf">"The Political Participation of the Indigenous Muslim Community in Labuan during the British Administration, 1946–1963"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Malay and English). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Sarawak" title="Universiti Malaysia Sarawak">Universiti Malaysia Sarawak</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borneo.unimas.my/images/jbk2016/jbk2.2/manuscript-no.3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Political+Participation+of+the+Indigenous+Muslim+Community+in+Labuan+during+the+British+Administration%2C+1946%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=Universiti+Malaysia+Sarawak&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Anak+Robin&rft.aufirst=Juwita+Kumala&rft.au=Puyok%2C+Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borneo.unimas.my%2Fimages%2Fjbk2016%2Fjbk2.2%2Fmanuscript-no.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottd2016" class="citation book cs1">Abbottd, Jason P (2016). <i>Offshore Finance Centres and Tax Havens: The Rise of Global Capital</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14752-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14752-6"><bdi>978-1-349-14752-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offshore+Finance+Centres+and+Tax+Havens%3A+The+Rise+of+Global+Capital&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-14752-6&rft.aulast=Abbottd&rft.aufirst=Jason+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeltie2016" class="citation book cs1">Keltie, J. Scott (2016). <i>The Statesman's Year-Book</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27037-4"><bdi>978-0-230-27037-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27037-4&rft.aulast=Keltie&rft.aufirst=J.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, S. (2016). <i>The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1951</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27080-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27080-0"><bdi>978-0-230-27080-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+Statistical+and+Historical+Annual+of+the+States+of+the+World+for+the+Year+1951&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27080-0&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandran2017" class="citation web cs1">Chandran, Esther (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817061304/http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2017/05/08/discovering-labuan-and-loving-it-dutyfree-island-in-borneo-charms-tourists-with-rich-history-and-la/">"Discovering Labuan and loving it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2017/05/08/discovering-labuan-and-loving-it-dutyfree-island-in-borneo-charms-tourists-with-rich-history-and-la/">the original</a> on 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Discovering+Labuan+and+loving+it&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Chandran&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Ffocus%2F2017%2F05%2F08%2Fdiscovering-labuan-and-loving-it-dutyfree-island-in-borneo-charms-tourists-with-rich-history-and-la%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelman2017" class="citation book cs1">Welman, Frans (2017). <i>Borneo Trilogy Volume 1: Sabah</i>. Booksmango. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-245-078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-245-078-5"><bdi>978-616-245-078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+Trilogy+Volume+1%3A+Sabah&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-616-245-078-5&rft.aulast=Welman&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabuan_Corporation_(1)2017" class="citation web cs1">Labuan Corporation (1) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814092217/https://www.pl.gov.my/en/taman-damai">"Peace Park (Taman Damai)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Corporation" title="Labuan Corporation">Labuan Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pl.gov.my/en/taman-damai">the original</a> on 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+Park+%28Taman+Damai%29&rft.pub=Labuan+Corporation&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Labuan+Corporation+%281%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pl.gov.my%2Fen%2Ftaman-damai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabuan_Corporation_(2)2017" class="citation web cs1">Labuan Corporation (2) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014091512/https://www.pl.gov.my/en/tugu-penyerahan-jepun1">"Surrender Point"</a>. Labuan Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pl.gov.my/en/tugu-penyerahan-jepun1">the original</a> on 14 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surrender+Point&rft.pub=Labuan+Corporation&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Labuan+Corporation+%282%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pl.gov.my%2Fen%2Ftugu-penyerahan-jepun1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_Labuan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppelBrookeWalterKeating1847" class="citation web cs1">Keppel, Henry; Brooke, James; WalterKeating, Kelly (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expeditiontobor00kellgoog">"The expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the suppression of piracy : with extracts from the journal of James Brooke, Esq., of Sarawak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Libraries" title="University of California Libraries">University of California Libraries</a></i>. London : Chapman and Hall. p. 347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+expedition+to+Borneo+of+H.M.S.+Dido+for+the+suppression+of+piracy+%3A+with+extracts+from+the+journal+of+James+Brooke%2C+Esq.%2C+of+Sarawak&rft.pages=347&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Brooke%2C+James&rft.au=WalterKeating%2C+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpeditiontobor00kellgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookeMundy1848" class="citation web cs1">Brooke, James; Mundy, Rodney George (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeevents03mundgoog">"Narrative of events in Borneo and Celebes, down to the occupation of Labuan : from the journals of James Brooke esq., rajah of Sarāwak, and governor of Labuan. Together with a narrative of the operations of H. M. S. Iris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></i>. London : J. Murray. p. 441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University&rft.atitle=Narrative+of+events+in+Borneo+and+Celebes%2C+down+to+the+occupation+of+Labuan+%3A+from+the+journals+of+James+Brooke+esq.%2C+rajah+of+Sar%C4%81wak%2C+and+governor+of+Labuan.+Together+with+a+narrative+of+the+operations+of+H.+M.+S.+Iris&rft.pages=441&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Rodney+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeevents03mundgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotleyDillwyn1855" class="citation web cs1">Motley, James; Dillwyn, Lewis Llewellyn (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionston00motl">"Contributions to the natural history of Labuan, and the adjacent coasts of Borneo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Libraries">Smithsonian Libraries</a></i>. London : J. Van Voorst. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Libraries&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+natural+history+of+Labuan%2C+and+the+adjacent+coasts+of+Borneo&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Motley&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Dillwyn%2C+Lewis+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontributionston00motl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreacher1891" class="citation web cs1">Treacher, W. H (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yonderyo00gavarich">"British Borneo: sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo"</a>. <i>University of California Libraries</i>. Singapore, Govt. print. dept. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Libraries&rft.atitle=British+Borneo%3A+sketches+of+Brunai%2C+Sarawak%2C+Labuan%2C+and+North+Borneo&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Treacher&rft.aufirst=W.+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyonderyo00gavarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrown+Colony+of+Labuan" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protectorates_and_Crown_colonies_of_British_Malaya_and_Borneo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Template:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Template talk:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protectorates_and_Crown_colonies_of_British_Malaya_and_Borneo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> <small>(1826–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a> <small>(1885–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> <small>(1895–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> <small>(1946–1948)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony of Malacca</a> <small>(1946–1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony of Penang</a> <small>(1946–1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> <small>(1946–1963)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> <small>(1948–1957)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Borneo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> <small>(1841–1946)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crown Colony of Labuan</a> <small>(1848–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <small>(1882–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> <small>(1888–1984)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> <small>(1946–1963)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> <small>(1946–1963)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template talk:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_viceregal_representatives_of_The_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current viceregal representatives of The Crown">Governors, civil commissioners and administrators of British dependencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown<br />Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man">Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government,_1901-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/100px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/150px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas<br />territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Anguilla" title="Governor of Anguilla">Governor of Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor of Ascension (Administrator of Ascension)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Antarctic_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory">Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory">Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Governor of the Virgin Islands">Governor of the Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Governor of the Cayman Islands">Governor of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="List of governors of the Falkland Islands">Governor of the Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montserrat" title="Governor of Montserrat">Governor of Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pitcairn" title="Governor of Pitcairn">Governor of Pitcairn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands">Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Tristan da Cunha">Governor of Tristan da Cunha (Administrator of Tristan da Cunha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Africa)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Mauritius" title="Governor of British Mauritius">Governor of British Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cameroons">Governor of British Cameroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Gambia" title="List of colonial governors of the Gambia">Governor of the Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gold_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Gold Coast">Governor of Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kenya">Governor of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Lagos_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Lagos Colony">Governor of Lagos Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Governor of Northern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nyasaland">Governor of Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor of Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nigeria">Governor of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Senegal">Governor of Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Seychelles">Governor of the Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Sierra Leone">Governor of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">Governor-General of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_British_South_African_colonies" title="List of governors of British South African colonies">Governors of British South African colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">Governor of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tanganyika" title="List of governors of Tanganyika">Governor of Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uganda" title="List of governors of Uganda">Governor of Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Zanzibar" title="List of British representatives in Zanzibar">Resident in Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Americas)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of governors of the Bahamas">Governor of the Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Barbados">Governor of Barbados</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Grenada">Lieutenant Governor of Grenada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Lieutenant-Governor of Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Guiana">Governor of British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Honduras">Governor of British Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Cuba">Governor of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Dominica" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Dominica">Governor of Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Grenada#British_governors_of_Grenada_(1762–1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors of Grenada">Governor of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jamaica">Governor of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Leeward Islands">Governor of the Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Lucia">Governor of St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Vincent">Governor of St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad and Tobago">Governor of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Tobago">Lieutenant governors of Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad">Governor of Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Columbia">Governor of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of New Brunswick">Governor of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova-Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Prince Edward Island">Governor of Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec#Lieutenant_Governors_of_the_Province_of_Quebec,_1760–1791" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">Lieutenant Governor of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Christopher,_Nevis_and_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla">Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-in-Chief_of_the_Windward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands">Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_West_Indies_Federation" title="Governor-General of the West Indies Federation">Governor-General of the West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of colonial governors of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Florida" title="List of colonial governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of colonial governors of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="List of colonial governors of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts-Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of colonial governors of New Hampshire">Governor of New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Governor of New-Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Governor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Governor of New York">Governor of New-York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North-Carolina_(1712%E2%80%931776)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of North-Carolina (1712–1776)">Governor of North-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of colonial governors of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of colonial governors of South Carolina">Governor of South-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Asia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Burma" title="List of colonial governors of Burma">Governor of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom for Malaya">High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States</a> <ul><li>Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states</li> <li>Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="General Adviser to the Government of Johore">General Adviser to the Government of Johore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah">Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Kelantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Kelantan">Adviser to the Government of Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Perlis">Adviser to the Government of Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser,_Trengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser, Trengganu">Adviser, Trengganu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_India" title="List of governors-general of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a> <ul><li>Heads of the provinces of British India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">Governor of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bombay_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bombay Presidency">Governor of Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_Governors_and_Presidents_of_Madras_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Presidency">Governor of Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_in_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind in British India">Governor of Sindh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_of_Gwalior" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident of Gwalior">Resident of Gwalior</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq#British_High_Commissioners_to_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">High Commissioner for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Labuan" title="Governor of Labuan">Governor of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Muscat_and_Oman" title="List of British representatives in Muscat and Oman">Representative in Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Malaya">High Commissioner for Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Malayan_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Malayan Union">Governor of the Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Borneo" title="Governor of North Borneo">Governor of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_resident_ministers_in_Nepal" title="List of British resident ministers in Nepal">Resident Minister in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Penang">Governor of Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Raj_of_Sarawak" title="List of British representatives in the Raj of Sarawak">Representative in the Raj of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak#Administration" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Singapore" title="List of governors of Singapore">Governor of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Trucial_States" title="List of British representatives in the Trucial States">Representative in the Trucial States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Europe)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus">Governor of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands">High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Isle of Wight">Governor of the Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_commissioners_of_Malta" title="List of civil commissioners of Malta">Civil Commissioner of Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Malta">Governor of Malta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Minorca">Governor of Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Governor of Northern Ireland">Governor of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Oceania)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Fiji" title="Governor of Fiji">Governor of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">Governor-General of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resident_commissioners_and_governors_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="List of resident commissioners and governors of the Solomon Islands">Governor of the Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_consuls_in_Tonga" title="List of British consuls in Tonga">Consul in Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_the_Western_Pacific" title="High Commissioner for the Western Pacific">High Commissioner for the Western Pacific</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="former(Australia)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>former<br />(Australia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_Central_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of Central Australia">Government Resident of Central Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_North_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of North Australia">Government Resident of North Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tasmania" title="Governor of Tasmania">Governor of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria" title="Governor of Victoria">Governor of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor of Western Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Swan_River_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony">Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Viceroys_of_the_British_monarch" title="Category:Viceroys of the British monarch">category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_East_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_East_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common<br />history<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia" title="Proclamation of Malaysia">Proclamation of Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_2019_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2019 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkred;">(on hold) ★ first tabling</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia#March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2021 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkgreen;">(passed) ★ second tabling</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_and_Dutch_Borneo,_1898.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898."><img alt="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/150px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/225px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/300px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of<br />Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">Brunei Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_conflict_(1771)" title="Sabah conflict (1771)">Sabah conflict (1771)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy#North_Borneo" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austrian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanum" title="Antanum">Antanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">Self-government of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Oath_Stone" title="Keningau Oath Stone">Keningau Oath Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Double Six Crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks from the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">1986 Sabah riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sabah_political_arrests" title="1991 Sabah political arrests">1991 Sabah political arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IC" title="Project IC">Project IC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Water_Department_corruption_probe" title="Sabah State Water Department corruption probe">Sabah State Water Department corruption probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of<br />Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan_Bang" title="Liu Shan Bang">Liu Shan Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Masahor" title="Syarif Masahor">Syarif Masahor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Self-government of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-point_agreement" title="18-point agreement">18-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">1987 Ming Court Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sarawak_HFMD_outbreak" title="1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak">1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_rabies_outbreak" title="Sarawak rabies outbreak">Sarawak rabies outbreak</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labuan#History" title="Labuan">History of<br />Labuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1904)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907–46)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Battle of Labuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–63)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Covers the three territories</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_topics" title="Template talk:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Malaysian_history" title="Timeline of Malaysian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Borders of Malaysia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Populated places in Malaysia">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Malaysia" title="List of plants of Malaysia">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of hill stations in Malaysia">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malaysia" title="List of islands of Malaysia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Malaysia" title="List of lakes of Malaysia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Malaysia" title="List of mountains in Malaysia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Malaysia" title="List of national parks in Malaysia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malaysia" title="List of rivers of Malaysia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Malaysia" title="List of earthquakes in Malaysia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Malaysia" title="List of volcanoes in Malaysia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Shadow Cabinet of Malaysia">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislative assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Malaysia" title="List of banks in Malaysia">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">States and municipalities by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia" title="Science and technology in Malaysia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia" title="Bursa Malaysia">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malaysia" title="Tourism in Malaysia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">World Bank Relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Society of Malaysia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Malaysia" title="Income inequality in Malaysia">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malaysia" title="Prostitution in Malaysia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Malaysia" title="Squatting in Malaysia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Architecture in Malaysia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malaysia" title="Folklore of Malaysia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia" title="Coat of arms of Malaysia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Flower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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