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Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم تشريح النبات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم تشريح النبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatom%C3%ADa_vexetal" title="Anatomía vexetal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anatomía vexetal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Анатомія раслін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анатомія раслін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Анатомия на растенията – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анатомия на растенията" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomija_biljaka" title="Anatomija biljaka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anatomija biljaka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Ӳсентăрансен анатомийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳсентăрансен анатомийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomie_rostlin" title="Anatomie rostlin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anatomie rostlin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planteanatomi" title="Planteanatomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planteanatomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytotomie" title="Phytotomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phytotomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimeanatoomia" title="Taimeanatoomia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taimeanatoomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatom%C3%ADa_vegetal" title="Anatomía vegetal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anatomía vegetal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantanatomio" title="Plantanatomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantanatomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="کالبدشناسی گیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالبدشناسی گیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomie_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Anatomie végétale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anatomie végétale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatom%C3%ADa_vexetal" title="Anatomía vexetal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anatomía vexetal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99" title="식물해부학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식물해부학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բույսերի անատոմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բույսերի անատոմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पादप शारीरिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पादप शारीरिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomija_bilja" title="Anatomija bilja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anatomija bilja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomi_tumbuhan" title="Anatomi tumbuhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anatomi tumbuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97" title="אנטומיה של הצמח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטומיה של הצמח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomi_tetanduran" title="Anatomi tetanduran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anatomi tetanduran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өсімдіктер анатомиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өсімдіктер анатомиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өсүмдүк анатомиясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өсүмдүк анатомиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomia_plantarum" title="Anatomia plantarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anatomia plantarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyszervezettan" title="Növényszervezettan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Növényszervezettan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Анатомија на растенијата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анатомија на растенијата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="സസ്യങ്ങളുടെ അനാറ്റമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്യങ്ങളുടെ അനാറ്റമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plantenanatomie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="植物解剖学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植物解剖学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomia_ro%C5%9Blin" title="Anatomia roślin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anatomia roślin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomia_vegetal" title="Anatomia vegetal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anatomia vegetal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomie_vegetal%C4%83" title="Anatomie vegetală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anatomie vegetală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Анатомия растений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анатомия растений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plant anatomy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastlinn%C3%A1_anat%C3%B3mia" title="Rastlinná anatómia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rastlinná anatómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomija_rastlin" title="Anatomija rastlin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anatomija rastlin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Анатомија биљака – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анатомија биљака" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitotomija" title="Fitotomija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fitotomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvianatomia" title="Kasvianatomia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvianatomia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தாவர உடலமைப்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவர உடலமைப்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A" title="กายวิภาคศาสตร์พืช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กายวิภาคศาสตร์พืช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitki_anatomisi" title="Bitki anatomisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bitki anatomisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Анатомія рослин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анатомія рослин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פלאנצן אנאטאמיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאנצן אנאטאמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of the internal structure of plants</div> <p><b>Plant anatomy</b> or <b>phytotomy</b> is the general term for the study of the internal <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">structure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>. Originally, it included <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">plant morphology</a>, the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, but since the mid-20th century, plant anatomy has been considered a separate field referring only to internal plant structure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant anatomy is now frequently investigated at the <a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">cellular level</a>, and often involves the sectioning of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_divisions">Structural divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structural divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_Anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_Anatomy.svg/250px-Plant_Anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_Anatomy.svg/330px-Plant_Anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plant_Anatomy.svg/500px-Plant_Anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>This is a diagram of the anatomy of a plant with labels of structural parts of the plants and the roots. 1. Shoot system. 2. Root system. 3. Hypocotyl. 4. Terminal bud. 5. Leaf blade. 6. Internode. 7. Axillary bud. 8. Petiole. 9. Stem. 10. Node. 11. Tap root. 12. Root hairs. 13. Root tip. 14. Root cap</figcaption></figure> <p>Some studies of plant anatomy use a systems approach, organized on the basis of the plant's activities, such as nutrient transport, flowering, pollination, embryogenesis or seed development.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are more classically<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divided into the following structural categories: </p> <ul><li>Flower anatomy, including study of the <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">calyx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androecium" class="mw-redirect" title="Androecium">androecium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Anatomy_(medium_and_small_scale)" title="Leaf">Leaf anatomy</a>, including study of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palisade_cell" title="Palisade cell">palisade cells</a></li> <li>Stem anatomy, including <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem#Stem_structure" title="Plant stem">stem structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buds" class="mw-redirect" title="Buds">buds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meristem#Shoot_apical_meristems" title="Meristem">shoot apex</a></li> <li>Fruit/Seed anatomy, including structure of the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed#Seed_structure" title="Seed">seed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_(plant_structure)#Pericarp_layers" title="Fruit (plant structure)">pericarp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accessory_fruit" title="Accessory fruit">accessory fruit</a></li> <li>Wood anatomy, including structure of the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork (tissue)">cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood#Heartwood_and_sapwood" title="Wood">heartwood and sapwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Branch_collar" title="Branch collar">branch collar</a></li> <li>Root anatomy, including structure of the <a href="/wiki/Root#Root_structure" title="Root">root</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meristem#Root_apical_meristem" title="Meristem">root tip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endodermis" title="Endodermis">endodermis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></div> <p>About 300 BC, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> wrote a number of plant treatises, only two of which survive, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Enquiry into Plants</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία</span></span>), and <i>On the Causes of Plants</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περὶ φυτῶν αἰτιῶν</span></span>). He developed concepts of plant morphology and classification, which did not withstand the scientific scrutiny of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. </p><p>A Swiss physician and botanist, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a>, introduced <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> into plant <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>. He published <i>Pinax theatri botanici</i> in 1596, which was the first to use this convention for naming of species. His criteria for classification included natural relationships, or 'affinities', which in many cases were structural. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makers_of_British_botany,_Plate_7_(plate_from_Grew%27s_Anatomy).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Makers_of_British_botany%2C_Plate_7_%28plate_from_Grew%27s_Anatomy%29.png/300px-Makers_of_British_botany%2C_Plate_7_%28plate_from_Grew%27s_Anatomy%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Makers_of_British_botany%2C_Plate_7_%28plate_from_Grew%27s_Anatomy%29.png/450px-Makers_of_British_botany%2C_Plate_7_%28plate_from_Grew%27s_Anatomy%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Makers_of_British_botany%2C_Plate_7_%28plate_from_Grew%27s_Anatomy%29.png/600px-Makers_of_British_botany%2C_Plate_7_%28plate_from_Grew%27s_Anatomy%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Gooseberry" title="Gooseberry">gooseberry</a> (left) and a <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> branch (right) from <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Grew</a>'s <i>Anatomy of Plants</i></figcaption></figure><p>It was in the late 1600s that plant anatomy became refined into a modern science. Italian doctor and microscopist, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a>, was one of the two founders of plant anatomy. In 1671, he published his <i>Anatomia Plantarum</i>, the first major advance in plant physiogamy since <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. The other founder was the British doctor <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a>. He published <i>An Idea of a Philosophical History of Plants</i> in 1672 and <i>The Anatomy of Plants</i> in 1682. Grew is credited with the recognition of plant cells, although he called them 'vesicles' and 'bladders'. He correctly identified and described the sexual organs of plants (flowers) and their parts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eighteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> established taxonomy based on structure, and his early work was with plant anatomy. While the exact structural level which is to be considered to be scientifically valid for comparison and differentiation has changed with the growth of knowledge, the basic principles were established by Linnaeus. He published his master work, <i>Species Plantarum</i> in 1753.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Root_tip.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Root_tip.JPG/220px-Root_tip.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Root_tip.JPG/330px-Root_tip.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Root_tip.JPG/440px-Root_tip.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Root_tip" class="mw-redirect" title="Root tip">Root tip</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1802, French botanist <a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Brisseau_de_Mirbel" title="Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel">Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel</a>, published <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Traité d'anatomie et de physiologie végétale</i></span></i> (<i>Treatise on Plant Anatomy and Physiology</i>) establishing the beginnings of the science of plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cytology</a>. </p><p>In 1812, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Paul_Moldenhawer" title="Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer">Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer</a> published <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen</i></span></i>, describing microscopic studies of plant tissues. </p><p>In 1813, a Swiss botanist, <a href="/wiki/A._P._de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. de Candolle">Augustin Pyrame de Candolle</a>, published <i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_de_la_botanique" class="mw-redirect" title="Théorie élémentaire de la botanique">Théorie élémentaire de la botanique</a></i>, in which he argued that plant anatomy, not physiology, ought to be the sole basis for plant classification. Using a scientific basis, he established structural criteria for defining and separating plant genera. </p><p> In 1830, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Meyen" title="Franz Meyen">Franz Meyen</a> published <i>Phytotomie</i>, the first comprehensive review of plant anatomy.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03-10_Mnium2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/03-10_Mnium2.jpg/250px-03-10_Mnium2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/03-10_Mnium2.jpg/330px-03-10_Mnium2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/03-10_Mnium2.jpg/500px-03-10_Mnium2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chloroplasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroplasts">Chloroplasts</a> in leaf cells of the moss <i><a href="/wiki/Mnium_stellare" title="Mnium stellare">Mnium stellare</a></i> </figcaption></figure><p>In 1838, German botanist <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Matthias Jakob Schleiden</a>, published <i>Contributions to Phytogenesis</i>, stating, "the lower plants all consist of one cell, while the higher plants are composed of (many) individual cells" thus confirming and continuing Mirbel's work. </p><p>A German-Polish botanist, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Strasburger" title="Eduard Strasburger">Eduard Strasburger</a>, described the mitotic process in plant cells and further demonstrated that new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other pre-existing nuclei. His <i>Studien über Protoplasma</i> was published in 1876. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Haberlandt" title="Gottlieb Haberlandt">Gottlieb Haberlandt</a>, a German botanist, studied plant physiology and classified plant tissue based upon function. On this basis, in 1884, he published <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie</i></span></i> (<i>Physiological Plant Anatomy</i>), in which he described twelve types of tissue systems (absorptive, mechanical, photosynthetic, etc.). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehemiah_Grew.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nehemiah_Grew.png/180px-Nehemiah_Grew.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nehemiah_Grew.png/270px-Nehemiah_Grew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nehemiah_Grew.png/360px-Nehemiah_Grew.png 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="2941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a>, Father of Plant Anatomy</figcaption></figure> <p>British paleobotanists <a href="/wiki/Dunkinfield_Henry_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkinfield Henry Scott">Dunkinfield Henry Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_Williamson" title="William Crawford Williamson">William Crawford Williamson</a> described the structures of fossilized plants at the end of the nineteenth century. Scott's <i>Studies in Fossil Botany</i> was published in 1900. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <i>Origin of Species</i> a Canadian botanist, <a href="/wiki/E._C._Jeffrey" title="E. C. Jeffrey">Edward Charles Jeffrey</a>, who was studying the comparative anatomy and phylogeny of different <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> groups, applied the theory to plants using the form and structure of plants to establish a number of evolutionary lines. He published his <i>The Anatomy of Woody Plants</i> in 1917. </p><p>The growth of comparative plant anatomy was spearheaded by British botanist <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Arber" title="Agnes Arber">Agnes Arber</a>. She published <i>Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms</i> in 1920, <i>Monocotyledons: A Morphological Study</i> in 1925, and <i>The Gramineae: A Study of Cereal, Bamboo and Grass</i> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following World War II, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a> published, <i>Plant Anatomy</i> (1953), which became the definitive textbook on plant structure in North American universities and elsewhere, it was still in print as of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She followed up with her <i>Anatomy of seed plants</i> in 1960. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raven, P. H.; Evert, R. F. and Eichhorn, S. E. (2005) <i>Biology of Plants</i> (7th edition) W. H. Freeman, New York, page 9, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2">0-7167-1007-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagemann,_Wolfgang1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hagemann, Wolfgang (1992). "The Relationship of Anatomy to Morphology in Plants: A New Theoretical Perspective". <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>153</b> (3(2)): <span class="nowrap">S38 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S48</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F297062">10.1086/297062</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2995526">2995526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84816710">84816710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+of+Anatomy+to+Morphology+in+Plants%3A+A+New+Theoretical+Perspective&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=3%282%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES38+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES48%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84816710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2995526%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F297062&rft.au=Hagemann%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evert, Ray Franklin and Esau, Katherine (2006) <i>Esau's Plant anatomy: meristems, cells, and tissues of the plant body - their structure, function and development</i> Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iM-BHf-yWVAC&pg=PR15">page <i>xv</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231195608/http://books.google.com/books?id=iM-BHf-yWVAC&pg=PR15">Archived</a> 2013-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-73843-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-73843-3">0-471-73843-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowell1998" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Stephen Herbert (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moleculargenetic00howe_0"><i>Molecular Genetics of Plant Development</i></a></span>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58784-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58784-6"><bdi>978-0-521-58784-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Genetics+of+Plant+Development&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58784-6&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoleculargenetic00howe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>e.g.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig,_RichardVassilyev,_Andrey" class="citation web cs1">Craig, Richard & Vassilyev, Andrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072510846/">"Plant Anatomy"</a>. McGraw-Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724194743/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072510846/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Anatomy&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.au=Craig%2C+Richard&rft.au=Vassilyev%2C+Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighered.mcgraw-hill.com%2Fsites%2F0072510846%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolam,_J.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Bolam, J. (1973). "The botanical works of Nehemiah Grew, FRS (1641-1712)". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1973.0017">10.1098/rsnr.1973.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530999">530999</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143696615">143696615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+botanical+works+of+Nehemiah+Grew%2C+FRS+%281641-1712%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143696615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530999%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1973.0017&rft.au=Bolam%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_Hanshaw_H.1960" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Hanshaw H. (1960). "Agnes Arber, 1879–1960". <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0021">10.1098/rsbm.1960.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/769330">769330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Agnes+Arber%2C+1879%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Hanshaw+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaffey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chaffey, N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802946">"(Book Review) Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development. 3rd edn"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>99</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">785–</span>786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcm015">10.1093/aob/mcm015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802946">2802946</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=%28Book+Review%29+Esau%27s+Plant+Anatomy%2C+Meristems%2C+Cells%2C+and+Tissues+of+the+Plant+Body%3A+their+Structure%2C+Function%2C+and+Development.+3rd+edn.&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E785-%3C%2Fspan%3E786&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2802946%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcm015&rft.aulast=Chaffey&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2802946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlant+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crang, R.C.; Lyons-Sobaski, S.; Wise, R.R. (2018) <i>Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Study of Seed Plants</i>. Springer, New York, 725 pp.</li> <li>Eames, Arthur Johnson; MacDaniels, Laurence H. (1947). <i>An Introduction to Plant Anatomy</i> 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285288">link</a> (1st ed., 1925, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.270773">link</a>).</li> <li>Esau, Katherine (1965). <i>Plant Anatomy</i> 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.</li> <li>Meicenheimer, R. <i>History of Plant Anatomy</i>. Miami University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/~meicenrd/ANATOMY/Ch0_History/history.html">link</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized">Specialized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specialized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cutler, D. F.; Gregory, M.; Rudall, P. (eds.) (1960-2014). <i>Anatomy of the Monocotyledons</i>. 10 vols. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Goffinet, B.; Buck, W. R.; Shaw, J. (2008). Morphology, anatomy, and classification of the Bryophyta. In: Goffinet, B.; Shaw, J. (eds.). <i>Bryophyte Biology</i>, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–138 (1st ed., 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuOKCOlRngkC">link</a>).</li> <li>Jeffrey, E. C. (1917). <i>The anatomy of woody plants</i>. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/17178#/summary">link</a>.</li> <li>Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (1957). <i>Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, stem and wood in relation to taxonomy, with notes on economic uses</i>. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1500 pp., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyofthedico033552mbp">link</a> (2nd ed., 1979-1998, 4 vols.).</li> <li>Schoute, J. C. (1938). Anatomy. In: Verdoorn, F. (ed.). <i>Manual of Pteridology</i>. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. pp. 65–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TL3vCAAAQBAJ">link</a>.</li> <li>Schweingruber, F. H.; Börner, A.; Schulze, E. (2011-2013). <i>Atlas of Stem Anatomy in Herbs, Shrubs and Trees</i>. Vol. 1, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zM-cXwxNXtYC">link</a>. Vol. 2, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSR70tSFi30C">link</a>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant_anatomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022174416/http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANAT.html">Farabee, M.J. (2001) "Plants and their structure" Estrella Mountain Community College, Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704063752/http://utc.usu.edu/factsheets/CarexFSF/glossary.htm">Botanical Visual Glossary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uri.edu/cels/bio/plant_anatomy/glossary.html">Plant anatomy glossary</a>- University of Rhode Island</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li>Microscopic anatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anatomy" title="Molecular anatomy">molecular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphometrics" title="Morphometrics">Morphometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElephantSkelLyd2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Endoskeleton of an elephant"><img alt="Endoskeleton of an elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/140px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/210px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ElephantSkelLyd2.png/280px-ElephantSkelLyd2.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacteria and fungi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure" title="Bacterial cell structure">Bacterial cell structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellular_morphologies" title="Bacterial cellular morphologies">cellular morphologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_morphological_plasticity" title="Bacterial morphological plasticity">morphological plasticity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_morphology" title="Colonial morphology">Colonial morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_morphology" title="Lichen morphology">Lichen morphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protist_structures" title="Template:Protist structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plant anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">fruit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant habit">Plant habit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">Plant life-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproductive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">Soil morphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invertebrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapod_anatomy" title="Decapod anatomy">Decapod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera" title="Morphology of Diptera">Diptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_morphology_of_Odonata" title="External morphology of Odonata">Odonata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Spider anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">Arthropod cuticle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal anatomy">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" title="Human anatomy">Human anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_anatomy" title="Neanderthal anatomy">Neanderthal anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy" title="Cat anatomy">Cat anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Dog anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Horse anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant#Anatomy_and_morphology" title="Elephant">Elephant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe#Appearance_and_anatomy" title="Giraffe">Giraffe anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate anatomy">Other vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibian_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibian anatomy">Amphibian anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Fish anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_anatomy" title="Shark anatomy">Shark anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Anatomical terms of location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">Glossary of dinosaur anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">Glossary of plant morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">leaf morphology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">Anatomical variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">Anatomical plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">Body plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_classification" title="Form classification">Form classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracility" title="Gracility">Gracility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertwig_rule" title="Hertwig rule">Hertwig rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">History of anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy_in_the_19th_century" title="History of anatomy in the 19th century">19th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">Physiognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">Standard anatomical position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_anatomy" title="Transcendental anatomy">Transcendental anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomy" title="Category:Anatomy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles" title="Index of anatomy articles">Index of anatomy articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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