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href="#Stereo_and_the_Decca_Ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Stereo and the Decca <i>Ring</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo_and_the_Decca_Ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britten,_Karajan_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britten,_Karajan_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Britten, Karajan and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britten,_Karajan_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Classical record producer from England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the English comedian and impressionist, see <a href="/wiki/Jon_Culshaw" title="Jon Culshaw">Jon Culshaw</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Culshaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/John_Culshaw.jpg/220px-John_Culshaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/John_Culshaw.jpg/330px-John_Culshaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/John_Culshaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>John Culshaw</figcaption></figure> <p><b>John Royds Culshaw</b>, <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> (28 May 1924 – 27 April 1980) was a pioneering English classical record producer for <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a>. He produced a wide range of music, but is best known for masterminding the <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_(Georg_Solti_recording)" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen (Georg Solti recording)">first studio recording</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i>, begun in 1958. </p><p>Largely self-educated musically, Culshaw worked for Decca from the age of 22, first writing album liner notes and then becoming a producer. After a brief period working for <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>, Culshaw returned to Decca in 1955 and began planning to record the <i>Ring</i> cycle, employing the new <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophonic">stereophonic</a> technique to produce recordings of unprecedented realism and impact. He disliked live recordings from opera houses, and sought to put on disc specially made studio recordings that would bring the operas fully to life in the listener's mind. In addition to his Wagner recordings, he supervised a series of recordings of the works of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, with the composer as conductor or pianist, and recordings of operas by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> and others. </p><p>Culshaw left Decca in 1967 and was appointed head of music programmes for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a>, where he remained until 1975, employing a series of innovations to bring classical music to the television viewer. He later undertook several academic posts. He remains best remembered for his Decca records; along with <a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a>, he was one of the most influential producers of classical recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-osborne_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> said of him that "he stood in that great tradition of propagandists from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, who seek to bring their love and knowledge of music to the widest audience."<sup id="cite_ref-times_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Culshaw was born in <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, Lancashire, one of at least two children of Percy Ellis Culshaw, a bank inspector, and his first wife, Dorothy <i>née</i> Royds. He was educated first at <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Crosby" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby">Merchant Taylors' School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Merseyside" title="Crosby, Merseyside">Crosby</a>, which he despised for its snobbery and its sports-obsessed philistinism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father then sent him to <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_College" title="King George V College">King George V Grammar School</a>, Southport.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he left school in 1940, aged 16, he followed his father into the staff of the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Bank" title="Midland Bank">Midland Bank</a> as a clerk, working at a branch in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prs12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had little aptitude or liking for banking, failing to pass the company's examination in banking theory,<sup id="cite_ref-prs12_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1941 he volunteered to join the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> as soon as he reached the minimum recruitment age in May 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He trained as a navigator, was commissioned as an officer, and promoted to lieutenant as a radar instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What spare time he had, he devoted to his passionate interest in music.<sup id="cite_ref-prs49_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs49-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from piano lessons as a child, Culshaw was self-taught musically, and had no ambitions to be a performer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic and biographer Richard Osborne wrote of him, "Like many people for whom music is an obsession, Culshaw was a lonely and meticulous person, jealously guarding the sense of personal integrity which his precocious interest in music had helped form and deepen."<sup id="cite_ref-osborne_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the Fleet Air Arm, Culshaw "wrote articles on music by the dozen and – quite rightly – they came back by the dozen."<sup id="cite_ref-prs49_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs49-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After many rejections, his first substantial article to be accepted for publication was a piece on <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>, for <i><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">The Gramophone</a></i>, published in March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to invitations to broadcast musical talks for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and to contribute articles to classical music magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-prs49_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs49-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decca">Decca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After demobilisation from the forces, Culshaw joined the <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca</a> recording company in November 1946, writing musical analyses and biographies of recording artists for Decca's classical albums. His first book, a short biography of Rachmaninov, was published in 1949 and was well received. The critic of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> praised it for its discriminating judgment, conciseness and discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by two further books; a popular introduction to concertos (<i>The Concerto</i> in "The World of Music" series in 1949), and a guide to modern music (<i>A Century of Music</i> in 1952).<sup id="cite_ref-times_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_George_Solti_2_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulders shot of a bald, middle aged man, resting his chin on his left hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sir_George_Solti_2_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-Sir_George_Solti_2_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sir_George_Solti_2_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-Sir_George_Solti_2_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sir_George_Solti_2_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-Sir_George_Solti_2_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="4899" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>, conductor of the Decca <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen"><i>Ring</i> cycle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1947 Culshaw had been given the chance to produce classical sessions for Decca's rapidly expanding catalogue. At Decca, the musicians whom he recorded included <a href="/wiki/Ida_Haendel" title="Ida Haendel">Ida Haendel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Joyce" title="Eileen Joyce">Eileen Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Curzon" title="Clifford Curzon">Clifford Curzon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948 he first worked with <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a>, a pianist and aspiring conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">long-playing record</a> (LP), he produced the first LP versions of the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoy Operas">Savoy Operas</a> with the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, Culshaw and one of Decca's senior engineers, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a>, were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> to record Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsifal (opera)">Parsifal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Culshaw, Wagner was an abiding passion,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he persuaded Decca and the Bayreuth management to let him record that year's <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen"><i>Ring</i> cycle</a> in addition to <i>Parsifal</i>. The <i>Ring</i> recording could not be released, probably for contractual reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Parsifal</i> recording, on the other hand, was released to great acclaim in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Decca team returned to Bayreuth to record the 1953 performances of <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i>. The resultant recording was well reviewed,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Culshaw wrote of it: </p> <blockquote> <p>… the cast was only of moderate ability, and we had access to far too few performances to make up anything really worth while. It was still felt that this was the only economic way to record Wagner, for the expense involved in taking his major works to the studio did not seem to be justified by the sales potential. But after the <i>Lohengrin</i> experience I found myself fervently hoping that I would never return to Bayreuth, at least in a recording capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitol">Capitol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capitol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1953 to 1955 Culshaw headed the European programme for <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>. As Capitol at that time had commercial ties with Decca, Culshaw's move did not estrange him from the head of Decca, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a>, who generally took a dim view when his employees left Decca to join its competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culshaw found his attempts to build up a roster of classical artists for Capitol frustrated by bureaucracy at the company's headquarters in Los Angeles. He was prevented from encouraging the soprano <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a> to emerge from retirement, or from signing the conductor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a>. The latter misjudgment, as Culshaw noted in his memoirs, was not repeated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a> of <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, who signed Klemperer up with great artistic and commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-prs125_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs125-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capitol further frustrated Culshaw by ignoring the impending introduction of <a href="/wiki/Stereophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereophony">stereophony</a> which the major companies were working on.<sup id="cite_ref-prs125_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs125-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the recordings Culshaw was able to make for Capitol were a Brahms <i><a href="/wiki/A_German_Requiem_(Brahms)" title="A German Requiem (Brahms)">Requiem</a></i> conducted by Solti in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, and what Peter Martland in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> calls "a series of remarkable recordings of performances by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_van_Beinum" title="Eduard van Beinum">Eduard van Beinum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a> of Amsterdam."<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1955, Lewis warned Culshaw that he had heard rumours that Capitol was on the point of severing its ties with Decca. Within days it was announced that Capitol had been taken over by EMI. Capitol sessions already booked were completed, including two records of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ibert" title="Jacques Ibert">Jacques Ibert</a> conducting his own works, but EMI made it clear that it would put an end to Capitol's classical activity, which was regarded as superfluous.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis invited Culshaw to rejoin Decca, which he did in the autumn of 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-prs51_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs51-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereo_and_the_Decca_Ring">Stereo and the Decca <i>Ring</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stereo and the Decca Ring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finding on his return to Decca that other recording producers were capably filling his former role, Culshaw concentrated on the emerging stereophonic recording technology, and stereo opera in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-prs51_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs51-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year after his return he was made manager of the company's classical recording division, a position of great influence in the classical music world.<sup id="cite_ref-gramobit_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Gramophone</i> obituarist wrote of him in 1980: "To meet John Culshaw for the first time, quiet, charming, sharp-eyed but with no signs of aggressiveness about him, was to marvel that here was one of the two great dictators of recording art. If Walter Legge in a flash had one registering extrovert forcefulness in the very picture of a dictator, John Culshaw's comparable dominance was something to appreciate over a longer span. … [H]e transformed the whole concept of recording."<sup id="cite_ref-gramobit_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culshaw hoped to record <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> with Flagstad, whom he persuaded out of retirement, as Brünnhilde. Flagstad, however, was over sixty, and would not agree to sing the whole opera. To capture as much of her Wagner as she was willing to record, Culshaw produced separate sets of parts of the opera in 1957. Act 1 was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch" title="Hans Knappertsbusch">Hans Knappertsbusch</a> with Flagstad in the role of Sieglinde; in the other set the "Todesverkundigung" scene from Act 2 and the whole of Act 3 were conducted by Solti with Flagstad as Brünnhilde. In those early years of stereo, Culshaw worked with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a> in recordings of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a>, and with Solti in a recording of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arabella" title="Arabella">Arabella</a></i>. He also recorded the first of many New Year's Day concerts by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willi_Boskovsky" title="Willi Boskovsky">Willi Boskovsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birgitn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a smartly-dressed woman in early middle age, standing by a looking-glass and facing the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Birgitn.jpg/220px-Birgitn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Birgitn.jpg/330px-Birgitn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Birgitn.jpg/440px-Birgitn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a>, Culshaw's chosen Brünnhilde</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1958 Decca, with its pre-eminent technical team (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> called them "Decca's incomparable engineers")<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was in a position to embark on a complete studio recording of Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring</a></i> cycle. Decca decided to begin its cycle with <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i>, the shortest of the four <i>Ring</i> operas. It was recorded in 1958 and released in the spring of 1959. Culshaw engaged Solti, the Vienna Philharmonic and a cast of established Wagner singers. The performance won enthusiastic praise from reviewers, and the engineers were generally acknowledged to have surpassed themselves. <i>The Gramophone</i> described the recording quality as "stupendous" and called the set "wonderful … surpass[ing] anything done before."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the astonishment and envy of Decca's rivals the set outsold popular music releases such as those of <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-times_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cast included Flagstad in one of her last recorded performances, in the role of Fricka, which she had never sung on stage. Culshaw hoped to record her as Fricka in <i>Die Walküre</i> and Waltraute in <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i>, but her health did not permit it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cast for the remaining three <i>Ring</i> operas included <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frick" title="Gottlob Frick">Gottlob Frick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Windgassen" title="Wolfgang Windgassen">Wolfgang Windgassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gine_Crespin" title="Régine Crespin">Régine Crespin</a>, with even minor roles sung by such stars as <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these productions Culshaw put into practice his belief that a properly-made sound recording should create what he called "a theatre of the mind".<sup id="cite_ref-rr23_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr23-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disliked live recordings such as those attempted at Bayreuth; to him they were technically flawed and, crucially, were merely sound recordings of a theatrical performance. He sought to make recordings that compensated for the lack of the visual element by subtle production techniques, impossible in live recordings, that conjured up the action in the listener's head.<sup id="cite_ref-rr23_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr23-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culshaw took unprecedented pains to meet Wagner's musical requirements. Where in <i>Das Rheingold</i> the score calls for eighteen anvils to be hammered during two brief orchestral interludes – an instruction never followed in opera houses<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Culshaw arranged for eighteen anvils to be hired and hammered. Similarly, where Wagner called for <a href="/wiki/Steerhorn" title="Steerhorn">steerhorns</a>, Culshaw arranged for them to be used instead of the trombones habitually substituted at Bayreuth and other opera houses.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Gramophone</i>, Edward Greenfield wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>It was thanks to Culshaw's devotion to Wagnerian intentions – ever encouraged by the engineer who was at his right hand through the whole project, Gordon Parry, himself a devoted Wagnerian – that in the Solti Ring cycle one is able to hear the scores in a way literally impossible in the theatre. Siegfried's voice made to sound like Gunther's, the voice of Fafner from his cave, not to mention the splendour of anvils and rainbow bridge harps in Rheingold, all transcend what is heard in the opera-house.<sup id="cite_ref-gramobit_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In 1967, after the Decca <i>Ring</i> was complete, Culshaw wrote a memoir, <i>Ring Resounding</i>, about the making of the recording.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, <i>Gramophone</i> ran a poll of its readers to find "the ten greatest recordings ever made." The Decca <i>Ring</i> topped the poll.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britten,_Karajan_and_others"><span id="Britten.2C_Karajan_and_others"></span>Britten, Karajan and others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Britten, Karajan and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S47421,_Herbert_von_Karajan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="young man with slicked back dark hair, looking down at a musical score" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S47421%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S47421%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S47421%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S47421%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S47421%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S47421%2C_Herbert_von_Karajan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> recorded for Decca in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>Culshaw produced a series of Decca recordings of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Britten</a>'s music with the composer as conductor or pianist. <i>The Times</i> described them as "a priceless heritage for posterity."<sup id="cite_ref-times_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culshaw persuaded Decca to make the first complete recording of <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grimes" title="Peter Grimes">Peter Grimes</a></i>, arguing that unless they did so they should abandon their exclusive agreement with the composer and so "give him a chance to try his luck with other companies". Decca, unwilling to lose out to competition, gave the go-ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culshaw, who was then responsible for recordings in Vienna, was unavailable to produce that pioneering recording, which was also the first modern opera to be recorded in stereo: instead, he "planned it down to the last detail", and passed his detailed instructions to <a href="/wiki/Erik_Smith" title="Erik Smith">Erik Smith</a>, who produced the recording.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the works Culshaw himself recorded with Britten were the operas <i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Herring" title="Albert Herring">Albert Herring</a></i> (1964), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(opera)" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera)">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i> (1967), and <i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Budd_(opera)" title="Billy Budd (opera)">Billy Budd</a></i> (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culshaw wrote, "The happiest hours I have spent in any studio were with Ben, for the basic reason that it did not seem that we were trying to make records or video tapes; we were just trying to make music."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culshaw thought of all his recordings, that of Britten's <i><a href="/wiki/War_Requiem" title="War Requiem">War Requiem</a></i> was the finest.<sup id="cite_ref-gramobit_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenfield says of it, "another recording which confounded the record world not just by its technical brilliance but by the way it sold in huge quantities."<sup id="cite_ref-gramobit_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recording was made in London in 1963, the year after the premiere of the Requiem at the consecration of the new <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a>. For the recording Culshaw managed to assemble the three singers whom Britten had in mind when writing the work, uniting Russian, German and English soloists to represent the former enemy nations – <a href="/wiki/Galina_Vishnevskaya" title="Galina Vishnevskaya">Galina Vishnevskaya</a>, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pears" title="Peter Pears">Peter Pears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gramobit_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One composer Culshaw had nothing to do with was <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a>. He had a strong aversion to Mahler's music, writing that it made him feel sick: "not metaphorically but physically sick. I find his strainings and heavings, juxtaposed with what always sounds (to me) like <i>faux-naif</i> music of the most calculated type, downright repulsive".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culshaw produced many of the conductor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>'s best-known operatic and orchestral sets, which remain in the catalogues five decades later. The opera sets include <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Fledermaus" title="Die Fledermaus">Die Fledermaus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i>; among the orchestral sets were <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a></i> and several Richard Strauss works including the then rarely heard <i><a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra_(Strauss)" class="mw-redirect" title="Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)">Also sprach Zarathustra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1950s Decca entered into a commercial partnership with <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, by which Decca teams recorded classical works in European venues on RCA's behalf. Among the recordings supervised by Culshaw for RCA were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a>'s lavishly re-orchestrated version of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a></i>. Other artists with whom he worked for Decca and RCA included pianists such as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Backhaus" title="Wilhelm Backhaus">Wilhelm Backhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Katchen" title="Julius Katchen">Julius Katchen</a>; conductors including <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Sir Adrian Boult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a>; and singers such as <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bergonzi_(tenor)" title="Carlo Bergonzi (tenor)">Carlo Bergonzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Della_Casa" title="Lisa Della Casa">Lisa Della Casa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Gala_du_Disque_Classique_Prinses_Irene_,_Van_Laan_,_Gre_Brouwenstijn,_Bestanddeelnr_915-6009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Grand_Gala_du_Disque_Classique_Prinses_Irene_%2C_Van_Laan_%2C_Gre_Brouwenstijn%2C_Bestanddeelnr_915-6009.jpg/220px-Grand_Gala_du_Disque_Classique_Prinses_Irene_%2C_Van_Laan_%2C_Gre_Brouwenstijn%2C_Bestanddeelnr_915-6009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Grand_Gala_du_Disque_Classique_Prinses_Irene_%2C_Van_Laan_%2C_Gre_Brouwenstijn%2C_Bestanddeelnr_915-6009.jpg/330px-Grand_Gala_du_Disque_Classique_Prinses_Irene_%2C_Van_Laan_%2C_Gre_Brouwenstijn%2C_Bestanddeelnr_915-6009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Grand_Gala_du_Disque_Classique_Prinses_Irene_%2C_Van_Laan_%2C_Gre_Brouwenstijn%2C_Bestanddeelnr_915-6009.jpg/440px-Grand_Gala_du_Disque_Classique_Prinses_Irene_%2C_Van_Laan_%2C_Gre_Brouwenstijn%2C_Bestanddeelnr_915-6009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>Culshaw (left) in the Netherlands in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1967 Culshaw wished for a change. He was growing disenchanted with the top management of Decca, which he believed had lost its pioneering enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved from the record industry to become <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a>'s head of music programmes. He inaugurated, and supervised several series of, <i>André Previn's Music Night</i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">Previn</a> would talk informally direct to camera and then turn and conduct the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> (LSO), whose members were dressed not in evening clothes but in casual sweaters or shirts.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programme attracted unprecedented viewing figures for classical music;<sup id="cite_ref-times_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an historian of the orchestra wrote, "More British people heard the LSO play in <i>Music Night</i> in one week than in sixty-five years of LSO concerts."<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culshaw also screened more formal concerts, including Klemperer's 1970 Beethoven symphony cycle from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian69_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian69-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 he organised for BBC television to broadcast a complete performance of Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Goodall" title="Reginald Goodall">Reginald Goodall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the project never happened. In 1974 Verdi's <i><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i> was broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culshaw also set up BBC studio productions of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Flying Dutchman (opera)">The Flying Dutchman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culshaw commissioned Britten's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Wingrave" title="Owen Wingrave">Owen Wingrave</a>,</i> written expressly for television. He also persuaded Britten to conduct television productions of <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grimes" title="Peter Grimes">Peter Grimes</a></i> and Mozart's <i><a href="/wiki/Idomeneo" title="Idomeneo">Idomeneo</a></i>, and to accompany Pears in Schubert's <i><a href="/wiki/Winterreise" title="Winterreise">Winterreise</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian69_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian69-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britten and Pears invited him to <a href="/wiki/Snape,_Suffolk" title="Snape, Suffolk">Snape</a>, not far from their base at <a href="/wiki/Aldeburgh" title="Aldeburgh">Aldeburgh</a> in Suffolk and he encouraged them to transform <a href="/wiki/Snape_Maltings" class="mw-redirect" title="Snape Maltings">Snape Maltings</a> into a concert-hall.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later initiated the Benson and Hedges music festival at Snape and was planning the fourth season at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his BBC programmes have been preserved on DVD, including films of the <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a> playing works by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> and Britten.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took time off from the BBC to return to the recording studio, rejoining his old Decca engineering team in 1971 to produce <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Culshaw left the BBC and worked freelance as a record and stage producer, writer and broadcaster. He was invited to serve on the <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain" title="Arts Council of Great Britain">Arts Council of Great Britain</a> in 1975 and was chairman of its music panel from 1975 to 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977 he became a senior fellow in the creative arts at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>, and was visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also took on the responsibility for the annual United Nations concert in New York, and acted as a music consultant to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Broadcasting Commission">Australian Broadcasting Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He frequently served as a commentator for <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcasts" title="Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts">broadcasts of</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> performances, and his 1976 book, <i>Reflections on Wagner's "Ring"</i>, was based on the series of interval talks he gave during the broadcasts of the Met's <i>Ring</i> cycle in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culshaw died in London in 1980, at the age of 55, from a rare form of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>. He was unmarried. His unfinished autobiography, <i>Putting the Record Straight</i>, was published after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the honours given to Culshaw, <i>The Times</i> listed "eight Grands Prix des Disques, numerous Grammys and in 1966 an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a>", and the Vienna Philharmonic's Nicolai Medal in 1959 and its Schalk Medal in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-times_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lesser-known part of Culshaw's work was writing fiction. He published two novels in the early 1950s; the first, <i>The Sons of Brutus</i> (1950) had been inspired by what he had seen during trips to ruined German cities in the aftermath of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was chosen by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> as one of its books of the year in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of its publication he was working on a second novel. He gave it the title <i>A Harder Thing</i>, but was persuaded by his publisher to change it to <i>A Place of Stone.</i><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published in 1951. </p><p>Culshaw's musical books were: <i>Sergei Rachmaninov</i>, 1948; <i>The Concerto</i>, 1949; <i>A Century of Music</i>, 1951; <i>Ring Resounding: The Recording of Der Ring des Nibelungen</i>, 1967; <i>Reflections on Wagner's "Ring",</i> 1976; <i>Wagner: The Man and His Music</i>, 1978; and <i>Putting the Record Straight: The Autobiography of John Culshaw</i>, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The recordings of the first three operas in the cycle were not successful, musically or technically, and have never been officially released.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The<i> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> recording was more successful and was finally released, in 1999, when <i>Gramophone</i> described it as "an experience from the opera house that nobody ought to miss."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Robertson_(music_critic)" title="Alec Robertson (music critic)">Alec Robertson</a> wrote in <i>The Gramophone</i>, "All concerned with this issue have done a magnificent piece of work, but my last word of praise must be for <a href="/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch" title="Hans Knappertsbusch">Hans Knappertsbusch</a> whose superb musicianship and deep insight into the opera must have inspired the whole of the cast – in which there is not a weak member – and the orchestra to give of their best."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Porter_(music_critic)" title="Andrew Porter (music critic)">Andrew Porter</a> wrote, "...the most moving and profound of spiritual experiences ... Decca have recorded, superbly, a superb performance".<sup id="cite_ref-hso_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hso-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter wrote of its "sumptuous, spacious sound" and "inspired and inspiring performance"<sup id="cite_ref-hso_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hso-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decca's marketing department promoted Culshaw's recording technique under the name "Sonic Stage"<sup id="cite_ref-gramobit_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw wrote, "Sometimes you get fobbed off with a sort of electronic compromise; sometimes you get a tinkling sound made by a few people beating metal bars together: but you never get the firm, frightening sound of eighteen anvils hit with rhythmical precision and building into a deafening assault on the nerves."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayreuth and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a> had used steerhorns or similar instruments until World War II, but the instruments went missing during the war years and were not replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reviewing the book, <a href="/wiki/George_Lascelles,_7th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood">Lord Harewood</a> included Culshaw among "the great impresarios of musical history".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The reviewer in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>, commented, "There are some vivid glimpses of action here and there … but the reader is left with the impression that the author has found the peculiar spiritual and material squalor, the hopeless disorganization of life in Germany during the early occupation period, rather too much for him."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culshaw himself later observed, "as a political thriller it was short on thrills and naïve on politics."<sup id="cite_ref-prs94_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prs94-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-osborne-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osborne_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osborne_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne, Richard, "Long-playing label", <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i>, 26 February 1982, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, obituary notice, 29 April 1980, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martland, Peter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40724">"Culshaw, John Royds (1924–1980)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, October 2006, accessed 4 December 2010]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prs12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prs12_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prs12_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), pp. 34 and 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prs49-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prs49_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prs49_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prs49_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/March%201945/12/806596">"Rachmaninov Two Years After"</a> <i>The Gramohone</i>, March 1945, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howes, Frank, "Composer of Paradoxes", <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i>, 24 June 1949, p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blyth" title="Alan Blyth">Blyth, Alan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/October%201999/126/786741/">"Wagner <i>Gotterdammerung</i>,"</a> <i>Gramophone, October 1999, p. 126</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, Alec, "Parsifal, Pergolesi and Palestrina", <i>The Gramophone</i>, March 1952, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hso-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hso_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hso_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Andrew, "Wagner on Records", <i>The Manchester Guardian</i>, 23 January 1954, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981) p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prs125-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prs125_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prs125_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), pp. 126–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prs51-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prs51_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prs51_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gramobit-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gramobit_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gramobit_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gramobit_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gramobit_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gramobit_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gramobit_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gramobit_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, Edward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/July%201980/25/782503/">"The Art of Culshaw"</a>, <i>Gramophone</i>, July 1980, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1961), pp. 144, 146 and 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <i>Götterdämmerung</i> everyone has been waiting for", <i>The Times</i>, 8 May 1965, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Andrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/March%201959/85/858228/">"Wagner – Das Rheingold"</a>, <i>The Gramophone</i>, March 1959, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), pp. 91 and 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), pp. 273–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rr23-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rr23_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rr23_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), pp. 23–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1967), p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harewood, Earl of, "Recording the Ring", <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i>, 14 December 1967, p. 1204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/December%201999/40/806832/">"Gramophone Classics"</a>, <i>Gramophone</i>, December 1999, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), pp. 176–77 and 290; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/June%201989/83/803190/">"Britten – Albert Herring"</a>, <i>Gramophone</i>, June 1989, p. 83; and Blyth, Alan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/December%201996/127/791011/">"Britten – A Midsummer Night's Dream"</a>, <i>Gramophone</i>, December 1996, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/February%201977/21/863281/">"Ben – A Tribute to Benjamin Britten (1913–1976)"</a>, <i>Gramophone</i>, February 1977, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), pp. 202–04, 226–27, 231–32, 265, 269–70, and 322–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne, pp. 440 and 468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), pp. 355–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morrison-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morrison_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morrison_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian69-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian69_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian69_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, Edward, "Virtuoso role for Heath the musician", <i>The Guardian</i>, 7 October 1969, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, Edward, "Five hours of TV Siegfried", <i>The Guardian</i>, 13 April 1973, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Opera for BBC", <i>The Guardian</i>, 13 November 1974, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiddick, Peter, "Opera for some", <i>The Guardian</i>, 9 December 1974, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, Edward, "Music on 2", <i>The Guardian</i>, 16 November 1970, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quantrill, Peter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/February%202006/93/746395/">"Culshaw's films make a compelling case for chamber music"</a>, <i>Gramophone</i>, February 2006, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, Edward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/January%201972/101/738878/">"Richard Strauss – Der Rosenkavalier"</a>, <i>Gramophone</i>, January 1972, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grove_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blyth" title="Alan Blyth">Blyth, Alan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/06943">"Culshaw, John"</a>, <i>Grove Music Online</i>. Oxford Music Online, accessed 4 December 2010 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pioneer of record production", <i>The Guardian</i>, 28 April 1980, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1976), p. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Widdicombe, Gillian, "Harmony and Discord", <i>The Observer</i>, 13 December 1981, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Maurice Lane, "Disordered Lives", <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i>, 6 October 1950, p. 625</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prs94-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prs94_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaacs, J., "Books of the Year", <i>The Observer</i>, 31 December 1950, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culshaw (1981), p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bl.uk">British Library integrated catalogue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504165426/http://catalogue.bl.uk/">Archived</a> 4 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 5 December 2010</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCulshaw1967" class="citation book cs1">Culshaw, John (1967). <i>Ring Resounding</i>. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-11800-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-11800-9"><bdi>0-436-11800-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ring+Resounding&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-436-11800-9&rft.aulast=Culshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Culshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulshaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Culshaw, John (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonwag00culs"><i>Reflections on Wagner's </i>Ring<i><span></span></i></a></span>. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-59301-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-59301-X"><bdi>0-670-59301-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Wagner%27s+Ring&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-670-59301-X&rft.aulast=Culshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freflectionsonwag00culs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Culshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulshaw1981" class="citation book cs1">Culshaw, John (1981). <i>Putting the Record Straight</i>. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-436-11802-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-436-11802-5"><bdi>0-436-11802-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putting+the+Record+Straight&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-436-11802-5&rft.aulast=Culshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Culshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2004" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Richard (2004). <i>Orchestra – The LSO: A Century of Triumph and Turbulence</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-21584-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-21584-X"><bdi>0-571-21584-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchestra+%E2%80%93+The+LSO%3A+A+Century+of+Triumph+and+Turbulence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-571-21584-X&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Culshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1998" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Richard (1998). <i>Herbert von Karajan</i>. London: Chatto and Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85619-763-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85619-763-8"><bdi>1-85619-763-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+von+Karajan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85619-763-8&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Culshaw" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234045/http://www.operainfo.org/intermissions/intermissionFeatures.cgi?month=04&year=2004&language=4">Link to talk by Culshaw on <i>Die Walküre</i></a> An audio file from a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_radio_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Opera radio broadcast">Metropolitan Opera radio broadcast</a> intermission feature (scroll to "From The Archives – 1 March 1975 – John Culshaw discusses <i>Die Walküre</i>; you will need RealPlayer to hear this)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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talk:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gramophone Hall of Fame">Gramophone Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Abbado" title="Claudio Abbado">Claudio Abbado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Barbirolli" title="John Barbirolli">John Barbirolli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham_selected_discography" title="Thomas Beecham selected discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult_discography" title="Adrian Boult discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink_discography" title="Bernard Haitink discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Christopher Hogwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber" title="Carlos Kleiber">Carlos Kleiber</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber_discography" title="Carlos Kleiber discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Marriner" title="Neville Marriner">Neville Marriner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle_discography" title="Simon Rattle discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography" title="Georg Solti discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini_discography" title="Arturo Toscanini discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirkby" title="Emma Kirkby">Emma Kirkby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter" title="Anne Sofie von Otter">Anne Sofie von Otter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboardists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin_discography" title="Marc-André Hamelin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hewitt" title="Angela Hewitt">Angela Hewitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Lupu" title="Radu Lupu">Radu Lupu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolov" title="Grigory Sokolov">Grigory Sokolov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String/brass/<br />woodwind players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9" title="Maurice André">Maurice André</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brain" title="Dennis Brain">Dennis Brain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung" title="Kyung Wha Chung">Kyung Wha Chung</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Isserlis" title="Steven Isserlis">Steven Isserlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Mayer" title="Albrecht Mayer">Albrecht Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett" title="Alban Berg Quartett">Alban Berg Quartett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_Trio" title="Beaux Arts Trio">Beaux Arts Trio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">The King's Singers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars" title="The Tallis Scholars">The Tallis Scholars</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers/engineers/<br />record label executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coutaz" title="Bernard Coutaz">Bernard Coutaz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Culshaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Robert Fine">C. Robert Fine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heymann" title="Klaus Heymann">Klaus Heymann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Alain Lanceron</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mohr" title="Richard Mohr">Richard Mohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ted Perry</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6227849#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083576179">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12503291">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/78700/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBpQK4fHTcQWMHvGWqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129291889">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81100642">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140122646">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140122646">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067854605">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583902705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260051405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000207042">Finland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/65f72307-0725-4b77-ab59-aabaf1f5ad06">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/john-culshaw/11290">Grammy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/129291889">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/09156929X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mw6t5t">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&oldid=1258621185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Culshaw&oldid=1258621185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1924_births" title="Category:1924 births">1924 births</a></li><li><a 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