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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conflict</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conflict subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kokand_autonomy_and_the_start_of_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kokand_autonomy_and_the_start_of_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kokand autonomy and the start of hostilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kokand_autonomy_and_the_start_of_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_phase_of_the_revolt_in_the_Ferghana_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase_of_the_revolt_in_the_Ferghana_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First phase of the revolt in the Ferghana Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase_of_the_revolt_in_the_Ferghana_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basmachi_in_Khiva_and_Bukhara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basmachi_in_Khiva_and_Bukhara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Basmachi in Khiva and Bukhara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basmachi_in_Khiva_and_Bukhara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enver_Pasha_and_the_height_of_the_Basmachi_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enver_Pasha_and_the_height_of_the_Basmachi_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Enver Pasha and the height of the Basmachi movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enver_Pasha_and_the_height_of_the_Basmachi_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Defeat of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-border_operations_in_northern_Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-border_operations_in_northern_Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cross-border operations in northern Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-border_operations_in_northern_Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>1929</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermittent_Basmachi_operations_after_the_Soviet_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermittent_Basmachi_operations_after_the_Soviet_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Intermittent Basmachi operations after the Soviet victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermittent_Basmachi_operations_after_the_Soviet_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_of_the_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_of_the_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Character of the movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_of_the_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basmachi movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="حركة باسمشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة باسمشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basma%C3%A7%C4%B1_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Basmaçı hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Basmaçı hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="باسماچی حرکاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باسماچی حرکاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9" title="মধ্য এশীয় বিদ্রোহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্য এশীয় বিদ্রোহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Басмацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Басмацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Басмачество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Басмачество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Басмач хүдэлөөн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Басмач хүдэлөөн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmatxi" title="Basmatxi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basmatxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnut%C3%AD_basma%C4%8D%C5%AF" title="Hnutí basmačů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnutí basmačů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmatschi" title="Basmatschi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basmatschi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmat%C5%A1id" title="Basmatšid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Basmatšid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Μπασμάτσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπασμάτσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuelta_de_los_Basmach%C3%AD" title="Revuelta de los Basmachí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revuelta de los Basmachí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmatxien_matxinada" title="Basmatxien matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basmatxien matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="باسمه‌چی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باسمه‌چی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_basmatchi" title="Révolte basmatchi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte basmatchi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%98_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="바스마치 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바스마치 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բասմաչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բասմաչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="बासमाची विद्रोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बासमाची विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobuna_Basma%C4%8Dija" title="Pobuna Basmačija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pobuna Basmačija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Basmachi" title="Gerakan Basmachi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Basmachi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_dei_basmachi" title="Rivolta dei basmachi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta dei basmachi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Басмашылар қозғалысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Басмашылар қозғалысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Басмачылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Басмачылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basma%C4%8Diai" title="Basmačiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Basmačiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ബസ്മാചി പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബസ്മാചി പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmatsjiopstand" title="Basmatsjiopstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basmatsjiopstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%81%E8%9C%82%E8%B5%B7" title="バスマチ蜂起 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バスマチ蜂起" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosmachilik" title="Bosmachilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosmachilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بسماچی تحریک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بسماچی تحریک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="باسماچي خوځښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باسماچي خوځښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmactwo" title="Basmactwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Basmactwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_Basmachi" title="Revolta Basmachi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta Basmachi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Басмачество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Басмачество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Покрет Басмачија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Покрет Басмачија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmat%C5%A1in_kapina" title="Basmatšin kapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Basmatšin kapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmatjirevolten" title="Basmatjirevolten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Basmatjirevolten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Босмачиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Босмачиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmac%C4%B1_Hareketi" title="Basmacı Hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Basmacı Hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Басмацтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Басмацтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بسماچی تحریک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بسماچی تحریک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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.infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Basmachi movement</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg/260px-Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg/390px-Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg/520px-Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="647" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> under siege by <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops and burning during the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_operation_(1920)" title="Bukhara operation (1920)">Bukhara operation</a>, 1 September 1920</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1916–1934</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Soviet-Afghan victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> (1917) </p> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turkestan_Autonomous_SSR_Flag.svg/23px-Turkestan_Autonomous_SSR_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turkestan_Autonomous_SSR_Flag.svg/35px-Turkestan_Autonomous_SSR_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turkestan_Autonomous_SSR_Flag.svg/46px-Turkestan_Autonomous_SSR_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkestan ASSR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_The_Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281920-36%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_The_Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281920-36%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_The_Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281920-36%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_The_Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_%281920-36%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)">Kirghiz ASSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khiva_1920-1923.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Khorezm People's Soviet Republic">Khorezm PSR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan PSR</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281924%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (from December 30, 1922)</li></ul> </div> <b>In cooperation with:</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan"><img alt="Kingdom of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_loyalism" title="Amanullah loyalism">Amanullah loyalists</a> (1929)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Afghanistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span> (1930)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></span></span></span> Basmachi movement</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> (1918–20)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Proposed_Flag_of_the_Alash_Autonomy_%28horizontal%29.svg/23px-Proposed_Flag_of_the_Alash_Autonomy_%28horizontal%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Proposed_Flag_of_the_Alash_Autonomy_%28horizontal%29.svg/35px-Proposed_Flag_of_the_Alash_Autonomy_%28horizontal%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Proposed_Flag_of_the_Alash_Autonomy_%28horizontal%29.svg/46px-Proposed_Flag_of_the_Alash_Autonomy_%28horizontal%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a> (1919–20)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="272" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> (1920)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Afghanistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span> (until mid-1922)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)"><img alt="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> (1929)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolnikov" title="Grigory Sokolnikov">Grigory Sokolnikov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kobozev" title="Pyotr Kobozev">Pyotr Kobozev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Melkumov" title="Yakov Melkumov">Yakov Melkumov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Primakov" title="Vitaly Primakov">Vitaly Primakov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shorin" title="Vasily Shorin">Vasily Shorin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/August_Kork" title="August Kork">August Kork</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Pugachov" title="Semyon Pugachov">Semyon Pugachov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Levandovsky" title="Mikhail Levandovsky">Mikhail Levandovsky</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Avksentevsky" title="Konstantin Avksentevsky">Konstantin Avksentevsky</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lazarevich" title="Vladimir Lazarevich">Vladimir Lazarevich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Magaza_Masanchi" title="Magaza Masanchi">Magaza Masanchi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic"><img alt="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fayzulla_Xo%CA%BBjayev" title="Fayzulla Xoʻjayev">Fayzulla Xoʻjayev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan"><img alt="Kingdom of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Mohammad Nadir Shah</a>  <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan"><img alt="Kingdom of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Shah_Wali_Khan" title="Sardar Shah Wali Khan">Sardar Shah Wali Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan"><img alt="Kingdom of Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Khan" title="Ghulam Nabi Khan">Ghulam Nabi Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bek" title="Ibrahim Bek">Ibrahim Bek</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irgash_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irgash Bey (page does not exist)">Irgash Bey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Эргаш-курбаши">ru</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madamin_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madamin Bey (page does not exist)">Madamin Bey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Мадамин-бек">ru</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva"><img alt="Khanate of Khiva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Khanate_of_Khiva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Junaid_Khan_(Basmachi_leader)" title="Junaid Khan (Basmachi leader)">Junaid Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara"><img alt="Emirate of Bukhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Mir_Muhammad_Alim_Khan" title="Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan">Muhammad Alim Khan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kor%C5%9Firmat" title="Korşirmat">Korşirmat</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Monstrov" title="Konstantin Monstrov">Konstantin Monstrov</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)"><img alt="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni" title="Habibullāh Kalakāni">Habibullāh Kalakāni</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Front" title="Turkestan Front">Turkestan Front</a>:<br />120,000–160,000<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Perhaps 30,000 at its height, over 20,000 (late 1919)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>9,338 killed or died of disease</li> <li>29,617 wounded or sick (January 1921 – July 1922)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>516 killed</li> <li>867 wounded or sick (October 1922 – June 1931)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Total:</b> </p> <ul><li>40,000+ casualties</li> <li>9,854+ dead</li> <li>30,484+ wounded or sick</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Tens of thousands of civilians killed<sup id="cite_ref-Uzbekistan_pg._30_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzbekistan_pg._30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 355">: 355 </span></sup></li> <li>Several hundred thousand Kazakh and Kyrgyz people killed or evicted with an unknown amount dying to famine according to Sokol<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009202_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009202-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alternative estimate: 150,000 dead in 1916<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Uzbekistan" title="Category:History of Uzbekistan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">History of Uzbekistan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nova_Maris_Caspii_et_regionis_Usbeck_cum_provincijs_adjacentibus_vera_delineatio_in_qua_itinera_regia_et_alia_notabiliora_accurate_denotantur_-_per_A._Maas_-_btv1b53102860p.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="thum"><img alt="thum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nova_Maris_Caspii_et_regionis_Usbeck_cum_provincijs_adjacentibus_vera_delineatio_in_qua_itinera_regia_et_alia_notabiliora_accurate_denotantur_-_per_A._Maas_-_btv1b53102860p.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nova_Maris_Caspii_et_regionis_Usbeck_cum_provincijs_adjacentibus_vera_delineatio_in_qua_itinera_regia_et_alia_notabiliora_accurate_denotantur_-_per_A._Maas_-_btv1b53102860p.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nova_Maris_Caspii_et_regionis_Usbeck_cum_provincijs_adjacentibus_vera_delineatio_in_qua_itinera_regia_et_alia_notabiliora_accurate_denotantur_-_per_A._Maas_-_btv1b53102860p.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7725" data-file-height="6577" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Prehistoric</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Teshik-Tash_1" title="Teshik-Tash 1">Teshiktash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">70,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Kelteminar_culture" title="Kelteminar culture">Kelteminar culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">5,500–3,500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2400–1950 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2,000–1,150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Tazabagyab_culture" title="Tazabagyab culture">Tazabagyab culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1850–1500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Chust_culture" title="Chust culture">Chust culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1500–900 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">900–300 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Early History</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Medieval history</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Turkic Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Onoq</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol conquest</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Era</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Rise of Timur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand#Timur's_rule_(1370–1405)" title="Samarkand">capital Samarkand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Balkh_(1370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Balkh (1370)">Siege of Balkh (1370)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timur#Period_of_expansion" title="Timur">Period of expansion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_art" title="Timurid art">Timurid art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Stagnation and decline</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1370–1507</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Uzbek khanates</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate#Abu'l-Khayr_Khan" title="Uzbek Khanate">Consolidating Uzbek tribes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate#Abu'l-Khayr_Khan" title="Uzbek Khanate">Conquest of Urganj (1431)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate#Abu'l-Khayr_Khan" title="Uzbek Khanate">Conquest of Sighnaq (1448)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate#Formation" title="Kazakh Khanate">Özbek-Qazaqs (separated Uzbeks)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani#Foundation_of_Shaybanid_Dynasty" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Conquest of Samarkand (1500)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaybanids#Shaybanid_Architecture" title="Shaybanids">Shaybanid Architecture</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1428–1471</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva#Khans_of_Khiva_(1511–1920)" title="Khanate of Khiva">Shaybanid-Arabshahid dynasty (1511–1804)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva#Qungrat_dynasty_(1804–1920)" title="Khanate of Khiva">Qungrat dynasty (1804–1920)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade#The_Khivan_slave_uprising_and_abolition" title="Khivan slave trade">Abolition of slavery in Khwarezm (1873)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khudaibergen_Devanov#Filmmaking" title="Khudaibergen Devanov">First Uzbek documentary (1910)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_Revolt_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="Turkoman Revolt of 1912–1913">Turkoman Revolt of 1912–1913</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1511–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara#Abu'l-Khayrid_dynasty" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Shaybanid dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara#Janid_dynasty" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Janid dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1501–1785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Murad#Urban_Development" title="Shah Murad">Reconstruction of Samarkand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nasrullah_Khan_(Bukhara)#Khitoy-Qipchoq_rebellion" title="Nasrullah Khan (Bukhara)">Khitoy-Qipchoq rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ura-Tyube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ura-Tyube (page does not exist)">Battle of Ura-Tyube (1861)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ahad_Khan#Reforms_of_'Abd_al-Ahad_Khan" title="'Abd al-Ahad Khan">Abolition of slavery in Bukhara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_operation_(1920)" title="Bukhara operation (1920)">Bukhara operation (1920)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Revolution" title="Bukharan Revolution">Bukharan Revolution</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1785–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altun_Bishik" title="Altun Bishik">Legitimization of Ming dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_of_Kokand" title="Shahrukh of Kokand">Foundation of Tepaqurghon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Umar_Khan#Foreign_Policy" title="Muhammad Umar Khan">Establishment of Istanbul embassy (1819)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia#Annexation_of_the_Kokand_Khanate" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Annexation of the Kokand Khanate (1876)</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1709–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_(1784)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashkent (1784)">Tashkent State</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1784–1808</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Colonial period</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1839%E2%80%931840" title="Khivan campaign of 1839–1840">Khivan campaign of 1839–1840</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tashkent" title="Siege of Tashkent">Siege of Tashkent</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1868)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1868)">Siege of Samarkand</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">National Awakening</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basmachi movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomy" title="Turkestan Autonomy">Turkestan Autonomy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Young_Bukharans" title="Young Bukharans">Young Bukharans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Young_Khivans" title="Young Khivans">Young Khivans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadidism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Modern Uzbekistan</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Khorezm People's Soviet Republic">Khorezm People's Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan People's Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan#1991_to_present" title="History of Uzbekistan">Republic of Uzbekistan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e8e8e8;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Years in Uzbekistan">By year</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Histories of cities in Uzbekistan">Cities</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Political history of Uzbekistan">Politics</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/17px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/26px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/34px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uzbekistan" title="Portal:Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li 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War">Allied intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers intervention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">North Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising_and_Soviet%E2%80%93Finnish_conflict_of_1921%E2%80%9322" class="mw-redirect" title="East Karelian uprising and Soviet–Finnish conflict of 1921–22">Eastern Karelia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Western</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrograd" title="Battle of Petrograd">Petrograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Poland</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Southern Front of the Russian Civil War">Southern</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian-Soviet War">Ukrainian-Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Western Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention" title="Southern Russia intervention">South Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition" title="German Caucasus expedition">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenia and Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War">Eastern</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kazan_by_the_White_Army" title="Capture of Kazan by the White Army">1st Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Operation" title="Kazan Operation">2nd Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_Operation_(1918-1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perm Operation (1918-1919)">1st Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_offensive_of_the_White_Army" title="Spring offensive of the White Army">Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_counteroffensive" title="Eastern Front counteroffensive">Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siberian_Ice_March" title="Great Siberian Ice March">Great Siberian Ice March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chita_Operations" title="Chita Operations">Chita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_revolt_(1921)" title="Yakut revolt (1921)">Yakut revolt</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Asian Front of the Russian Civil War">Central Asian</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Revolution" title="Bukharan Revolution">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_Revolution" title="Khivan Revolution">Khiva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basmachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Asian_Frontof_the_Russian_Civil_War1386" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Central_Asian_Theater_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Central Asian Theater of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Central_Asian_Theater_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Central Asian Theater of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Central_Asian_Theater_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Central Asian Theater of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Asian_Frontof_the_Russian_Civil_War1386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Asian Front of the Russian Civil War">Central Asian Front<br />of the Russian Civil War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Revolution" title="Bukharan Revolution">Bukharan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_Revolution" title="Khivan Revolution">Khivan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Rebellion_(1917)" title="Tashkent Rebellion (1917)">Tashkent Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolesov%27s_Campaign" title="Kolesov's Campaign">Kolesov's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malleson_mission" title="Malleson mission">Malleson mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dushak" title="Battle of Dushak">Battle of Dushak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petro-Aleksandrovsk_(1918)" title="Siege of Petro-Aleksandrovsk (1918)">Petro-Aleksandrovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_operation_(1920)" title="Bukhara operation (1920)">Bukhara operation (1920)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basmachi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha%27s_Rebellion" title="Enver Pasha's Rebellion">Enver's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dushanbe_(1922)" title="Siege of Dushanbe (1922)">1st Dushanbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Dushanbe_(1922)" title="Battles for Dushanbe (1922)">2nd Dushanbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khiva_(1924)" title="Siege of Khiva (1924)">Khiva</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Basmachi movement</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Басмачество</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Basmachestvo</i></span>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <span lang="uz">Босмачи</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Uzbek-language romanization"><i lang="uz-Latn">Bosmachi</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'bandits')<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an uprising against <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> by rebel groups inspired by <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamic beliefs</a>. </p><p>The movement's roots lay in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">anti-conscription violence of 1916</a> which erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik_1994_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik_1994-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> In the months following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October 1917 Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> began. Turkestani Muslim political movements attempted to form an autonomous government in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>. The Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand in February 1918 and carried out a general massacre of up to 25,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Uzbekistan_pg._30_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzbekistan_pg._30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 355">: 355 </span></sup> The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi who waged a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> and conventional war that seized control of large parts of the Fergana Valley and much of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>. The group's notable leaders were <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bek" title="Ibrahim Bek">Ibrahim Bek</a>. </p><p>The fortunes of the movement fluctuated throughout the early 1920s, but by 1923 the Red Army's extensive campaigns had dealt the Basmachis many defeats. After major <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> campaigns and concessions regarding economic and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> practices in the mid-1920s, the military fortunes and popular support of the Basmachi declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> Resistance to Soviet leadership did flare up again, to a lesser extent, in response to <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization campaigns</a> in the pre-<a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The term "Basmachi" is of <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> origin and means "bandit" or "robber"<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which probably derived from "baskinji" meaning "attacker".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians used the term for the Central Asian resistance fighters, and it was widely used throughout the region to denote them, in an attempt to persuade the public that the fighters were no more than criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodson_2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodson_2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian revolt of 1916</a></div> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a> was ruled from <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Krai" title="Krai">Krai</a> or Governor-Generalship. To the east of Tashkent, the <a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana Valley">Ferghana Valley</a> was an ethnically diverse, densely populated region that was divided between settled farmers (often called <a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sarts</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomads</a> (mostly Kyrgyz). Under Russian rule, it was converted into a major <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>-growing region.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 280">: 280 </span></sup> The resulting economic development brought some small-scale industry to the region, but several scholars suggest that native shop workers were worse off than their Russian counterparts, and the new wealth from cotton was spread unevenly; many farmers became indebted. Many criminals organized into bands, forming the basis for the early Basmachi movement when it began in the Ferghana Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 282">: 282 </span></sup> </p><p>Cotton price-fixing during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> made matters worse, and a large, landless rural <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> soon developed. <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> clergy decried the <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> that became commonplace, and crime rose considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 284">: 284 </span></sup> </p><p>Major violence in Russian Turkestan broke out in 1916, when the Tsarist government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service. This caused the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian revolt of 1916</a>, centered in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, which was put down by martial law. Tensions between Central Asians (especially Kazakhs) and Russian settlers led to large-scale massacres on both sides. Thousands died, and hundreds of thousands fled, most into the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian revolt of 1916</a> was the first anti-Russian incident on a mass scale in Central Asia, and it set the stage for native resistance after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a> in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik_1994_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik_1994-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p><p>The suppression of the rebellion was a deliberate campaign of annihilation against the Kazakh and Kyrgyz tribes on the part of the Russian soldiers and settlers. Hundreds of thousands of Kazakh and Kyrgyz people were killed or expelled. The ethnic cleansing had its roots in the Tsarist government policy of ethnic homogenization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009201–202_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009201–202-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict">Conflict</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kokand_autonomy_and_the_start_of_hostilities">Kokand autonomy and the start of hostilities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkestan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Turkestan.svg/400px-Flag_of_Turkestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Basmachi Movement</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917, Muslim political forces began to organize. Members of the All-Russian Muslim council formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a>-i Islam</i> (Islamic Council), a <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadidist</a> body that sought a federated, democratic state with autonomy for Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup> More conservative religious scholars formed the <i>Ulema Jemyeti</i> (Board of Learned Men), more concerned with safeguarding Islamic institutions and <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>. Together, these Muslim nationalists formed a coalition, but it fell apart after the October Revolution, when the Jadids lent their support to the Bolsheviks who had seized power. The <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Soviet" title="Tashkent Soviet">Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies</a>, an organization dominated by Russian railway workers and colonial proletarians, rejected Muslim participation in government. Stung by this apparent reaffirmation of colonial rule, the <i>Shura-i Islam</i> reunited with <i>Ulema Jemyeti</i> to form the Kokand Autonomous Government. This was to be the nucleus of an autonomous<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 290">: 290 </span></sup> state in Turkestan, governed by Sharia law.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 354">: 354 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tashkent_the_building_of_town_council_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tashkent_the_building_of_town_council_02.jpg/200px-Tashkent_the_building_of_town_council_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tashkent_the_building_of_town_council_02.jpg/300px-Tashkent_the_building_of_town_council_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tashkent_the_building_of_town_council_02.jpg/400px-Tashkent_the_building_of_town_council_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Soviet" title="Tashkent Soviet">Tashkent Soviet</a>'s building in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Soviet" title="Tashkent Soviet">Tashkent Soviet</a> initially recognized the authority of <a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a>, but restricted its jurisdiction to the Muslim old section of Tashkent, and demanded the final say in regional affairs. After violent riots in Tashkent, relations broke down, and despite the leftist leanings of many of its members, Kokand aligned itself with the <a href="/wiki/White_Russians_(Russian_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Russians (Russian Civil War)">Whites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basmachi movement</a> Politically and militarily weak, the Muslim government began looking around for protection. To this end, a band of armed robbers led by Irgash Bey were amnestied and recruited to defend Kokand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 290">: 290 </span></sup> This force, however, was unable to resist an attack on Kokand by the forces of the Tashkent Soviet. In February, 1918 the Red Army soldiers thoroughly pillaged Kokand, and carried out what was described as a "<a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 291">: 291 </span></sup> in which as many as 25,000 people died.<sup id="cite_ref-Uzbekistan_pg._30_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzbekistan_pg._30-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 355">: 355 </span></sup> This massacre, along with the execution of many Ferghana peasants who were suspected of hoarding cotton and food, incensed the Muslim population. Irgash Bey took up arms against the Soviets, declaring himself "Supreme Leader of the Islamic Army", and the Basmachi rebellion started in earnest.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/220px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/330px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/440px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Alim Khan">Sayeed Alim Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a> (1880–1944), the last Uzbek monarch</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Soviet troops temporarily deposed <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Alim Khan">Emir Sayeed Alim Khan of Bukhara</a> in favor of the leftist <a href="/wiki/Young_Bukharans" title="Young Bukharans">Young Bukharans</a> faction led by <a href="/wiki/Fayzulla_Xo%CA%BBjayev" title="Fayzulla Xoʻjayev">Fayzulla Xoʻjayev</a>. Russian troops were repulsed by the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukharan</a> populace after a period of looting, and the Emir retained his throne for the time-being.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="page number is suspect – according to the TOC this page is a contribution by Fragner (approx. pp. 13–32) or possibly blank, not Lorenz (approx. pp. 277–303) (December 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>, Basmachi leader Junaid Khan overthrew the Russian puppet and suppressed the modernizing movement of the leftist <a href="/wiki/Young_Khivans" title="Young Khivans">Young Khivans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_phase_of_the_revolt_in_the_Ferghana_Valley">First phase of the revolt in the Ferghana Valley</h3></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irgash_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irgash Bey (page does not exist)">Irgash Bey</a>'s claims to leadership of an army of the faithful won recognition by the clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana Valley">Ferghana Valley</a>, and he soon controlled a sizable fighting force. Widespread <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> campaigns carried out from Tashkent had caused economic collapse, and the Ferghana Valley faced <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in absence of grain imports. All these factors drove people to join the Basmachi. The <a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Soviet" title="Tashkent Soviet">Tashkent Soviet</a> was unable to contain the insurgency, and the end of 1918 decentralized bands of fighters, totaling roughly 20,000, controlled Ferghana and the countryside surrounding Tashkent. Irgash Bey faced rival commanders such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madamin_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madamin Bey (page does not exist)">Madamin Bey</a>, who was supported by more moderate Muslim factions, but he secured formal, nominal leadership of the movement at a council in March 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 355">: 355 </span></sup> </p><p>With the Tashkent Soviet in a vulnerable military position, the Bolsheviks left Russian settlers to organize their own defense by creating the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Army_of_Fergana" title="Peasant Army of Fergana">Peasant Army of Fergana</a>. This often involved brutal reprisals for Basmachi attacks by Soviet forces and Russian farmers both.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup> The harsh policies of <a href="/wiki/War_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="War Communism">War Communism</a>, however, caused the peasants' army to sour on the Tashkent Soviet. In May 1919, Madamin Bey formed an alliance with the settlers, entailing a non-aggression pact and a coalition army. The new allies made plans for establishing a joint Russian-Muslim state, with power sharing arrangements and cultural rights for both groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 295">: 295 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 356">: 356 </span></sup> Disputes over the Islamic orientation of the Basmachi led to the break-up of the alliance, however, and both Madamin and the settlers suffered defeats at the hands of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Tatar">Volga Tatar</a> Red Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> The inhabitants of the Ferghana Valley were exhausted after the punishing winter of 1919–20, and Madamin Bey defected to the Soviet side in March.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> Meanwhile, famine relief reached the region under the more moderate <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>, while land reform and amnesty placated Ferghana residents. As a result, the Basmachi movement lost control of most populated areas and shrank overall. </p><p>The pacification of Ferghana did not last long. During the summer of 1920 the Soviets felt secure enough to requisition food and mobilize Muslim conscripts. The result was a renewed uprising and new Basmachi groups proliferated, fueled by religious slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> Renewed conflict would see the Basmachi movement spread across Turkestan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basmachi_in_Khiva_and_Bukhara">Basmachi in Khiva and Bukhara</h3></div> <p>In January 1920, the Red Army captured <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a> and set up a Young Khivan provisional government. Junaid Khan fled into the desert with his followers, and the Basmachi movement in the <a href="/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Khorezm People's Soviet Republic">Khorezm Region</a> was born.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwat_1985_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwat_1985-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup> Before the end of the year, the Soviets deposed the Young Khivans government, and the Muslim nationalists fled to join Junaid, strengthening his forces considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p><p>In August of that year, the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Bukhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Bukhara">Emir of Bukhara</a> was finally deposed when the Red Army conquered <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>. From exile in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the Emir directed the Bokhara Basmachi movement, supported by the angry populace and clergy. Fighters operated on behalf of the Emir and were under the command of Ibrahim Bey, a tribal leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 358">: 358 </span></sup> Basmachi forces operated with success in both Khiva and Bokhara for an extended period. The insurgency also began spreading to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enver_Pasha_and_the_height_of_the_Basmachi_movement">Enver Pasha and the height of the Basmachi movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha%27s_Rebellion" title="Enver Pasha's Rebellion">Enver Pasha's Rebellion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg/250px-Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg/375px-Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg/500px-Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Negotiations with Basmachi, <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1921, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, former Turkish war minister and one of the key architects of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, arrived in Bukhara to assist the Soviet war effort. Enver Pasha had been an advocate of a Turkish-Soviet alliance against the British, and gained the trust of the Soviet authorities. Soon, however, he defected and became the single most important Basmachi leader, centralizing and revitalizing the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 358">: 358 </span></sup> Enver Pasha intended to create a pan-Turkic confederation encompassing all of Central Asia, as well as <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and Chinese lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 358">: 358 </span></sup> His call for jihad attracted much support, and he managed to transform the Basmachi guerillas into an army of 16,000 men. By early 1922, a considerable part of the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan People's Soviet Republic</a>, including Samarkand and Dushanbe, was under Basmachi control. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a> Muslim Magaza Masanchi formed the Dungan Cavalry Regiment to fight for the Soviets against the Basmachi.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_of_the_movement">Defeat of the movement</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turk_front1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turk_front1922.jpg/300px-Turk_front1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turk_front1922.jpg/450px-Turk_front1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Turk_front1922.jpg/600px-Turk_front1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Turkestan front, 1922</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SovietCentralAsia1922.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SovietCentralAsia1922.svg/220px-SovietCentralAsia1922.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SovietCentralAsia1922.svg/330px-SovietCentralAsia1922.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SovietCentralAsia1922.svg/440px-SovietCentralAsia1922.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Central Asia in 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Now fearing the total loss of Turkestan, the Soviet authorities once again adopted a double strategy to crush the rebellion: political reconciliation and cultural concessions along with overwhelming military power. Religious concessions reinstated Sharia law, while <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> schools and <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> lands were restored.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 357">: 357 </span></sup> Moscow sought to indigenize the fight with the creation of a volunteer militia composed of Muslim peasants, called the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks_(Central_Asia)" title="Red Sticks (Central Asia)">Red Sticks</a>, and it is estimated that 15-25 percent of Soviet troops in this region were Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> The Soviets primarily relied on thousands of regular Red Army troops, veterans of the Civil War, now bolstered by <a href="/wiki/Air_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Air support">air support</a>. The strategy of concessions with airstrikes was successful, and when in May 1922 Enver Pasha rejected a peace offer and issued an ultimatum demanding that all Red Army troops be withdrawn from Turkestan within fifteen days, Moscow was well prepared for a confrontation. In June 1922 Soviet units led by General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Evgenevich_Kakurin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Evgenevich Kakurin">Kakurin</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Какурин, Николай Евгеньевич">ru</a>) defeated the Basmachi forces in the Battle of Kafrun. The Red Army began to drive the rebels eastwards, retaking considerable territory. Enver himself was killed in <a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Dushanbe_(1922)" title="Battles for Dushanbe (1922)">a failed last-ditch cavalry charge on August 4, 1922, near Baldzhuan</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>). His successor, Selim Pasha, continued the struggle but finally fled to Afghanistan in 1923. </p><p>In July to August 1923, a large Soviet offensive succeeded at forcing the Basmachi out of <a href="/wiki/Gharm" title="Gharm">Garm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Basmachi presence remained in the Ferghana Valley until 1924, and fighters there were led by <a href="/wiki/Kor%C5%9Firmat" title="Korşirmat">Korşirmat</a> (or Kurshirmat), who had renewed the revolt in 1920. British intelligence reported<sup id="cite_ref-Şuhnaz_1999_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Şuhnaz_1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–30">: 47–30 </span></sup> that Kurshirmat possessed forces of 5,000-6,000 men. After years of war, however, popular support for the Basmachi cause was drying up. Peasants wanted to return to work, especially now that Soviet policies had made Turkestan livable again. Kurshirmat's forces shrank to around 2,000, many resorting to banditry,<sup id="cite_ref-Şuhnaz_1999_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Şuhnaz_1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–30">: 47–30 </span></sup> and he soon fled to Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Turkestan was at this point exhausted by war. 200,000 people had fled Tajik lands, leaving two-thirds of arable land abandoned. Lesser devastation could be observed in Ferghana.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-border_operations_in_northern_Afghanistan">Cross-border operations in northern Afghanistan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni_(Bacha-i-Saqao)_with_his_followers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni_%28Bacha-i-Saqao%29_with_his_followers.jpg/220px-Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni_%28Bacha-i-Saqao%29_with_his_followers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni_%28Bacha-i-Saqao%29_with_his_followers.jpg/330px-Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni_%28Bacha-i-Saqao%29_with_his_followers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni_%28Bacha-i-Saqao%29_with_his_followers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Habibullah Kalakani pictured with his followers in Afghanistan, gave a safe haven for Basmachi fighters</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1929">1929</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></div> <p>In January 1929, after coming to power in Afghanistan during the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni" title="Habibullāh Kalakāni">Habibullāh Kalakāni</a> allowed Basmachi insurgents to operate in northern Afghanistan, who then had established themselves in Imanseiide, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abad" title="Khan Abad">Khan Abad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostaq,_Afghanistan_(village)" title="Rostaq, Afghanistan (village)">Rostaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Taloqan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayzabad,_Badakhshan" title="Fayzabad, Badakhshan">Fayzabad</a> by the end of March 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-March 1929, two raids were undertaken by the Afghan Basmachi into the Soviet Union, the first into Amu Darya, south-west of <a href="/wiki/Kulyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulyab">Kulyab</a>, and the second was undertaken by Kurbashi Kerim Berdoi with 100 Basmachi troops. Both incursions were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further incursions were repelled on 17 March and 7 April.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April, Basmachi insurgents successfully crossed the <a href="/wiki/Panj_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj River">Panj River</a> and captured the town of Togmai. Soon after, this force then reached Dzafr and Kevron. On 13 April, the Basmachi captured <a href="/wiki/Qal%27ai_Khumb" title="Qal'ai Khumb">Qal'ai Khumb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few days later, occupied Gashion, and on the 15th, they captured Vanch, which the Soviets recaptured the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the Basmachi attacks, the Soviet Union dispatched a small force into Afghanistan from <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a> on April 15, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Primakov" title="Vitaly Primakov">Vitaly Primakov</a>, to support ousted Afghan King <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a>. This Red Army force of 700 to 1,000 eventually took control of the city of <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kholm,_Afghanistan" title="Kholm, Afghanistan">Tashqurghan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodson_2011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodson_2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Soviet operation the Basmachi continued raiding across the border, capturing Kalai-Liabob on 20 April, and on 21 April capturing Nimichi, 35 kilometres east of Garm, after an intense battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 20 and 22 April, further Basmachi units crossed into the Soviet Union, one of which made it as far as <a href="/wiki/Tavildara" title="Tavildara">Tavildara</a> before being turned back by the guards there on 30 April. On 22 April, the Basmachi captured Garm, which the Soviets recaptured either the same day or the next day. On 24 April, the Soviets began a large counteroffensive, and recaptured Kalai-Liabob that same day. On 3 May, the last Basmachi units retreated into Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Red Army had planned to head for <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> to take it back from the <a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> to Amanullah Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-Amstutz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amstutz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the operation was halted after Moscow heard that Amanullah Khan had fled to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> on 23 May.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, international resentment (at a time the Soviet Union attempted to gain international recognition) was also cited as a reason for canceling the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Amstutz_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amstutz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Soviet unit crossed back from Afghanistan in June 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Amstutz_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amstutz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930">1930</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></div> <p>After the Saqqawists lost the civil war and Kalakani was executed, the Afghan prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hashim_Khan" title="Mohammad Hashim Khan">Mohammad Hashim Khan</a> on behalf of the new king, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nader_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nader Shah">Mohammed Nader Shah</a>, demanded Ibrahim Bek to lay down arms against the Soviet Union, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. work? author? at least establish reliability (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Afghanistan and Soviet Union agreed for another intervention, launched by the Red Army in June 1930 and commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Melkumov" title="Yakov Melkumov">Yakov Melkumov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amstutz_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amstutz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cavalry brigade advanced 50–70 km inland in northern Afghanistan and was carefully controlled as to not "touch" the farms and property of locals as to not affect their nationalistic or religious feelings. This was relatively successful, as the Afghan locals were friendly and guided them. Ibrahim Bek initially wanted to fight but after hearing of the cavalry's strength and lack of local Afghan sympathy, he halted plans. As a result the Soviets did not face organized resistance and managed to eliminate the Basmachis and their accomplices. The <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurts</a> in the river valley including the villages of Aq Tepe and <a href="/wiki/%27Aliabad" title="'Aliabad">'Aliabad</a> where Basmachis were based, and the Basmachi's properties, were burned down, although the local Afghan population remained untouched. The Basmachis and accomplices lost 839 people, whereas the Soviet army had one loss (from drowning) and two injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermittent_Basmachi_operations_after_the_Soviet_victory">Intermittent Basmachi operations after the Soviet victory</h3></div> <p>After the Basmachi movement was destroyed as a political and military force, the fighters who remained hidden in mountainous areas conducted a guerrilla war. The Basmachi uprising had died out in most parts of Central Asia by 1926. However, skirmishes and occasional fighting along the border with Afghanistan continued until the early 1930s. Junaid Khan threatened Khiva in 1926, but was finally exiled in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Two prominent commanders, <a href="/wiki/Faizal_Maksum" title="Faizal Maksum">Faizal Maksum</a> and Ibrahim Bey, continued to operate out of Afghanistan and conducted a number of raids into the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in 1929. Ibrahim Bek led a brief resurgence of the movement when collectivization fuelled resistance and succeeded in delaying the policy until 1931 in Turkmenistan, but he was soon caught and executed. The movement then largely died out.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last major Basmachi combat operation occurred In October 1933, when <a href="/wiki/Junaid_Khan_(Basmachi_leader)" title="Junaid Khan (Basmachi leader)">Junaid Khan</a>'s forces were defeated in the Karakum desert. The Basmachi movement had ended by 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <p>Indigenous leaders began to cooperate with Soviet authorities and large numbers of Central Asians joined the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Communist Party">Soviet Communist Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">indigenization</a> policy. Many gained high positions in the governments of the Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Turkmen <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Socialist Republics</a>, formed out of the Turkestani <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in 1924. During the Sovietization of Central Asia, Islam became the focus of antireligious campaigns. The government closed most mosques, repressing Islamic clerics and targeting symbols of Islamic identity such as the veil.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uzbeks who remained practicing Muslims were deemed nationalist and often targeted for imprisonment or execution. Stalinist collectivization and industrialization proceeded as elsewhere in the Soviet Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_of_the_movement">Character of the movement</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Basmachi_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Basmachi movement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Basmachi movement has been characterized as a <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">national liberation movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> that sought to end foreign rule over the Central Asian territories then known as Turkestan, and also the protectorates of Khiva and Bokhara. It is suggested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that "basmacı" is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> word which refers to a bandit or marauder, such as the bands of thieves that preyed on caravans in the region, derived from the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basmak" class="extiw" title="wikt:basmak">basmak</a></i> – to raid, to press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term 'basmachi' was pejorative and used by the Soviets; the people it referred to did not use it to refer to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviets portrayed the movement as being composed of brigands motivated by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>, waging a <a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">counterrevolutionary</a> war with the support of British agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup> In reality, the Basmachi were a diverse and multi-faceted group that received negligible foreign aid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Basmachi were not viewed favorably by <a href="/wiki/Western_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Powers">Western Powers</a>, who saw the Basmachi as potential enemies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> due to the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamist">Pan-Islamist</a> ideologies that some of their leaders ascribed to. However, some Basmachi groups received support from British and Turkish intelligence services and in order to cut off this outside help, special military detachments of the Red Army masqueraded as Basmachi forces and successfully intercepted supplies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although many fighters were motivated by calls for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup> the Basmachi drew support from many ideological camps and major sectors of the population. At some point or another<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (October 2014)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the Basmachi attracted the support of <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a> reformers, pan-Turkic ideologues and leftist Turkestani nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> Peasants and nomads, long opposed to Russian colonial rule, reacted with hostility to anti-Islamic policies and Soviet requisitioning of food and livestock. The fact that Bolshevism in Turkestan was dominated by Russian colonists in Tashkent<sup id="cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289">: 289 </span></sup> made Tsarist and Soviet rule appear identical. The ranks of the Basmachi were filled with those left jobless by poor economic conditions, and those who felt that they were opposing an attack on their way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwat_1985_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwat_1985-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> The first Basmachi fighters were bandits, as their name suggests, and they reverted to brigandage as the movement fizzled later on.<sup id="cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Although the Basmachi were relatively united at certain points, the movement suffered from atomization overall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rivalry between various leaders and more serious ethnic disputes between <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> posed major problems to the movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The rebellion is featured in several "<a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Osterns</a>", such as <i><a href="/wiki/White_Sun_of_the_Desert" title="White Sun of the Desert">White Sun of the Desert</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Bullet" title="The Seventh Bullet">The Seventh Bullet</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(1979_film)" title="The Bodyguard (1979 film)">The Bodyguard</a></i>, and in the television series <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Border&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Border (page does not exist)">State Border</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian revolt of 1916</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands from July 10, 1919, to January 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMuḥammadHazārah1999" class="citation book cs1">Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJpXJXOno9IC"><i>Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising</i></a>. Markus Wiener. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558761551" title="Special:BookSources/9781558761551"><bdi>9781558761551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabul+Under+Siege%3A+Fayz+Muhammad%27s+Account+of+the+1929+Uprising&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781558761551&rft.aulast=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.aufirst=Fayz%CC%A4&rft.au=Haz%C4%81rah%2C+Fayz%CC%A4+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+K%C4%81tib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJpXJXOno9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saqqawists had fought only in northern Afghanistan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rywkin_1990-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rywkin_1990_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRywkin1990" class="citation book cs1">Rywkin, Michael (1990). <i>Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia</i>. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow%27s+Muslim+Challenge%3A+Soviet+Central+Asia&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Rywkin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNahayloSwoboda1990" class="citation book cs1">Nahaylo, Bohdan; Swoboda, Victor (1990). <i>Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR</i>. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Disunion%3A+A+History+of+the+Nationalities+Problem+in+the+USSR&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Nahaylo&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rft.au=Swoboda%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheev1997" class="citation book cs1">Krivosheev, Grigori, ed. (1997). <i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</i>. London: Greenhill. p. 43. <q>12,827 killed or dead</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Casualties+and+Combat+Losses+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndronikovBurkikovGurkinKruglov1996" class="citation web cs1">Andronikov, V. M.; Burkikov, P. D.; Gurkin, V. V.; Kruglov, A. A.; Rodinov, Ye. I.; Filimoshin, M. V.; et al. (3 January 1996) [first Russian publication 1993]. Krivosheyev, G. F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf">"Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by US Department of the Army. Moscow Military Publishing House. p. 56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-21</span></span> – via The Black Vault.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Armed+Forces+Losses+in+Wars%2C+Combat+Operations+and+Military+Conflicts&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Moscow+Military+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996-01-03&rft.aulast=Andronikov&rft.aufirst=V.+M.&rft.au=Burkikov%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=Gurkin%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Kruglov%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Rodinov%2C+Ye.+I.&rft.au=Filimoshin%2C+M.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.theblackvault.com%2Fdocuments%2FSovietLosses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uzbekistan_pg._30-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uzbekistan_pg._30_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uzbekistan_pg._30_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uzbekistan_pg._30_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCrayGritzner2004" class="citation book cs1">McCray, Thomas R.; Gritzner, Charles F. (2004). <i>Uzbekistan</i>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438105517" title="Special:BookSources/1438105517"><bdi>1438105517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1438105517&rft.aulast=McCray&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.au=Gritzner%2C+Charles+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olcott_1981-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olcott_1981_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlcott1981" class="citation journal cs1">Olcott, Martha B. (July 1981). "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918–24". <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138108411365">10.1080/09668138108411365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Basmachi+or+Freemen%27s+Revolt+in+Turkestan%2C+1918%E2%80%9324&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361&rft.date=1981-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138108411365&rft.aulast=Olcott&rft.aufirst=Martha+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009202-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009202_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009">Baberowski & Doering-Manteuffel 2009</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2017" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, Alexander (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/the-revolt-of-1916-in-russian-central-asia-by-edward-dennis-sokol-foreword-by-s-frederick-starr-baltimore-johns-hopkins-university-press-2016-original-edition-1954-x-187-pp-bibliography-index-figures-tables-map-2500-paper/DB1C144FDC5A35B50B9AFF4EB093B1CC">"The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. By Edward Dennis Sokol. Foreword by S. Frederick Starr. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016 (original edition 1954). x, 187 pp. Bibliography. Index. Figures"</a>. <i>Slavic Review</i> (book review). <b>76</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">772–</span>778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fslr.2017.185">10.1017/slr.2017.185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166171560">166171560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Revolt+of+1916+in+Russian+Central+Asia.+By+Edward+Dennis+Sokol.+Foreword+by+S.+Frederick+Starr.+Baltimore%3A+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%2C+2016+%28original+edition+1954%29.+x%2C+187+pp.+Bibliography.+Index.+Figures&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E772-%3C%2Fspan%3E778&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166171560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fslr.2017.185&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fslavic-review%2Farticle%2Fthe-revolt-of-1916-in-russian-central-asia-by-edward-dennis-sokol-foreword-by-s-frederick-starr-baltimore-johns-hopkins-university-press-2016-original-edition-1954-x-187-pp-bibliography-index-figures-tables-map-2500-paper%2FDB1C144FDC5A35B50B9AFF4EB093B1CC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParenti2011" class="citation book cs1">Parenti, Christian (28 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YA85DgAAQBAJ&q=basmachi+meaning&pg=PT134"><i>Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence</i></a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-662-5"><bdi>978-1-56858-662-5</bdi></a>. <q>These traditionalist, protomujahideen—called Basmachi, meaning 'bandits', by the Soviets—described themselves as standing for Islam, Turkic nationalism, and anticommunism. One of these bands of Muslim rebels was led by Enver Pasha, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropic+of+Chaos%3A+Climate+Change+and+the+New+Geography+of+Violence&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011-06-28&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-662-5&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYA85DgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbasmachi%2Bmeaning%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malik_1994-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malik_1994_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malik_1994_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpolnikov1994" class="citation book cs1">Spolnikov, Victor (1994). "Impact of Afghanistan's War on the Former Soviet Republics of Central Asia". In Malik, Hafeez (ed.). <i>Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Afghanistan%27s+War+on+the+Former+Soviet+Republics+of+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Central+Asia%3A+Its+Strategic+Importance+and+Future+Prospects&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Spolnikov&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowman_&_Littlefield-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowman_&_Littlefield_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdullaev2018" class="citation book cs1">Abdullaev, Kamoludin (10 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsllDwAAQBAJ&q=basmachi+meaning&pg=PA190"><i>Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0252-7"><bdi>978-1-5381-0252-7</bdi></a>. <q>The uprising spread, and as it gained strength, the Bolsheviks began to refer to its fighters as Basmachi, meaning 'bandit' in the local tongues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Tajikistan&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0252-7&rft.aulast=Abdullaev&rft.aufirst=Kamoludin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsllDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbasmachi%2Bmeaning%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiro2011" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fzuEDwAAQBAJ&q=basmachi+meaning&pg=PT41"><i>Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran</i></a>. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-378-1"><bdi>978-1-59020-378-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Communists' major problem now was how to counter the continuing nationalist Basmachi (meaning 'bandit' in Uzbek) movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Central+Asia%3A+A+Political+and+Cultural+History+of+Uzbekistan%2C+Turkmenistan%2C+Kazakhstan%2C+Kyrgyzstan%2C+Tajikistan%2C+Turkey%2C+and+Iran&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=2011-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-378-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfzuEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbasmachi%2Bmeaning%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaksoy1995" class="citation journal cs1">Paksoy, H. B. (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/togan.html">"Basmachi Movement From Within: Account of Zeki Velidi Togan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Papers" title="Nationalities Papers">Nationalities Papers</a></i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">373–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905999508408381">10.1080/00905999508408381</a> – via Richard Hacken at Brigham Young University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Basmachi+Movement+From+Within%3A+Account+of+Zeki+Velidi+Togan&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905999508408381&rft.aulast=Paksoy&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fcomment%2Ftogan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodson_2011-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodson_2011_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodson_2011_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodson2011" class="citation book cs1">Goodson, Larry P. (28 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbdZsuBpmx0C&q=basmachi+badmash&pg=PA229"><i>Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80158-2"><bdi>978-0-295-80158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Endless+War%3A+State+Failure%2C+Regional+Politics%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Taliban&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80158-2&rft.aulast=Goodson&rft.aufirst=Larry+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbdZsuBpmx0C%26q%3Dbasmachi%2Bbadmash%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenz_1984-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorenz_1984_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorenz1994" class="citation book cs1">Lorenz, Richard (1994). "Economic Bases of the Basmachi Movement in the Ferghana Valley". In Kappeler, Andreas; Simon, Gerhard; Brunner, Gerog (eds.). <i>Muslim Communities Reemerge: Historical Perspectives on Nationality, Politics, and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia</i>. Central Asia Book Series. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1490-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-1490-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Bases+of+the+Basmachi+Movement+in+the+Ferghana+Valley&rft.btitle=Muslim+Communities+Reemerge%3A+Historical+Perspectives+on+Nationality%2C+Politics%2C+and+Opposition+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union+and+Yugoslavia&rft.series=Central+Asia+Book+Series&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1490-5&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherin Evtuhov, Richard Stites, <i>A History of Russia: Peoples, Legends, Events, Forces</i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009201–202-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009201–202_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009">Baberowski & Doering-Manteuffel 2009</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marwat_1985-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marwat_1985_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwat_1985_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarwat1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Rahim_Marwat" title="Fazal Rahim Marwat">Marwat, Fazal-Ur-Rahim Khan</a> (1985). <i>The Basmachi Movement in Soviet Central Asia (A Study in Political Development)</i>. Peshawar: Emjay Books International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basmachi+Movement+in+Soviet+Central+Asia+%28A+Study+in+Political+Development%29&rft.place=Peshawar&rft.pub=Emjay+Books+International&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Marwat&rft.aufirst=Fazal-Ur-Rahim+Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_L._Wieczynski1994" class="citation book cs1">Joseph L. Wieczynski (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LtoAAAAMAAJ&q=In+1921+he+attended+the+Third+Congress+of+the+Comintern,+then+fought+against+the+Basmachi.+When+the+Civil+War+ended,+Masanchin+supposedly+held+highly+responsible+positions+for+the+Soviet+secret+police"><i>The Modern encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet history, Volume 21</i></a>. Academic International Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87569-064-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87569-064-5"><bdi>0-87569-064-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+encyclopedia+of+Russian+and+Soviet+history%2C+Volume+21&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Academic+International+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87569-064-5&rft.au=Joseph+L.+Wieczynski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LtoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DIn%2B1921%2Bhe%2Battended%2Bthe%2BThird%2BCongress%2Bof%2Bthe%2BComintern%2C%2Bthen%2Bfought%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2BBasmachi.%2BWhen%2Bthe%2BCivil%2BWar%2Bended%2C%2BMasanchin%2Bsupposedly%2Bheld%2Bhighly%2Bresponsible%2Bpositions%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2Bsecret%2Bpolice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritter_1990-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_1990_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitter1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ritter, William S. (1990). "Revolt in the Mountains: Fuzail Maksum and the Occupation of Garm, Spring 1929". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949002500408">10.1177/002200949002500408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Revolt+in+the+Mountains%3A+Fuzail+Maksum+and+the+Occupation+of+Garm%2C+Spring+1929&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=547&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949002500408&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Şuhnaz_1999-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Şuhnaz_1999_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Şuhnaz_1999_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŞuhnaz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Şuhnaz, Yılmaz (1999). "An Ottoman Warrior Abroad: Enver Paşa as an Expatriate". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Ottoman+Warrior+Abroad%3A+Enver+Pa%C5%9Fa+as+an+Expatriate&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=%C5%9Euhnaz&rft.aufirst=Y%C4%B1lmaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amstutz-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amstutz_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amstutz_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amstutz_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amstutz_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmstutz1994" class="citation book cs1">Amstutz, J. Bruce (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC"><i>Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation</i></a>. DIANE. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC/page/n37">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788111112" title="Special:BookSources/9780788111112"><bdi>9780788111112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+The+First+Five+Years+of+Soviet+Occupation&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780788111112&rft.aulast=Amstutz&rft.aufirst=J.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RUSNyMH1aFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraithwaite2011" class="citation book cs1">Braithwaite, Rodric (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afgantsyrussians00brai"><i>Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–89</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afgantsyrussians00brai/page/n43">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199911516" title="Special:BookSources/9780199911516"><bdi>9780199911516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afgantsy%3A+The+Russians+in+Afghanistan+1979%E2%80%9389&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199911516&rft.aulast=Braithwaite&rft.aufirst=Rodric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafgantsyrussians00brai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204114039/http://abdunazarov.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52:-q-q-ii&catid=43:2011-10-09-21-06-32&Itemid=61"><bdi lang="ru">История в лицах. "Наполеон из Локая". Часть II</bdi></a>. <i>abdunazarov.ru</i>. 19 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abdunazarov.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52:-q-q-ii&catid=43:2011-10-09-21-06-32&Itemid=61">the original</a> on 4 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abdunazarov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85.+%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%22.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+II&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabdunazarov.ru%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D52%3A-q-q-ii%26catid%3D43%3A2011-10-09-21-06-32%26Itemid%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rkka.ru/oper/afg/afg.htm">"Павел Аптекарь"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rkka.ru%2Foper%2Fafg%2Fafg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnyazev2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-unfit">Knyazev, Aleksandr (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001030643/https://www.knyazev.org/books/History_of_Afghani_war.pdf"><bdi lang="ru">История афганской войны 1990-х гг. и превращение Афганистана в источник угроз для Центральной Азии</bdi></a> [<i>History of the Afghan War in 1990's and the transformation of Afghanistan into a source of instability in Central Asia</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz-Russian_Slavic_University" title="Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University">KRSU Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9967-405-97-X" title="Special:BookSources/9967-405-97-X"><bdi>9967-405-97-X</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 2013-10-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+1990-%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Bishkek%2C+Kyrgyzstan&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=KRSU+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9967-405-97-X&rft.aulast=Knyazev&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knyazev.org%2Fbooks%2FHistory_of_Afghani_war.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitter1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ritter, William S. (1985). "The Final Phase in the Liquidation of Anti-Soviet Resistance in Tadzhikistan: Ibrahim Bek and the Basmachi, 1924–31". <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">484–</span>493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138508411604">10.1080/09668138508411604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Final+Phase+in+the+Liquidation+of+Anti-Soviet+Resistance+in+Tadzhikistan%3A+Ibrahim+Bek+and+the+Basmachi%2C+1924%E2%80%9331&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E484-%3C%2Fspan%3E493&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138508411604&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2013-10-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare: A New Era of Modern Warfare</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692809" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692809"><bdi>9781610692809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Insurgency+and+Counterinsurgency%3A+A+New+Era+of+Modern+Warfare%3A+A+New+Era+of+Modern+Warfare&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.isbn=9781610692809&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXCjAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPipes1955" class="citation journal cs1">Pipes, Richard (1955). "Muslims of Soviet Central Asia: Trends and Prospects (Part I)". <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322692">4322692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Muslims+of+Soviet+Central+Asia%3A+Trends+and+Prospects+%28Part+I%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4322692%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095450466">"Basmachis"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199891207" title="Special:BookSources/9780199891207"><bdi>9780199891207</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basmachis&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199891207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095450466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaberowskiDoering-Manteuffel2009" class="citation book cs1">Baberowski, Jörg; Doering-Manteuffel, Anselm (2009). Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (eds.). <i>Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism compared</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89796-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Totalitarianism%3A+Stalinism+and+Nazism+compared&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89796-9&rft.aulast=Baberowski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Doering-Manteuffel%2C+Anselm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroxup1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Broxup" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Broxup">Broxup, Marie</a> (1983). "The Basmachi". <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Survey" title="Central Asian Survey">Central Asian Survey</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634938308400421">10.1080/02634938308400421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Basmachi&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634938308400421&rft.aulast=Broxup&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButtino1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buttino, Marco (1997). "Ethnicité et politique dans la guerre civile: à propos du 'basmačestvo' au Fergana". <i>Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique</i> (in French). <b>38</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+monde+russe+et+sovietique&rft.atitle=Ethnicit%C3%A9+et+politique+dans+la+guerre+civile%3A+%C3%A0+propos+du+%27basma%C4%8Destvo%27+au+Fergana&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Buttino&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaroe1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Caroe" title="Olaf Caroe">Caroe, Olaf</a> (1967). <i>Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism</i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-74795-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-74795-0"><bdi>0-312-74795-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Empire%3A+The+Turks+of+Central+Asia+and+Stalinism&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-312-74795-0&rft.aulast=Caroe&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastagné1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Castagn%C3%A9" title="Joseph Castagné">Castagné, Joseph</a> (1925). <i>Les Basmatchis: le mouvement national des indigènes d'Asie Centrale depuis la Révolution d'octobre 1917 jusqu'en octobre 1924</i> (in fe). Paris: Éditions E. Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Basmatchis%3A+le+mouvement+national+des+indig%C3%A8nes+d%27Asie+Centrale+depuis+la+R%C3%A9volution+d%27octobre+1917+jusqu%27en+octobre+1924&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+E.+Leroux&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Castagn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChokay1928" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Chokay" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Chokay">Chokay, Mustafa</a> (1928). "The Basmachi Movement in Turkestan". <i>The Asiatic Review</i>. <b>XXIV</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asiatic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Basmachi+Movement+in+Turkestan&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Chokay&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGusterin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gusterin" title="Pavel Gusterin">Gusterin, Pavel</a> (2014). <bdi lang="ru">История Ибрагим-бека. Басмачество одного курбаши с его слов</bdi>. Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert Academic. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-659-13813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-659-13813-3"><bdi>978-3-659-13813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=LAP+Lambert+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-659-13813-3&rft.aulast=Gusterin&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLunin1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Lunin, B. V. (1984). <bdi lang="ru">Басмачество</bdi>. Tashkent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.place=Tashkent&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Lunin&rft.aufirst=B.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraser1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, Glenda (1987). "Basmachi (part I)". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634938708400571">10.1080/02634938708400571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Basmachi+%28part+I%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634938708400571&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraser1987" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser, Glenda (1987). "Basmachi (part II)". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634938708400582">10.1080/02634938708400582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Basmachi+%28part+II%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634938708400582&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayit1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Baymirza_Hayit" title="Baymirza Hayit">Hayit, Baymirza</a> (1993). <i>Basmatschi. Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934</i> (in German). Cologne: Dreisam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basmatschi.+Nationaler+Kampf+Turkestans+in+den+Jahren+1917+bis+1934&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=Dreisam&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hayit&rft.aufirst=Baymirza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoldsworth1952" class="citation journal cs1">Holdsworth, M. (1952). "Soviet Central Asia, 1917–1940". <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Studies">Soviet Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668135208409821">10.1080/09668135208409821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=Soviet+Central+Asia%2C+1917%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668135208409821&rft.aulast=Holdsworth&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2003" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Alexander (2003). "Turkfront: Frunze and the Development of Soviet Counter-insurgency in Central Asia". In Everett-Heath, Tom (ed.). <i>Central Asia. Aspects of Transition</i>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0956-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0956-8"><bdi>0-7007-0956-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkfront%3A+Frunze+and+the+Development+of+Soviet+Counter-insurgency+in+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Central+Asia.+Aspects+of+Transition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-0956-8&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0957-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0957-6">0-7007-0957-6</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNal'sky1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nal'sky, Yakov (1984). <bdi lang="ru">В горах Восточной Бухары (Повесть по воспоминаниям сотрудников КГБ)</bdi> [<i>In the Mountains of Eastern Bukhara (A Tale Based on the Memories of KGB Officers)</i>] (in Russian). Dushanbe, Tajikistan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91%29&rft.place=Dushanbe%2C+Tajikistan&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Nal%27sky&rft.aufirst=Yakov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlcott1981" class="citation journal cs1">Olcott, Martha B. (July 1981). "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918–24". <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138108411365">10.1080/09668138108411365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Basmachi+or+Freemen%27s+Revolt+in+Turkestan%2C+1918%E2%80%9324&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361&rft.date=1981-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138108411365&rft.aulast=Olcott&rft.aufirst=Martha+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaksoy1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paksoy, Hasan B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201101535/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae12.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Basmachi': Turkish National Liberation Movement 1916–1930s"</a>. <i>Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union</i>. Vol. 4. Florida: Academic International Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae12.html">the original</a> on 2017-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Basmachi%27%3A+Turkish+National+Liberation+Movement+1916%E2%80%931930s&rft.btitle=Modern+Encyclopedia+of+Religions+in+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Florida&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Academic+International+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Paksoy&rft.aufirst=Hasan+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvlib.iue.it%2Fcarrie%2Ftexts%2Fcarrie_books%2Fpaksoy-6%2Fcae12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zeki Velidi Togan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/1525786/Prof_Zeki_Velidi_Togan_Memoirs_National_Existence_and_Cultural_Struggles_of_Turkistan_and_Other_Muslim_Eastern_Turks_2011_Full_Text_translation_form_the_1969_original">[1]</a> Memoirs.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarwat1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Rahim_Marwat" title="Fazal Rahim Marwat">Marwat, Fazal-Ur-Rahim Khan</a> (1985). <i>The Basmachi Movement in Soviet Central Asia (A Study in Political Development)</i>. Peshawar: Emjay Books International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basmachi+Movement+in+Soviet+Central+Asia+%28A+Study+in+Political+Development%29&rft.place=Peshawar&rft.pub=Emjay+Books+International&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Marwat&rft.aufirst=Fazal-Ur-Rahim+Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTogan2011" class="citation book cs1">Togan, Zeki Velidi (2011) [translated from original publication 1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7xl4m6_1TMC&pg=PT254"><i>Memoirs: National Existence and Cultural Struggles of Turkistan and Other Muslim Eastern Turks</i></a>. Translated by Paksoy, Hasan B. Create Space. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4680-0568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4680-0568-4"><bdi>978-1-4680-0568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%3A+National+Existence+and+Cultural+Struggles+of+Turkistan+and+Other+Muslim+Eastern+Turks&rft.pub=Create+Space&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4680-0568-4&rft.aulast=Togan&rft.aufirst=Zeki+Velidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ7xl4m6_1TMC%26pg%3DPT254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTursunov1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tursunov, Kh. (1962). <i>Восстание 1916 Года в Средней Азии и Казахстане</i> (in Russian). Tashkent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+1916+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.place=Tashkent&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tursunov&rft.aufirst=Kh.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasmachi+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" 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