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href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="اولاف كيركباتريك كروز كارو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اولاف كيركباتريك كروز كارو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سر اولف کیرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سر اولف کیرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Caroe" title="Olaf Caroe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Olaf 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India">KCSI</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">KCIE</a></span></span> (15 November 1892 – 23 November 1981) was an administrator in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, working for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Political Service">Indian Political Service</a>. He served as the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and later as the Governor of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> (the frontier with <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>). As Foreign Secretary, he was responsible for reviving the <a href="/wiki/McMahon_Line" title="McMahon Line">McMahon Line</a>, which included the Assam Himalayan frontier (present day <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>) within India. After retirement, Caroe took on the role of a strategist of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> on the southern periphery of the Soviet Union. His ideas are believed to have been highly influential in shaping the post-War policies of Britain and the United States. Scholar Peter Brobst calls him the "quintessential master of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>" and the "foremost strategic thinker of British India" in the years before independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in London, Olaf Caroe was the son of architect <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_Caroe" class="mw-redirect" title="William Douglas Caroe">William Douglas Caroe</a> (1857–1938) and Grace Desborough Rendall (died 1947), daughter of John Rendall, barrister. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, where his maternal uncle Montague Rendall was headmaster, and entered <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a> in 1911 on a <a href="/wiki/Demyship" title="Demyship">demyship</a>, where he read classics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the outbreak of the First World War, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_West_Surrey_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal West Surrey Regiment">Royal West Surrey Regiment</a>, rising to the rank of captain. He spent the entire war in India, where he began learning Urdu and Pashto and acquired a desire to return to the country after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_The_Future_of_the_Great_Game2005xvi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_The_Future_of_the_Great_Game2005xvi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, Caroe joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a>, and soon moved to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Political_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Political Service">Indian Political Service</a>. He was influential in foreign policy and rose to be the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, serving in that role through the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was deputy foreign secretary, Caroe is credited with getting the Government of India to reaffirm the <a href="/wiki/McMahon_Line" title="McMahon Line">McMahon Line</a>, which had been negotiated by a former Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon" title="Henry McMahon">Henry McMahon</a> with Tibet in the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Convention</a> of 1914. The McMahon Line ran along the crest of the Himalayan ranges east of Bhutan, and incorporated the present day <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> within the territory of India. For various reasons, the Simla Convention was not operationalised until 1935, and the official publication of the treaties of the Government of India, <i>Aitchison's Treaties</i>, did not include it.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caroe obtained the British government's permission to revise the official Indian maps to show the McMahon Line as the new boundary and to include the Simla Convention in a revised volume of <i>Aitchison's Treaties</i> but to do so "unobtrusively".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caroe reissued the new volume in 1938, but still carrying the original 1929 date, and had the original volumes withdrawn. When the matter was discovered in 1963, it gave rise to accusation of a "virtual falsification" of the official records.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Karunakar Gupta states that Caroe's zeal in operationalising the McMahon Line warrants it being renamed the "McMahon–Caroe Line".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caroe took a great interest in involving native Indian officials in foreign service and training them in diplomacy. Two of Caroe's officers rose to high ranks after independence: <a href="/wiki/K._P._S._Menon" title="K. P. S. Menon">K. P. S. Menon</a>, who became India's ambassador to China and Soviet Union as well as foreign secretary, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._S._B._Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. S. B. Shah (page does not exist)">A. S. B. Shah</a>, who headed Pakistan's Political Service and later went as ambassador to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Caroe was appointed as the Governor of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> (NWFP), on the northwest border of the Indian subcontinent, adjoining Afghanistan and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in this role from 1946 to just before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947. Subject to accusations that he was too close to the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he encountered opposition from <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> politicians,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was replaced in mid-1947 by <a href="/wiki/Rob_Lockhart" title="Rob Lockhart">Rob Lockhart</a> as governor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategist">Strategist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strategist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He wrote extensively after returning to Britain in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-rudolph_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudolph-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His strategic ideas proved influential in the United States: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At about this time there were those in Washington, looking for ways to secure the oil resources and practice containment in the middle east. The formulations of Sir Olaf Caroe attracted attention and soon found favour in official circles. His article in the March 1949 number of <i>Round Table</i> and his 1951 book, <i>Wells of Power</i>, led to invitations from the state and defence departments to visit Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-rudolph_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudolph-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Wells of Power</i>. London: Macmillan. 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wells+of+Power&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism</i>. 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Empire%3A+The+Turks+of+Central+Asia+and+Stalinism&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reprinted with an additional Introduction</i>. London: Macmillan. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprinted+with+an+additional+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Pathans 550 B.C.–A.D. 1957</i>. Macmillan and Company, London 1958 <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3135"><i>Reprinted with a Foreword and an Epilogue on Russia</i></a>. Karachi: OUP. 1983. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577221-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577221-0"><bdi>0-19-577221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprinted+with+a+Foreword+and+an+Epilogue+on+Russia&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-19-577221-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.pahar.3135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>From Nile to Indus: Economics and Security in the Middle East</i>. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Nile+to+Indus%3A+Economics+and+Security+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Geography and Ethnics of India's Northern Frontiers". <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>126</b> (3). 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Geography+and+Ethnics+of+India%27s+Northern+Frontiers&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Convention</a> was an ambiguous trilateral treaty negotiated between Britain, Tibet and China, but it was signed only by Britain and Tibet as binding upon themselves. China declined to sign it. No action was taken to implement the treaty for roughly two decades, partly out of concerns that it was in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a>, partly out of hope that China could be persuaded to join it and otherwise due to "vagaries of bureaucratic politics".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_Kashmir_1947199893_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrobst,_Kashmir_19471998">Brobst, Kashmir 1947 1998</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrior" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Prior, Katherine. "Caroe, Sir Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30901">10.1093/ref:odnb/30901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caroe%2C+Sir+Olaf+Kirkpatrick+Kruuse&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30901&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb206-liddlecollectionind08">"Personal recollections of Sir Olaf Caroe"</a>. university of Leeds Special Collections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+recollections+of+Sir+Olaf+Caroe&rft.pub=university+of+Leeds+Special+Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Fgb206-liddlecollectionind08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_The_Future_of_the_Great_Game2005xvi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrobst,_The_Future_of_the_Great_Game2005xvi_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrobst,_The_Future_of_the_Great_Game2005">Brobst, The Future of the Great Game 2005</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann1990">Hoffmann (1990)</a>, p. 19: "In the absence of Chinese acquiescence, and with the onset of World War I, acceptance of the McMahon line by the British themselves (and especially by the British home government in London) became lukewarm and even unsupportive. British policy toward the line thereafter varied according to changing international circumstances (among them the problematical Russian attitude toward the Simla agreement in 1914) and the vagaries of bureaucratic politics in London, India, and Assam itself."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehra1972">Mehra (1972)</a>, p. 305: "... what is patent is that for nearly two decades after 1914, the dubious risk of attracting Russian, and later Chinese, attention continued to be the principal reason for the non-publication of the Simla Convention and its adjuncts, the Trade Regulations and the India Tibet boundary agreement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffmann1990">Hoffmann (1990)</a>, p. 20: "As of 1936 the India Office [of the British government] was prepared to concur with the suggestions about <i>Aitchison's Treaties</i> and the Survey of India change, but it set forth certain conditions. Of these the most important was that unnecessary publicity should be avoided; the press should not even be notified of the Aitchison changes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanerji2007" class="citation cs2">Banerji, Arun Kumar (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA203">"Borders"</a>, in Jayanta Kumar Ray (ed.), <i>Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World</i>, Pearson Education India, pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>256, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-0834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-0834-7"><bdi>978-81-317-0834-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borders&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-317-0834-7&rft.aulast=Banerji&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span>: "Accordingly, a new edition of the vol. 14 of the Aitchison's Treaties was published in 1937, but to make the changes unobtrusive, it was passed off as the 1929 edition. This amounted to a virtual falsification of official documents.[61] Copies of the original 1929 edition of the <i>Aitchison's Treaties</i> were withdrawn and destroyed, with the possible exception of one, kept in the Harvard Library."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1971" class="citation cs2">Gupta, Karunakar (July–September 1971), "The McMahon Line 1911-45: The British Legacy", <i>The China Quarterly</i> (47): 526, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/652324">652324</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+McMahon+Line+1911-45%3A+The+British+Legacy&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=526&rft.date=1971-07%2F1971-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F652324%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Karunakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrobst,_The_Future_of_the_Great_Game2005">Brobst, The Future of the Great Game 2005</a>, pp. 31–33: "Department of External Affairs might form a cadre of Indian strategists for the future of the Great Game. He therefore did what he could to foster strategic thinking among his Indian deputies and to enlarge their professional experience."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWali_Khan" class="citation cs2">Wali Khan, Khan Abdul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040718075021/http://www.anp.org.pk/factsAreSacredchapter18.htm">"Chapter 18: Mountbatten Gets to Work"</a>, <i>Facts are sacred</i>, Awami National Party, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anp.org.pk/factsAreSacredchapter18.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+18%3A+Mountbatten+Gets+to+Work&rft.btitle=Facts+are+sacred&rft.pub=Awami+National+Party&rft.aulast=Wali+Khan&rft.aufirst=Khan+Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anp.org.pk%2FfactsAreSacredchapter18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parshotam Mehra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011202/spectrum/book4.htm">The force Badshah Khan built (review of <i>The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition & Memory in the North West Frontier</i> by Mukulika Banerjee)</a>, Tribune India 2 December 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rudolph-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rudolph_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudolph_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudolphRudolph2006" class="citation cs2">Rudolph, Lloyd I.; Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber (25 February 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904130237/https://political-science.uchicago.edu/faculty/rudolphs/us-asia.pdf">"The Making of US Foreign Policy for South Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">703–</span>709, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://political-science.uchicago.edu/faculty/rudolphs/us-asia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 September 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+US+Foreign+Policy+for+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E703-%3C%2Fspan%3E709&rft.date=2006-02-25&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+I.&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Susanne+Hoeber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitical-science.uchicago.edu%2Ffaculty%2Frudolphs%2Fus-asia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrobst,_The_Future_of_the_Great_Game2005" class="citation cs2">Brobst, Peter John (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Future of the Great Game: Sir Olaf Caroe, India's Independence, and the Defense of Asia</i></a>, University of Akron Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931968102" title="Special:BookSources/9781931968102"><bdi>9781931968102</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Great+Game%3A+Sir+Olaf+Caroe%2C+India%27s+Independence%2C+and+the+Defense+of+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Akron+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781931968102&rft.aulast=Brobst&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrobst,_Kashmir_19471998" class="citation cs2">Brobst, Peter John (March 1998), "Kashmir 1947: Sir Olaf Caroe and the question of British 'Grand Design'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Commonwealth and Comparative Politics</i>, <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>123, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14662049808447762">10.1080/14662049808447762</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+and+Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Kashmir+1947%3A+Sir+Olaf+Caroe+and+the+question+of+British+%27Grand+Design%27&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14662049808447762&rft.aulast=Brobst&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1990" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Steven A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC&pg=PA21"><i>India and the China Crisis</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06537-6"><bdi>978-0-520-06537-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+China+Crisis&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06537-6&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpSRwC5_EPUC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJha,_Rival_Versions_of_History1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Prem_Shankar_Jha" title="Prem Shankar Jha">Jha, Prem Shankar</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBORQgAACAAJ"><i>Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563766-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563766-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563766-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%2C+1947%3A+Rival+Versions+of+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563766-3&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Prem+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBORQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2004" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Julie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR14"><i>Britain and Tibet 1765–1947</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32784-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32784-3"><bdi>978-1-134-32784-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Tibet+1765%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-32784-3&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dV_AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehra1972" class="citation cs2">Mehra, Parshotam (February 1972), "A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Northeast Frontier: 1914-36", <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>308, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2052598">10.2307/2052598</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052598">2052598</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163657025">163657025</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Forgotten+Chapter+in+the+History+of+the+Northeast+Frontier%3A+1914-36&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1972-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163657025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2052598%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2052598&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Parshotam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBrysac2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_E._Meyer" title="Karl E. Meyer">Meyer, Karl E.</a>; Brysac, Shareen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPBn2KZWNuMC"><i>Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3678-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-3678-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tournament+of+Shadows%3A+The+Great+Game+and+the+Race+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3678-2&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rft.au=Brysac%2C+Shareen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPBn2KZWNuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanigrahi,_Jammu_and_Kashmir,_the_Cold_War_and_the_West2009" class="citation cs2">Panigrahi, D. N. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcXHRVYzV4MC"><i>Jammu and Kashmir, the Cold War and the West</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51751-8"><bdi>978-1-136-51751-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammu+and+Kashmir%2C+the+Cold+War+and+the+West&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51751-8&rft.aulast=Panigrahi&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcXHRVYzV4MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Caroe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Olaf_Caroe" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Olaf Caroe">Olaf Caroe</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoorani2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">Noorani, A. G.</a> (6 May 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2309/stories/20060519001908300.htm">"Caroe's lessons (review of <i>The Future of The Great Game: Sir Olaf Caroe, India's Independence, and the Defense of Asia</i> by Peter John Brobst)"</a>, <i>Frontline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Caroe%27s+lessons+%28review+of+The+Future+of+The+Great+Game%3A+Sir+Olaf+Caroe%2C+India%27s+Independence%2C+and+the+Defense+of+Asia+by+Peter+John+Brobst%29&rft.date=2006-05-06&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2309%2Fstories%2F20060519001908300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOlaf+Caroe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wingate" title="Ronald Wingate">Ronald Evelyn Leslie Wingate</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Commissioners_of_Balochistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Commissioners of Balochistan">Chief Commissioner of Balochistan</a> </b><br />1937–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Parsons" title="Arthur Parsons">Arthur Edward Broadbent Parsons</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Cunningham_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cunningham (governor)">Sir George Cunningham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_North-West_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of the North-West Frontier Province">Governor of the North-West Frontier Province</a> </b><br />1946–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Lockhart" title="Rob Lockhart">Sir Robert Lockhart</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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