CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ultrafine particle - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c5cb35f8-8f75-4bfa-bd15-a7deb668b11f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ultrafine_particle","wgTitle":"Ultrafine particle","wgCurRevisionId":1245295498,"wgRevisionId":1245295498,"wgArticleId":16422485,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2023","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Particulates","Nanoparticles"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ultrafine_particle","wgRelevantArticleId":16422485,"wgIsProbablyEditable" :true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Ultra-fine_particles","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Ultrafine_particle","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7880535","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness" ,"fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ultrafine particle - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafine_particle"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafine_particle"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ultrafine_particle rootpage-Ultrafine_particle skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ultrafine+particle" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ultrafine+particle" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ultrafine+particle" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ultrafine+particle" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sources and applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure,_risk,_and_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure,_risk,_and_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exposure, risk, and health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure,_risk,_and_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_and_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_and_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regulation and legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultrafine particle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrajemn%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1stice" title="Ultrajemné částice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ultrajemné částice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafeinstaub" title="Ultrafeinstaub – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ultrafeinstaub" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_ultrafina" title="Partícula ultrafina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partícula ultrafina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ذرات فوق ریز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذرات فوق ریز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particule_ultrafine" title="Particule ultrafine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Particule ultrafine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%AF%B8%EC%84%B8%EB%A8%BC%EC%A7%80" title="초미세먼지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초미세먼지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Ультрадисперсные частицы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ультрадисперсные частицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7880535#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particle" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ultrafine_particle" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particle"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particle"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ultrafine_particle" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ultrafine_particle" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&oldid=1245295498" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ultrafine_particle&id=1245295498&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUltrafine_particle"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUltrafine_particle"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ultrafine_particle&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7880535" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-fine_particles&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-fine particles">Ultra-fine particles</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Particulate matter under 100 nm in diameter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ultrafine particles</b> (<b>UFPs</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nanoscopic_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscopic scale">nanoscale</a> size (less than 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> or 100 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> in diameter).<sup id="cite_ref-Iijima_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iijima-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> particles, which are far smaller than the regulated <a href="/wiki/PM10" class="mw-redirect" title="PM10">PM<sub>10</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM<sub>2.5</sub></a> particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they remain largely unregulated, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has published good practice statements regarding measuring UFPs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main divisions that categorize types of UFPs. UFPs can either be carbon-based or metallic, and then can be further subdivided by their magnetic properties. <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a> and special physical lab conditions allow scientists to observe UFP morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Iijima_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iijima-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airborne UFPs can be measured using a <a href="/wiki/Condensation_particle_counter" title="Condensation particle counter">condensation particle counter</a>, in which particles are mixed with alcohol vapor and then cooled, allowing the vapor to condense around them, after which they are counted using a light scanner.<sup id="cite_ref-IAQH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAQH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring. UFPs are the main constituent of airborne particulate matter. Owing to their large quantity and ability to penetrate deep within the lung, UFPs are a major concern for respiratory exposure and health.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_applications">Sources and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring. Hot <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lava" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic lava">volcanic lava</a>, ocean <a href="/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)" title="Spray (liquid drop)">spray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> are common natural UFPs sources. UFPs can be intentionally fabricated as <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">fine particles</a> to serve a vast range of applications in both medicine and technology. Other UFPs are byproducts, like emissions, from specific processes, combustion reactions, or equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Printer_toner" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer toner">printer toner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_exhaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile exhaust">automobile exhaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropogenic sources of UFPs include combustion of gas, coal or hydrocarbons, <a href="/wiki/Biomass_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass burning">biomass burning</a> (i.e. agricultural burning, forest fires and waste disposal), vehicular traffic and industrial emissions, tire wear and tear from car brakes, air traffic, seaport, maritime transportation, construction, demolition, restoration and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concrete_processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concrete processing (page does not exist)">concrete processing</a>, domestic wood stoves, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outdoor_burning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outdoor burning (page does not exist)">outdoor burning</a>, kitchen, and cigarette smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, an <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air quality</a> study found harmful ultrafine particles from the takeoffs and landings at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> to be of much greater magnitude than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a multitude of indoor sources that include but are not limited to <a href="/wiki/Laser_printers" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printers">laser printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fax_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fax machines">fax machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photocopiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocopiers">photocopiers</a>, the peeling of <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruits">citrus fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>, penetration of contaminated outdoor air, <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a> cracks and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaners" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum cleaners">vacuum cleaners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAQH_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAQH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UFPs have a variety of applications in the medical and technology fields. They are used in diagnostic imagining, and novel drug delivery systems that include targeting the circulatory system, and or passage of the blood brain barrier to name just a few.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain UFPs like silver based <a href="/wiki/Nanostructures" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanostructures">nanostructures</a> have antimicrobial properties that are exploited in wound healing and internal instrumental coatings among other uses, in order to prevent infections.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the area of technology, carbon based UFPs have a plethora of applications in computers. This includes the use of <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a> in electronic as well as other computer and circuitry components. Some UFPs have characteristics similar to gas or liquid and are useful in powders or <a href="/wiki/Lubricants" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricants">lubricants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exposure,_risk,_and_health_effects"><span id="Exposure.2C_risk.2C_and_health_effects"></span>Exposure, risk, and health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exposure, risk, and health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main exposure to UFPs is through inhalation. Owing to their size, UFPs are considered to be respirable particles. Contrary to the behaviour of inhaled PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>, ultrafine particles are deposited in the lungs,<sup id="cite_ref-Int_Panis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Int_Panis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they have the ability to penetrate tissue and undergo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interstitialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interstitialization (page does not exist)">interstitialization</a>, or to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream—and therefore are not easily removed from the body and may have immediate effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to UFPs, even if components are not very toxic, may cause <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inflammatory mediator release, and could induce heart disease, lung disease, and other systemic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact mechanism through which UFP exposure leads to health effects remains to be elucidated, but effects on <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> may play a role. It has recently been reported that UFP is associated with an increase in blood pressure in schoolchildren with the smallest particles inducing the largest effect.<sup id="cite_ref-UFPBPChildren_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFPBPChildren-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to research, infants whose mothers were exposed to higher levels of UFPs during pregnancy are much more likely to develop asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a range of potential human exposures that include occupational, due to the direct manufacturing process or a byproduct from an industrial or <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">office</a> environment,<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as incidental, from contaminated outdoor air and other byproduct emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to quantify exposure and risk, both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies of various UFP species are currently being done using a variety of animal models including mouse, rat, and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-invivo_invitro_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invivo_invitro-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies aim to establish toxicological profiles necessary for risk assessment, risk management, and potential regulation and legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sizes of UFPs may be filtered from the air using <a href="/wiki/ULPA" class="mw-redirect" title="ULPA">ULPA</a> filters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_legislation">Regulation and legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regulation and legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> industry has grown, <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> have brought UFPs more public and regulatory attention.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UFP risk assessment research is still in the very early stages. There are continuing debates<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about whether to regulate UFPs and how to research and manage the health risks they may pose.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPH05-2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPH05-2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPH05-1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPH05-1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 19, 2008, the EPA does not yet regulate ultrafine particle emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPA does require notification of the intentional manufacture of nanoparticles.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the EPA drafted a <b>Nanomaterial Research Strategy</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also debate about how the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) should regulate UFPs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_disputes">Political disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is political dispute between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> on ultrafine dust. South Korea claims that about 80% of ultrafine dust comes from China, and China and South Korea should cooperate to reduce the level of fine dust. China, however, argues that the Chinese government has already implemented its policy regarding ecological environment. According to China's government, its quality of air has been improved more than 40% since 2013. However, the air pollution in South Korea got worse. Therefore, the dispute between China and South Korea has become political.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2019, Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment said that 50% to 70% of the fine dust is from China, therefore China is responsible for the air pollution in South Korea. This dispute provokes dispute among citizens as well.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2014, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_government" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean government">South Korean government</a> agreed to enforce Korea-China Cooperative Project, regarding Sharing of observation data on air pollutions, joint research on an air pollution forecast model and air pollution source identification, and human resources exchanges, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Followed by this agreement, in 2018, China and South Korea signed China-Korea Environmental Cooperation Plan to resolute environmental issues. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">China Research Academy of Environmental Studies (CRAES)</a> in Beijing is developing a building for China-Korea Environmental Cooperation Center including office building and laboratory building. Based on this cooperation, South Korea already sent 10 experts on environments to China for research, and China will also send more experts for long-term research. By this bilateral relations, China and Republic of Korea are seeking resolution on air pollution in North East Asia region, and seeks international security. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel particulate matter">Diesel particulate matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_safety_hazards_of_nanomaterials" title="Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials">Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">Metal fume fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanostructures" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanostructures">Nanostructures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_burning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open burning (page does not exist)">Open burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_tool" title="Power tool">Power tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Iijima-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iijima_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iijima_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFS._Iijima1985" class="citation journal cs1">S. Iijima (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jmicro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/4/249">"Electron Microscopy of Small Particles"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Electron_Microscopy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Electron Microscopy (page does not exist)">Journal of Electron Microscopy</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4): 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electron+Microscopy&rft.atitle=Electron+Microscopy+of+Small+Particles&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=249&rft.date=1985&rft.au=S.+Iijima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjmicro.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F34%2F4%2F249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Howard2009" class="citation web cs1">V. Howard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durhamenvironmentwatch.org/Incinerator%20Health/CVHRingaskiddyEvidenceFinal1.pdf">"Statement of Evidence: Particulate Emissions and Health (An Bord Plenala, on Proposed Ringaskiddy Waste-to-Energy Facility)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durham Environment Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331085058/http://www.durhamenvironmentwatch.org/Incinerator%20Health/CVHRingaskiddyEvidenceFinal1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Evidence%3A+Particulate+Emissions+and+Health+%28An+Bord+Plenala%2C+on+Proposed+Ringaskiddy+Waste-to-Energy+Facility%29.&rft.pub=Durham+Environment+Watch&rft.date=2009&rft.au=V.+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durhamenvironmentwatch.org%2FIncinerator%2520Health%2FCVHRingaskiddyEvidenceFinal1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">url = <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345334">https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345334</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAQH-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAQH_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAQH_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_D._Spengler,_John_F._McCarthy,_Jonathan_M._Samet2000" class="citation book cs1">John D. Spengler, John F. McCarthy, Jonathan M. Samet (2000). <i>Indoor Air Quality Handbook</i>. Mcgraw-hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0074455494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0074455494"><bdi>978-0074455494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indoor+Air+Quality+Handbook&rft.pub=Mcgraw-hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0074455494&rft.au=John+D.+Spengler%2C+John+F.+McCarthy%2C+Jonathan+M.+Samet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Osunsanya2001" class="citation journal cs1">T. Osunsanya; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740106">"Acute Respiratory Effects of Particles: Mass or Number?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Occupational_%26_Environmental_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational & Environmental Medicine">Occupational & Environmental Medicine</a></i>. <b>58</b> (3): 154–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.58.3.154">10.1136/oem.58.3.154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740106">1740106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11171927">11171927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Acute+Respiratory+Effects+of+Particles%3A+Mass+or+Number%3F&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=154-159&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1740106%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11171927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.58.3.154&rft.au=T.+Osunsanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1740106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Collins2007" class="citation web cs1">B. Collins (3 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/121641/hp-hits-back-in-printer-health-scare-row.html">"HP Hits Back in Printer Health Scare Row"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Pro" title="PC Pro">PC Pro</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810064404/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/121641/hp-hits-back-in-printer-health-scare-row.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Pro&rft.atitle=HP+Hits+Back+in+Printer+Health+Scare+Row&rft.date=2007-08-03&rft.au=B.+Collins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcpro.co.uk%2Fnews%2F121641%2Fhp-hits-back-in-printer-health-scare-row.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Benjamin2007" class="citation web cs1">M. Benjamin (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204204257/http://www.rtmagazine.com/issues/articles/2007-11_01.asp">"RT for Decision Makers in Respiratory Care"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=RT_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RT Magazine (page does not exist)">RT Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtmagazine.com/issues/articles/2007-11_01.asp">the original</a> on 2008-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT+Magazine&rft.atitle=RT+for+Decision+Makers+in+Respiratory+Care&rft.date=2007-11&rft.au=M.+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtmagazine.com%2Fissues%2Farticles%2F2007-11_01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno-RíosTejeda-BenítezBustillo-Lecompte2022" class="citation journal cs1">Moreno-Ríos, Andrea L.; Tejeda-Benítez, Lesly P.; Bustillo-Lecompte, Ciro F. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987121000116">"Sources, characteristics, toxicity, and control of ultrafine particles: An overview"</a>. <i>Geoscience Frontiers</i>. <b>13</b>: 101147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GeoFr..1301147M">2022GeoFr..1301147M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2021.101147">10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101147</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11323%2F7995">11323/7995</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234159865">234159865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoscience+Frontiers&rft.atitle=Sources%2C+characteristics%2C+toxicity%2C+and+control+of+ultrafine+particles%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=101147&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11323%2F7995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234159865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2021.101147&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022GeoFr..1301147M&rft.aulast=Moreno-R%C3%ADos&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rft.au=Tejeda-Ben%C3%ADtez%2C+Lesly+P.&rft.au=Bustillo-Lecompte%2C+Ciro+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1674987121000116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weikel, Dan and Barboza, Tony (May 29, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-0529-lax-pollution-20140529-story.html">"Planes' exhaust could be harming communities up to 10 miles from LAX"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531033012/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-0529-lax-pollution-20140529-story.html">Archived</a> 2014-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.M._Moghini2005" class="citation journal cs1">S.M. Moghini; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.04-2747rev">"Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Prospects"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_FASEB_Journal" title="The FASEB Journal">The FASEB Journal</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3): 311–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.04-2747rev">10.1096/fj.04-2747rev</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15746175">15746175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30173777">30173777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FASEB+Journal&rft.atitle=Nanomedicine%3A+Current+Status+and+Future+Prospects&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-30&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30173777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15746175&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.04-2747rev&rft.au=S.M.+Moghini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1096%252Ffj.04-2747rev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._Chopra2007" class="citation journal cs1">I. Chopra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm006">"The Increasing Use of Silver-Based Products As Antimicrobial Agents: A Useful Development or a Cause for Concern?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Antimicrobial_Chemotherapy" title="Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy">Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</a></i>. <b>59</b> (4): 587–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm006">10.1093/jac/dkm006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17307768">17307768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=The+Increasing+Use+of+Silver-Based+Products+As+Antimicrobial+Agents%3A+A+Useful+Development+or+a+Cause+for+Concern%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587-90&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17307768&rft.au=I.+Chopra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252Fdkm006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.gov/ncer/nano/research/particle_index.html">"Nanotechnology: Ultrafine Particle Research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. 26 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503091911/http://epa.gov/ncer/nano/research/particle_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nanotechnology%3A+Ultrafine+Particle+Research&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.gov%2Fncer%2Fnano%2Fresearch%2Fparticle_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Int_Panis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Int_Panis_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInt_Panis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Int Panis, L; et al. (2010). "Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: A comparison of cyclists and car passengers". <i><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Environment" title="Atmospheric Environment">Atmospheric Environment</a></i>. <b>44</b> (19): 2263–2270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AtmEn..44.2263I">2010AtmEn..44.2263I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2010.04.028">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56142753">56142753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Exposure+to+particulate+matter+in+traffic%3A+A+comparison+of+cyclists+and+car+passengers&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2263-2270&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56142753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2010.04.028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010AtmEn..44.2263I&rft.aulast=Int+Panis&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._Romieu2008" class="citation journal cs1">I. Romieu; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00128106">"Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress and Dietary Supplementation: A Review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Respiratory_Journal" title="European Respiratory Journal">European Respiratory Journal</a></i>. <b>31</b> (1): 179–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.00128106">10.1183/09031936.00128106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18166596">18166596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution%2C+Oxidative+Stress+and+Dietary+Supplementation%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-97&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F09031936.00128106&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18166596&rft.au=I.+Romieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1183%252F09031936.00128106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook_RD2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brook RD; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/21/2331.abstract">"AHA Scientific Statement: Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Circulation_(journal)" title="Circulation (journal)">Circulation</a></i>. <b>121</b> (21): 2331–2378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIR.0b013e3181dbece1">10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20458016">20458016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141123184035/http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/21/2331.abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=AHA+Scientific+Statement%3A+Particulate+Matter+Air+Pollution+and+Cardiovascular+Disease&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2331-2378&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2FCIR.0b013e3181dbece1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20458016&rft.au=Brook+RD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcontent%2F121%2F21%2F2331.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Card2008" class="citation journal cs1">J. Card; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536798">"Pulmonary Applications and Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physiology._Lung_Cellular_and_Molecular_Physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology">American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology</a></i>. <b>295</b> (3): L400–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajplung.00041.2008">10.1152/ajplung.00041.2008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536798">2536798</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641236">18641236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Lung+Cellular+and+Molecular+Physiology&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+Applications+and+Toxicity+of+Engineered+Nanoparticles&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=L400-11&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2536798%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18641236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajplung.00041.2008&rft.au=J.+Card&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2536798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Calderón-Garcidueñas2008" class="citation journal cs1">L. Calderón-Garcidueñas; et al. (2008). "Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure is Associated with Neuroinflammation, an Altered Innate Immune Response, Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Ultrafine Particulate Deposition, and Accumulation of Amyloid Β-42 and Α-Synuclein in Children and Young Adults". <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicologic_Pathology" title="Toxicologic Pathology">Toxicologic Pathology</a></i>. <b>36</b> (2): 289–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192623307313011">10.1177/0192623307313011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18349428">18349428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21104325">21104325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicologic+Pathology&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Air+Pollution+Exposure+is+Associated+with+Neuroinflammation%2C+an+Altered+Innate+Immune+Response%2C+Disruption+of+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier%2C+Ultrafine+Particulate+Deposition%2C+and+Accumulation+of+Amyloid+%CE%92-42+and+%CE%91-Synuclein+in+Children+and+Young+Adults&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-310&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21104325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18349428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0192623307313011&rft.au=L.+Calder%C3%B3n-Garcidue%C3%B1as&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, L (Oct 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984475">"Subclinical responses in healthy cyclists briefly exposed to traffic-related air pollution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_(journal)" title="Environmental Health (journal)">Environmental Health</a></i>. <b>9</b> (64): 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-9-64">10.1186/1476-069X-9-64</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984475">2984475</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20973949">20973949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=Subclinical+responses+in+healthy+cyclists+briefly+exposed+to+traffic-related+air+pollution&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2984475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20973949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1476-069X-9-64&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2984475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UFPBPChildren-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UFPBPChildren_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietersKoppenVan_PoppelDe_Prins2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pieters, N; Koppen, G; Van Poppel, M; De Prins, S; Cox, B; Dons, E; Nelen, V; Int Panis, L; Plusquin, M; Schoeters, G; Nawrot, TS (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492263">"Blood Pressure and Same-Day Exposure to Air Pollution at School: Associations with Nano-Sized to Coarse PM in Children"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_Perspectives" title="Environmental Health Perspectives">Environmental Health Perspectives</a></i>. <b>123</b> (7): 737–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1408121">10.1289/ehp.1408121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4492263">4492263</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25756964">25756964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Blood+Pressure+and+Same-Day+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution+at+School%3A+Associations+with+Nano-Sized+to+Coarse+PM+in+Children.&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=737-42&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492263%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25756964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1408121&rft.aulast=Pieters&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Koppen%2C+G&rft.au=Van+Poppel%2C+M&rft.au=De+Prins%2C+S&rft.au=Cox%2C+B&rft.au=Dons%2C+E&rft.au=Nelen%2C+V&rft.au=Int+Panis%2C+L&rft.au=Plusquin%2C+M&rft.au=Schoeters%2C+G&rft.au=Nawrot%2C+TS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4492263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation web cs1">Carrington, Damian (2021-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/21/asthma-in-toddlers-linked-to-in-utero-exposure-to-air-pollution-ufps-study-finds">"Asthma in toddlers linked to in-utero exposure to air pollution, study finds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522003418/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/21/asthma-in-toddlers-linked-to-in-utero-exposure-to-air-pollution-ufps-study-finds">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Asthma+in+toddlers+linked+to+in-utero+exposure+to+air+pollution%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fmay%2F21%2Fasthma-in-toddlers-linked-to-in-utero-exposure-to-air-pollution-ufps-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Seaton2006" class="citation journal cs1">A. Seaton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkql053">"Nanotechnology and the Occupational Physician"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Medicine_(Oxford_University_Press_journal)" title="Occupational Medicine (Oxford University Press journal)">Occupational Medicine</a></i>. <b>56</b> (5): 312–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkql053">10.1093/occmed/kql053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16868129">16868129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Nanotechnology+and+the+Occupational+Physician&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=312-6&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foccmed%2Fkql053&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16868129&rft.au=A.+Seaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foccmed%252Fkql053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._KrivoshtoRichardsAlbertsonDerlet2008" class="citation journal cs1">I. Krivoshto; Richards, JR; Albertson, TE; Derlet, RW (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3122%2Fjabfm.2008.01.070139">"The Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust: Implications for Primary Care"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Board_of_Family_Medicine" title="Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine">Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1): 55–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3122%2Fjabfm.2008.01.070139">10.3122/jabfm.2008.01.070139</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178703">18178703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Board+of+Family+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Toxicity+of+Diesel+Exhaust%3A+Implications+for+Primary+Care&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-62&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3122%2Fjabfm.2008.01.070139&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18178703&rft.au=I.+Krivoshto&rft.au=Richards%2C+JR&rft.au=Albertson%2C+TE&rft.au=Derlet%2C+RW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3122%252Fjabfm.2008.01.070139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-invivo_invitro-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-invivo_invitro_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Sayes2007" class="citation journal cs1">C. Sayes; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfm018">"Assessing Toxicity of Fine and Nanoparticles: Comparing in Vitro Measurements to in Vivo Pulmonary Toxicity Profiles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicological_Sciences" title="Toxicological Sciences">Toxicological Sciences</a></i>. <b>97</b> (1): 163–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfm018">10.1093/toxsci/kfm018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17301066">17301066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Assessing+Toxicity+of+Fine+and+Nanoparticles%3A+Comparing+in+Vitro+Measurements+to+in+Vivo+Pulmonary+Toxicity+Profiles&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-80&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfm018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17301066&rft.au=C.+Sayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftoxsci%252Fkfm018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Dreher2004" class="citation journal cs1">K. Dreher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1000705">"Health and Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology: Toxicological Assessment of Manufactured Nanoparticles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicological_Sciences" title="Toxicological Sciences">Toxicological Sciences</a></i>. <b>77</b> (1): 3–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfh041">10.1093/toxsci/kfh041</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14756123">14756123</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006232416/https://zenodo.org/record/1000705">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Health+and+Environmental+Impact+of+Nanotechnology%3A+Toxicological+Assessment+of+Manufactured+Nanoparticles&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfh041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14756123&rft.au=K.+Dreher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1000705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Nel2006" class="citation journal cs1">A. Nel; et al. (2006). "Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>311</b> (5761): 622–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311..622N">2006Sci...311..622N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1114397">10.1126/science.1114397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16456071">16456071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6900874">6900874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Toxic+Potential+of+Materials+at+the+Nanolevel&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5761&rft.pages=622-7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1114397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6900874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16456071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...311..622N&rft.au=A.+Nel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Notter, Dominic A. (September 2015). "Life cycle impact assessment modeling for particulate matter: A new approach based on physico-chemical particle properties". <i><a href="/wiki/Environment_International" title="Environment International">Environment International</a></i>. <b>82</b>: 10–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnInt..82...10N">2015EnInt..82...10N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2015.05.002">10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26001495">26001495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Life+cycle+impact+assessment+modeling+for+particulate+matter%3A+A+new+approach+based+on+physico-chemical+particle+properties&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=10-20&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26001495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2015.05.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EnInt..82...10N&rft.aulast=Notter&rft.aufirst=Dominic+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.S._Nadadur2007" class="citation journal cs1">S.S. Nadadur; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfm170">"The Complexities of Air Pollution Regulation: the Need for an Integrated Research and Regulatory Perspective"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicological_Sciences" title="Toxicological Sciences">Toxicological Sciences</a></i>. <b>100</b> (2): 318–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfm170">10.1093/toxsci/kfm170</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17609539">17609539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Complexities+of+Air+Pollution+Regulation%3A+the+Need+for+an+Integrated+Research+and+Regulatory+Perspective&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=318-27&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfm170&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17609539&rft.au=S.S.+Nadadur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftoxsci%252Fkfm170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.L._Bergoson2007" class="citation web cs1">L.L. Bergoson (12 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2007/09/articles/international/greenpeace-releases-activists-guide-to-reach-which-addresses-nanomaterials/">"Greenpeace Releases Activists' Guide to REACH, Which Addresses Nanomaterials: Nanotech Law blog of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C."</a> <i>Nanotechnology Law Blog</i>. Bergeson & Campbell, P.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410125850/http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2007/09/articles/international/greenpeace-releases-activists-guide-to-reach-which-addresses-nanomaterials/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nanotechnology+Law+Blog&rft.atitle=Greenpeace+Releases+Activists%27+Guide+to+REACH%2C+Which+Addresses+Nanomaterials%3A+Nanotech+Law+blog+of+Bergeson+%26+Campbell%2C+P.C.&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.au=L.L.+Bergoson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnanotech.lawbc.com%2F2007%2F09%2Farticles%2Finternational%2Fgreenpeace-releases-activists-guide-to-reach-which-addresses-nanomaterials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.G._KreylingM._Semmler-BehnkeW._Möller2006" class="citation journal cs1">W.G. Kreyling; M. Semmler-Behnke; W. Möller (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/894502">"Ultrafine particle-lung interactions: does size matter?"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Aerosol_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Aerosol Medicine (page does not exist)">Journal of Aerosol Medicine</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1): 74–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjam.2006.19.74">10.1089/jam.2006.19.74</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16551218">16551218</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006232414/https://zenodo.org/record/894502">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aerosol+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ultrafine+particle-lung+interactions%3A+does+size+matter%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-83&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjam.2006.19.74&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16551218&rft.au=W.G.+Kreyling&rft.au=M.+Semmler-Behnke&rft.au=W.+M%C3%B6ller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F894502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPH05-2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPH05-2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Geiser2005" class="citation journal cs1">M. Geiser; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310918">"Ultrafine Particles Cross Cellular Membranes by Nonphagocytic Mechanisms in Lungs and in Cultured Cells"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_Perspectives" title="Environmental Health Perspectives">Environmental Health Perspectives</a></i>. <b>113</b> (11): 1555–1560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.8006">10.1289/ehp.8006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1310918">1310918</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16263511">16263511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Ultrafine+Particles+Cross+Cellular+Membranes+by+Nonphagocytic+Mechanisms+in+Lungs+and+in+Cultured+Cells&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1555-1560&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1310918%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16263511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.8006&rft.au=M.+Geiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1310918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPH05-1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPH05-1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Günter2005" class="citation journal cs1">O. Günter; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257642">"Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_Perspectives" title="Environmental Health Perspectives">Environmental Health Perspectives</a></i>. <b>113</b> (7): 823–839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.7339">10.1289/ehp.7339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257642">1257642</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002369">16002369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Nanotoxicology%3A+An+Emerging+Discipline+Evolving+from+Studies+of+Ultrafine+Particles&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=823-839&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1257642%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16002369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.7339&rft.au=O.+G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1257642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Radoslav2003" class="citation journal cs1">S. Radoslav; et al. (2003). "Micellar Nanocontainers Distribute to Defined Cytoplasmic Organelles". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>300</b> (5619): 615–618. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..615S">2003Sci...300..615S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078192">10.1126/science.1078192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714738">12714738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2359209">2359209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Micellar+Nanocontainers+Distribute+to+Defined+Cytoplasmic+Organelles&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5619&rft.pages=615-618&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2359209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12714738&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300..615S&rft.au=S.+Radoslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080121084718.htm">"How Ultrafine Particles In Air Pollution May Cause Heart Disease"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a>. 22 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020153451/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080121084718.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Ultrafine+Particles+In+Air+Pollution+May+Cause+Heart+Disease&rft.pub=Science+Daily&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F01%2F080121084718.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/reviewing-new-chemicals-under-toxic-substances-control-act-tsca/control-nanoscale-materials-under">"Control of Nanoscale Materials under the Toxic Substances Control Act"</a>. <i>www.epa.gov</i>. US EPA - OCSPP. 27 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Control+of+Nanoscale+Materials+under+the+Toxic+Substances+Control+Act&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Freviewing-new-chemicals-under-toxic-substances-control-act-tsca%2Fcontrol-nanoscale-materials-under&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P10051V1.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2006+Thru+2010&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C06thru10%5CTxt%5C00000010%5CP10051V1.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL">"Nanomaterial Research Strategy"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nanomaterial+Research+Strategy&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepis.epa.gov%2FExe%2FZyNET.exe%2FP10051V1.TXT%3FZyActionD%3DZyDocument%26Client%3DEPA%26Index%3D2006%2BThru%2B2010%26Docs%3D%26Query%3D%26Time%3D%26EndTime%3D%26SearchMethod%3D1%26TocRestrict%3Dn%26Toc%3D%26TocEntry%3D%26QField%3D%26QFieldYear%3D%26QFieldMonth%3D%26QFieldDay%3D%26IntQFieldOp%3D0%26ExtQFieldOp%3D0%26XmlQuery%3D%26File%3DD%253A%255Czyfiles%255CIndex%2520Data%255C06thru10%255CTxt%255C00000010%255CP10051V1.txt%26User%3DANONYMOUS%26Password%3Danonymous%26SortMethod%3Dh%257C-%26MaximumDocuments%3D1%26FuzzyDegree%3D0%26ImageQuality%3Dr75g8%2Fr75g8%2Fx150y150g16%2Fi425%26Display%3Dhpfr%26DefSeekPage%3Dx%26SearchBack%3DZyActionL%26Back%3DZyActionS%26BackDesc%3DResults%2520page%26MaximumPages%3D1%26ZyEntry%3D1%26SeekPage%3Dx%26ZyPURL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Teichman2008" class="citation journal cs1">K. Teichman (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071734/http://es.epa.gov/ncer/nano/publications/nano_fed_reg_021308.pdf">"Notice of Availability of the Nanomaterial Research Strategy External Review Draft and Expert Peer Review Meeting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>. <b>73</b> (30): 8309. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.epa.gov/ncer/nano/publications/nano_fed_reg_021308.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Notice+of+Availability+of+the+Nanomaterial+Research+Strategy+External+Review+Draft+and+Expert+Peer+Review+Meeting&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=8309&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.au=K.+Teichman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.epa.gov%2Fncer%2Fnano%2Fpublications%2Fnano_fed_reg_021308.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/research-nanomaterials">"Research on Nanomaterials"</a>. <i>www.epa.gov</i>. US EPA. 23 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Research+on+Nanomaterials&rft.date=2014-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fchemical-research%2Fresearch-nanomaterials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.B._SkjaersethJ._Wettestad2007" class="citation web cs1">J.B. Skjaerseth; J. Wettestad (2 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528095445/http://www.fni.no/doc%26pdf/JBS-JW-IEA-2007.PDF">"Is EU Enlargement Bad for Environmental Policy? Confronting Gloomy Expectations with Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Environmental_Agreements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Environmental Agreements (page does not exist)">International Environmental Agreements</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen_Institute" title="Fridtjof Nansen Institute">Fridtjof Nansen Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/JBS-JW-IEA-2007.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Environmental+Agreements&rft.atitle=Is+EU+Enlargement+Bad+for+Environmental+Policy%3F+Confronting+Gloomy+Expectations+with+Evidence&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.au=J.B.+Skjaerseth&rft.au=J.+Wettestad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fni.no%2Fdoc%26pdf%2FJBS-JW-IEA-2007.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=320351">"Outcome of 23rd Meeting of ROK-China Joint Committee and Director-General-Level Meeting on Environmental Cooperation View|Press ReleasesMinistry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006232420/https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=320351">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outcome+of+23rd+Meeting+of+ROK-China+Joint+Committee+and+Director-General-Level+Meeting+on+Environmental+Cooperation+View%26%23124%3BPress+ReleasesMinistry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.kr%2Feng%2Fbrd%2Fm_5676%2Fview.do%3Fseq%3D320351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190306007900325">"China vowed to combat fine dust: environment minister"</a>. <i>Yonhap News Agency</i>. March 6, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925101346/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190306007900325">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=China+vowed+to+combat+fine+dust%3A+environment+minister&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAEN20190306007900325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2018" class="citation web cs1">Xu, Maggie (June 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianews.eu/content/china-south-korea-build-environment-cooperation-75620">"China, South Korea build environment cooperation"</a>. <i>Asia News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925101358/http://asianews.eu/content/china-south-korea-build-environment-cooperation-75620">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+News+Network&rft.atitle=China%2C+South+Korea+build+environment+cooperation&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianews.eu%2Fcontent%2Fchina-south-korea-build-environment-cooperation-75620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlamMohiuddin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Alam, Zerin Binte; Mohiuddin, Kazi A.B.M. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaqr.org/articles/aaqr-22-03-ssea-0109">"Micro-characterization of Dust and Materials of Dust Origin at a Cement Industry Located in Bangladesh"</a>. <i>Aerosol and Air Quality Research</i>. <b>23</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4209%2Faaqr.220109">10.4209/aaqr.220109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252980896">252980896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aerosol+and+Air+Quality+Research&rft.atitle=Micro-characterization+of+Dust+and+Materials+of+Dust+Origin+at+a+Cement+Industry+Located+in+Bangladesh&rft.volume=23&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4209%2Faaqr.220109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252980896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Zerin+Binte&rft.au=Mohiuddin%2C+Kazi+A.B.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaqr.org%2Farticles%2Faaqr-22-03-ssea-0109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarPirjolaKetzelHarrison2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Prashant; Pirjola, Liisa; Ketzel, Matthias; Harrison, Roy M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch.surrey.ac.uk/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=44SUR_INST&filePid=13140580700002346&download=true">"Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non-vehicle exhaust sources – A review"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>67</b>. Elsevier BV: 252–277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AtmEn..67..252K">2013AtmEn..67..252K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2012.11.011">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310">1352-2310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Nanoparticle+emissions+from+11+non-vehicle+exhaust+sources+%E2%80%93+A+review&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=252-277&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1352-2310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2012.11.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AtmEn..67..252K&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Prashant&rft.au=Pirjola%2C+Liisa&rft.au=Ketzel%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Roy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch.surrey.ac.uk%2Fview%2FpdfCoverPage%3FinstCode%3D44SUR_INST%26filePid%3D13140580700002346%26download%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrafine+particle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/particulates/surface/level/overlay=pm1/winkel3">Current global map of PM<sub>1</sub> distribution</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&oldid=1245295498">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&oldid=1245295498</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Particulates" title="Category:Particulates">Particulates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nanoparticles" title="Category:Nanoparticles">Nanoparticles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_December_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2023">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 September 2024, at 05:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrafine_particle&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-g8lqs","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.449","walltime":"0.575","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2462,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":103659,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1343,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":158946,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 518.390 1 -total"," 61.96% 321.199 1 Template:Reflist"," 40.48% 209.840 26 Template:Cite_journal"," 22.12% 114.647 1 Template:Short_description"," 20.86% 108.134 4 Template:Main_other"," 11.40% 59.072 1 Template:SDcat"," 11.18% 57.940 14 Template:Cite_web"," 10.11% 52.417 1 Template:Update"," 9.02% 46.751 1 Template:Ambox"," 8.51% 44.106 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.295","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6134466,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vrhlg","timestamp":"20241122170720","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ultrafine particle","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultrafine_particle","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7880535","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7880535","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-03-20T05:57:08Z","dateModified":"2024-09-12T05:09:52Z","headline":"particulate matter of nanoscale size"}</script> </body> </html>