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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الصفيحة الأسترالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصفيحة الأسترالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya_plit%C9%99si" title="Avstraliya plitəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstraliya plitəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аўстралійская пліта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстралійская пліта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аўстралійская пліта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўстралійская пліта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Австралийска плоча – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австралийска плоча" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_australiana" title="Placa australiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Placa australiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australsk%C3%A1_deska" title="Australská deska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Australská deska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australske_Plade" title="Australske Plade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Australske Plade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australische_Platte" title="Australische Platte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Australische Platte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Αυστραλιανή πλάκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστραλιανή πλάκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstralia_plato" title="Aŭstralia plato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstralia plato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoaustraliako_plaka" title="Indoaustraliako plaka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indoaustraliako plaka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="صفحه استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفحه استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque_australienne" title="Plaque australienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaque australienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%ED%8C%90" title="오스트레일리아판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트레일리아판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4" title="Ավստրալիական պլատֆորմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավստրալիական պլատֆորմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australska_plo%C4%8Da" title="Australska ploča – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Australska ploča" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempeng_Australia" title="Lempeng Australia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lempeng Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placca_australiana" title="Placca australiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Placca australiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamba_la_Australia" title="Bamba la Australia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bamba la Australia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Австралия платформасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Австралия платформасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Австралиска Плоча – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австралиска Плоча" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australische_Plaat" title="Australische Plaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Australische Plaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_australske_platen" title="Den australske platen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den australske platen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_australske_plata" title="Den australske plata – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den australske plata" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_australiana" title="Placa australiana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Placa australiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya_platformasi" title="Avstraliya platformasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstraliya platformasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yta_australijska" title="Płyta australijska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyta australijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_australiana" title="Placa australiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Placa australiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Австралийская плита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австралийская плита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Australian plate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lska_plat%C5%88a" title="Austrálska platňa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Austrálska platňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Аустралијска плоча – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустралијска плоча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiska_plattan" title="Australiska plattan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Australiska plattan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustralya_levhas%C4%B1" title="Avustralya levhası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustralya levhası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Австралійська плита – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австралійська плита" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_%C3%9Ac" title="Mảng Úc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mảng Úc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E6%9D%BF%E5%A1%8A" title="澳洲板塊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澳洲板塊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q783056#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Australian plate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AustralianPlate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AustralianPlate.png/280px-AustralianPlate.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AustralianPlate.png/420px-AustralianPlate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AustralianPlate.png/560px-AustralianPlate.png 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Major_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Approximate area</th><td class="infobox-data">47,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (18,000,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Movement<sup>1</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">northeast</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Speed<sup>1</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">62–70 mm/year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Features</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup>1</sup>Relative to the <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Australian plate</b> is a major <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern hemisphere">eastern</a> and, largely, <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">southern</a> hemispheres. Originally a part of the ancient continent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, Australia remained connected to <a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctica</a> until approximately <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=100">100</a> million years ago</span> when India broke away and began moving north. Australia and Antarctica had begun rifting by <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=96">96</a> million years ago</span><sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and completely separated a while after this, some believing as recently as <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=45">45</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-NewLook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewLook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most accepting presently that this had occurred by <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=60">60</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODSN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODSN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian plate later fused with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to form a single <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian plate</a>. However, recent studies suggest that the two plates have once again split apart and have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian plate includes the continent of <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, as well as portions of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> basin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_plate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The continental crust of this plate covers the whole of Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a>. The continental crust also includes northwestern <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. The oceanic crust includes the southeast <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a>. The Australian plate is bordered (clockwise) by the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine plate">Philippine plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a>. It is however known from movement studies that this definition of the Australian plate is 20% less accurate than one that assumes independently moving <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_plate" title="Capricorn plate">Capricorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_triple_junction" title="Macquarie triple junction">Macquarie</a> microplates.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_plate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northeasterly side is a complex but generally <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent boundary</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a>. The Pacific plate is subducting under the Australian plate, which forms the <a href="/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec Trenches</a>, and the parallel <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec</a> <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a>. It has also uplifted the eastern parts of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>. </p><p>The continent of <a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealandia (continent)">Zealandia</a>, which separated from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=85">85</a> million years ago</span> and stretches from <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">New Zealand's subantarctic islands</a> in the south, is now being torn apart along the <a href="/wiki/Transform_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Transform boundary">transform boundary</a> marked by the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a>. </p><p>South of New Zealand the boundary becomes a transitional transform-convergent boundary, the <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Fault_Zone" title="Macquarie Fault Zone">Macquarie Fault Zone</a>, where the Australian plate is beginning to subduct under the Pacific plate along the <a href="/wiki/Puysegur_Trench" title="Puysegur Trench">Puysegur Trench</a>. Extending southwest of this trench is the <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquarie Ridge">Macquarie Ridge</a>. </p><p>The southerly side is a <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundary</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plate</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Indian_Ridge" title="Southeast Indian Ridge">Southeast Indian Ridge</a> (SEIR). </p><p>The subducting boundary through Indonesia is not parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeographical</a> <a href="/wiki/Wallace_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace line">Wallace line</a> that separates the indigenous fauna of Asia from that of <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. The eastern islands of Indonesia lie mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>, but have Australasian-related fauna and flora. Southeasterly lies the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda Shelf</a>. </p><p>To the east of Indonesia there appears to be under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> a deformation zone between the Indian and Australian plates with both earthquake and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">global satellite navigation system</a> data indicating that India and Australia are not moving on the same vectors northward and have started a process of again separating.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delescluse2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delescluse2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delescluse2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delescluse2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yue2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yue2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This zone is along the northern <a href="/wiki/Ninety_East_Ridge" title="Ninety East Ridge">Ninety East Ridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-Delescluse2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delescluse2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which implies this area presently is weaker tectonically than the area where originally the Indian and Australian plates merged which is believed to have been further to the north west. <sup id="cite_ref-Delescluse2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delescluse2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also deformation in an approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) zone north of the Southeast Indian Ridge between the Australian plate and the proposed <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_plate" title="Capricorn plate">Capricorn plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_plate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></div> <p>It is known that the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pilbara_Craton" title="Eastern Pilbara Craton">Eastern Pilbara Craton</a> within present day <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, contains some of the oldest surface rocks on earth being pristine crust up to 3.8 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a> years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hick2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hick2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara_Craton" title="Pilbara Craton">Pilbara Craton</a> continues to be studied for clues as to the commencement and subsequent course of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. </p><p>Depositional age of the Mount Barren Group on the southern margin of the <a href="/wiki/Yilgarn_Craton" title="Yilgarn Craton">Yilgarn Craton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> provenance analysis support the hypothesis that collisions between the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara_Craton" title="Pilbara Craton">Pilbara</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yilgarn_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Yilgarn craton">Yilgarn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yilgarn_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Yilgarn craton">Yilgarn</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gawler" title="Gawler">Gawler</a> <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">Cratons</a> assembled a proto-Australian continent approximately <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,696">1,696</a> million years ago</span> (Dawson et al. 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia and East Antarctica were merged with <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> between 570 and <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=530">530</a> million years ago</span> starting in the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> (South African <a href="/wiki/Kuunga_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuunga Orogeny">Kuunga Orogeny</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Meert2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meert2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a separate plate, the Australian plate came into being on the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> with final separation from what is now the Antarctic plate and <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> starting in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> between about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=132">132</a> million years ago</span> and finishing in the <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> at about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=96">96</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separation continued with various authors modelling full separation time based on sea levels and/or biological separation. A currently widely used reference model for plate movement has total separation of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> by 60 million years ago<sup id="cite_ref-ODSN_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODSN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some had argued historically that this was as recent as 45 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-NewLook_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewLook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed">Speed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_plate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg/220px-Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg/330px-Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg/440px-Global_plate_motion_2008-04-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Global plate tectonic movement as measured by <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> devices.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Australian plate, which Australia is on, is moving faster than other plates. The Australian plate is moving about 6.9 cm (2.7 inches) a year in a northward direction and with a small clockwise rotation. The <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> must be updated due to the movement, as some locations move faster.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technically movement is a vector and requires to be related to something. Much of the work involved in determining these plate vectors involves assurance that the points of reference are representative of the plates they are on, as distortion will be likely in areas of tectonic activity. Further assumptions such as there are only 8 plates were made in earlier modelling when as many as 52 may exist, with independent movement, although fair accuracy for larger plate movement can be obtained if only 25 are modelled.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the middle of India and Australia landmasses, with Australia as the point of reference, presently Australia is moving northward at 3 cm (1.2 in) per year with respect to India<sup id="cite_ref-Delescluse2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delescluse2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consistent with a zone of deformation between the two plates as commented upon earlier. This zone of deformation may actually presently involve some of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Delescluse2012_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delescluse2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northwards collision of the Australian plate with the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda plate</a> (Sundaland plate, previously classified as part of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>) has a maximum convergence velocity of 7.3 cm (2.9 in) per year ± 0.8 cm (0.31 in) per year at the <a href="/wiki/Java_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Trench">Java Trench</a> decreasing to 6.0 cm (2.4 in) ± 0.04 cm (0.016 in) per year at the southern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra_Trench" title="Sumatra Trench">Sumatra Trench</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern collision with the Pacific plate has increasing displacement rates towards the north from a low of less than 0.2 cm (0.079 in) per year at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Fault_Zone" title="Macquarie Fault Zone">Macquarie Fault Zone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there is the major plate <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_triple_junction" title="Macquarie triple junction">triple junction</a> with the Pacific and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plates</a>. Due to vector complexities at the north eastern end of this collision, which includes several spreading centres, it is perhaps simplest to state that the average displacement rate to the north is about half that of the collision with the Sunda plate, but this would not explain some of the largest and most destructive recent earthquakes and eruptions on the face of the planet. </p><p>There is oblique convergence of what are now the Pacific and Australian plates at about 11 cm/year (4.3 in/year) near eastern Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in shear complexities, resolved by the formation of multiple microplates and convergence velocity that varies between 2–48 cm/year (0.79–18.90 in/year) where the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea_plate" title="Solomon Sea plate">Solomon Sea plate</a> subducts under the <a href="/wiki/South_Bismarck_plate" title="South Bismarck plate">South Bismarck plate</a> and Pacific plate at the <a href="/wiki/New_Britain_subduction_zone" title="New Britain subduction zone">New Britain subduction zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south of this there is sea floor spreading between the Australian plate and the <a href="/wiki/Woodlark_plate" title="Woodlark plate">Woodlark plate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Woodlark_Basin" title="Woodlark Basin">Woodlark Basin</a> while the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Australian plate occurs to the south east in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_Trench" title="New Hebrides Trench">New Hebrides Trench</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_subduction_zone" title="Vanuatu subduction zone">Vanuatu subduction zone</a> under the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_plate" title="New Hebrides plate">New Hebrides plate</a>. As we go south the convergence rate falls from 17 cm/year (6.7 in/year) north of the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Islands" title="Torres Islands">Torres Islands</a> to 4 cm/year (1.6 in/year) in the central section of the trench, to rise again to 12 cm/year (4.7 in/year) in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very active spreading then resumes in the <a href="/wiki/North_Fiji_Basin" title="North Fiji Basin">North Fiji Basin</a> where the edge of the Australian plate makes a transition in a bend up towards the north-east via the <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform faults</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Fracture_Zone" title="Hunter Fracture Zone">Hunter Fracture Zone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. The Australian plate interacts at the southern and south-eastern border of the North Fiji Basin with the microplates of the New Hebrides already mentioned, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Conway_Reef_plate" title="Conway Reef plate">Conway Reef plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Reef_plate" title="Balmoral Reef plate">Balmoral Reef plates</a>. To the west of Fiji the Australian plate interacts in the spreading centre of the <a href="/wiki/Lau_Basin" title="Lau Basin">Lau Basin</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_plate" title="Niuafo'ou plate">Niuafo'ou plate</a> and the clockwise rotating <a href="/wiki/Tonga_plate" title="Tonga plate">Tonga plate</a> under which the Pacific plate is subducting in the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec-Tonga_subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone">Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone</a>. The back arc spreading in the Lau Basin continues almost due south in the line of interaction between the Australian and Tonga plates to the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_plate" title="Kermadec plate">Kermadec plate</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> where direct interaction resumes with the Pacific plate south of the <a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupō Volcanic Zone">Taupō Volcanic Zone</a> and such direct interaction continues into the <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Fault_Zone" title="Macquarie Fault Zone">Macquarie Fault Zone</a> to the south of New Zealand. There is up to 9.6 cm (3.8 in) per year motion accommodated with complex rotational components in the collision dynamics between the north eastern Australian plate and the rotating <a href="/wiki/Tonga_plate" title="Tonga plate">Tonga plate</a>, the long thin <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_plate" title="Kermadec plate">Kermadec plate</a> and the south western aspects of the Pacific plate. The Pacific plate east to west convergence rates along the subduction systems with the Kermadec plate, which are perhaps simpler to state, are among the fastest on Earth, being 8 cm (3.1 in) per year in the north and 4.5 cm (1.8 in) per year in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Stratford2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stratford2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the central <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> the subduction component of the Pacific plate moving westward is about 3.9 cm (1.5 in) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian plate then to the south starts subducting under the Pacific plate at a rate of 3.6 cm/year (1.4 in/year) at the <a href="/wiki/Puysegur_Trench" title="Puysegur Trench">Puysegur Trench</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ends in the south as a long series of transform faults between the two plates called the Macquarie Ridge Complex, commencing with the McDougall Fault Zone and ending with the Macquarie Fault Zone. The south western portion of the zone has the Pacific plate interacting with an area of the Australian plate that the latest tectonic models suggest is still independent from when it first achieved independent rotation to the then Indo-Australian plate several million years ago, the Macquarie microplate.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gasperini2023_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasperini2023-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from the 11,800 km (7,300 mi) long Southeast Indian Ridge only became available after about 1985 and this gives a fairly consistent spreading rate between the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic</a> and Australian plates of 6 cm (2.4 in) per year at a <a href="/wiki/Heading_(navigation)" title="Heading (navigation)">heading</a> of 80° (slightly north of due east, at the Amsterdam transform fault to the south western side of Australian plate), 7 cm (2.8 in) per year with heading 120° (southeast) and 6.6 cm (2.6 in) per year near the Macquarie triple junction which is the south eastern side of the Australian plate.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Capricorn plate at the western side of the Australian plate is moving at 1.9 mm (0.075 in) per year ± 0.5 mm (0.020 in) per year with heading 45° (northwest) relative to the Australia plate.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMets2010_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMets2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_plate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">List of earthquakes in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">List of earthquakes in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">List of earthquakes in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">List of earthquakes in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea">List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Samoa" title="List of earthquakes in Samoa">List of earthquakes in Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Tonga" title="List of earthquakes in Tonga">List of earthquakes in Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Vanuatu" title="List of earthquakes in Vanuatu">List of earthquakes in Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda plate</a> – Tectonic plate including Southeast Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_plate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605161523/http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blplate_size_table.htm">"Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates"</a>. Geology.about.com. 2014-03-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blplate_size_table.htm">the original</a> on 2016-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=The+kinematic+evolution+of+the+Macquarie+Plate%3A+A+case+study+for+the+fragmentation+of+oceanic+lithosphere.&rft.volume=478&rft.pages=132-42&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2017.08.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017E%26PSL.478..132C&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Kim%2C+SS&rft.au=Dyment%2C+J.&rft.au=Granot%2C+R&rft.au=Park%2C+SH&rft.au=Hong%2C+JK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.kopri.re.kr%2Fbitstream%2F201206%2F6256%2F1%2F414436.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+plate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasperini2023-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gasperini2023_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasperiniLigiAccettellaBosman2023" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Late+Miocene+to+recent+tectonic+evolution+of+the+Macquarie+Triple+Junction&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-50&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG50556.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Geo....51..146G&rft.aulast=Gasperini&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Ligi%2C+M&rft.au=Accettella%2C+D&rft.au=Bosman%2C+A&rft.au=Cuffaro%2C+M&rft.au=Lodolo%2C+E&rft.au=Martorelli%2C+E&rft.au=Muccini%2C+F&rft.au=Palmiotto%2C+C&rft.au=Polonia%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1130%252FG50556.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+plate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Tectonic_plates" title="Template:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tectonic_plates" title="Template talk:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tectonic_plates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tectonic_plates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Major_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Major plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries"><img alt="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/120px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/180px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/240px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Minor_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Minor plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amurian_microplate" title="Amurian microplate">Amurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_plate" title="Burma plate">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_plate" title="Caribbean plate">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_plate" title="Caroline plate">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_plate" title="New Hebrides plate">New Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_microplate" title="Okhotsk microplate">Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_plate" title="Scotia plate">Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_plate" title="Yangtze plate">Yangtze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Microplates" title="List of tectonic plates">Microplates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_plate" title="Adriatic plate">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_plate" title="Aegean Sea plate">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_sub-plate" title="Anatolian sub-plate">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Reef_plate" title="Balmoral Reef plate">Balmoral Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea_plate" title="Banda Sea plate">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_plate" title="Bird's Head plate">Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_plate" title="Capricorn plate">Capricorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coiba_plate" title="Coiba plate">Coiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Reef_plate" title="Conway Reef plate">Conway Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_plate" title="Explorer plate">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_plate" title="Futuna plate">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_microplate" title="Galápagos microplate">Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_microplate" title="Gonâve microplate">Gonâve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_plate" title="Gorda plate">Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_plate" title="Greenland plate">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_plate" title="Halmahera plate">Halmahera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_plate" title="Iberian plate">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_plate" title="Juan Fernández plate">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_plate" title="Kermadec plate">Kermadec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwandle_plate" title="Lwandle plate">Lwandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_plate" title="Madagascar plate">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpelo_plate" title="Malpelo plate">Malpelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_plate" title="Manus plate">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoke_plate" title="Maoke plate">Maoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_plate" title="Mariana plate">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea_plate" title="Molucca Sea plate">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_plate" title="Niuafo'ou plate">Niuafo’ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Andes_plate" title="North Andes plate">North Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bismarck_plate" title="North Bismarck plate">North Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Galapagos_microplate" title="North Galapagos microplate">North Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_plate" title="Okinawa plate">Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_plate" title="Panama plate">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelso_plate" title="Pelso plate">Pelso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivera_plate" title="Rivera plate">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovuma_plate" title="Rovuma plate">Rovuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangihe_plate" title="Sangihe plate">Sangihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_microcontinent" title="Seychelles microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_plate" title="Shetland plate">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea_plate" title="Solomon Sea plate">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bismarck_plate" title="South Bismarck plate">South Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_plate" title="South Sandwich plate">South Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_plate" title="Timor plate">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_plate" title="Tisza plate">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_plate" title="Tonga plate">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_plate" title="Trobriand plate">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_microplate" title="Victoria microplate">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlark_plate" title="Woodlark plate">Woodlark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Ancient_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Ancient plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_plate" title="Baltic plate">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_plate" title="Bellingshausen plate">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot_plate" title="Charcot plate">Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farallon_plate" title="Farallon plate">Farallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_plate" title="Insular plate">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_plate" title="Intermontane plate">Intermontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi_plate" title="Izanagi plate">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_plate" title="Kula plate">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_terrane" title="Lhasa terrane">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Basin" title="Agulhas Basin">Malvinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa_plate" title="Moa plate">Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_plate" title="Phoenix plate">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshiroda_plate" title="Kshiroda plate">Kshiroda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_mid-ocean_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Ridge" title="Aden Ridge">Aden Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Ridge" title="Carlsberg Ridge">Carlsberg Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_Ridge" title="Central Indian Ridge">Central Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_Ridge" title="Chile Ridge">Chile Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Ridge">Cocos Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_Ridge" title="Explorer Ridge">Explorer Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakkel_Ridge" title="Gakkel Ridge">Gakkel Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands#Geology" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Spreading Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_Ridge" title="Gorda Ridge">Gorda Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Ridge" title="Juan de Fuca Ridge">Juan de Fuca Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Knipovich" title="Nikolai Knipovich">Knipovich Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbeinsey_Ridge" title="Kolbeinsey Ridge">Kolbeinsey Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plain" title="Greenland Plain">Mohns Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge#Iceland" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Reykjanes Ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="Pacific–Antarctic Ridge">Pacific–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="South American–Antarctic Ridge">South American–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Indian_Ridge" title="Southeast Indian Ridge">Southeast Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_ancient_oceanic_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Ancient oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegir_Ridge" title="Aegir Ridge">Aegir Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Ridge" title="Alpha Ridge">Alpha Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic%E2%80%93Phoenix_Ridge" title="Antarctic–Phoenix Ridge">Antarctic–Phoenix Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula%E2%80%93Farallon_Ridge" title="Kula–Farallon Ridge">Kula–Farallon Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Labrador_Ridge" title="Mid-Labrador Ridge">Mid-Labrador Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Farallon_Ridge" title="Pacific–Farallon Ridge">Pacific–Farallon Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Kula_Ridge" title="Pacific–Kula Ridge">Pacific–Kula Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">List</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" title="Category:Plate tectonics">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" class="extiw" 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