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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Programming+in+the+large+and+programming+in+the+small%22">"Programming in the large and programming in the small"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Programming+in+the+large+and+programming+in+the+small%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Programming+in+the+large+and+programming+in+the+small%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Programming+in+the+large+and+programming+in+the+small%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Programming+in+the+large+and+programming+in+the+small%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Programming+in+the+large+and+programming+in+the+small%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, "<b>programming in the large</b>" and "<b>programming in the small</b>" refer to two different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">writing software</a>. "Programming in the large" means designing a larger system as a composition of smaller parts, and "programming in the small" means creating those smaller parts by writing lines of code in a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>. The terms were coined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_DeRemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank DeRemer (page does not exist)">Frank DeRemer</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Kron (page does not exist)">Hans Kron</a> in their 1975 paper "Programming-in-the-large versus programming-in-the-small",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which they argue that the two are essentially different activities, and that typical programming languages, and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>, provide good support for the latter, but not for the former. </p><p>This may be compared to the later <a href="/wiki/Ousterhout%27s_dichotomy" title="Ousterhout's dichotomy">Ousterhout's dichotomy</a>, which distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/System_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="System programming">system programming</a> languages (for components) and <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Glue_code" title="Glue code">glue code</a>, connecting components). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a> identifies that the way an individual program is created is different from how a programming systems product is created.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former likely does one relatively simple task well. It is probably coded by a single engineer, is complete in itself, and is ready to run on the system on which it was developed. The programming activity was probably fairly short-lived as simple tasks are quick and easy to complete. This is the endeavor that DeRemer and Kron describe as programming in the small. </p><p>Compare with the activities associated with a programming systems project, again as identified by Brooks. Such a project is typified by medium-sized or large industrial teams working on the project for many months to several years. The project is likely to be split up into several or hundreds of separate modules which individually are of a similar complexity to the individual programs described above. However, each module will define an <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface (computer science)">interface</a> to its surrounding modules. </p><p>Brooks describes how programming systems projects are typically run as formal projects that follow industry best practices and will comprise testing, documentation and ongoing maintenance activities as well as activities to ensure that the product is generalized to work in different scenarios including on systems other than the development systems on which it was created. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_in_the_large">Programming in the large</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Programming in the large"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, programming in the large can involve <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programming</a> by larger groups of people or by smaller groups over longer time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either of these conditions will result in large, and hence complicated, programs that can be challenging for maintainers to understand. </p><p>With programming in the large, coding managers place emphasis on partitioning work into <a href="/wiki/Modularity_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modularity (programming)">modules</a> with precisely-specified interactions. This requires careful planning and careful documentation. </p><p>With programming in the large, program changes can become difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a change operates across module boundaries, the work of many people may need re-doing. Because of this, one goal of programming in the large involves setting up modules that will not need altering in the event of probable changes. This is achieved by designing modules so they have high <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(computer_science)" title="Cohesion (computer science)">cohesion</a> and loose <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupling (computer science)">coupling</a>. </p><p>Programming in the large requires <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> skills. The process of building abstractions aims not just to describe something that can work but also to direct the efforts of people who will make it work. </p><p>The concept was introduced by <i>Frank DeRemer</i> and <i>Hans Kron</i> in their 1975 paper "Programming-in-the-Large Versus Programming-in-the-Small", IEEE Trans. on Soft. Eng. 2(2). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> terms, <i>programming in the large</i> can refer to programming code that represents the high-level <a href="/wiki/State_transition_system" class="mw-redirect" title="State transition system">state transition</a> logic of a <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2008)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small#Dubious" title="Talk:Programming in the large and programming in the small">discuss</a></i>]</sup> This logic encodes information such as when to wait for <a href="/wiki/Message_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Message (computer science)">messages</a>, when to send messages, when to compensate for failed non-<a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transactions, etc. </p><p>A language that was designed to explicitly support programming in the large is <a href="/wiki/BPEL" class="mw-redirect" title="BPEL">BPEL</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_in_the_small">Programming in the small</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Programming in the small"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, programming in the small describes the activity of writing a small program. Small programs are typified by being small in terms of their source code size, are easy to specify, quick to code and typically perform one task or a few very closely related tasks very well. </p><p>Programming in the small can involve programming by individuals or small groups over short time periods and may involve less formal practices (for instance less emphasis on documentation or testing), tools and programming languages (e.g. the selection of a <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">loosely typed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> in preference to a <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">strictly typed</a> programming language). Programming in the small can also describe an approach to making a prototype software or where <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid application development</a> is more important than stability or correctness. </p><p>In computer science terms, programming in the small deals with short-lived programmatic behavior, often executed as a single <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transaction and which allows access to local logic and resources such as files, databases, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2008)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small#Dubious" title="Talk:Programming in the large and programming in the small">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeRemerKron1975" class="citation book cs1">DeRemer, Frank; Kron, Hans (April 1, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/800027.808431">"Programming-in-the large versus programming-in-the-small"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software -</i>. Vol. 10. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 114–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800027.808431">10.1145/800027.808431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1022671">1022671</a> – via ACM Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Programming-in-the+large+versus+programming-in-the-small&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+international+conference+on+Reliable+software+-&rft.pages=114-121&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1975-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800027.808431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1022671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=DeRemer&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Kron%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F800027.808431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+in+the+large+and+programming+in+the+small" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, Frederick P., Jr. (1982). "The Tar Pit", published in <i>The Mythical Man-Month – Anniversary Edition</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-83595-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-83595-9">0-201-83595-9</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRemerKron,_Hans1975" class="citation conference cs1">DeRemer, Frank; Kron, Hans (1975). "Programming-in-the large versus programming-in-the-small". <i>Proceedings of the international conference on Reliable software</i>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. pp. 114–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800027.808431">10.1145/800027.808431</a></span>.</cite><span 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_structured_programming" title="Jackson structured programming">Jackson structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">Block-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">Non-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Programming in the large and in the small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invariant-based_programming" title="Invariant-based programming">Invariant-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_function" title="Nested function">Nested function</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">comparison</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages" title="List of object-oriented programming languages">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">Class-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-based_language" title="Object-based language">Object-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutable object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_programming_language" title="Persistent programming language">Persistent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Function_Call_Syntax" title="Uniform Function Call Syntax">Uniform Function Call Syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_functional_programming_languages" title="Comparison of functional programming languages">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partial_application" title="Partial application">Partial application</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">Higher-order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_functional_programming" title="Total functional programming">Total</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_programming_language" title="Strict programming language">Strict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">GADTs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_logic_programming" title="Functional logic programming">Functional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Point-free style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expression-oriented_programming_language" title="Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applicative_programming_language" title="Applicative programming language">Applicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">Function-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value-level_programming" title="Value-level programming">Value-level</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">Reactive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">Functional reactive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_logic_programming" title="Abductive logic programming">Abductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Answer_set_programming" title="Answer set programming">Answer set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">Nondeterministic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_logic_programming" title="Probabilistic logic programming">Probabilistic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">DSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata-based_programming" title="Automata-based programming">Automata-based</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_language" title="Action language">Action</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_language" title="Command language">Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_command_language" title="Spacecraft command language">Spacecraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">Interface description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-oriented_programming" title="Language-oriented programming">Language-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-code_development_platform" title="Low-code development platform">Low-code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_programming" title="Natural-language programming">Natural language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_description_language" title="Page description language">Page description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_programming" title="Probabilistic programming">Probabilistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_programming_language" title="Scientific programming language">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theoretic_programming" title="Set theoretic programming">Set-theoretic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_programming_language" title="System programming language">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_programming_language" title="Tactile programming language">Tactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_processor" title="Template processor">Templating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graph_rewriting" title="Graph rewriting">Graph rewriting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">Production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_mutual_exclusion" title="Automatic mutual exclusion">Automatic mutual exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreographic_programming" title="Choreographic programming">Choreographic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_logic_programming" title="Concurrent logic programming">Concurrent logic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming" title="Concurrent constraint logic programming">Concurrent constraint logic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_object-oriented_programming" title="Concurrent object-oriented programming">Concurrent OO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroprogramming" title="Macroprogramming">Macroprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitier_programming" title="Multitier programming">Multitier programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_computing" title="Organic computing">Organic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Parallel programming models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">Process-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_programming" title="Relativistic programming">Relativistic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_programming" title="Service-oriented programming">Service-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_concurrency" title="Structured concurrency">Structured concurrency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attribute-oriented_programming" title="Attribute-oriented programming">Attribute-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">Automatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">Homoiconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">Hygienic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalinguistic_abstraction" title="Metalinguistic abstraction">Metalinguistic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">Multi-stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayesian_program_synthesis" title="Bayesian program synthesis">Bayesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferential_programming" title="Inferential programming">Inferential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">by demonstration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_by_example" title="Programming by example">by example</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">Self-modifying code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation<br />of concerns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">Data-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-oriented_design" 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