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<li id="toc-Initial_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Initial design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_reviews_and_scope_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_reviews_and_scope_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cost reviews and scope changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_reviews_and_scope_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_ATV-based_module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_ATV-based_module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>European ATV-based module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_ATV-based_module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>From 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Service_Module_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Service_Module_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>European Service Module models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Service_Module_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Primary power and propulsion component of the Orion spacecraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">European Service Module</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_European_Service_Module_Flight_Model-1_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Orion_European_Service_Module_Flight_Model-1_logo.jpg/200px-Orion_European_Service_Module_Flight_Model-1_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Orion_European_Service_Module_Flight_Model-1_logo.jpg/300px-Orion_European_Service_Module_Flight_Model-1_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/Orion_European_Service_Module_Flight_Model-1_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">ESM logo showing the Orion spacecraft exploring the Solar System, with the rear view highlighting the service module</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Used on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">4 m (13 ft) <sup id="cite_ref-ESAesm2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAesm2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">4.1 m (13 ft) (excluding solar panels)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">13,500 kg (29,800 lb) <sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">8,600 kg (19,000 lb) <sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESAartemis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAartemis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derived from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">November 16, 2022</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Propulsion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 × <a href="/wiki/AJ10" title="AJ10">AJ10</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">26.6 kN (6,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_oxides_of_nitrogen" title="Mixed oxides of nitrogen">MON3</a>/<a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">MMH</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>European Service Module</b> (<b>ESM</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">service module</a> component of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> spacecraft, serving as its primary power and propulsion component until it is discarded at the end of each mission. In January 2013, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> announced that the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) will contribute the service module for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a>, based on the ESA's <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV). It was delivered by <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, in northern Germany to NASA at the end of 2018. After approval of the first module, the ESA will provide the ESMs from <a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a>. </p><p>The module's first flight was <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a>, the first major milestone in NASA's <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> to return humans to the Moon, on November 16, 2022. The <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> launched Orion toward the Moon, where the ESM placed the spacecraft into <a href="/wiki/Distant_retrograde_orbit" title="Distant retrograde orbit">distant retrograde orbit</a> around the Moon, and subsequently extracted it from that orbit and sent it back to Earth. </p><p>The service module (SM) supports the crew module (CM) from launch through to separation prior to reentry. It provides in-space propulsion capability for orbital transfer, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a>, and high altitude ascent aborts. It provides the water and oxygen needed for a habitable environment, generates and stores electrical power, and maintains the temperature of the vehicle's systems and components. This module can also transport unpressurized cargo and scientific payloads.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_design">Initial design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_SM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Orion_SM.jpg/260px-Orion_SM.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Orion_SM.jpg/390px-Orion_SM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Orion_SM.jpg/520px-Orion_SM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Pre-ATV service module design</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_lunar_orbit_(Sept_2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Orion_lunar_orbit_%28Sept_2006%29.jpg/260px-Orion_lunar_orbit_%28Sept_2006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Orion_lunar_orbit_%28Sept_2006%29.jpg/390px-Orion_lunar_orbit_%28Sept_2006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Orion_lunar_orbit_%28Sept_2006%29.jpg/520px-Orion_lunar_orbit_%28Sept_2006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conception of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(Constellation_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion (Constellation program)">Orion Spacecraft</a> in lunar orbit with decagonal solar panels (concept from 2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>Roughly cylindrical in shape, the original American-designed Orion SM, like the CM, would have been constructed of <a href="/wiki/Al-Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Li">Al-Li</a> alloy (to keep weight down), and would have featured a pair of deployable <a href="/wiki/Decagon" title="Decagon">decagonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>, similar in design to the panels used on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Phoenix">Mars Phoenix</a> lander. The panels, the first to be used on a U.S. crewed spacecraft (except for a 10-year period, the Soviet/Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> has used them since the first mission in 1967), would allow NASA to eliminate the need to carry malfunction-prone fuel cells, and their associated hardware (mainly <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid H<sub>2</sub></a> tanks) in the SM, resulting in a shorter and more maneuverable spacecraft. Successful initial testing of an Orion solar array design using full-scale "UltraFlex wing" hardware was reported in October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orion Main Engine (OME) was a 33-kilonewton (7,500 lbf) thrust, pressure-fed, regeneratively cooled, storable bi-propellant rocket engine to be made by Aerojet. The OME was an increased performance version of the 27-kilonewton (6,000 lbf) thrust rocket engine used by the Space Shuttle for its Orbital Maneuvering System. The SM Reaction Control System (RCS), the spacecraft's maneuvering thrusters (originally based on the Apollo "quad" system, but resembling that used on its predecessor, Gemini), would also be pressure-fed, and would use the same propellants. NASA believed the SM RCS would be able to act as a backup for a <a href="/wiki/Trans-Earth_injection" title="Trans-Earth injection">trans-Earth injection</a> burn in case the main SM engine failed. </p><p>A pair of liquid oxygen tanks (similar to those used in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a>) would provide, along with small tanks of nitrogen, the crew with breathing air at sea-level or "cruising altitude" pressure (1 or 0.7 atm), with a small "surge tank" providing necessary life support during reentry and touchdown. <a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">Lithium hydroxide</a> (LiOH) cartridges would recycle the spacecraft's environmental system by "scrubbing" the carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) exhaled by the astronauts from ship's air and adding fresh oxygen and nitrogen, which was then cycled back out into the system loop. Because of the switch from fuel cells to solar panels, the service module would have an onboard water tank to provide drinking water for the crew, and (when mixed with <a href="/wiki/Glycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol">glycol</a>), cooling water for the spacecraft's electronics. Unlike the practice during Apollo of dumping both water and urine overboard during the flight, the Orion would have an onboard recycling system, identical to that used on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, to convert both waste water and urine into both drinking and cooling water. </p><p>The service module also mounted the spacecraft's waste heat management system (its radiators) and the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar panels</a>. These panels, along with backup batteries located in the Orion CM, would provide in-flight power to the ship's systems. The voltage, 28 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a>, was similar to that used on the Apollo spacecraft during flight. </p><p>The Orion SM would be encapsulated by fiberglass shrouds jettisoned at the same time as the LES/Boost Protective Cover, which would take place roughly 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> minutes after launch (30 seconds after the solid rocket first stage was jettisoned). Prior to the "Orion 606" redesign, the Orion SM resembled a squat, enlarged version of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a>. The "Orion 606" SM design retained the 5-meter (16 ft) width for the attachments of the Orion SM with the Orion CM, but used a Soyuz-like service module design to allow Lockheed Martin to make the vehicle lighter in weight and permitting the attachment of the decagonal solar panels at the module's midpoints, instead of at the base near the spacecraft/rocket adapter, which might have subjected the panels to damage. </p><p>The Orion service module (SM) was projected comprising a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylindrical</a> shape, having a diameter of 5 m (16 ft) and an overall length (including thruster) of 4.78 m (15 ft 8 in). The projected empty mass was 3,600 kg (8,000 lb), fuel capacity was 8,200 kg (18,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_reviews_and_scope_changes">Cost reviews and scope changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cost reviews and scope changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATV-3_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_1_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ATV-3_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_1_cropped.jpg/220px-ATV-3_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_1_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ATV-3_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_1_cropped.jpg/330px-ATV-3_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_1_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ATV-3_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_1_cropped.jpg/440px-ATV-3_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_1_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4025" data-file-height="3028" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Amaldi_ATV" title="Edoardo Amaldi ATV"><i>Edoardo Amaldi</i> ATV</a> approaching the International Space Station in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>A review of the Constellation program in 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">new Augustine Commission</a> prompted by the then new <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> had found that five years in, the service module development program was already running four years behind its 2020 lunar target and was woefully underfunded. The only element worth continuing was the Crew Exploration Vehicle in the role of a space station escape capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-Committee_Final_Report_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Committee_Final_Report-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led in 2010 to the Administration cancelling the program by withdrawing funding in the proposed 2011 budget. A public outcry led to the program being frozen rather than outright cancelled and a review launched in to how costs could be cut, which found that it was possible to continue if there was an emphasis on finding alternate funding, reducing the complexity by narrowing the scope to focus on the Moon and deep space rather than Mars, and by reusing existing hardware, reducing the range of equipment requiring development. The Ares I launcher intended for crew flights had significant design issues such as being overweight and prone to dangerous vibration, and in the case of a catastrophic failure its blast radius exceeded the escape system's ejection range.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its role as the Orion launch vehicle was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a>, and the three different Crew Exploration Vehicle designs were merged in to a single Multipurpose Crew Exploration Vehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_ATV-based_module">European ATV-based module</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European ATV-based module"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2011, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s (ESA) director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to ESA's <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESA's provision of this successor could be counted towards its 8% share of the operating costs of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS); the ATV missions resupplying the station only covered this obligation up to 2017. On 21 June 2012, <a href="/wiki/EADS_Astrium" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS Astrium">Astrium</a> announced that it had been awarded two separate studies to evaluate possible future missions building on the technology and experience gained from its development of ATV and the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></i> laboratory. The first study looked into the construction of a service module which would be used in tandem with the Orion capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second examined the production of a versatile multi-purpose orbital vehicle. Each study was worth €6.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2012, ESA obtained the commitment of its member states for it to construct an ATV-derived service module for Orion, to fly on the maiden flight of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a>, thereby meeting ESA's budgetary obligation to NASA regarding the ISS for 2017–2020.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No decision was made about supplying the module for later Orion flights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2013, NASA announced its agreement, made the preceding December, that ESA would build the service module for Exploration Mission-1 (renamed <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a>), then scheduled to take place in 2017. This service module was not required for <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Flight_Test-1" title="Exploration Flight Test-1">Exploration Flight Test-1</a> in 2014, as this used a test service module supplied by Lockheed Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-osm_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osm-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 November 2014 ESA signed a €390 million fixed price contract with <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a> for the development and construction of the first ATV-based service module.<sup id="cite_ref-esa_contract_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa_contract-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2016, ESA's member states agreed it would extend its commitment to the ISS to 2024, and would supply a second service module, as part of the resulting budgetary obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_with_ATV_SM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Orion_with_ATV_SM.jpg/220px-Orion_with_ATV_SM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Orion_with_ATV_SM.jpg/330px-Orion_with_ATV_SM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Orion_with_ATV_SM.jpg/440px-Orion_with_ATV_SM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4267" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>NASA’s Orion spacecraft will carry astronauts further into space than ever before using a service module based on Europe’s Automated Transfer Vehicles (ATV). November 2015</figcaption></figure><p>The new design<sup id="cite_ref-prepped_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prepped-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is approximately 5.0 meters (16.5 ft) in diameter and 4.0 meters (13 ft) in length, and made of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-lithium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium-lithium alloy">aluminium-lithium alloy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The service module's main engine for Artemis I was a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Orbital_Maneuvering_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System">Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System</a> (OMS) AJ10-190 engine left over from the Space Shuttle program,<sup id="cite_ref-prepped_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prepped-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which it flew on 19 missions and carried out 89 burns.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is intended that the OMS will be used for the first three (or five<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) service modules and four alternate engine designs are under consideration for later flights, thought to include the AJ10-118k; used for the second stage of the Delta II it is a lighter and more powerful version in the same AJ10 engine family whose lineage began with the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cop2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cop2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a>, which previously took astronauts to the Moon, the European Service Module (ESM) generates approximately twice as much electricity (11.2 kW vs 6.3 kW), weighs nearly 40% less when fully fueled (15,461 kg,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vs 24,520 kg) and is roughly the same size (4 m in length excluding engine<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4.1 m vs 3.9 m in diameter) supporting the environment for a slightly (45%) larger habitable volume on the crew module (8.95 m<sup>3</sup> vs 6.17 m<sup>3</sup>) though it will carry 50% less propellant for orbital maneuvers (8,600 kg usable propellant vs 18,584 kg).</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ORION_ESM_ACOUSTIC_TESTING.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ORION_ESM_ACOUSTIC_TESTING.jpg/310px-ORION_ESM_ACOUSTIC_TESTING.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ORION_ESM_ACOUSTIC_TESTING.jpg/465px-ORION_ESM_ACOUSTIC_TESTING.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ORION_ESM_ACOUSTIC_TESTING.jpg/620px-ORION_ESM_ACOUSTIC_TESTING.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>The European Service Module for Artemis I undergoing acoustic testing in May 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The ESM will be able to support a crew of four for 21 days which exceeds the 14 day endurance for the three-man Apollo. </p><p>The new design for the solar arrays, replacing <a href="/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems" title="Alliant Techsystems">ATK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Decagon" title="Decagon">decagonal</a> (labeled "circular") UltraFlex design,<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is by <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose subsidiary, Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands (then known as Dutch Space), built the ATV's X-shaped array of four panels. The ATV's array was expected to generate 4.6 kilowatts. The upgraded version for the service module will generate about 11 kilowatts,<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will span about 19 m (62 ft) when extended.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Service_Module_elements_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Orion_Service_Module_elements_2015.jpg/350px-Orion_Service_Module_elements_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Orion_Service_Module_elements_2015.jpg/525px-Orion_Service_Module_elements_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Orion_Service_Module_elements_2015.jpg/700px-Orion_Service_Module_elements_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Service module shown with the crew module, adapters, and fairing panels</figcaption></figure><p>In September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a> signed a contract with Airbus Defence and Space to develop and produce thermomechanical systems for the service module, including structure and micrometeoroid protection, thermal control and consumable storage and distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lockheed Martin is building the two <a href="/wiki/Adapter_(rocketry)" title="Adapter (rocketry)">adapters</a>, connecting the service module to the crew module and to the upper stage of the Space Launch System, and also the three <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">fairing</a> panels that are jettisoned after protecting the service module during launch and ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_2017">From 2017</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 February 2017 a €200m contract was signed between Airbus and the European Space Agency for the production of a second European service module for use on the first crewed Orion flight.<sup id="cite_ref-AB2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 October 2018 the first unit for Artemis I was assembled in full at Airbus Defence and Space's factory in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2019, ESA member states approved the financing of ESMs for Artemis III and IV.<sup id="cite_ref-nov2019finance_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nov2019finance-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2020 the contract between Airbus and the European Space Agency for the production of a third European Service Module was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, ESA and NASA sign a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> which includes the provision by ESA of ESM-4 and ESM-5 as a participation in the Gateway space station, allowing three flights of European astronauts to Lunar orbit between 2025 and 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, the contract between Airbus and the European Space Agency to provide ESM-4 to ESM-6 was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Dimensions </td> <td>4 m long<br />diameters: 4.1 m excluding solar panels, 5.2 m stowed, 19 m with solar panels unfurled <sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary engine </td> <td>1 × <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Orbital_Maneuvering_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System">Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System</a> engine providing 26.6 kN of thrust for ESM-1 to ESM-6<sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1 New Aerojet Orion Main Engine (OME) from ESM-7<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary engine </td> <td>8 × 490 N Aerojet <a href="/wiki/R-4D" title="R-4D">R-4D</a>-11 Auxiliary Thrusters providing 3.92 kN of thrust <sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maneuvering thrusters </td> <td>24 × 220 N thrust Airbus Reaction Control System Engines in six pods of four <sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Propellant capacity </td> <td>9,000 kg<sup id="cite_ref-ESAesm2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAesm2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> propellant in four 2000 L propellant tanks, 2 <a href="/wiki/Mixed_oxides_of_nitrogen" title="Mixed oxides of nitrogen">mixed oxides of nitrogen</a> (MON) and 2 <a href="/wiki/Monomethyl_hydrazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomethyl hydrazine">monomethyl hydrazine</a> (MMH). The usable propellant load is 8,600 kg<sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESAartemis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAartemis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Power generation </td> <td>11.2 kW from 4 x 7.375 m wings each containing 3 solar panels<sup id="cite_ref-ESAesm2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAesm2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total launch mass </td> <td>13,500 kg for Lunar Mission, including 240 kg of water in four tanks, 90 kg of oxygen in three tanks, 30 kg of nitrogen in one tank, 8,600 kg of usable propellant <sup id="cite_ref-EOportal_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Payload </td> <td>Payload mass up to 380 kg and a payload volume of up to 0.57 cubic meters<sup id="cite_ref-ESAartemis_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAartemis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Materials </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum alloy">Aluminum alloy</a> (structure), <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> (tank material), <a href="/wiki/Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a> (insulation) and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (electrical and mechanical components).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Service_Module_models">European Service Module models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: European Service Module models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.125rem}}@media screen and (min-width:851px){body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.51em}}@media screen and (max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Model </th> <th>Mission </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Framework </th></tr> <tr> <td>STA </td> <td>Structural Test Article </td> <td>Used for structural testing in Plum Brook Station, Ohio </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PQM </td> <td>Propulsion Qualification Model </td> <td>Used for propulsion testing in White Sands, New Mexico </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">ESM-1</span> <i>Bremen</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> </td> <td><b>Mission complete</b>, launched 16 November 2022 </td> <td>ISS barter </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESM-2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> </td> <td>Delivered to NASA, in <a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">O&C</a>, awaiting flight </td> <td>ISS barter </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESM-3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> </td> <td>Delivered to NASA, in O&C<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ISS barter </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESM-4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> </td> <td>Undergoing integration in Bremen, delivery to NASA planned for 2025. </td> <td>Gateway </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESM-5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a> </td> <td>Undergoing integration in Bremen </td> <td>Gateway </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESM-6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a> </td> <td>Undergoing integration in Bremen </td> <td>ISS barter </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESM-7 to 9 </td> <td>Artemis VII to IX </td> <td>Production in negotiation between ESA and Airbus </td> <td>ISS barter </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ESAesm2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESAesm2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESAesm2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESAesm2015_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Orion/European_Service_Module"><i>European Service Module</i> test article 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOportal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOportal_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/o/orion-em-1">Orion / EM-1 (Exploration Mission-1) Aug 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESAartemis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESAartemis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESAartemis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESAartemis_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_1">"Artemis 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artemis+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration%2FOrion%2FArtemis_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+Service+Module" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orion_spacecraft" title="Template:Orion spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orion_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Orion spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orion_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orion spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orion_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)#Crew_module_(CM)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Crew module</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Orion spacecraft"><img alt="Emblem of the Orion spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg/80px-Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg/120px-Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg/160px-Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Ground_Systems" title="Exploration Ground Systems">Exploration Ground Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Abort_Test_Booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion Abort Test Booster">Orion Abort Test Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors or Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Crew Exploration Vehicle">Crew Exploration Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orion_abort_modes" title="Orion abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Launch_Abort_System" title="Max Launch Abort System">MLAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jul 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort-1" title="Pad Abort-1">Pad Abort-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_Abort-2" title="Ascent Abort-2">Ascent Abort-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jul 2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I-X" title="Ares I-X">Ares I-X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oct 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Flight_Test-1" title="Exploration Flight Test-1">Exploration Flight Test-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nov 2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Future missions indicated in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Category:Orion (spacecraft)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_human_spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_human_spaceflight" title="Template:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_human_spaceflight" title="Template talk:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_human_spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European human spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_human_spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps" title="European Astronaut Corps">European Astronaut Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Scientific_Research_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="ESA Scientific Research on the International Space Station">ISS research</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/88px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/132px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/176px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_(8182061318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/88px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/132px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg/176px-Columbus_Control_Center_at_DLR_Oberpfaffenhoffen_%288182061318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/88px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/132px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg/176px-Columbus_module_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2555" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/88px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/132px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg/176px-ISS-50_Thomas_Pesquet_and_Shane_Kimbrough_in_the_Cupola_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Control_Centre" title="Columbus Control Centre">Columbus Control Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station" title="Concordia Station">Concordia Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-based research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Mars_Analog_Svalbard_Expedition" title="Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition">AMASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Station#Winterovers" title="Concordia Station">Concordia winterovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Mars_Analog_Research_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="European Mars Analog Research Station">Euro-MARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELiSSA" title="MELiSSA">MELiSSA</a></li> <li><i>Zero-G</i> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">Airbus A310</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft used</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-MS">Soyuz-MS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DC4EU" class="mw-redirect" title="DC4EU">DC4EU</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Service Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired and cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TM" title="Soyuz-TM">Soyuz-TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-M" title="Soyuz TMA-M">Soyuz TMA-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mission highlights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromir" title="Euromir">Euromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a> programme</li> <li>Modules <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">European Retrievable Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Object_Camera" title="Faint Object Camera">Faint Object Camera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">Deutschland-2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethered_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethered Satellite System">Tethered Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESA_logo_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/20px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/30px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg/40px-ESA_logo_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="243" 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