CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dual photon - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"56ffbb1f-875a-4ff3-9b28-0af97bee3c09","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dual_photon","wgTitle":"Dual photon","wgCurRevisionId":1188602899,"wgRevisionId":1188602899,"wgArticleId":54507206,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Gauge bosons","Bosons","String theory","Hypothetical elementary particles","Quantum electrodynamics","Magnetic monopoles","Force carriers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dual_photon","wgRelevantArticleId":54507206,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q39054590","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1107"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/800px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="738"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/640px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="590"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dual photon - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_photon"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_photon"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dual_photon rootpage-Dual_photon skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dual+photon" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dual+photon" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dual+photon" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dual+photon" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_electromagnetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_electromagnetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dual electromagnetism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_electromagnetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-p-form_electrodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#p-form_electrodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>p</i>-form electrodynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-p-form_electrodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_photon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_photon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dark photon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_photon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dual photon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC" title="فوتون مزدوج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوتون مزدوج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дуальный фотон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дуальный фотон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39054590#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dual_photon" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dual_photon" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dual_photon"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dual_photon"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dual_photon" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dual_photon" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&oldid=1188602899" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dual_photon&id=1188602899&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDual_photon"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDual_photon"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dual_photon&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39054590" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical particle dual to the photon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For articles about physics of two photons, see <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_physics" title="Two-photon physics">Two-photon physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_absorption" title="Two-photon absorption">Two-photon absorption</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Dual Photon</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle#Composition" title="Particle">Composition</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Statistics</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bosonic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge boson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Interactions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Hypothetical</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Theorized</th><td class="infobox-data">2000s<sup id="cite_ref-tong_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bakas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bliokh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliokh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elbistan1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elbistan1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elbistan2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elbistan2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge"><i>e</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Calabi_yau_formatted.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Calabi_yau_formatted.svg/100px-Calabi_yau_formatted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Calabi_yau_formatted.svg/150px-Calabi_yau_formatted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Calabi_yau_formatted.svg/200px-Calabi_yau_formatted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="224" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #ddf"> Fundamental objects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_(physics)" title="String (physics)">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_string" title="Cosmic string">Cosmic string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brane" title="Brane">Brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-brane" title="D-brane">D-brane</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #ddf"> Perturbative theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Type_I_string_theory" title="Type I string theory">Type I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory" title="Heterotic string theory">Heterotic</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #ddf"> Non-perturbative results</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-duality" title="S-duality">S-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-duality" title="T-duality">T-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-duality" title="U-duality">U-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-theory" title="F-theory">F-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence" title="AdS/CFT correspondence">AdS/CFT correspondence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #ddf"> Phenomenology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_phenomenology" title="String phenomenology">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_cosmology" title="String cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory_landscape" title="String theory landscape">Landscape</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #ddf"> Mathematics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_Langlands_correspondence" title="Geometric Langlands correspondence">Geometric Langlands correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)" title="Mirror symmetry (string theory)">Mirror symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monstrous_moonshine" title="Monstrous moonshine">Monstrous moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertex algebra">Vertex algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-theory_(physics)" title="K-theory (physics)">K-theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_field_theory" title="Conformal field theory">Conformal field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_string_theory" title="Twistor string theory">Twistor string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_%3D_4_supersymmetric_Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory" title="N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory"><i>N</i> = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Aganagi%C4%87" title="Mina Aganagić">Aganagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed" title="Nima Arkani-Hamed">Arkani-Hamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Banks_(physicist)" title="Tom Banks (physicist)">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berenstein" title="David Berenstein">Berenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bousso" title="Raphael Bousso">Bousso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Curtright" title="Thomas Curtright">Curtright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbert_Dijkgraaf" title="Robbert Dijkgraaf">Dijkgraaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Distler" title="Jacques Distler">Distler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Douglas" title="Michael R. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)" title="Michael Duff (physicist)">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Dvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Dvali">Dvali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara" title="Sergio Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Fischler" title="Willy Fischler">Fischler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Friedan" title="Daniel Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Gliozzi" title="Ferdinando Gliozzi">Gliozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Gopakumar" title="Rajesh Gopakumar">Gopakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Greene" title="Brian Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Gubser" title="Steven Gubser">Gubser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Gukov" title="Sergei Gukov">Gukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Hanson" title="Andrew J. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Harvey" title="Jeffrey A. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Ho%C5%99ava_(theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Hořava (theorist)">Hořava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Horowitz" title="Gary Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gibbons" title="Gary Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamit_Kachru" title="Shamit Kachru">Kachru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Kaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renata_Kallosh" title="Renata Kallosh">Kallosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza" title="Theodor Kaluza">Kaluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Kapustin" title="Anton Kapustin">Kapustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Klebanov" title="Igor Klebanov">Klebanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Knizhnik" title="Vadim Knizhnik">Knizhnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Kontsevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martín Maldacena">Maldacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mandelstam" title="Stanley Mandelstam">Mandelstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marolf" title="Donald Marolf">Marolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Martinec" title="Emil Martinec">Martinec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Minwalla" title="Shiraz Minwalla">Minwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Moore_(physicist)" title="Greg Moore (physicist)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Motl" title="Luboš Motl">Motl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Mukhi" title="Sunil Mukhi">Mukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Myers_(physicist)" title="Robert Myers (physicist)">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos" title="Dimitri Nanopoulos">Nanopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_N%C4%83stase" title="Horațiu Năstase">Năstase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Nekrasov" title="Nikita Nekrasov">Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu" title="André Neveu">Neveu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Bech_Nielsen" title="Holger Bech Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen" title="Peter van Nieuwenhuizen">van Nieuwenhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)" title="Sergei Novikov (mathematician)">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olive" title="David Olive">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirosi_Ooguri" title="Hirosi Ooguri">Ooguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Ovrut" title="Burt Ovrut">Ovrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Polchinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov" title="Alexander Markovich Polyakov">Polyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Rajaraman" title="Arvind Rajaraman">Rajaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ramond" title="Pierre Ramond">Ramond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Randall" title="Lisa Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seifallah_Randjbar-Daemi" title="Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi">Randjbar-Daemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ro%C4%8Dek" title="Martin Roček">Roček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Rohm" title="Ryan Rohm">Rohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Sagnotti" title="Augusto Sagnotti">Sagnotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Scherk" title="Joël Scherk">Scherk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz" title="John Henry Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Seiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shenker" title="Stephen Shenker">Shenker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Siegel" title="Warren Siegel">Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Silverstein" title="Eva Silverstein">Silverstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0m_Thanh_S%C6%A1n" title="Đàm Thanh Sơn">Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Staudacher" title="Matthias Staudacher">Staudacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt" title="Paul Steinhardt">Steinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Strominger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Sundrum" title="Raman Sundrum">Sundrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Susskind" title="Leonard Susskind">Susskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Townsend" title="Paul Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Trivedi" title="Sandip Trivedi">Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Turok" title="Neil Turok">Turok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Vafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Verlinde" title="Erik Verlinde">Verlinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Verlinde" title="Herman Verlinde">Verlinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">Wess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiaki_Yoneya" title="Tamiaki Yoneya">Yoneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexei Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Zaslow" title="Eric Zaslow">Zaslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Zumino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Zwiebach" title="Barton Zwiebach">Zwiebach</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="display:block;margin-top:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_string_theory" title="History of string theory">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_string_theory" title="Glossary of string theory">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:String_theory" title="Template:String theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:String_theory" title="Template talk:String theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:String_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:String theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Beyond the Standard Model</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/220px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/330px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/440px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Simulated <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> particle detector data depicting a <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> produced by colliding protons decaying into hadron jets and electrons</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Evidence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_energy" title="Phantom energy">Phantom energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem" title="Cosmological constant problem">Cosmological constant problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">Strong CP problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_force" title="Fifth force">Fifth force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-theory" title="F-theory">F-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">Unified field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6D_(2,0)_superconformal_field_theory" title="6D (2,0) superconformal field theory">6D (2,0) superconformal field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncommutative_quantum_field_theory" title="Noncommutative quantum field theory">Noncommutative quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brane_cosmology" title="Brane cosmology">Brane cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_universe_hypothesis" title="Mathematical universe hypothesis">Mathematical universe hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_matter" title="Mirror matter">Mirror matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall%E2%80%93Sundrum_model" title="Randall–Sundrum model">Randall–Sundrum model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_%3D_4_supersymmetric_Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory" title="N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory">N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_string_theory" title="Twistor string theory">Twistor string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fluid" title="Dark fluid">Dark fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Sitter_invariant_special_relativity" title="De Sitter invariant special relativity">de Sitter invariant special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_fermion_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal fermion system">Causal fermion systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">Black hole thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unparticle_physics" title="Unparticle physics">Unparticle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviscalar" title="Graviscalar">Graviscalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_gravity" title="Massive gravity">Massive gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_gravitation_theory" title="Gauge gravitation theory">Gauge gravitation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory_gravity" title="Gauge theory gravity">Gauge theory gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPT_symmetry" title="CPT symmetry">CPT symmetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">MSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-to-Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model" title="Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model">NMSSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry_breaking" title="Supersymmetry breaking">Supersymmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_dimensions" title="Extra dimensions">Extra dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_extra_dimensions" title="Large extra dimensions">Large extra dimensions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum" title="False vacuum">False vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_foam" title="Spin foam">Spin foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_foam" title="Quantum foam">Quantum foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_geometry" title="Quantum geometry">Quantum geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_cosmology" title="Loop quantum cosmology">Loop quantum cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_dynamical_triangulation" title="Causal dynamical triangulation">Causal dynamical triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_fermion_systems" title="Causal fermion systems">Causal fermion systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_sets" title="Causal sets">Causal sets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_quantum_gravity" title="Canonical quantum gravity">Canonical quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiclassical_gravity" title="Semiclassical gravity">Semiclassical gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluid_vacuum_theory" title="Superfluid vacuum theory">Superfluid vacuum theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Experiments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_Neutrino_Neutron_Interaction_Experiment" title="Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment">ANNIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_del_Gran_Sasso" title="Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso">Gran Sasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory" title="India-based Neutrino Observatory">INO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">SNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevatron" title="Tevatron">Tevatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOvA" title="NOvA">NOvA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Template:Beyond the Standard Model"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Template talk:Beyond the Standard Model"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beyond the Standard Model"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, the <b>dual photon</b> is a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particle</a> that is a dual of the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> under <a href="/wiki/Montonen%E2%80%93Olive_duality" title="Montonen–Olive duality">electric–magnetic duality</a> which is predicted by some theoretical models,<sup id="cite_ref-bliokh_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliokh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elbistan1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elbistan1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elbistan2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elbistan2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bakas_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been shown that including <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">magnetic monopole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a> introduces a singularity. The only way to avoid the singularity is to include a second four-vector potential, called dual photon, in addition to the usual four-vector potential, photon.<sup id="cite_ref-singleton_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singleton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it is found that the standard Lagrangian of electromagnetism is not dual symmetric (i.e. symmetric under rotation between electric and magnetic charges) which causes problems for the <a href="/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_tensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy–momentum tensor">energy–momentum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a>, and orbital <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> tensors. To resolve this issue, a dual symmetric Lagrangian of electromagnetism has been proposed,<sup id="cite_ref-bliokh_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliokh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a self-consistent separation of the spin and orbital degrees of freedom. The Poincaré symmetries imply that the dual electromagnetism naturally makes self-consistent conservation laws.<sup id="cite_ref-bliokh_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliokh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_electromagnetism">Dual electromagnetism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dual electromagnetism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The free <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">electromagnetic field</a> is described by a covariant <a href="/wiki/Antisymmetric_tensor" title="Antisymmetric tensor">antisymmetric tensor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71bd31e0ceac70e8d3db4134323e9a5bcd6a1e85" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.721ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }}"></span> of rank 2 by </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }\,=\,\partial _{\alpha }A_{\beta }\,-\,\partial _{\beta }A_{\alpha }\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }\,=\,\partial _{\alpha }A_{\beta }\,-\,\partial _{\beta }A_{\alpha }\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9884d036e170a0c192de5ac872eaf2e7506be09b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\alpha \beta }\,=\,\partial _{\alpha }A_{\beta }\,-\,\partial _{\beta }A_{\alpha }\,.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bce019389c665fc524839b04cf9674ce661d4c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}"></span> is the electromagnetic potential. </p><p>The dual electromagnetic field <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star F_{\alpha \beta }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star F_{\alpha \beta }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23962aa38373bd58a8c58c27813789c72c4bdf4b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.883ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star F_{\alpha \beta }}"></span> is defined as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star F_{\alpha \beta }={\frac {1}{2}}\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }{}^{\sigma \lambda }F_{\sigma \lambda }.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star F_{\alpha \beta }={\frac {1}{2}}\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }{}^{\sigma \lambda }F_{\sigma \lambda }.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d99f27c8a2c777fd3918b6cf3622999d32fd5bfa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.553ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star F_{\alpha \beta }={\frac {1}{2}}\epsilon _{\alpha \beta }{}^{\sigma \lambda }F_{\sigma \lambda }.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Hodge_dual" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodge dual">Hodge dual</a>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{\mu \nu \sigma \lambda }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{\mu \nu \sigma \lambda }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e26ca44d24aff3a25943b6503f262cddeaac98fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.937ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{\mu \nu \sigma \lambda }}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Levi-Civita_tensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Levi-Civita tensor">Levi-Civita tensor</a> </p><p>For the electromagnetic field and its dual field, we have </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial _{\alpha }F^{\alpha \beta }\,=\,0,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial _{\alpha }F^{\alpha \beta }\,=\,0,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c37be978889d3658e7225bc44121bb4305aa1184" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.241ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial _{\alpha }F^{\alpha \beta }\,=\,0,}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial _{\alpha }{\star }F^{\alpha \beta }\,=\,0.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>0.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial _{\alpha }{\star }F^{\alpha \beta }\,=\,0.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fb956643f899fcb72a23379bab2de604a861df1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.404ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial _{\alpha }{\star }F^{\alpha \beta }\,=\,0.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Then, for a given gauge field <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bce019389c665fc524839b04cf9674ce661d4c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}"></span>, the dual configuration <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star A_{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star A_{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/351e007ed30c640b7e2401f601128225a9c317f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.19ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star A_{\alpha }}"></span> is defined as<sup id="cite_ref-bakas_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bakas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star F^{\alpha \beta }(A)\,=\,F^{\alpha \beta }(\star A),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star F^{\alpha \beta }(A)\,=\,F^{\alpha \beta }(\star A),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9467f69398ed6d44d9c28e18d1cc67c5868752b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.031ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star F^{\alpha \beta }(A)\,=\,F^{\alpha \beta }(\star A),}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star F^{\alpha \beta }(\star A)\,=\,-F^{\alpha \beta }(A).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>⋆</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star F^{\alpha \beta }(\star A)\,=\,-F^{\alpha \beta }(A).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/52c0998449bcc5a35302104fcc415890fdb9bf0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.839ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star F^{\alpha \beta }(\star A)\,=\,-F^{\alpha \beta }(A).}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star A_{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star A_{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/351e007ed30c640b7e2401f601128225a9c317f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.19ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star A_{\alpha }}"></span> the field potential of the dual photon, and non-locally linked to the original field potential <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bce019389c665fc524839b04cf9674ce661d4c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\alpha }}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="p-form_electrodynamics"><i>p</i>-form electrodynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: p-form electrodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>p</i>-form generalization of Maxwell's theory of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> is described by a <a href="/wiki/Gauge-invariant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge-invariant">gauge-invariant</a> <a href="/wiki/2-form" class="mw-redirect" title="2-form">2-form</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da18bef8c979f3548bb0d8976f5844012d7b8256" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.683ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"></span> defined as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =d\mathbf {A} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =d\mathbf {A} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3309097f9c0ad96fc1c2a1ea05e0a657fc65e0fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.017ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =d\mathbf {A} }"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>which satisfies the equation of motion </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d\,{\star }\mathbf {F} =\star \mathbf {J} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>⋆</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d\,{\star }\mathbf {F} =\star \mathbf {J} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/817407b8418ae2687fdff618e688ccd690eaa1b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d\,{\star }\mathbf {F} =\star \mathbf {J} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd316a21eeb5079a850f223b1d096a06bfa788c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.035ex; margin-bottom: -0.206ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star }"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Hodge_star_operator" title="Hodge star operator">Hodge star operator</a>. </p><p>This implies the following <a href="/wiki/Action_(physics)" title="Action (physics)">action</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> <a href="/wiki/Manifold" title="Manifold">manifold</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-henneaux1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henneaux1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-henneaux2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henneaux2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=\int _{M}\left[{\frac {1}{2}}\mathbf {F} \wedge \star \mathbf {F} -\mathbf {A} \wedge \star \mathbf {J} \right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>∧</mo> <mo>⋆</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>∧</mo> <mo>⋆</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=\int _{M}\left[{\frac {1}{2}}\mathbf {F} \wedge \star \mathbf {F} -\mathbf {A} \wedge \star \mathbf {J} \right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/25b599529922ca4c1f51034005265dada893b0fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:29.786ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=\int _{M}\left[{\frac {1}{2}}\mathbf {F} \wedge \star \mathbf {F} -\mathbf {A} \wedge \star \mathbf {J} \right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \star \mathbf {F} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>⋆</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \star \mathbf {F} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55fb74dc430a2e1d2dbb0155e0ad660e5aaa6fc3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.845ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \star \mathbf {F} }"></span> is the dual of the gauge-invariant 2-form <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da18bef8c979f3548bb0d8976f5844012d7b8256" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.683ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"></span> for the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">electromagnetic field</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dark_photon">Dark photon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dark photon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Photons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Dark_Photons.png/220px-Dark_Photons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Dark_Photons.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>This artist's impression shows the <a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">dark photon</a> <i>A</i>′ decays into an electron and a positron.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The dark photon is a spin-1 <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">boson</a> associated with a U(1) <a href="/wiki/Gauge_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge field">gauge field</a>, which could be massless<sup id="cite_ref-carroll_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and behaves like <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>. But, it could be unstable and massive, quickly decays into <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>–<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> pairs, and interact with electrons. </p><p>The dark photon was first suggested in 2008 by Lotty Ackerman, Matthew R. Buckley, <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll" title="Sean M. Carroll">Sean M. Carroll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Kamionkowski" title="Marc Kamionkowski">Marc Kamionkowski</a> to explain the '<a href="/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment" title="Anomalous magnetic dipole moment"><i>g</i>–2 anomaly</a>' in experiment E821 at <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it was ruled out in some experiments such as the <a href="/wiki/PHENIX_detector" title="PHENIX detector">PHENIX detector</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider</a> at Brookhaven.<sup id="cite_ref-walsh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walsh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/ATOMKI" title="ATOMKI">Hungarian Academy of Sciences's Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, Hungary, suggested the existence of a new, light spin-1 boson, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/X17_particle" title="X17 particle">X17 particle</a>, 34 times heavier than the electron<sup id="cite_ref-Cartlidge2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartlidge2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that decays into a pair of electron and positron with a combined energy of 17 MeV. In 2016, it was proposed that it is an <a href="/wiki/X-boson" class="mw-redirect" title="X-boson">X-boson</a> with a mass of 16.7 MeV that explains the <a href="/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment#Muon" title="Anomalous magnetic dipole moment"><i>g</i>−2 muon anomaly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartlidge2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartlidge2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-feng1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feng1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27t_Hooft_loop" title="'t Hooft loop">'t Hooft loop</a> – Magnetic loop operator dual to the Wilson loop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism" title="Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism">Covariant Maxwell's equations</a> – Ways of writing certain laws of physics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a> – Postulated type of radiation that mediates interactions of dark matter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a> – Hypothetical particle found in supergravity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field" title="Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field">Electromagnetic mathematics</a> – Formulations of electromagnetism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field" title="Kalb–Ramond field">Kalb–Ramond field</a> – Two-form field</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics" title="P-form electrodynamics">p-form electrodynamics</a> – Generalization of electrodynamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a> – Hypothetical superpartner of the photon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a> – Elementary particle or quantum of light</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a> – Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_photon" title="Magnetic photon">Magnetic photon</a>, a different extension for magnetic monopoles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime" title="Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime">Maxwell's equations</a> – Electromagnetism in general relativity</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tong-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tong_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tong_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTongLambert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tong, D.; Lambert, N. (2008). "Membranes on an Orbifold". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>101</b> (4): 041602. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.1114">0804.1114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvL.101d1602L">2008PhRvL.101d1602L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.101.041602">10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.041602</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18764318">18764318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:655777">655777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Membranes+on+an+Orbifold&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=041602&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A655777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PhRvL.101d1602L&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0804.1114&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18764318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.101.041602&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bakas_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakas_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakas_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bakas, I. (2010). "Dual photons and gravitons". <i>Publ.Astron.Obs.Belgrade</i>. <b>88</b>: 113–132. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0910.1739">0910.1739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010POBeo..88..113B">2010POBeo..88..113B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publ.Astron.Obs.Belgrade&rft.atitle=Dual+photons+and+gravitons&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=113-132&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0910.1739&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010POBeo..88..113B&rft.aulast=Bakas&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bliokh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bliokh_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bliokh_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bliokh_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bliokh_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliokhBekshaevNori2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bliokh, K. Y.; Bekshaev, A. Y.; Nori, F. (2013). "Dual electromagnetism: helicity, spin, momentum and angular momentum". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Journal_of_Physics" title="New Journal of Physics">New Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>15</b> (3): 033026. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.4523">1208.4523</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NJPh...15c3026B">2013NJPh...15c3026B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F15%2F3%2F033026">10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14501052">14501052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Dual+electromagnetism%3A+helicity%2C+spin%2C+momentum+and+angular+momentum&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=033026&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1208.4523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14501052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F15%2F3%2F033026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NJPh...15c3026B&rft.aulast=Bliokh&rft.aufirst=K.+Y.&rft.au=Bekshaev%2C+A.+Y.&rft.au=Nori%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elbistan1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elbistan1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elbistan1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbistanDuvalHorváthyZhang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Elbistan, M.; Duval, C.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2016). "Duality and helicity: A symplectic viewpoint". <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_Letters_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics Letters B">Physics Letters B</a></i>. <b>761</b>: 265–268. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.01131">1608.01131</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhLB..761..265E">2016PhLB..761..265E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2016.08.041">10.1016/j.physletb.2016.08.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119176701">119176701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=Duality+and+helicity%3A+A+symplectic+viewpoint&rft.volume=761&rft.pages=265-268&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1608.01131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119176701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2016.08.041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PhLB..761..265E&rft.aulast=Elbistan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Duval%2C+C.&rft.au=Horv%C3%A1thy%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+P.-M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elbistan2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elbistan2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elbistan2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbistanHorváthyZhang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elbistan, M.; Horváthy, P. A.; Zhang, P.-M. (2017). "Duality and helicity: the photon wave function approach". <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_Letters_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics Letters A">Physics Letters A</a></i>. <b>381</b> (30): 2375–2379. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08573">1608.08573</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhLA..381.2375E">2017PhLA..381.2375E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physleta.2017.05.042">10.1016/j.physleta.2017.05.042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119180293">119180293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+A&rft.atitle=Duality+and+helicity%3A+the+photon+wave+function+approach&rft.volume=381&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=2375-2379&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1608.08573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119180293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physleta.2017.05.042&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PhLA..381.2375E&rft.aulast=Elbistan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Horv%C3%A1thy%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+P.-M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singleton-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singleton_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton1996" class="citation journal cs1">Singleton, D. (1996). "Electromagnetism with magnetic charge and two photons". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>64</b> (4): 452–458. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1106.1505">1106.1505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AmJPh..64..452S">1996AmJPh..64..452S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.18191">10.1119/1.18191</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119714958">119714958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Electromagnetism+with+magnetic+charge+and+two+photons&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=452-458&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1106.1505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119714958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.18191&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996AmJPh..64..452S&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henneaux1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-henneaux1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenneauxTeitelboim1986" class="citation journal cs1">Henneaux, M.; Teitelboim, C. (1986). "<i>p</i>-Form electrodynamics". <i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Physics" title="Foundations of Physics">Foundations of Physics</a></i>. <b>16</b> (7): 593–617. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986FoPh...16..593H">1986FoPh...16..593H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01889624">10.1007/BF01889624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59436726">59436726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=p-Form+electrodynamics&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=593-617&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59436726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01889624&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986FoPh...16..593H&rft.aulast=Henneaux&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Teitelboim%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henneaux2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-henneaux2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenneauxBunster2011" class="citation journal cs1">Henneaux, M.; Bunster, C. (2011). "Action for twisted self-duality". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review D">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>83</b> (12): 125015. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.3621">1103.3621</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvD..83l5015B">2011PhRvD..83l5015B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.83.125015">10.1103/PhysRevD.83.125015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119268081">119268081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Action+for+twisted+self-duality&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=125015&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1103.3621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119268081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.83.125015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PhRvD..83l5015B&rft.aulast=Henneaux&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Bunster%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v7/115/">"Viewpoint: New Light Shed on Dark Photons"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a>. 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viewpoint%3A+New+Light+Shed+on+Dark+Photons&rft.pub=American+Physical+Society&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.aps.org%2Farticles%2Fv7%2F115%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carroll-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carroll_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2008" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Sean M. (October 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2008/10/29/dark-photons/">"Dark photons"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dark+photons&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preposterousuniverse.com%2Fblog%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Fdark-photons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettBousquetBrownBunce2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, G. W.; Bousquet, B.; Brown, H. N.; Bunce, G.; Carey, R. M.; Cushman, P.; Danby, G. T.; Debevec, P. T. (2006-04-07). "Final report of the E821 muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement at BNL". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review D">Physical Review D</a></i>. <b>73</b> (7): 072003. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0602035">hep-ex/0602035</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvD..73g2003B">2006PhRvD..73g2003B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.73.072003">10.1103/PhysRevD.73.072003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53539306">53539306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Final+report+of+the+E821+muon+anomalous+magnetic+moment+measurement+at+BNL&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=072003&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ex%2F0602035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53539306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.73.072003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhRvD..73g2003B&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft.au=Bousquet%2C+B.&rft.au=Brown%2C+H.+N.&rft.au=Bunce%2C+G.&rft.au=Carey%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Cushman%2C+P.&rft.au=Danby%2C+G.+T.&rft.au=Debevec%2C+P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walsh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-walsh_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2015" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Karen McNulty (February 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2015-02-rhic-role-dark-photons-explanation.html">"Data from RHIC, other experiments nearly rule out role of 'dark photons' as explanation for 'g-2' anomaly"</a>. PhysOrg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Data+from+RHIC%2C+other+experiments+nearly+rule+out+role+of+%27dark+photons%27+as+explanation+for+%27g-2%27+anomaly&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Karen+McNulty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2015-02-rhic-role-dark-photons-explanation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartlidge2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cartlidge2016_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartlidge2016_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartlidge2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cartlidge, Edwin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/has-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957">"Has a Hungarian physics lab found a fifth force of nature?"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19957">10.1038/nature.2016.19957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124347962">124347962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Has+a+Hungarian+physics+lab+found+a+fifth+force+of+nature%3F&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A124347962%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cartlidge&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fhas-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feng1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-feng1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFengFornalGalonGardner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Feng, J. L.; Fornal, B.; Galon, I.; Gardner, S.; Smolinsky, J.; Tait, T. M. P.; Tanedo, P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1059042">"Protophobic Fifth-Force Interpretation of the Observed Anomaly in 8Be Nuclear Transitions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>117</b> (7): 071803. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07411">1604.07411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.117g1803F">2016PhRvL.117g1803F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.117.071803">10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.071803</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27563952">27563952</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206279817">206279817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Protophobic+Fifth-Force+Interpretation+of+the+Observed+Anomaly+in+8Be+Nuclear+Transitions&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=071803&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206279817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PhRvL.117g1803F&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1604.07411&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27563952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.117.071803&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Fornal%2C+B.&rft.au=Galon%2C+I.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+S.&rft.au=Smolinsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Tait%2C+T.+M.+P.&rft.au=Tanedo%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1059042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+photon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Particles_in_physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particles" title="Template:Particles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particles" title="Template talk:Particles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Particles_in_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particles in physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">Up (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">Down (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">Strange (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">Top (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Top antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">Bottom (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark">antiquark)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(physics)" title="Ghost (physics)">Ghost fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghosts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfermion" title="Sfermion">Sfermion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stop_squark" title="Stop squark">Stop squark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvaton" title="Curvaton">Curvaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="W′ and Z′ bosons">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson">D meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_composite_particles" title="Category:Hypothetical composite particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)" title="Eightfold way (physics)">Eightfold way</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">Massless particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_particle" title="Relativistic particle">Relativistic particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">Virtual particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quantum_electrodynamics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Template:Quantum electrodynamics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Template talk:Quantum electrodynamics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum electrodynamics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quantum_electrodynamics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Heisenberg_Lagrangian" title="Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian">Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta%E2%80%93Bleuler_formalism" title="Gupta–Bleuler formalism">Gupta–Bleuler formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Path integral formulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Particles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dual photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">Virtual particles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment" title="Anomalous magnetic dipole moment">Anomalous magnetic dipole moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry%27s_theorem" title="Furry's theorem">Furry's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Nishina_formula" title="Klein–Nishina formula">Klein–Nishina formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_pole" title="Landau pole">Landau pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QED_vacuum" title="QED vacuum">QED vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-energy" title="Self-energy">Self-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwinger_limit" title="Schwinger limit">Schwinger limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uehling_potential" title="Uehling potential">Uehling potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_polarization" title="Vacuum polarization">Vacuum polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_function" title="Vertex function">Vertex function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward%E2%80%93Takahashi_identity" title="Ward–Takahashi identity">Ward–Takahashi identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabha_scattering" title="Bhabha scattering">Bhabha scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breit%E2%80%93Wheeler_process" title="Breit–Wheeler process">Breit–Wheeler process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbr%C3%BCck_scattering" title="Delbrück scattering">Delbrück scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_shift" title="Lamb shift">Lamb shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8ller_scattering" title="Møller scattering">Møller scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwinger_effect" title="Schwinger effect">Schwinger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_physics" title="Two-photon physics">Photon-photon scattering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics_topics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics topics">Template:Quantum mechanics topics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="String_theory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:String_theory_topics" title="Template:String theory topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:String_theory_topics" title="Template talk:String theory topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:String_theory_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:String theory topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="String_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_(physics)" title="String (physics)">Strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_string" title="Cosmic string">Cosmic strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_string_theory" title="History of string theory">History of string theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_superstring_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="First superstring revolution">First superstring revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_superstring_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Second superstring revolution">Second superstring revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_theory_landscape" title="String theory landscape">String theory landscape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Goto_action" title="Nambu–Goto action">Nambu–Goto action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyakov_action" title="Polyakov action">Polyakov action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstring_theory" title="Superstring theory">Superstring theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_I_string_theory" title="Type I string theory">Type I string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type II string</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type IIA string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_string_theory" title="Type II string theory">Type IIB string</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory" title="Heterotic string theory">Heterotic string</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%3D2_superstring" class="mw-redirect" title="N=2 superstring">N=2 superstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-theory" title="F-theory">F-theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_field_theory" title="String field theory">String field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_string_theory" title="Matrix string theory">Matrix string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-critical_string_theory" title="Non-critical string theory">Non-critical string theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-linear_sigma_model" title="Non-linear sigma model">Non-linear sigma model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon_condensation" title="Tachyon condensation">Tachyon condensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNS_formalism" title="RNS formalism">RNS formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS_formalism" title="GS formalism">GS formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_duality" title="String duality">String duality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-duality" title="T-duality">T-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-duality" title="S-duality">S-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-duality" title="U-duality">U-duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montonen%E2%80%93Olive_duality" title="Montonen–Olive duality">Montonen–Olive duality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Particles and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramond%E2%80%93Ramond_field" title="Ramond–Ramond field">Ramond–Ramond field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field" title="Kalb–Ramond field">Kalb–Ramond field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dual photon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brane" title="Brane">Branes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-brane" title="D-brane">D-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS5-brane" title="NS5-brane">NS5-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2-brane" title="M2-brane">M2-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M5-brane" title="M5-brane">M5-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-brane" title="S-brane">S-brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_brane" title="Black brane">Black brane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Black string">Black string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brane_cosmology" title="Brane cosmology">Brane cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiver_diagram" title="Quiver diagram">Quiver diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanany%E2%80%93Witten_transition" title="Hanany–Witten transition">Hanany–Witten transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conformal_field_theory" title="Conformal field theory">Conformal field theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virasoro_algebra" title="Virasoro algebra">Virasoro algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)" title="Mirror symmetry (string theory)">Mirror symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_anomaly" title="Conformal anomaly">Conformal anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_symmetry" title="Conformal symmetry">Conformal algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconformal_algebra" title="Superconformal algebra">Superconformal algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_operator_algebra" title="Vertex operator algebra">Vertex operator algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_algebra" title="Loop algebra">Loop algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kac%E2%80%93Moody_algebra" title="Kac–Moody algebra">Kac–Moody algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wess%E2%80%93Zumino%E2%80%93Witten_model" title="Wess–Zumino–Witten model">Wess–Zumino–Witten model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_(physics)" title="Anomaly (physics)">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instanton" title="Instanton">Instantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_form" title="Chern–Simons form">Chern–Simons form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomol%27nyi%E2%80%93Prasad%E2%80%93Sommerfield_bound" title="Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound">Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_Lie_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Exceptional Lie group">Exceptional Lie groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/G2_(mathematics)" title="G2 (mathematics)">G<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/F4_(mathematics)" title="F4 (mathematics)">F<sub>4</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_(mathematics)" title="E6 (mathematics)">E<sub>6</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_(mathematics)" title="E7 (mathematics)">E<sub>7</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_(mathematics)" title="E8 (mathematics)">E<sub>8</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADE_classification" title="ADE classification">ADE classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_string" title="Dirac string">Dirac string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics" title="P-form electrodynamics"><i>p</i>-form electrodynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldsheet" title="Worldsheet">Worldsheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactification_(physics)" title="Compactification (physics)">Compactification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_10_dimensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Why 10 dimensions">Why 10 dimensions</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_manifold" title="Kähler manifold">Kähler manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricci-flat_manifold" title="Ricci-flat manifold">Ricci-flat manifold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold" title="Calabi–Yau manifold">Calabi–Yau manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperk%C3%A4hler_manifold" title="Hyperkähler manifold">Hyperkähler manifold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K3_surface" title="K3 surface">K3 surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G2_manifold" title="G2 manifold">G<sub>2</sub> manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin(7)-manifold" title="Spin(7)-manifold">Spin(7)-manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_complex_structure" title="Generalized complex structure">Generalized complex manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbifold" title="Orbifold">Orbifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifold" title="Conifold">Conifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientifold" title="Orientifold">Orientifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moduli_space" title="Moduli space">Moduli space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Witten_theory" title="Hořava–Witten theory">Hořava–Witten theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-theory_(physics)" title="K-theory (physics)">K-theory (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_K-theory" title="Twisted K-theory">Twisted K-theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supergravity" title="Supergravity">Supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven-dimensional_supergravity" title="Eleven-dimensional supergravity">Eleven-dimensional supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_I_supergravity" title="Type I supergravity">Type I supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_IIA_supergravity" title="Type IIA supergravity">Type IIA supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_IIB_supergravity" title="Type IIB supergravity">Type IIB supergravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superspace" title="Superspace">Superspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_superalgebra" title="Lie superalgebra">Lie superalgebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_supergroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie supergroup">Lie supergroup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_principle" title="Holographic principle">Holographic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence" title="AdS/CFT correspondence">AdS/CFT correspondence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_theory_(physics)" title="Matrix theory (physics)">Matrix theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_M-theory" title="Introduction to M-theory">Introduction to M-theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">String theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Aganagi%C4%87" title="Mina Aganagić">Aganagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed" title="Nima Arkani-Hamed">Arkani-Hamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Banks_(physicist)" title="Tom Banks (physicist)">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berenstein" title="David Berenstein">Berenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bousso" title="Raphael Bousso">Bousso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Curtright" title="Thomas Curtright">Curtright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbert_Dijkgraaf" title="Robbert Dijkgraaf">Dijkgraaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Distler" title="Jacques Distler">Distler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Douglas" title="Michael R. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)" title="Michael Duff (physicist)">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Dvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Dvali">Dvali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara" title="Sergio Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Fischler" title="Willy Fischler">Fischler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Friedan" title="Daniel Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Gliozzi" title="Ferdinando Gliozzi">Gliozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Gopakumar" title="Rajesh Gopakumar">Gopakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Greene" title="Brian Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Gubser" title="Steven Gubser">Gubser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Gukov" title="Sergei Gukov">Gukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Hanson" title="Andrew J. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Harvey" title="Jeffrey A. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Ho%C5%99ava_(theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Hořava (theorist)">Hořava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gibbons" title="Gary Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamit_Kachru" title="Shamit Kachru">Kachru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Kaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renata_Kallosh" title="Renata Kallosh">Kallosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza" title="Theodor Kaluza">Kaluza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Kapustin" title="Anton Kapustin">Kapustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Klebanov" title="Igor Klebanov">Klebanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Knizhnik" title="Vadim Knizhnik">Knizhnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Kontsevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martín Maldacena">Maldacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mandelstam" title="Stanley Mandelstam">Mandelstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marolf" title="Donald Marolf">Marolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Martinec" title="Emil Martinec">Martinec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Minwalla" title="Shiraz Minwalla">Minwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Moore_(physicist)" title="Greg Moore (physicist)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Motl" title="Luboš Motl">Motl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Mukhi" title="Sunil Mukhi">Mukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Myers_(physicist)" title="Robert Myers (physicist)">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos" title="Dimitri Nanopoulos">Nanopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_N%C4%83stase" title="Horațiu Năstase">Năstase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Nekrasov" title="Nikita Nekrasov">Nekrasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu" title="André Neveu">Neveu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Bech_Nielsen" title="Holger Bech Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen" title="Peter van Nieuwenhuizen">van Nieuwenhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)" title="Sergei Novikov (mathematician)">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olive" title="David Olive">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirosi_Ooguri" title="Hirosi Ooguri">Ooguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Ovrut" title="Burt Ovrut">Ovrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Polchinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov" title="Alexander Markovich Polyakov">Polyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Rajaraman" title="Arvind Rajaraman">Rajaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ramond" title="Pierre Ramond">Ramond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Randall" title="Lisa Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seifallah_Randjbar-Daemi" title="Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi">Randjbar-Daemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ro%C4%8Dek" title="Martin Roček">Roček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Rohm" title="Ryan Rohm">Rohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Sagnotti" title="Augusto Sagnotti">Sagnotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Scherk" title="Joël Scherk">Scherk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz" title="John Henry Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Seiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shenker" title="Stephen Shenker">Shenker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Siegel" title="Warren Siegel">Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Silverstein" title="Eva Silverstein">Silverstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0m_Thanh_S%C6%A1n" title="Đàm Thanh Sơn">Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Staudacher" title="Matthias Staudacher">Staudacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt" title="Paul Steinhardt">Steinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Strominger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Sundrum" title="Raman Sundrum">Sundrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Susskind" title="Leonard Susskind">Susskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Townsend" title="Paul Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Trivedi" title="Sandip Trivedi">Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Turok" title="Neil Turok">Turok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Vafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Verlinde" title="Erik Verlinde">Verlinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Verlinde" title="Herman Verlinde">Verlinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">Wess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiaki_Yoneya" title="Tamiaki Yoneya">Yoneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexei Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Zaslow" title="Eric Zaslow">Zaslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Zumino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_Zwiebach" title="Barton Zwiebach">Zwiebach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&oldid=1188602899">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&oldid=1188602899</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gauge_bosons" title="Category:Gauge bosons">Gauge bosons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bosons" title="Category:Bosons">Bosons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:String_theory" title="Category:String theory">String theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_elementary_particles" title="Category:Hypothetical elementary particles">Hypothetical elementary particles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Category:Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magnetic_monopoles" title="Category:Magnetic monopoles">Magnetic monopoles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Force_carriers" title="Category:Force carriers">Force carriers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 December 2023, at 13:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_photon&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-rnjb8","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.701","walltime":"0.991","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4004,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":179176,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1313,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":104413,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 739.295 1 -total"," 26.82% 198.311 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.31% 172.349 11 Template:Annotated_link"," 20.74% 153.316 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.59% 100.475 12 Template:Navbox"," 13.46% 99.522 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 13.00% 96.120 1 Template:String_theory"," 8.97% 66.336 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.71% 64.367 1 Template:Particles"," 6.66% 49.228 1 Template:Infobox_Particle"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.438","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19160507,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5d5b5d56db-dn8z8","timestamp":"20241128061514","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dual photon","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dual_photon","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39054590","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39054590","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-07-09T17:30:20Z","dateModified":"2023-12-06T13:38:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1c\/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg","headline":"hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the photon under electric-magnetic duality"}</script> </body> </html>