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width="10"><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/angle.jpg"></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"></td></tr> </table><table bgcolor="white" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="155"><tr><td height="10"></td></tr><font size="1"><tr><td width="100%" align="right" height="11">  <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10103/"><font color="#aaaaaa">Organic Reactions</font></a></td><td width="10"><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/angle2.jpg"></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"></td></tr> <tr><td width="100%" align="right" height="11">  <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10104/"><font color="#aaaaaa">Fractional Distillation</font></a></td><td width="10"><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/angle2.jpg"></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"></td></tr> <tr><td width="100%" align="right" height="11">  <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10105/"><font color="#aaaaaa">Hydrocarbon Cracking</font></a></td><td width="10"><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/angle2.jpg"></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"></td></tr> <tr><td width="100%" align="right" height="11">  <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10106/"><font color="#aaaaaa">Reactions of Alkanes </font></a></td><td width="10"><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/angle2.jpg"></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"></td></tr> <tr><td width="100%" align="right" height="11">  <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10107/"><font color="#aaaaaa">Reactions of Alkenes: </font></a></td><td width="10"><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/angle2.jpg"></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"></td></tr> <tr><td width="100%" align="right" height="11">  <a 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align="right" valign="top"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr><td width="100%"> </td><td><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/spacer.gif" width="175" height="0"><center><font size="1" face="Arial">Canada Connects Web Portals</font><br><table bgcolor="red"><tr><td><a href="?h=free"><b><font size="1" face="Arial" color="white"><strong>FREE INSTANT PORTALS</strong></font></b></a></td></tr></table></center></td></tr> </table> </td></tr></table> <p align="left"> <pagecontent> After the initial fractional distillation process is applied to crude petroleum, there will be a significant amount of long chain alkane residuals left over in the form of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427111502/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen">bitumen</a>. Bitumen has limited commercial value and thus being able to convert this residual material into shorter chain <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10090/">alkanes</a> or <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10091/">alkenes</a> would create considerable value for the manufacturer.<br> <br> This conversion is in fact possible, and is called "cracking." <h4>Catalytic Cracking</h4>Catalytic cracking uses a solid acid catalyst such as aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide with moderately-high temperatures to aid in the process of breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones. <h4>Thermal Cracking</h4>In thermal cracking elevated temperatures (~800掳C) and pressures (~700kPa) are used, to break the long chain alkanes down into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes.<br> <br> In general a long chain alkane which is cracked without access to air or additional hydrogen will produce a shorter chain alkane plus an alkene, thus preserving the hydrogen to carbon ratio found in the original chain.<br> <br> C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>46</sub> ---> C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>24</sub> (an <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10090/">alkane</a>) + C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>22</sub> (an <a href="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10091/">alkene</a>) <br> <br> <h3>Bibliography</h3> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427111502/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)">Wikipedia article on hydrocarbon cracking</a><br> </td> </tr><tr> <td><br><table width="100%" bgcolor="#EEF0FF"><tr><td><table> <tr><td><a href="javascript:ReverseContentDisplay('newscontent')"><font color="red">Enter Comments</font></a></td></tr><tr><td> <div id="newscontent" style="display:none" ;'><form action="/web/20070427111502/http://canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10105/?a=" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="tablename" value="news"> <input type="hidden" name="filename" value="10105.db"> <input type="hidden" name="foldername" value="news"> <input type="hidden" name="lastid" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="owner" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="implodedfieldnames" value="title, heading, date, content, issuestamp, postnews, owner"> <input type="hidden" name="bounce" value="/chemistry/10105/"> <img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/spacer.gif" height="0" width="75"><font color="green">Registering and logging in first, <br><img src="/web/20070427111502im_/http://canadaconnects.ca/config/images/spacer.gif" height="0" width="75">will help to protect your message from modification by others.</font><br> <table> <tr><td valign="top">Title:</td><td><input type="text" name="title" size="80" value=""></td></tr><tr> <td valign="top">Heading:</td><td><textarea cols="80" rows="5" name="heading"></textarea></td></tr><tr> <td valign="top">Date:</td><td><input size="25" type="text" name="date" value="April 27, 2007, 7:15 am"></td></tr><tr> <input type="hidden" name="record_id" value=""><input type="hidden" name="postnews" value="info@canadaconnects.ca"><td valign="top">Content:</td><td><textarea name="content" cols="80" rows="25"></textarea> </td></tr><tr> <td valign="top"></td><td><input type="hidden" name="footer" value="<center><a href='http://www.canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10105/?x=<~x c= n=1 >'>Respond Online at: http://www.canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/</a></center><br>ip address: 64.208.172.176<><br>"> </td></tr><tr> <td valign="top"></td><td><input type="submit" name="dbmod" value="insert"></form> <hr></td></tr> </table> <br><br></div></td></tr> </table> <table width="100%" align="center" height="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#01a5c5"></td></tr></table> <br><br></td></tr></table><table width="100%" bgcolor="#EEEEEE"><tr> <td width="100" align="center"> </td> <td> </td> <td width="100" align="center"> </td> </tr></table> <hr><font face="arial" size="1">© 2007 Canada Connects - 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