Editors’ Picks: International Human Right Law on Privacy (and Surveillance)

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Editors’ Picks: International Human Right Law on Privacy (and Surveillance) - Just Security</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Editors’ Picks: International Human Right Law on Privacy (and Surveillance)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Annotations by Haley Anderson, a student at New York University School of Law with assistance from Just Security’s senior editorial team Manfred Nowak, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary 377–405 (2d rev. ed. 2005). Discussing Article 17 of the ICCPR, Nowak sets forth a broad notion of privacy, which he writes is […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2014-05-29T16:31:57+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/blue-logo.png?fit=178%2C60&ssl=1" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="178" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="60" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@just_security" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="10 minutes" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="Ryan Goodman" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance/","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance/","name":"Editors’ Picks: International Human Right Law on Privacy (and Surveillance) - Just Security","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2014-04-17T15:25:05+00:00","dateModified":"2014-05-29T16:31:57+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.justsecurity.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Editors’ Picks: Reading Lists","item":"https://www.justsecurity.org/editors-picks/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Editors’ Picks: International Human Right Law on Privacy (and Surveillance)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#website","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/","name":"Just Security","description":"A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.justsecurity.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#organization","name":"Just Security","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","width":5371,"height":1757,"caption":"Just Security"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/","https://x.com/just_security","https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/","https://www.instagram.com/justsecurityforum/","https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.2'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/editors-picks\/international-human-law-privacy-and-surveillance\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? 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class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="border-title" id="js-title-early edition"><h3 class="widget-title">Early Edition</h3></div><h3 class="widget-title mobile-only">Early Edition</h3> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105075/early-edition-november-22-2024/" class="widget early-edition clearfix"> <div class="full-img-bg"></div> <div class="post-data"> <h4> <span class="month">November</span> <span class="day">22</span> <span class="year">2024</span> </h4> <span class="more-arrow">Curated News Roundup</span> </div> </a></div><main id="primary" class="client-ui clearfix" role="main"><h1 class="page-title">Editors’ Picks: International Human Right Law on Privacy (and Surveillance)</h1><p style="text-align: left;" align="center"><i>Annotations by Haley Anderson, a student at New York University School of Law with assistance from Just Security’s senior editorial team</i><b> </b></p> <hr /> <p><b>Manfred Nowak, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary 377–405 (2d rev. ed. 2005).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Discussing Article 17 of the ICCPR, Nowak sets forth a broad notion of privacy, which he writes is founded on a “liberal concept of freedom.” He provides a brief explanation of the concepts of “unlawful” and “arbitrary” interference that the treaty drafters selected instead of designating instances in which interference would be appropriate. He notes that unlawfulness is judged in relation to national legal systems. Regarding arbitrariness, he notes that the notion includes “an element of ‘capriciousness” and must be judged against a backstop of reasonableness and compatibility with the ICCPR’s purposes, aims, and objectives. Considering the article’s scope, he provides a moderately broad description of correspondence—“all forms of communication over distance, i.e., by telephone, telegram, telex, telefax, e-mail and other mechanical or electronic means of communication”—and a broad description of interference—“[e]very withholding, censorship, inspection of (or listening to) or publication of private correspondence represents interference within the meaning of Art. 17.” Finally, Nowak provides three instances in which states had unlawfully or arbitrarily interfered with the right to privacy and two in which they had not, which demonstrate the fact-intensive inquiry involved in such determinations.</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Fernando Volio, <i>Legal Personality, Privacy, and the Family</i>, <i>in </i>The International Bill of Rights: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 185, 189–200 (Louis Henkin ed., 1981).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Volio provides a general account of what the right to privacy underlying Article 17 of the ICCPR means and argues for a broad interpretation. He provides four versions of what the content of that right may be and also discusses the various zones of protection—the family, the home, correspondence, and honor and reputation. With respect to the home and correspondence in particular, he contends that protection against interference in the home should be understood to include “not only uninvited entry, but also other intrusions, such as peeping or eavesdropping, electronic surveillance, overhearing, or noise that troubles the tranquility inside.” Similarly, he defines correspondence to include not only the traditionally understood “direct, personal communication between two individuals,” but also all “materials and documents that are not commonly called communications” when they are sent by any means of transportation or communication.</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Paul de Hert & Vagelis Papakonstantinou, <a href="http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/is/files/2013/08/7-Hert-Papakonstantinou.pdf"><i>Three Scenarios for International Governance of Data Privacy: Towards an International Data Privacy Organization, Preferably a UN Agency?</i></a>, 9 I/S: J. L. & Pol’y 271 (2013).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">De Hert and Papakonstantinou provide a detailed account of the various regional and international data privacy initiatives—including the UN, OECD, Council of Europe, APEC, and EU—as well as domestic data privacy laws. This illustrates the complex, layered system of international data privacy norms that is not necessarily present in other works. [</span><i style="line-height: 2.22;">See also </i><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Nicola Carah Menaldo, </span><a style="line-height: 2.22;" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/miaicr18&collection=journals&index=journals/miaicr147&id=147)">“Viva la Data Protection? Chile as a Touchstone for the Future of Information Privacy,”</a><span style="line-height: 2.22;"> 18 U. Miami Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. (2010-2011)]</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;"><a href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf">Report of Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression</a>, Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/23/40 (Apr. 17, 2013) (by Frank La Rue).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">In this report, La Rue lays out the international human rights law basis for the right to privacy, emphasizing its connection to the right to freedom of expression. The report applies these standards to national legislation regarding surveillance and demonstrates the gaps left in the wake of legislation’s failure to keep up with technology. Ultimately this report offers recommendations for how to bring communications surveillance in line with international human rights law.</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Martin Scheinin, Former U.N. Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism, <a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201310/20131017ATT72929/20131017ATT72929EN.pdf">Statement at LIBE Committee Inquiry on Electronic Mass Surveillance of EU Citizens</a>, European Parliament (Oct. 14, 2013).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Scheinin argues that both the United Kingdom and United States “have been involved, and continue to be involved, in activities that are in violation of their legally binding obligations under the [ICCPR].” He asserts that U.S. surveillance lacks adequate legal basis, intrudes into the “inviolable core of privacy,” is not necessary in a democratic society, leaves room for unfettered discretion, and is disproportionate with respect to its benefits, and is open to abuse.</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Privacy Int’l et al., <a href="https://www.privacyinternational.org/sites/privacyint">“The right to privacy in the digital age,”</a> OHCHR consultation in connection with General Assembly Resolution 68/167 (2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">This submission strongly asserts that “measures are being taken to violate the right to privacy with increasing frequency” and that “[t]he national legal frameworks of many States fail to comply with international law and are inadequate to address these new forms of human rights violations.” To demonstrate this, the submission relies on General Comment No. 16 of the UN Human Rights Committee and ECtHR case law. It argues that mass foreign surveillance is per se disproportionate and therefore a violation of these instruments. The submission concludes with suggestions for how to improve commitment to human rights in the collection of data, including requiring that the weight of one’s right to privacy not be subject to discriminatory distinctions, studying state practices, and establishing a “dedicated special procedures mandate to the right to privacy in the digital age.”</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">CJEU Judgment in <a href="http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2014-04/cp140054en.pdf">Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and Others</a>, Joined Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12 (2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">The CJEU declared the European Union’s Data Retention Directive to be invalid because the data to be retained under it would make it possible (1) to know the identity of the persons with whom a subscriber or registered user has communicated, (2) to identify the time and place of the communication and (3) to know the frequency of communications during a given period. Collection of this sort of information interferes with the fundamental right to respect for private life, protected under Article 8 of the ECHR. For more coverage of the decision, see the </span><a style="line-height: 2.22;" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/2014/04/09/european-court-data-retention-directive-invalid/">post</a><span style="line-height: 2.22;"> by </span><i style="line-height: 2.22;">Just Security</i><span style="line-height: 2.22;">’s Shaheed Fatima. </span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Asher Hirsh, <a href="http://rightnow.org.au/writing-cat/article/does-government-spying-violate-human-rights-law/"><i>Does Government Spying Violate Human Rights Law?</i></a>, Right Now (Mar. 11, 2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Hirsh lays out the international human rights law provisions relevant to the right to privacy—Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 17 of the ICCPR—and provides a brief discussion of the two qualifying prohibitions on surveillance: unlawfulness and arbitrariness. He notes that according to the UN Human Rights Committee, the prohibition on unlawful interferences reaches cases not “envisaged by the law” and the prohibition on arbitrary interferences requires that interferences be necessary and reasonable. The combination of these two requirements means that more cases may violate IHRL, since even lawful surveillance may be arbitrary and non-arbitrary surveillance may be unlawful.</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Human Rights Watch & Electronic Frontier Foundation, <a href="https://www.eff.org/files/2014/03/12/hrweffsubmission_on_privacy_us_ccpr_final.pdf">Supplemental Submission to the Human Rights Commission During its Consideration of the Fourth Periodic Report of the United States</a> (2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Section I in particular argues that accepting the US’s position that the ICCPR, including its Article 17 protection against “arbitrary or unlawful interference with [one’s] privacy, family, home or correspondence,” does not apply extraterritorially should be rejected and that the UNHRC should conclude that the US has violated this article through its surveillance activities. This document also notes that “the US’s position under Articles 2 and 17 [of the ICCPR] is in tension with the US’s own interpretation of its jurisdiction under the USA PATRIOT Act and other surveillance laws.” </span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Rikke Frank Joergensen, <a href="http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/can-human-rights-law-bend-mass-surveillance"><i>Can human rights law bend mass surveillance?</i></a>, Internet Pol’y Rev. (Feb. 27, 2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">After providing a brief overview of PRISM, Joergensen lays out the basis for a right to privacy in international human rights law—Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 17 of the ICCPR—and assesses PRISM under the criteria suggested by Martin Scheinin. He concludes that there is a strong argument that US surveillance techniques violate international human rights law but that, ultimately, further legal analysis and recommendations concerning extraterritorial privacy violations are necessary.</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Mark Klamberg, <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1558843"><i>FRA and the European Convention on Human Rights – A Paradigm Shift in Swedish Electronic Surveillance Law</i></a>, Nordic Y.B. L. & Info. Tech. 96 (2010).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">In section 3 of this articl, Klamberg discusses Article 8 of the ECHR, which protects the individual’s right to respect for his private life, including his home and correspondence. He notes that the ECtHR has determined that telephone, fax, and email communications are covered under this article and that the mere existence of laws, without any identifiable victims as of yet, may constitute a threat of interference. He also discusses the ECtHR’s case law regarding the Article 8 requirements that interference is only permissible if the measure is “1) in accordance with the law; 2) pursues certain interests; and 3) is necessary in a democratic society.”</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Peter Margulies, <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2383976"><i>The NSA in Global Perspective: Surveillance, Human Rights, and International Counterterrorism</i></a>, 82 Fordham L. Rev. 2137 (forthcoming 2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Marguiles argues that the United States does have an extraterritorial duty to respect ICCPR rights, including the right to privacy under Article 17, but that the actual surveillance conducted does not violate this obligation. First, he asserts that when the surveillance is tailored and pursuant to judicial authorization and congressional oversight, that the surveillance does not violate Article 17’s prohibition on “unlawful interference.” Second, he suggests that it also does not violate the prohibition on “arbitrary interference” because U.S. practice does not diverge substantially from European practice and, to the extent that it does, the U.S. is owed deference since its procedural safeguards, namely the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, provide meaningful constraints on the government.</span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">Marko Milanovic, <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2418485"><i>Human Rights Treaties and Foreign Surveillance: Privacy in the Digital Age</i></a>, 55 Harv. J. Int’l L. (forthcoming 2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Milanovic argues that human rights treaties, such as the ICCPR and ECHR, apply to “foreign surveillance,” a category in which he includes “a wide range of activities conducted for the purpose of gathering intelligence, ranging from audio-visual observation or surveillance in a narrower sense, the interception of communications, electronic and otherwise, to the collection, storage, processing, and transfer of personal data to third parties.” In making this argument, he asserts that the right to privacy ought to transcend citizenship, but he is mindful of the various jurisdictional models that may apply. Ultimately, he suggests that foreign surveillance should be subject to the same fact-specific examination as domestic surveillance to determine that interferences are lawful and non-arbitrary. </span></p> <hr /> <p><b style="line-height: 2.22;">G. Alex Sinha, <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2327806"><i>NSA Surveillance Since 9/11 and the Human Right to Privacy</i></a>, 59 Loy. L. Rev. 861 (2014).</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">Responding to the position that the ICCPR does not apply extraterritorially, Sinha argues that “even under conservative assumptions about the scope of the NSA [surveillance] program and the coverage of the ICCPR, there is good reason to think that the program violates the Covenant.” Of particular interest is Part III (“Assessing the NSA’s Activities under International Human Rights Law”). That section provides a detailed discussion of the content of the right to privacy under the ICCPR and applies this framework to US surveillance, asserting that even if it is not “unlawful interference,” it should be considered “arbitrary interference.”</span></p> <hr /> <p><b></b><b>Michael JV White, <a href="http://www.victoria.ac.nz/law/centres/nzcpl/publications/human-rights-research-journal/publications/vol-8/MICHAEL-WHITE-HRR-2013.pdf"><i>A 21st Century Quagmire: Surveillance Laws and International Human Rights Norms</i></a>, 8 Hum. Rts. Res., 2013, at 1.</b></p> <p><span style="line-height: 2.22;">In the section, “The right to privacy,” White lays out not only the basis for a right to privacy in international human rights law—Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 17 of the ICCPR—but also provides an overview of the debate as to what the right to privacy encompasses, discussing the ECtHR and UNHRC among others. White provides a description of surveillance laws in three jurisdictions—the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand—and presents concerns about the lack of transparency as a violation of the right to privacy.</span></p> </main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98733/ukraine-icc-ratification/">Unforced Error: Article 124 and the Regrettable Caveat to Ukraine’s Proposed Ratification of the ICC Statute</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98674/911-plea-deals-revoked/">Revoking the 9/11 Plea Deals: Human Rights Consequences</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98652/afghanistan-taliban-third-anniversary/">Collecting Just Security’s Afghanistan Coverage on Third Anniversary of Taliban Takeover</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98592/sudan-talks-deadlock/">Breaking the Deadlock: New Talks Needed to Help End Sudan’s Violence and Offer a Glimmer of Hope</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/abdulshafiquscondy/" title="Profile and articles by Quscondy Abdulshafi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Quscondy Abdulshafi</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98543/fara-sue-mi-terry/">The Perils of Expertise: How the DOJ Indictment of Sue Mi Terry Can Chill the Think Tank World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/craiggregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory B. Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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