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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subfamily of fishes</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Glanapteryginae </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Glanapteryginae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Siluriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glanapteryginae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/George_S._Myers" title="George S. Myers">Myers</a>, 1944</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Glanapteryx" title="Glanapteryx">Glanapteryx</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Myers, 1927</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Glanapteryx" title="Glanapteryx">Glanapteryx</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Listrura" title="Listrura">Listrura</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Pygidianops" title="Pygidianops">Pygidianops</a></i><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Typhlobelus" title="Typhlobelus">Typhlobelus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Glanapteryginae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Glanapteryginae">Glanapteryginae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Glanapteryginae</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfishes</a> (order Siluriformes) of the family <a href="/wiki/Trichomycteridae" title="Trichomycteridae">Trichomycteridae</a>. It includes four <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Glanapteryx" title="Glanapteryx">Glanapteryx</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Listrura" title="Listrura">Listrura</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pygidianops" title="Pygidianops">Pygidianops</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Typhlobelus" title="Typhlobelus">Typhlobelus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glanapteryginae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">Monophyly</a> of the subfamily is supported by five <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a> involving reductions in the fins, caudal skeleton, and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">laterosensory system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that the sister group to this subfamily is the <a href="/wiki/Sarcoglanidinae" title="Sarcoglanidinae">Sarcoglanidinae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Listrura</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">sister group</a> to the remainder of the subfamily. <i>Glanapteryx</i> is sister to a clade formed by the sister taxa <i>Pygidianops</i> and <i>Typhlobelus</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glanapteryginae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Glanapteryx</i>, <i>Pygidianops</i>, and <i>Typhlobelus</i> are distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon River basin">Amazon River basins</a>. <i>Listrura</i> species are from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, outside of the Amazon River basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the distribution of glanapterygines may be greater than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glanapteryginae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the subfamily is constituted by 'miniaturized' species. Though miniaturized fish usually refers to fish that do not reach 25.4 mm (1.0 in) <a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">standard length</a>, <i>Glanapteryx</i> and <i>Typhlobelus</i> have been considered 'elongated miniatures' due to their <a href="/wiki/Paedomorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedomorphosis">paedomorphic</a> features and small head sizes, despite their lengths exceeding an inch.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Pinna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Pinna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pygidianops</i> and <i>Typhlobelus</i> are the most modified glanapterygines, sharing extreme reduction or loss of pigmentation, fins, laterosensory system, and eyes; they are also miniaturized, yet retain the well-<a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossified</a> skeleton comparable in both bone differentiation and degree of calcification to that observed in larger trichomycterids.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four of these genera are currently monophyletic.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glanapteryginae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glanapterygine phylogeny indicates the evolution of the group followed a trend of decreasing dependence on <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> and increasing association with sand. <i>Listrura</i> species occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. Little is known about the habitats of the species of <i>Glanapteryx</i>, but information available indicates they have been collected in association with leaf litter underlain with sand. By contrast, <i>Pygidianops</i> and <i>Typhlobelus</i> are entirely disassociated from leaf litter, and occupy exclusively clear water, loose sand; some species have been found to live exclusively in the substratum of the sand (rather than on the sand surface or in the water column above the sand), which could be the first vertebrates identified to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Meiofauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiofauna">meiofauna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> organisms. The latter two genera are more specialized for this lifestyle than any other catfishes, as evidenced by their loss of morphological traits. These two species also have paired keels, called metapleural keels, formed by long ridges of stiffened integument, extend along the entire ventral margin of the abdomen, ending posteriorly shortly posterior to the anus. These keels probably serve to stabilize the body while moving in sand.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaefer_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glanapteryginae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchaeferProvenzano,_Franciscode_Pinna,_MarioBaskin,_Jonathan_N.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer, Scott A.; Provenzano, Francisco; de Pinna, Mario; Baskin, Jonathan N. (November 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5665/1/N3496.pdf">"New and Noteworthy Venezuelan Glanapterygine Catfishes (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with Discussion of Their Biogeography and Psammophily"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Museum Novitates</i> (3496): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0082%282005%29496%5B0001%3ANANVGC%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1206/0003-0082(2005)496[0001:NANVGC]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19506818">19506818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Museum+Novitates&rft.atitle=New+and+Noteworthy+Venezuelan+Glanapterygine+Catfishes+%28Siluriformes%2C+Trichomycteridae%29%2C+with+Discussion+of+Their+Biogeography+and+Psammophily&rft.issue=3496&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=2005-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1206%2F0003-0082%282005%29496%5B0001%3ANANVGC%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19506818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft.au=Provenzano%2C+Francisco&rft.au=de+Pinna%2C+Mario&rft.au=Baskin%2C+Jonathan+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2246%2F5665%2F1%2FN3496.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlanapteryginae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Pinna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Pinna_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Pinna1989" class="citation journal cs1">de Pinna, Mario C. C. (August 9, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5105/1/N2950.pdf">"A New Sarcoglanidine Catfish, Phylogeny of Its Subfamily, and an Appraisal of the Phyletic Status of the Trichomycterinae (Teleostei, Trichomycteridae)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Museum Novitates</i> (2950): 1–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Museum+Novitates&rft.atitle=A+New+Sarcoglanidine+Catfish%2C+Phylogeny+of+Its+Subfamily%2C+and+an+Appraisal+of+the+Phyletic+Status+of+the+Trichomycterinae+%28Teleostei%2C+Trichomycteridae%29&rft.issue=2950&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=1989-08-09&rft.aulast=de+Pinna&rft.aufirst=Mario+C.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2246%2F5105%2F1%2FN2950.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlanapteryginae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div 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identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Glanapteryginae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5566598" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5566598">Q5566598</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glanapteryginae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Glanapteryginae">Glanapteryginae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span 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