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<span><i>Śruti</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Śruti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smriti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smriti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Smriti</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Smriti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Smriti</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Smriti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purāṇas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purāṇas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Purāṇas</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purāṇas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ācāra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ācāra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Ācāra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ācāra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ātmatuṣṭi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ātmatuṣṭi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Ātmatuṣṭi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ātmatuṣṭi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instances_of_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instances_of_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Instances of conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instances_of_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prasthanatrayi" 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প্রমাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="शब्दप्रमाण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शब्दप्रमाण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சாஸ்திர பிரமாணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாஸ்திர பிரமாணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <b><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śāstra pramāṇam</i></span></b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Pramana#Śabda" title="Pramana">the authority of the scriptures</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">śruti</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>) with regard to <i><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">puruṣārtha</a></i>, the objects of human pursuit, namely <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Hinduism)">dharma</a></i> (right conduct), <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></i> (means of life), <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma">kāma</a></i> (pleasure) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mok%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokṣa">mokṣa</a></i> (liberation).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with <i><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">smṛti</a></i> ("that which is remembered, tradition": <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Epics">Hindu Epics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">ācāra</a></i> (good custom), and <i><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">ātmatuṣṭi</a></i> ("what is pleasing to oneself"), it provides <i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramana</a></i> (means of knowledge) and <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of dharma">sources of dharma</a>, as expressed in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hindu_law" title="Classical Hindu law">Classical Hindu law</a>, philosophy, rituals and customs. </p><p>The first two are undisputed epistemic sources (<i><a href="/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramāṇa">pramāṇa</a></i>), where <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">śruti</a> holds the ultimate or supreme authority as <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śāstra pramāṇam</i></span>, while there is difference of opinion for <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ācāra</i></span> and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ātmatuṣṭi</i></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramāṇa">Pramāṇa</a></i> literally means "proof" and is also a concept and field of Indian philosophy. The concept is derived from the Sanskrit roots, <i>pra</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">प्र</span></span>), a preposition meaning "outward" or "forth", and <i>mā</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">मा</span></span>) which means "measurement". <i>Pramā</i> means "correct notion, true knowledge, basis, foundation, understand", with pramāṇa being a further nominalization of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the concept <i>Pramāṇa</i> implies that which is a "means of acquiring <i>prama</i> or certain, correct, true knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-sepramana_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sepramana-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastra</a></i> commonly refers to a treatise or text on a specific field of knowledge. In early <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature, the word referred to any precept, rule, teaching, ritual instruction or direction.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamszastra_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamszastra-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late and post Vedic literature of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <i>Shastra</i> referred to any treatise, book or instrument of teaching, any manual or compendium on any subject in any field of knowledge, including religious.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamszastra_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamszastra-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often a suffix, added to the subject of the treatise, such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>-Shastra, <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a>-Shastra, <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>-Shastra, Koka- or <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a>-Shastra,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>-Shastra, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a>-Shastra, Alamkara-Shastra (rhetoric), Kavya-Shastra (poetics), <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangeet (music)">Sangita</a>-Shastra (music), <a href="/wiki/Natya" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya">Natya</a>-Shastra (theatre & dance) and others.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamszastra_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamszastra-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldshastra626_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldshastra626-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to <i>sāstra pramāṇam</i> is refers to the authority to the Vedic scriptures, as expressed in <a href="/wiki/Bhagavadgita" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavadgita">Bhagavadgita</a> chapter 16, verse 24, where Krishna commands Arjuna to follow the authority of the scriptures:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tasmāt śāstraṁ pramāṇam te kāryākārya vyavasthitau<br />jñātvā śāstravidhānoktam karma kartumihārhasi</i></span></i><br /><br /> Therefore, let the (vedic) scriptures (śāstraṁ) be your authority (pramāṇam) in determining what should be done and what should not be done.<br />Understand the scriptural injunctions and teachings, and then perform your actions in this world accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>Sruti</i>, <i>smriti</i>, <i>ācāra</i> and <i>ātmatuṣṭi</i> are also the four <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of dharma">sources of dharma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hindu_law" title="Classical Hindu law">classical Hindu law</a>, as expressed in <a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a>, Brahmaparva, Adhyaya 7: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vedaḥ smṛtiḥ sadācāraḥ svasya ca priyamātmanaḥ<br />etaccaturvidhaṃ prāhuḥ sākshāddharmasya lakshaṇam</i></span></i><br /><br />Vedas, smritis, good (approved) tradition and what is agreeable to one's soul (conscience),<br />the wise have declared to be the four direct evidences of dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The explanation of that sloka has been given in the digest (nibandha), <i>bāla nibandhādarśa</i>: there in dharma, vedas are the only chief pramāna. Smritis dissect (analyze) the essence of vedas only. Both of them support Sadācāra. Ātmasantuṣṭi that is favourable to all these is (then) dharma pramāna.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Śruti"><span id=".C5.9Aruti"></span><i>Śruti</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Śruti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Sruti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pramana#Śabda" title="Pramana">Śabda</a></div> <p><i>Shruti</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">श्रुति</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śruti</i></span></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɕɽʊtɪ]</a></span>) in Sanskrit means "that which is heard" and refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious texts</a> comprising the central canon of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the <b>ultimate epistemic authority</b> or <b>mūla pramāṇa (or prathama pramāṇa)</b>. <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> states that <i>Śrutistu vedo vigneyah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: श्रुतिस्तु वेदो विज्ञेय:, lit. means "Know that Vedas are Śruti"). Thus, it includes the four <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> including its four types of embedded texts—the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brāhmaṇas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Araṇyakas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upaniṣads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wendydof_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wendydof-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> is also referred as <i>Gitopaniṣad</i>, thereby according it the status of Upanishad (i.e. Śruti), even though it is originally part of smṛti.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vedic Sages such as Baudhayana, Parāśara, Vedavyāsa, Gautama,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaśiṣṭha,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Āpastamba,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manu,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yājñavalkya have adhered this view in their works. </p><p>The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the (epistemic authority of) <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> were regarded as <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81stika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāstika">Nāstika</a>, i.e. heterodox in the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smriti"><i>Smriti</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Smriti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a></div> <p><i>Smriti</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">स्मृति</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Smṛti</i></span></i>) is considered as the <b>penultimate epistemic authority</b> or <b>dvitīya pramāṇa</b>. Smriti literally means "that which is remembered" and it a body of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> texts usually attributed to an author, traditionally written down, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śrutis</a> (the Vedic literature) considered authorless, that were transmitted verbally across the generations and fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-wendydof_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wendydof-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Smriti</i> is a derivative secondary work and is considered less authoritative than <i>Sruti</i> in Hinduism, except in the <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shelpollock41_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shelpollock41-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authority of <i>smriti</i> accepted by orthodox schools, is derived from that of <i>shruti</i>, on which it is based.<sup id="cite_ref-Guénon2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guénon2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Smrti literature is a corpus of diverse varied texts.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeld-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This corpus includes, but is not limited to the six <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedāngas</a> (the auxiliary sciences in the Vedas), the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasas</a> (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Rāmāyana</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Dharmasutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutras">Dharmasūtras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstras</a> (or Smritiśāstras), the Arthasaśāstras, the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purānas</a>, the Kāvya or poetical literature, extensive <i>Bhasyas</i> (reviews and commentaries on <i>Shrutis</i> and non-Shruti texts), and numerous <i>Nibandhas</i> (digests) covering politics, ethics (<i>Nitisastras</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliams_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliams-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culture, arts and society.<sup id="cite_ref-bilimoriasmrti_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bilimoriasmrti-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy_Perrett_1998_pages_16-18_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy_Perrett_1998_pages_16-18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each Smriti text exists in many versions, with many different readings.<sup id="cite_ref-wendydof_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wendydof-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smritis were considered fluid and freely rewritten by anyone in ancient and medieval Hindu tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-wendydof_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wendydof-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shelpollock41_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shelpollock41-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authors of 18 smritis are namely, Atri, Viṣṇu, Hārīta, Auśanasī, Āngirasa, Yama, Āpastamba, Samvartta, Kātyāyana, Bṛhaspati, Parāśara, Vyāsa, Śaṅkha, Likhita,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dakṣa, Gautama, Śātātapa and Vaśiṣṭha.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yājñavalkya gives the list of total 20 by adding two more Smritis, namely, Yājñavalkya and Manu.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parāśara whose name appears in this list, enumerates also twenty authors, but instead of Samvartta, Bṛhaspati, and Vyāsa, he gives the names of Kaśyapa, Bhṛgu and Prachetas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purāṇas"><span id="Pur.C4.81.E1.B9.87as"></span><i>Purāṇas</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purāṇas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Āpastamba and Vyasa considers the <i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as" class="mw-redirect" title="Purāṇas">purāṇas</a></i> as <b>antepenultimate epistemic authority</b> or <b>tṛtīya pramāṇa</b>. In Āpastambasmṛti, it has been mentioned as<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yat adṛṣṭam hi vedeṣu tat draṣṭavyaṃ smṛtau kila<br />ubhābhyāṃ yat adṛṣṭastu tat purāṇeṣu paṭhyate</i></span></i> <br /><br />Whenever there is no reference in vedas then smṛtis are to be referred.<br />In case references are absent in them both, then purāṇas are to be consulted.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Vyāsasmṛti (verse 1.5) state that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śrutismṛtipurāṇokta dharmayogyāstu netare</i></span></i> <br /><br />The sayings of Vedas, smṛtis and puranas are deemed to be dharma and not others.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ācāra"><span id=".C4.80c.C4.81ra"></span><i>Ācāra</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ācāra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></div> <p><i>Ācāra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">आचार</span>), also <i>siṣṭāchāra</i> or <i>sadāchara</i>, is a concept used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hindu_law" title="Classical Hindu law">Classical Hindu law</a> that refers to the <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customary laws</a> or community norms of a particular social group.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These community norms are delineated and put into practice by people who have earned the respect of those within each individual group, such as a community leader or elder. Although in <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> the ideal person who defines the ācāra of a particular place is dictated as one who knows the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> or is “learned”, in actual practice this role is often deferred to group leaders along with Vedic scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_Seven_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_Seven-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ācāra is theologically important in classical Hindu law because it is considered, along with the Vedas (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a> (traditional texts such as the Dharmaśāstra literature), to be one of the sources of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_One_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_One-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particular regional ācāra is believed to be canonized in Dharmaśāstra texts; however scholars differ on the source for the actual accounts found within these texts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anuśāsana-parva</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dharmaṃ jijñāsamānānāṃ pramāṇaṃ prathamaṃ śrutiḥ<br />dvitīyaṃ dharmaśāstraṃ tu tṛtīyo lokasangrahaḥ</i></span></i><br /><br /> Those who have the 'desire to know dharma' (dharma jijñāsa), the first pramāṇa is śruti.<br />The second pramāṇa are the dharmaśāstras (i.e. the dharma part of smṛti). The third reference is as per the custom of the people<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <p>To Parāśara<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yājñavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a>, Vaśiṣṭha and <a href="/wiki/Baudhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudhayana">Baudhayana</a>, the virtuous conduct of <b>Śiṣṭa</b>s (virtuous learned men) and practice of good men, <b>Sadāchara</b> is the <b>antepenultimate epistemic authority</b> or <b>tṛtīya pramāṇa</b> after Śrutis and Smṛtis.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaśiṣṭhasmṛti verse 1.4 quotes, <i>tadalabhe śiṣṭāchārah pramāṇam</i>, i.e. only if the relevant references are absent in those both, then Śiṣṭa Āchāra can be considered as Antepenultimate pramāṇa. According to the sage <a href="/wiki/Va%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaśiṣṭha">Vaśiṣṭha</a>, Śruti and Smṛti are more important sources than others.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a> also prescribes as similar view.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While citing <b>Śiṣṭāgama</b><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (lit. that which has come down from Śiṣṭas) as the antepenultimate authority after Vedas and smirtis by <a href="/wiki/Baudhayana_sutras" title="Baudhayana sutras">Baudhayana</a> in his smriti (verse 1.5), the <b>Śiṣṭas</b> are defined thus:-Sistas (indeed are those) who are free from envy (vigatamatsarāḥ), free from pride (nirahankārāḥ), contented with a store of grain sufficient for ten days (kumbhīdhānyāḥ), free from covetousness (alolupāḥ), and free from hypocrisy (damba), arrogance (darpa), greed (lobha), perplexity (confusion) and anger (krodha).<sup id="cite_ref-astrojyoti.com_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrojyoti.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kumarila_Bhatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarila Bhatta">Kumarila Bhatta</a>, prominent <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a> scholar from early <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a> states in his <i>Tantravartika</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the practices of good men (Sadāchāra) are not in conflict with what is taught in the <i>veda</i> and <i>smṛti</i>, such practices can be regarded as authoritative in matters relating to <i>dharma</i>, but when there is the least thing repugnant to the teaching of the Veda, then, as there would be a conflict of authorities, the practices cannot be regarded as any authority at all.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ātmatuṣṭi"><span id=".C4.80tmatu.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.ADi"></span><i>Ātmatuṣṭi</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ātmatuṣṭi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Atmatusti</a></div> <p><i>Ātmaṣtuṭi</i> is usually translated into English as being "what is pleasing to oneself."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first three sources of law are rooted in the vedas, whereas Ātmatuṣṭi is not. It is because of this that Ātmatuṣṭi, as a fourth source (i.e. <i>caturtha pramāṇa</i>), is not recognized by most scholars due to the lack of legitimacy. Only Manu and Yājñavalkya refer to Ātmatuṣṭi as the fourth source of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Law">Hindu Law</a> tradition. Textual accounts of Manu's and Yajnavalkya's placement of Ātmatuṣṭi as a fourth source of dharma can be found in <i>The Law Code of Manu</i> 2.6 and <i>The Law Code of Yajnavalkya</i> 1.7. Also, Ātmatuṣṭi does not share the same authority as <i>sruti</i>, <i>smriti</i>, and <i>acara</i>. Ātmatuṣṭi differs significantly from the other three sources of dharma in that it is not based on an "authority exterior to man"; in other words, an individual is able to create their own authority for any issue not covered under sruti, smriti, and acara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingat19736_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingat19736-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ātmatuṣṭi</i> is also known as <i>Hṛdayānujña</i> (free will) is mentioned also by Manu, Yājñavalkya and Vishnu distinctly mention this as a or source of moral and religion knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yājñavalkya goes further step adding <i>good intent</i> (samyaksaṃkalpa) as additional fifth source of Dharma: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śrutiḥ smṛtiḥ sadācāraḥ svasya ca priyam ātmanaḥ <br />samyaksaṃkalpajaḥ kāmo dharmamūlaṃ idaṃ smṛtam</i></span></i> <br /><br />The source of dharma is declared to be fivefold: 1) śrutiḥ; 2) smṛtiḥ; sadācāraḥ (right conduct); svasya ca priyam ātmanaḥ (one's own benefit) and<br />5) desire born of purposeful intention (samyaksaṃkalpajaḥ kāmaḥ).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Later, <i>samyaksaṃkalpa</i> (Pali: sammā saṅkappa) was included among the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> (āryāṣṭāṅgamārga) putforth by <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brahm_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brahm-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instances_of_conflict">Instances of conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instances of conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conflict between different epistemic sources, generally termed as <i>virodha</i>. When there is an instance of conflict between the smriti and the śruti, the śruti shall prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Whenever there is conflict between different epistemic sources in general, then as per Āpastamba, it is advised to refer more preceding epistemic sources as they hold more authority. In Āpastambasmṛti, it is mentioned as </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śrutismṛtipurāṇeṣu viruddheṣu parasparam<br />pūrvaṃ pūrvaṃ balīyam syāditi nyāyavido viduḥ</i></span></i> <br /><br />Whenever there is mutual conflict between vedas, smṛtis and purāṇas, then the ones well-versed in nyāya suggest that<br />more preceding epistemic source holds higher weightage (than the later epistemic one)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Vedavyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedavyasa">Vedavyasa</a> also holds a similar view in his vyāsasmṛti, verse 1.4 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śruti smṛti purāṇām virodho yatra driśyate tatra śrotam pramāṇāstu tayordhvyadhe smṛtirvarā</i></span></i> <br /><br />In cases where conflicts are apparent among veda, smriti and Purana, Veda is the valid authority; and where remaining two (Smriti and Purana) are in conflict, Smriti is the valid authority<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prasthanatrayi"><i>Prasthanatrayi</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prasthanatrayi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></i> (Sanskrit: प्रस्थानत्रयी, IAST: Prasthānatrayī) are the three canonical texts of Hindu theology having epistemic authority, especially of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></i> schools, namely the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>. Prasthanatrayi can viewed as subset of Hindu epistemic sources. Vedanta is also known as <i>Uttara Mīmāṃsā</i> is one of the six (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. These six schools are traditionally referred as <i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">shad-darśanas</a></i> as they give their own points of view on the Hindu scriptures. Vedānta school is based on <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sūtras</a> (Sanskrit: ब्रह्म सूत्र) of <a href="/wiki/Badarayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Badarayana">Bādarāyana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adi_Sankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Sankara">Adi Sankara</a> who propagated <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> has established the concept of <i>Prasthanatrayi</i>, the epistemic references based on Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism. Along with Brahma sutras, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">upanishads</a> are considered from Vedas and <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavad gita">Bhagavad gita</a> is chosen from Mahabharata, which is <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> (i.e. part of smriti).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same has been accepted by all other acharyas of other vedanta schools such as <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhwa">Madhwa</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage_and_criticism">Modern usage and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern usage and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Śāstra pramāṇam has been used by social reformers for 19th century from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the most prominent campaigner for widow remarriage and was supported in this by many wise and elite gentlemen of the society and the first signatory on his application to the then Governor General was Shri Kasinath Dutta, belonging to the Hatkhola Dutta lineage. He petitioned in legislative council and was responsible for <i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Widows%27_Remarriage_Act,_1856" title="Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856">Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same century, Similar effort from south India was carried by social reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam_pantulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam pantulu">Kandukuri Veeresalingam pantulu</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gurazada_Apparao" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurazada Apparao">Gurazada Apparao</a> to eradicate social evils. </p><p>Baba Saheb <a href="/wiki/Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> has criticized the rigidity of śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism in his work <a href="/wiki/Annihilation_of_Caste" title="Annihilation of Caste">Annihilation of Caste</a> by attacking especially on <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to prevent child marriages among Hindus, <i>The Child Marriage Restraint Act</i> was passed in 1929. Śāstra pramāṇam was considered by Hindu pandits appointed by the <i>age of consent committee</i> to fix the age of marriage of girl child and then it was fixed to be 14 later by <a href="/wiki/Sarda_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarda Act">Sarda Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika and nāstika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma (Buddhism)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hK1IAQAAIAAJ"><i>Yajna, a Comprehensive Survey</i></a>. Yoga Publications Trust. 2007. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186336472" title="Special:BookSources/9788186336472"><bdi>9788186336472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yajna%2C+a+Comprehensive+Survey&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Yoga+Publications+Trust&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788186336472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhK1IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc2/index.php">प्रमा</a> Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Grimes (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675">978-0791430675</a>, page 237-238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sepramana-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sepramana_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=pramANa&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3">pramANa</a> Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierwilliamszastra-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamszastra_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamszastra_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamszastra_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Williams, Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Article on <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html">zAstra</a></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Comfort and Charles Fowkes (1993), The Illustrated Koka Shastra: Medieval Indian Writings on Love Based on the Kama Sutra, Simon & Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684839813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684839813">978-0684839813</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeldshastra626-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldshastra626_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shastra" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 626</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ODSDwAAQBAJ"><i>Universal Message of the Bhagavad Gita</i></a>. Advaita Ashrama. 2000. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175059337" title="Special:BookSources/9788175059337"><bdi>9788175059337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Message+of+the+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=Advaita+Ashrama&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788175059337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ODSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asitis.com/16/24.html"><i>Bhagavad-gītā As It Is</i></a> (in Sanskrit and English), translated by <a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Book_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktivedanta Book Trust">Bhaktivedanta Book Trust</a>, 1968, Chapter 16, verse 24, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68008322">68008322</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854700" class="extiw" title="d:Q854700">Q854700</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavad-g%C4%ABt%C4%81+As+It+Is&rft.pages=Chapter+16%2C+verse+24&rft.pub=Bhaktivedanta+Book+Trust&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68008322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasitis.com%2F16%2F24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/16/verse/24"><i>Bhagavad Gita: The Song of God</i></a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Mukundananda" title="Mukundananda">Mukundananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_Kripaluji_Yog" title="Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog">Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog</a>, Chapter 16, verse 24, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0747RJJNG">B0747RJJNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28015595M">28015595M</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108659922" class="extiw" title="d:Q108659922">Q108659922</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavad+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+God&rft.pages=Chapter+16%2C+verse+24&rft.pub=Jagadguru+Kripaluji+Yog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28015595M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0747RJJNG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holy-bhagavad-gita.org%2Fchapter%2F16%2Fverse%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedagyana.info/maha-puranas-telugu/bhavishya-purana/brahma-parva/?chapter=7">"ఏడవ అధ్యాయము - 7. వివాహ ధర్మ వర్ణనము"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5+%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81+-+7.+%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9+%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE+%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedagyana.info%2Fmaha-puranas-telugu%2Fbhavishya-purana%2Fbrahma-parva%2F%3Fchapter%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ODSDwAAQBAJ"><i>बाल निबन्धादर्शः (bāla nibandhādarśa)</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. 2000. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175059337" title="Special:BookSources/9788175059337"><bdi>9788175059337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83+%28b%C4%81la+nibandh%C4%81dar%C5%9Ba%29&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788175059337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ODSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jameslochtefeld-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeld_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Smrti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798">978-0823931798</a>, page 656-657</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wendydof-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wendydof_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wendydof_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wendydof_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wendydof_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-1867-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-1867-6">0-7190-1867-6</a>, pages 2-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Bhattacharya (2006), Hinduism: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595384556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595384556">978-0595384556</a>, pages 8-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeena_R._Howard2017" class="citation book cs1">Veena R. Howard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-mKDwAAQBAJ"><i>Dharma: The Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh Traditions of India</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786732125" title="Special:BookSources/9781786732125"><bdi>9781786732125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharma%3A+The+Hindu%2C+Jain%2C+Buddhist+and+Sikh+Traditions+of+India&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781786732125&rft.au=Veena+R.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-mKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Rosen2011" class="citation book cs1">Steven Rosen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ud9x63jUFu8C"><i>The Jedi in the Lotus: Star Wars and the Hindu Tradition</i></a>. Arktos Media Ltd. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907166112" title="Special:BookSources/9781907166112"><bdi>9781907166112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jedi+in+the+Lotus%3A+Star+Wars+and+the+Hindu+Tradition&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Arktos+Media+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781907166112&rft.au=Steven+Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dud9x63jUFu8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_M._Schweig2010" class="citation book cs1">Graham M. Schweig (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKl8dLi1zNUC"><i>Bhagavad Gita: The Beloved Lord's Secret Love Song</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062065025" title="Special:BookSources/9780062065025"><bdi>9780062065025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavad+Gita%3A+The+Beloved+Lord%27s+Secret+Love+Song&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780062065025&rft.au=Graham+M.+Schweig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcKl8dLi1zNUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedar_Nath_Tiwari1998" class="citation book cs1">Kedar Nath Tiwari (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNYS_IlSXYsC"><i>Classical Indian Ethical Thought: A Philosophical Study of Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist Morals</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120816084" title="Special:BookSources/9788120816084"><bdi>9788120816084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+Ethical+Thought%3A+A+Philosophical+Study+of+Hindu%2C+Jaina%2C+and+Buddhist+Morals&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788120816084&rft.au=Kedar+Nath+Tiwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNYS_IlSXYsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apastamba Dharmasūtram (Sanskrit), Dr. Umeshchandra Pandey, Chaukamba Press (Varanasi), 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_D._Flood1996" class="citation book cs1">Gavin D. Flood (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521438780" title="Special:BookSources/9780521438780"><bdi>9780521438780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521438780&rft.au=Gavin+D.+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shelpollock41-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shelpollock41_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shelpollock41_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheldon Pollock (2011), Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia (Editor: Federico Squarcini), Anthem, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857284303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857284303">978-0857284303</a>, pages 41-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_G._CowardRonald_NeufeldtEva_K._Neumaier-Dargyay1988" class="citation book cs1">Harold G. Coward; Ronald Neufeldt; Eva K. Neumaier-Dargyay (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SV3KSwhsYi4C"><i>Readings in Eastern Religions</i></a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-955-8"><bdi>978-0-88920-955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Eastern+Religions&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-955-8&rft.au=Harold+G.+Coward&rft.au=Ronald+Neufeldt&rft.au=Eva+K.+Neumaier-Dargyay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSV3KSwhsYi4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span>; Quote: "smriti is classified as being based on (and therefore less authoritative than) the directly revealed, shruti, literature.";<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnantanand_Rambachan1991" class="citation book cs1">Anantanand Rambachan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FlsBa8FWlIC"><i>Accomplishing the Accomplished</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1358-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-1358-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accomplishing+the+Accomplished&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1358-1&rft.au=Anantanand+Rambachan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FlsBa8FWlIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span>;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_IndenJonathan_S._Walters2000" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Inden; Jonathan S. Walters; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512430-9"><bdi>978-0-19-512430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Querying+the+Medieval%3A+Texts+and+the+History+of+Practices+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512430-9&rft.au=Ronald+Inden&rft.au=Jonathan+S.+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPARDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guénon2009-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guénon2009_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Guénon2009" class="citation book cs1">René Guénon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8CFSlU_K2IC&pg=PA164"><i>The Essential Ren' Gu'non: Metaphysics, Tradition, and the Crisis of Modernity</i></a>. World Wisdom, Inc. pp. 164–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-57-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-57-4"><bdi>978-1-933316-57-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Ren%27+Gu%27non%3A+Metaphysics%2C+Tradition%2C+and+the+Crisis+of+Modernity&rft.pages=164-&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933316-57-4&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Gu%C3%A9non&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8CFSlU_K2IC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2012" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2012). "The Revelation of Tradition: śruti, smrti, and the Sanskrit Discourse of Power". In Squarcini, Federico (ed.). <i>Boundaries, Dynamics And Construction Of Traditions In South Asia</i>. London: Anthem Press. pp. 41–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7135%2Fupo9781843313977.003">10.7135/upo9781843313977.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-397-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-397-7"><bdi>978-1-84331-397-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revelation+of+Tradition%3A+%C5%9Bruti%2C+smrti%2C+and+the+Sanskrit+Discourse+of+Power&rft.btitle=Boundaries%2C+Dynamics+And+Construction+Of+Traditions+In+South+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41-62&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7135%2Fupo9781843313977.003&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-397-7&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierwilliams-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliams_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche">smRti</a> Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bilimoriasmrti-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bilimoriasmrti_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Purushottama Bilimoria (2011), The idea of Hindu law, Journal of Oriental Society of Australia, Vol. 43, pages 103-130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy_Perrett_1998_pages_16-18-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_Perrett_1998_pages_16-18_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Perrett (1998), Hindu Ethics: A Philosophical Study, University of Hawaii Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824820855" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824820855">978-0824820855</a>, pages 16-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AshtadashSmriti">"Aṣṭādaśasmṛtayaḥ"</a>. <i>Kṣemarāja Śrīkṛṣṇadāsa</i>. 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Parbury, Allen & Co. 1828. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wm.+H.+Allen+%26+Company&rft.atitle=The+Asiatic+Journal+and+Monthly+Miscellany&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxEoAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L0BAAAAMAAJ">"Tattwabodhini Sabha and the Bengal Renaissance"</a>. <i>Amiyakumar Sen</i>. Publication Section, Sadharan Brahmo Samajo. 1979. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amiyakumar+Sen&rft.atitle=Tattwabodhini+Sabha+and+the+Bengal+Renaissance&rft.pages=291&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L0BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.astrojyoti.com/pdfs/DevanagariFiles/06Yagyavalkya_Smriti.pdf">https://www.astrojyoti.com/pdfs/DevanagariFiles/06Yagyavalkya_Smriti.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandukuri_Vireesalingam1882" class="citation book cs1">Kandukuri Vireesalingam (1882). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82.pdf"><i>stri punarvivāha śāstrasangrahamu</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 686.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=stri+punarviv%C4%81ha+%C5%9B%C4%81strasangrahamu&rft.pages=686&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Kandukuri+Vireesalingam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F5%2F5e%2F%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2580%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B9_%25E0%25B0%25B6%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0_%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%2597%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25B9%25E0%25B0%2582.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Jr. Donald R. Chapter One.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_Seven-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_Seven_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Jr. Donald R. Chapter Seven</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_One-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_Jr._Donald_R._Chapter_One_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Jr. Donald R. Chapter One</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lariviere, Richard W. 1997. pp. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._K._Purohit1994" class="citation book cs1">S. K. Purohit (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Nu7AAAAIAAJ"><i>Ancient Indian legal philosophy: its relevance to contemporary jurisprudential thought</i></a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171005833" title="Special:BookSources/9788171005833"><bdi>9788171005833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+legal+philosophy%3A+its+relevance+to+contemporary+jurisprudential+thought&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788171005833&rft.au=S.+K.+Purohit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Nu7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxCnDwAAQBAJ"><i>Rajadharma in Mahabharata: With Special Reference to Shanti-Parva</i></a>. DK Print World (P) Ltd. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124610084" title="Special:BookSources/9788124610084"><bdi>9788124610084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajadharma+in+Mahabharata%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Shanti-Parva&rft.pub=DK+Print+World+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788124610084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxCnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GsgoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Guru: The Universal Teacher</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781683832454" title="Special:BookSources/9781683832454"><bdi>9781683832454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru%3A+The+Universal+Teacher&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781683832454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsgoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astrojyoti.com-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astrojyoti.com_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astrojyoti.com_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.astrojyoti.com/pdfs/DevanagariFiles/baudhayana_smriti.pdf">https://www.astrojyoti.com/pdfs/DevanagariFiles/baudhayana_smriti.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedar_Nath_Tiwari1998" class="citation book cs1">Kedar Nath Tiwari (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SNYS_IlSXYsC"><i>Classical Indian Ethical Thought: A Philosophical Study of Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist Morals</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120816084" title="Special:BookSources/9788120816084"><bdi>9788120816084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+Ethical+Thought%3A+A+Philosophical+Study+of+Hindu%2C+Jaina%2C+and+Buddhist+Morals&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788120816084&rft.au=Kedar+Nath+Tiwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSNYS_IlSXYsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivelle, Patrick. 2004. <i>The Law Code of Manu</i>. 2.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELingat19736-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingat19736_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLingat1973">Lingat 1973</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JspHAQAAMAAJ">"Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6"</a>. Asiatic Society. 1911. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+%26+Proceedings+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJspHAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjay_K._Rao2015" class="citation book cs1">Ajay K. Rao (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70uvBAAAQBAJ"><i>Re-figuring the Ramayana as Theology: A History of Reception in Premodern India</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134077427" title="Special:BookSources/9781134077427"><bdi>9781134077427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-figuring+the+Ramayana+as+Theology%3A+A+History+of+Reception+in+Premodern+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781134077427&rft.au=Ajay+K.+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70uvBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/4_dharma/smrti/yajn2_pu.htm">"Yajnavalkya-Smrti (Plain text)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yajnavalkya-Smrti+%28Plain+text%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fgretil%2F1_sanskr%2F6_sastra%2F4_dharma%2Fsmrti%2Fyajn2_pu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brahm-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brahm_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjahn_Brahm2018" class="citation web cs1">Ajahn Brahm (27 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discourse.suttacentral.net/t/updating-nyanantiloka-theras-word-of-the-buddha/9552/11">"Word of the Buddha"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Word+of+the+Buddha&rft.date=2018-05-27&rft.au=Ajahn+Brahm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscourse.suttacentral.net%2Ft%2Fupdating-nyanantiloka-theras-word-of-the-buddha%2F9552%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qunYrHJTf9sC"><i>Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. 2006. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134691159" title="Special:BookSources/9781134691159"><bdi>9781134691159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+Philosophy&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781134691159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqunYrHJTf9sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91xAzuqbha0C"><i>Hindu Widow Marriage</i></a>. Columbia University Press. 2012. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231526609" title="Special:BookSources/9780231526609"><bdi>9780231526609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Widow+Marriage&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780231526609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91xAzuqbha0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.astrojyoti.com/pdfs/DevanagariFiles/02Vyasa_Smriti.pdf">https://www.astrojyoti.com/pdfs/DevanagariFiles/02Vyasa_Smriti.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vepa, Kosla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dls3ROqB4iUC&dq=Prasthanatrayi&pg=PA112">The Dhaarmik Traditions</a>. Indic Studies Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshvarchandra_Vidyasagar_(translated_by_Brian_A._Hatcher)2012" class="citation book cs1">Ishvarchandra Vidyasagar (translated by Brian A. Hatcher) (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91xAzuqbha0C"><i>Hindu Widow Marriage</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231526609" title="Special:BookSources/9780231526609"><bdi>9780231526609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Widow+Marriage&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780231526609&rft.au=Ishvarchandra+Vidyasagar+%28translated+by+Brian+A.+Hatcher%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91xAzuqbha0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2003" class="citation book cs1">Chakraborty, Uma (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLMDxv_L-U8C&pg=PA125"><i>Gendering caste through a feminist lens</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85604-54-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85604-54-1"><bdi>978-81-85604-54-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+caste+through+a+feminist+lens&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-85604-54-1&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLMDxv_L-U8C%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, 1936. <i>Anhilation of Caste</i>. p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/29529/GIPE-112577-01.pdf">"The Child Marriage Restraint Act (Act XIX of 1929)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>A. S. Srinivasa Aiyyar</i>. The Law Publishing Company, Mylapore, Madras. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A.+S.+Srinivasa+Aiyyar&rft.atitle=The+Child+Marriage+Restraint+Act+%28Act+XIX+of+1929%29&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.gipe.ac.in%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10973%2F29529%2FGIPE-112577-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">तस्मात् शास्त्रं प्रमाणं ते कार्याकार्यव्यवस्थितौ । ज्ञात्वा शास्त्रविधानोक्तं कर्म कर्तुमिहार्हसि ॥</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मनः । एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद्धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">तत्र धर्मे मुख्यं प्रमाणं वेद एव। वेदार्थमेव विसकलयन्ति स्मृतिः। तदुभय समर्थितश्च आचारः। तदनुकूलैव च आत्मसन्तुष्टि धर्मे प्रमाणम् ॥</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Dharmas%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Dharmasūtra">Gautama dharmasūtras</a> state that <i>Vedo dharmamūlam tadvidām ca śmṛtiśīle</i> (lit. means "Vedas are primary source of our moral ideals and beliefs. After vedas, the authority of śmṛti is accepted in this respect").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vashistha_Dharmasutra" title="Vashistha Dharmasutra">Vaśiṣṭha Dharmasūtra</a> state that <i>śrutismṛti vihito dharmaḥ</i> (lit. means "Vedas and smṛtis taken together have been regarded as source of dharma (of course, the former given the first preference).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Āpastamba Dharmasūtram</a> state that <i>vedā eva mūlapramāṇaṃ dharmādharmayoḥ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: वेदा एव मूलप्रमाणं धर्माधर्मयोः, lit. means "Vedas alone is primary source (mūlapramāṇaṃ ) for dharma and adharma.").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> states that <i>Śrutistu vedo vigneyaḥ</i> (lit. means "Know that Vedas are Śruti").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Śaṅkha, Likhita are brothers, and wrote each a smriti separately, and another jointly, and the three now considered as only one work.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>manvatriviṣṇuhārīta yājñavalkya āṅgirāḥ<br /> yamāpastambasamvartāḥ kātyāyanabṛhaspatī<br />parāśaravyāsaśaṅkhalikhita dakṣagautamo<br />śātātapovaśiṣṭhaśca dharmaśastrayojakāḥ</i> (Yājñavalkyasmṛti (1.4, 1.5))<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: मन्वत्रिविष्णुहारीत याज्ञवल्क्योऽङ्गिराः। यमापस्तम्बसम्वर्ताः कात्यायनबृहस्पती॥ पराशरव्यासशङ्खलिखिता दक्षगौतमो।शातातपोवशिष्ठश्च धर्मशस्त्रयोजकाः॥<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prominent social reformer <a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam_Pantulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu">Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu</a> has quoted these slokas from Āpastambasmṛti in his Telugu essay on widow remarriage, <i>stri punarvivāha śāstrasangrahamu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">यददृष्टम् हि वेदेषु तत् द्रष्टव्यं स्मृतौ किल । उभाभ्यां यददृष्टस्तु तत् पुराणेषु पठ्यते ॥</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श्रुतिस्मृतिपुराणोक्तधर्मयोग्यास्तु नेतरे॥</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">धर्मं जिज्ञासमानानां प्रमाणं प्रथमं श्रुतिः । द्वितीयं धर्मशास्त्रं तु तृतीयो लोकसंग्रहः ॥</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parāśarasmṛti (1.20) mentions that <i>śrutismṛtisadācāranirṇetārśca sarvadā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>:श्रुतिस्मृतिसदाचारनिर्णेतार्श्च सर्वदा ॥lit. means "Śruti, Smr̥ti and Sadācāra are always the deciders.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a> as quoted in <i>Bhakti-Sandarbhah</i> states <i>Śrutismr̥tī mamaivājñe yaste ullaṅghya vartate, Ājñācchedī mama dveṣī madbhakto’pi na vaiṣṇavaḥ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>:श्रुतिस्मृती ममैवाज्ञे यस्ते उल्लङ्घ्य वर्तते । आज्ञाच्छेदी मम द्वेषी मद्भक्तोऽपि न वैष्णवः ॥lit. means "Śruti and Smr̥ti are in truth My commands. Whoever transgresses them, disobeys Me and is a hater of Me. Though a devotee, He is not a votary of Viṣṇu.").<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>upaviṣṭo dharmaḥ prativedam tasyānuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ smārto dvitīyaḥ tṛtīyaḥ śiṣṭāgamaḥ</i> Baudhayana smriti (1.1 to 1-4)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>:उपविष्टो धर्मः प्रतिवेदम्। तस्यानुव्याख्यास्यामः। स्मार्तो द्वितीयः। तृतीयः शिष्टागमः।).<sup id="cite_ref-astrojyoti.com_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrojyoti.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श्रुतिः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियं आत्मनः । सम्यक्संकल्पजः कामो धर्ममूलं इदं स्मृतम् ॥</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श्रुतिस्मृति विरोधे तु श्रुतिरेव गरीयसी॥</span></span><i> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śrutismṛti virodhe tu śrutireva garīyasī</i></span>)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श्रुतिस्मृतिपुराणेषु विरुद्धेषु परस्परम् । पूर्वं पूर्वं बलीयं स्यादिति न्यायविदो विदुः ॥</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श्रुतिस्मृति पुराणां विरोधो यत्र द्रिश्यते । तत्र श्रोतं प्रमाणास्तु तयोर्ध्व्यधे स्मृतिर्वरा ॥<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1882 Telugu essay on widow remarriage, <i>stri punarvivāha śāstrasangrahamu</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Davis, Jr. Donald R. Forthcoming. <i>Spirit of Hindu Law</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingat1973" class="citation cs2">Lingat, Robert (1973), <i>The Classical Law of India</i>, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Law+of+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Lingat&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C5%9A%C4%81stra+pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Domenico Francavilla (2006), <i>The roots of hindu jurisprudence: sources of Dharma and interpretation in Mīmāṃsā and Dharmaśāstra</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toppr.com/guides/legal-aptitude/jurisprudence/schools-of-jurisprudence-concept-of-dharma/">Schools of Jurisprudence – Concept of Dharma</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Śāstra_pramāṇam&oldid=1257165451">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Śāstra_pramāṇam&oldid=1257165451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_law" title="Category:Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%C4%80stika" title="Category:Āstika">Āstika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">Hindu philosophical concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Sanskrit-language_sources_(sa)" title="Category:CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)">CS1 Sanskrit-language sources (sa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022">Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Sanskrit_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Sanskrit IPA">Pages with Sanskrit IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 15:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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