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id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_moorlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_moorlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable moorlands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_moorlands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable moorlands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_moorlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Democratic Republic of the Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>The Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina_and_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina_and_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Argentina and Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina_and_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moorland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Верасовая пустка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Верасовая пустка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Верасовая пустка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Верасовая пустка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo_(geomorfolog%C3%ADa)" title="Páramo (geomorfología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Páramo (geomorfología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbustetaro" title="Arbustetaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbustetaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortu" title="Mortu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mortu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%BE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تپه‌ماهور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تپه‌ماهور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynghei%C3%B0i" title="Lyngheiði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lyngheiði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brande_(formation_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale)" title="Brande (formation végétale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brande (formation végétale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3inte%C3%A1n" title="Móinteán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Móinteán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo_(xeomorfolox%C3%ADa)" title="Páramo (xeomorfoloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Páramo (xeomorfoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegalan_(bentang_alam)" title="Tegalan (bentang alam) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tegalan (bentang alam)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brughiera" title="Brughiera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brughiera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCgher" title="Brügher – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brügher" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1pr%C3%A9t" title="Láprét – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Láprét" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2_(%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2)" title="ムーア (地形) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムーア (地形)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynghei" title="Lynghei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lynghei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynghei" title="Lynghei – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lynghei" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Вересковая пустошь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вересковая пустошь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moorland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljunghed" title="Ljunghed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljunghed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1ra%C3%A7_arazi" title="Kıraç arazi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıraç arazi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Вересове пустище – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вересове пустище" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%82%AD%E6%B2%BC%E5%9C%B0" title="泥炭沼地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泥炭沼地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1092661#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Moorland" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of habitat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moorland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moorland (disambiguation)">Moorland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_of_wales_from_Drygarn_Fawr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Desert_of_wales_from_Drygarn_Fawr.JPG/310px-Desert_of_wales_from_Drygarn_Fawr.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Desert_of_wales_from_Drygarn_Fawr.JPG/465px-Desert_of_wales_from_Drygarn_Fawr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Desert_of_wales_from_Drygarn_Fawr.JPG/620px-Desert_of_wales_from_Drygarn_Fawr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Extensive moorland in the <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Wales" title="Desert of Wales">Desert of Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Moorland</b> or <b>moor</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Upland_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland (geology)">upland</a> areas in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">montane grasslands and shrublands</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>, characterised by low-growing vegetation on <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">acidic</a> soils. Moorland, nowadays, generally means uncultivated <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hill</a> land (such as <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>), but also includes low-lying <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sedgemoor" title="Sedgemoor">Sedgemoor</a>, also South West England). It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heath</a>, although experts disagree on what precisely distinguishes these types of vegetation. Generally, moor refers to <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highland</a> and high rainfall zones, whereas heath refers to <a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">lowland</a> zones which are more likely to be the result of human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986305_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986305-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moorland habitats mostly occur in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Most of the world's moorlands are diverse <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. In the extensive moorlands of the tropics, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> can be extremely high. Moorland also bears a relationship to <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> is <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> or permanently frozen soil),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Moorland#Dubious" title="Talk:Moorland">discuss</a></i>]</sup> appearing as the tundra and the natural <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> zone. The boundary between tundra and moorland constantly shifts with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climatic change</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heather_moorland">Heather moorland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Heather moorland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heather_moorland_on_the_North_York_Moors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Heather_moorland_on_the_North_York_Moors.jpg/220px-Heather_moorland_on_the_North_York_Moors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Heather_moorland_on_the_North_York_Moors.jpg/330px-Heather_moorland_on_the_North_York_Moors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Heather_moorland_on_the_North_York_Moors.jpg/440px-Heather_moorland_on_the_North_York_Moors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Heather moorland on the <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> mainly consisting of <i><a href="/wiki/Calluna_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Calluna vulgaris">Calluna vulgaris</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">Heathland</a> and moorland are the most extensive areas of semi-natural vegetation in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. The eastern British moorlands are similar to heaths but are differentiated by having a covering of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>. On western moors, the peat layer may be several metres thick. Scottish "muirs" are generally heather moors, but also have extensive covering of <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton-grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton-grass">cotton-grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracken" title="Bracken">bracken</a> and under-shrubs such as <a href="/wiki/Crowberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowberry">crowberry</a>, with the wetter moorland having <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum_moss" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphagnum moss">sphagnum moss</a> merging into <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog-land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986305_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986305-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is uncertainty about how many moors were created by human activity. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Oliver Rackham</a> writes that <a href="/wiki/Pollen_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollen analysis">pollen analysis</a> shows that some moorland, such as in the islands and extreme north of Scotland, are clearly natural, never having had trees,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas much of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennine</a> moorland area was forested in <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How much the deforestation was caused by climatic changes and how much by human activity is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986306–307_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986306–307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg/220px-Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg/330px-Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg/440px-Shira_moorlands_on_Kilimanjaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Moorland of <a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of distinct <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> types are found in different world regions of moorland. The wildlife and vegetation forms often lead to high <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a> because of the severe soil and <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> characteristics. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Exmoor_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Exmoor Pony">Exmoor Pony</a>, a rare <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">horse breed</a> which has adapted to the harsh conditions in England's <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>. </p><p>In Europe, the associated <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> consists of bird species such as <a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">red grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_golden_plover" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian golden plover">golden plover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_curlew" title="Eurasian curlew">curlew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skylark" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylark">skylark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meadow_pipit" title="Meadow pipit">meadow pipit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whinchat" title="Whinchat">whinchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_ouzel" title="Ring ouzel">ring ouzel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Twite" title="Twite">twite</a>. Other species dominate in moorlands elsewhere. Reptiles are few due to the cooler conditions. In Europe, only the <a href="/wiki/Vipera_berus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipera berus">common viper</a> is frequent, though in other regions moorlands are commonly home to dozens of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> species. <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> are well represented in moorlands. When moorland is <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazed</a>, woody vegetation is often lost, being replaced by coarse, unpalatable <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bracken" title="Bracken">bracken</a>, with a greatly reduced fauna. </p><p>Some hill <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> breeds, such as <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Blackface" title="Scottish Blackface">Scottish Blackface</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lonk_(sheep)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonk (sheep)">Lonk</a>, thrive on the austere conditions of <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">heather</a> moors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burning of moorland has been practised for a number of reasons, for example, when <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> is insufficient to control growth. This is recorded in Britain in the fourteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncontrolled burning frequently caused (and causes) problems and was forbidden by <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> in 1609.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> management in the nineteenth century, it again became common practice. Heather is burnt at about 10 or 12 years old when it will regenerate easily. Left longer, the woodier stems will burn more aggressively and will hinder regrowth. Burning of moorland vegetation needs to be very carefully controlled, as the peat itself can catch fire, and this can be difficult if not impossible to extinguish. In addition, uncontrolled burning of heather can promote alternative <a href="/wiki/Bracken" title="Bracken">bracken</a> and rough grass growth, which ultimately produces poorer grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, burning is now a controversial practice; Rackham calls it "second-best land management".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986320–321_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986320–321-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanical cutting of the heather has been used in Europe, but it is important for the material to be removed to avoid smothering regrowth. If heather and other vegetation are left for too long, a large volume of dry and combustible material builds up. This may result in a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfire</a> burning out a large area, although it has been found that heather seeds germinate better if subject to the brief heat of controlled burning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In terms of managing moorlands for wildlife, in the UK, vegetation characteristics are important for <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> abundance, whilst predator control benefits red grouse, golden plover, and curlew abundances. To benefit multiple species, many management options are required. However, management needs to be carried out in locations that are also suitable for species in terms of physical characteristics such as topography, climate and soil.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dartmoor in winter covered in snow. Several tors top the sparsely vegetated hills."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg/900px-Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg/1350px-Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg/1800px-Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddle_tor_to_Hey_tor_pano.jpg" title="File:Saddle tor to Hey tor pano.jpg"> </a></div>Dartmoor in winter covered in snow. Several <a href="/wiki/Tor_(rock_formation)" title="Tor (rock formation)">tors</a> top the sparsely vegetated hills.</div></div></div> <p>The development of a sensitivity to nature and one's physical surroundings grew with the rise of interest in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a>, and particularly the works of artists that favoured wide and deep prospects, and rugged scenery.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the English <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> imagination, moorlands fitted this image perfectly, enhancing the emotional impact of the story by placing it within a heightened and evocative landscape. Moorland forms the setting of various works of late Romantic English literature, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> moorland in <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Holmesian</a> mystery <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hound_of_the_Baskervilles" title="The Hound of the Baskervilles">The Hound of the Baskervilles</a></i>. They are also featured in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bronte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Bronte">Charlotte Bronte</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i> representing the heroine's desolation and loneliness after leaving <a href="/wiki/Mr_Rochester" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Rochester">Mr Rochester</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(novel_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Famous Five (novel series)">Famous Five series</a> featured the young protagonists adventuring across various moorlands where they confronted criminals or other individuals of interest. Such a setting enhanced the plot as the drama unfolded away from the functioning world where the children could solve their own problems and face greater danger. Moorland in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> is the setting for Walter Bennett's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pendle_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pendle Witches">The Pendle Witches</a></i>, the true story of some of England's most infamous witch trials. In <a href="/wiki/Erin_Hunter" title="Erin Hunter">Erin Hunter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Warriors_(book_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warriors (book series)"><i>Warriors</i></a> series, one of the four Clans, WindClan, lives in the moorland alone. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jecks" title="Michael Jecks">Michael Jecks</a>, author of Knights Templar Mysteries, sets his books in and around <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, England. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kingsnorth" title="Paul Kingsnorth">Paul Kingsnorth</a>’s <i>Beast</i> is also set on a western English moor, using the barren landscape and fields of heather to communicate themes of timelessness and distance from civilization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_moorlands">Notable moorlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable moorlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of the Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori-Virunga_montane_moorlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands">Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_montane_moorlands" title="Ethiopian montane moorlands">Ethiopian montane moorlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_moorlands" title="East African montane moorlands">East African montane moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rwanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori-Virunga_montane_moorlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands">Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>East African montane moorlands</li> <li>Ethiopian montane moorlands</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>East African montane moorlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru_(Tanzania)" title="Mount Meru (Tanzania)">Mount Meru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>East African montane moorlands</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Moor" title="Tanner Moor">Tanner Moor</a></li> <li>Längsee Moor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorbad_Gm%C3%B6s" title="Moorbad Gmös">Moorbad Gmös</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fer_Stein_(Eifel)" title="Weißer Stein (Eifel)">Weißer Stein (Eifel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fens" title="High Fens">High Fens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monts_d%27Arr%C3%A9e" title="Monts d'Arrée">Monts d'Arrée</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_Torfmoor" title="Großes Torfmoor">Großes Torfmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCcker_Moor" title="Hücker Moor">Hücker Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenwehe_Moor" title="Oppenwehe Moor">Oppenwehe Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worringer_Bruch" title="Worringer Bruch">Worringer Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fens" title="High Fens">High Fens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwingelderveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwingelderveld">Dwingelderveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargerveen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bargerveen">Bargerveen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fochtelo%C3%ABrveen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fochteloërveen (page does not exist)">Fochteloërveen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Peel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Peel (page does not exist)">The Peel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Moorlands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Moorlands of the United Kingdom">Category:Moorlands of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Great Britain is home to an estimated 10–15% of the world's moors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable areas of upland moorland in Britain include the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Peak" title="Dark Peak">Dark Peak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Wales" title="Desert of Wales">Mid Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a> of Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>, and a few pockets in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oswaldtwistle_Moor_(by(Orphan_Wiki).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Oswaldtwistle_Moor_%28by%28Orphan_Wiki%29.JPG/200px-Oswaldtwistle_Moor_%28by%28Orphan_Wiki%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Oswaldtwistle_Moor_%28by%28Orphan_Wiki%29.JPG/300px-Oswaldtwistle_Moor_%28by%28Orphan_Wiki%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Oswaldtwistle_Moor_%28by%28Orphan_Wiki%29.JPG/400px-Oswaldtwistle_Moor_%28by%28Orphan_Wiki%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oswaldtwistle#Oswaldtwistle_Moor" title="Oswaldtwistle">Oswaldtwistle Moor</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Pennine_Moors" title="West Pennine Moors">West Pennine Moors</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaklow" title="Bleaklow">Bleaklow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_Peak" title="Dark Peak">Dark Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodmin_Moor" title="Bodmin Moor">Bodmin Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mountains, Wales">Black Mountains, Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, Devon</li> <li>Drumossie Moor, often called Culloden Moor, the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>, West Somerset & North Devon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a>, Lancashire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexhamshire_Moors" title="Hexhamshire Moors">Hexhamshire Moors</a>, Northumberland and County Durham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="North York Moors National Park">North York Moors</a>, North Yorkshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migneint" title="Migneint">Migneint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mynydd_Hiraethog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mynydd Hiraethog">Mynydd Hiraethog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough" title="Conwy County Borough">Conwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penwith" title="Penwith">Penwith</a>, Cornwall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rannoch_Moor" title="Rannoch Moor">Rannoch Moor</a>, Highlands, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombalds_Moor" title="Rombalds Moor">Rombalds Moor</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor" title="Ilkley Moor">Ilkley Moor</a>), West Yorkshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossendale_Valley" title="Rossendale Valley">Rossendale Valley</a>, Lancashire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddleworth_Moor" title="Saddleworth Moor">Saddleworth Moor</a>, Greater Manchester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Hills" title="Shropshire Hills">Shropshire Hills</a>, small pockets of moorland such as the <a href="/wiki/Long_Mynd" title="Long Mynd">Long Mynd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pennine_Moors" title="West Pennine Moors">West Pennine Moors</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Oswaldtwistle#Oswaldtwistle_Moor" title="Oswaldtwistle">Oswaldtwistle Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haslingden#Beauty_spots" title="Haslingden">Haslingden Moor</a>, Rivington Moor and Darwen Moor in Lancashire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales_National_Park" title="Yorkshire Dales National Park">Yorkshire Dales National Park</a>, North Yorkshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ythan_Estuary" title="Ythan Estuary">Ythan Estuary</a> complex, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, Scotland: largest coastal moorland in the British Isles, known for high <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moorlands are called <i>páramos</i> in Spanish. They are particularly common in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Spain">Northern Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo_de_Boedo" title="Páramo de Boedo">Boedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, Castile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoces_del_R%C3%ADo_Durat%C3%B3n_Natural_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoces del Río Duratón Natural Park">Páramo del Duratón</a>, Castile</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramo_de_Masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramo de Masa (page does not exist)">Paramo de Masa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, Castile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo_del_Sil" title="Páramo del Sil">Páramo del Sil</a>, Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramos_(comarca)" title="Páramos (comarca)">Las Loras</a>, Castile</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two similar habitats, although more arid, found in western North America: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_Mountains" title="Siskiyou Mountains">Siskiyou plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(Oregon)" title="High Desert (Oregon)">High Desert (Oregon)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina_and_Chile">Argentina and Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Argentina and Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_moorland" title="Magellanic moorland">Magellanic moorland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colombia is one of only three countries in the world to be home to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo" title="Páramo">páramo</a> (tropical moorland) and more than 60% of the paramo regions are found on its soil.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumapaz_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Sumapaz Páramo">Sumapaz Páramo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Bogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingaza_National_Natural_Park" title="Chingaza National Natural Park">Chingaza National Natural Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Cundinamarca department">Cundinamarca department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceta_P%C3%A1ramo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceta Páramo">Oceta Páramo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguaque">Iguaque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purac%C3%A9" title="Puracé">Puracé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca Department</a></li> <li>Páramo de Santurbán, <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander Department</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/48px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/64px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo" title="Páramo">Páramo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986305-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986305_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986305_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRackham1986">Rackham 1986</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRackham1986">Rackham 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirksMadsen1979" class="citation journal cs1">Birks, H.J.B.; Madsen, Barbara J. (1979). "Flandrian Vegetational History of Little Loch Roag, Isle of Lewis, Scotland". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ecology" title="Journal of Ecology">Journal of Ecology</a></i>. <b>67</b> (3): 825–842. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979JEcol..67..825B">1979JEcol..67..825B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2259217">10.2307/2259217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2259217">2259217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Flandrian+Vegetational+History+of+Little+Loch+Roag%2C+Isle+of+Lewis%2C+Scotland&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=825-842&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2259217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2259217&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979JEcol..67..825B&rft.aulast=Birks&rft.aufirst=H.J.B.&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Barbara+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerHodgson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Judith; Hodgson, Joyce (1979). "Studies in the Vegetational History of the Northern Pennines: I. Variations in the Composition of the Early Flandrian Forests". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ecology" title="Journal of Ecology">Journal of Ecology</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2): 629–646. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979JEcol..67..629T">1979JEcol..67..629T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2259117">10.2307/2259117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2259117">2259117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Studies+in+the+Vegetational+History+of+the+Northern+Pennines%3A+I.+Variations+in+the+Composition+of+the+Early+Flandrian+Forests&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=629-646&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2259117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2259117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979JEcol..67..629T&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986306–307-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986306–307_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRackham1986">Rackham 1986</a>, pp. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camilla Bonn (1998). 'That Jack Cunningham wants half of us out of farming', in <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a></i>, 15 January 1998, pp. 28–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermot1973" class="citation book cs1">McDermot, Edward T. (1973) [1911]. <i>The History of the Forest of Exmoor</i>. David and Charles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Forest+of+Exmoor&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=McDermot&rft.aufirst=Edward+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimingham1972" class="citation book cs1">Gimingham, C. H. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologyofheathla0000gimi"><i>Ecology of heathlands</i></a></span>. London: Chapman & Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5041-2639-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5041-2639-7"><bdi>978-1-5041-2639-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+of+heathlands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-1-5041-2639-7&rft.aulast=Gimingham&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecologyofheathla0000gimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERackham1986320–321-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERackham1986320–321_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRackham1986">Rackham 1986</a>, pp. 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchananPearce-HigginsDouglasGrant2017" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, G. M.; Pearce-Higgins, J. W.; Douglas, D. J.T.; Grant, M. C. (2017). "Quantifying the importance of multi-scale management and environmental variables on moorland bird abundance". <i>Ibis</i>. <b>159</b> (4): 744–756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fibi.12488">10.1111/ibi.12488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+importance+of+multi-scale+management+and+environmental+variables+on+moorland+bird+abundance&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=744-756&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fibi.12488&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft.au=Pearce-Higgins%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+D.+J.T.&rft.au=Grant%2C+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Norton Anthology of English Literature; Romantic Literature</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norton+Anthology+of+English+Literature%3B+Romantic+Literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601011006/https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Moorland">"Moorland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Nature">BBC Nature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Moorland">the original</a> on 1 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>Moorlands are upland areas with acidic, low-nutrient and often water-logged soils. In their cold, windy and wet conditions colourful heather plants dominate, growing on the deep peaty layers. These seas of pinks and purples are a haven for many small mammals and insects, but fewer reptiles than on lowland heaths. British moorland may look like wilderness, but it is actually a man-made and highly managed landscape, with regular burning to allow new heather growth. Some 10–15% of the world's moorland is found in the UK, mainly in the north and west of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Nature&rft.atitle=Moorland&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2Fhabitats%2FMoorland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuteyn1999" class="citation web cs1">Luteyn, James L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/paramo_ecosystem/introduction.shtml">"Páramo Ecosystem"</a>. <i>Páramos: A Checklist of Plant Diversity, Geographical Distribution, and Botanical Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>. <q>(The Páramo Ecosystem) It is concentrated in the northwest corner of South America, mostly in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P%C3%A1ramos%3A+A+Checklist+of+Plant+Diversity%2C+Geographical+Distribution%2C+and+Botanical+Literature&rft.atitle=P%C3%A1ramo+Ecosystem&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Luteyn&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2Fparamo_ecosystem%2Fintroduction.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRackham1986" class="citation book cs1">Rackham, Oliver (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcountry0000rack"><i>The History of the Countryside</i></a></span>. Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-440-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-440-4"><bdi>1-84212-440-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Countryside&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=1-84212-440-4&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcountry0000rack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C7D378;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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