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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pietro Verri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="П’етра Веры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="П’етра Веры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pietro Verri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pietro Verri" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیترو وری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیترو وری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pietro Verri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pietro Verri" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietro Verri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Verri" title="Petrus Verri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Verri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder_Verr" title="Peder Verr – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Peder Verr" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بييترو فيرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بييترو فيرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Верри, Пьетро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верри, Пьетро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Economist and writer (1728–1797)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pietro Verri</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg/220px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg/330px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg/440px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4780" data-file-height="5662" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Verri c. 1740</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1728-12-12</span>)</span>12 December 1728<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1797<span style="display:none">(1797-06-28)</span> (aged 68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Milan, <a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadane Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Marietta Castiglioni, Vincenza Melzi d'Eril</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Teresa, Alessandro (from Marietta Castiglioni)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Gabriele Verri, Barbara</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helv%C3%A9tius_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helvétius (philosopher)">Helvétius</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="I. Newton">Newton</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/18th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="18th-century philosophy">18th century</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian enlightenment">Italian enlightenment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Meditazioni sull'economia politica</i> ("Reflection's on Political Economy", 1771)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <b>Pietro Verri</b> (12 December 1728 – 28 June 1797) was an Italian economist, historian, philosopher and writer. Among the most important personalities of the 18th-century Italian culture, he is considered among the fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombard</a> reformist Enlightenment and the most important pre-Smithian authority on cheapness and plenty. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pietro Verri was born to a conservative noble family the eldest son of Gabriele Verri and Barbara Dati Della Somaglia, in a house of the Archinto in via Stampa 19 in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, then under Austrian rule. He had three brothers: <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Verri" title="Alessandro Verri">Alessandro</a>, Carlo and Giovanni.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of his brother, Carlo, he raised his nephew <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Castiglioni" title="Luigi Castiglioni">Luigi Castiglioni</a> and greatly influenced the young man.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied in the Jesuit college in <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>, five years (1740–44) in the college of Barnabites in San Alessandro in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and two years (1744–45) in Rome in the college of Nazareno run by the Scolopi order. He received a strong religious education, from which he began to rebel when he reached his twenties. </p><p>He volunteered to serve in the Seven Years' War in order to escape his father's decision to register him for legal studies but quit after a year. In mid-September 1759, he met the economist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lloyd_(soldier)" title="Henry Lloyd (soldier)">Henry Lloyd</a> and developed a lifelong friendship with him.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verri soon became convinced that <a href="/wiki/Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Economy">Political Economy</a> had to be at the center of all serious social and political interests. In his early life, he translated Destouches' works and wrote satirical <a href="/wiki/Almanacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Almanacs">almanacs</a> (<i>Borlanda impasticciata</i>, <i>Gran Zoroastro</i> and <i>Mal di Milza</i>) which scandalized the Milanese society. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accademia_dei_Pugni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Accademia_dei_Pugni.jpg/220px-Accademia_dei_Pugni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Accademia_dei_Pugni.jpg/330px-Accademia_dei_Pugni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Accademia_dei_Pugni.jpg/440px-Accademia_dei_Pugni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Società dei Pugni</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Perego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Perego (page does not exist)">Antonio Perego</a> from left to right: Alfonso Longo (behind), <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Verri" title="Alessandro Verri">Alessandro Verri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giambattista_Biffi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giambattista Biffi (page does not exist)">Giambattista Biffi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Lambertenghi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Lambertenghi (page does not exist)">Luigi Lambertenghi</a>, Pietro Verri and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Visconti_di_Saliceto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Visconti di Saliceto (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Visconti di Saliceto</a></figcaption></figure><p> Verri's early steps in educating himself in the science of civil society were guided by four eighteenth-century intellectual giants of the Enlightenment: <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a>. In combination, these particularly informed his emerging views on law and civil society, the importance of historical understanding, his utilitarian tendencies and, more specifically, economic issues associated with trade, money, credit, and taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1761, together with his brother Alessandro, he founded a literary association, the Società dei Pugni ("Society of the Fists"), and, from 1764, published the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Caff%C3%A8" title="Il Caffè">Il Caffè</a></i> ("The Coffeehouse"). Pietro Verri was the founder, leader, and active contributor to both. <i>Il Caffe</i> appeared between 1764 and 1766 in successive magazines made in two volumes. Magazine 10 of Volume 1 has an article by Pietro Verri devoted to thoughts on the spirit of Italian Literature<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Verri describes Galileo-<a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a> at the philosophical level as a force of renovation, providing a new connecting frame for scientific reasoning, in the spirit of what we have called above moral <a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his magazine became an important reference on Enlightenment Milan. Other figures who wrote on it include his brother Alessandro, the famous philosopher <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>, Alfonso Longo and Pietro Secchi. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_economy">Political economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_4050_-_Milano,_Palazzo_di_Brera_-_Verri,_Pietro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_19-jan_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/IMG_4050_-_Milano%2C_Palazzo_di_Brera_-_Verri%2C_Pietro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_19-jan_2007.jpg/270px-IMG_4050_-_Milano%2C_Palazzo_di_Brera_-_Verri%2C_Pietro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_19-jan_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/IMG_4050_-_Milano%2C_Palazzo_di_Brera_-_Verri%2C_Pietro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_19-jan_2007.jpg/405px-IMG_4050_-_Milano%2C_Palazzo_di_Brera_-_Verri%2C_Pietro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_19-jan_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/IMG_4050_-_Milano%2C_Palazzo_di_Brera_-_Verri%2C_Pietro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_19-jan_2007.jpg/540px-IMG_4050_-_Milano%2C_Palazzo_di_Brera_-_Verri%2C_Pietro_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_19-jan_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Pietro Verri monument in Milan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1764, he also entered the public administration, where he distinguished for his reforming attitudes: in particular, he proposed the abolition of the exaction of taxes through intermediaries. After a documented <i>Bilance on the Commerce of the State of Milan</i>, In 1769 Verri published notable work, <i>Elementi del Commercio</i> ("Elements of Commerce"), inspired by a wide interpretation of liberalism in commerce. This was followed by the <i>Meditazioni sull'economia politica</i> ("Reflection's on Political Economy", 1771), the book contains 40 sections and when Verri's Meditiazioni first appeared was well received. Its success was considerable, in just one year, five different editions produced. According to <a href="/wiki/Schumpeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a>, Verri was one of the first economists to figure out a balance of payments and <a href="/wiki/Schumpeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a> adds Verri is the most important pre-Smithian authority on Cheapness and Plenty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work is clearly one of the many examples in the economic literature which during the quarter-century after 1750 marks the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> as a separate science.<sup id="cite_ref-McGilvray_et_al._274_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGilvray_et_al._274-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pietro Verri provides the first systematic contribution stemming from the quarters of Lombard enlightenment in the field of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>. From the vantage point afforded by Verri's <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, we gain a considerably attractive view of the most significant elements and characteristic concepts of Lombard enlightenment during the latter half of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meditiazioni can be separated three different parts. The first, covering the first five sections, presents the general principles of the science by explaining economic development and growth, circulation, production, exchange, money, and prices in general terms. These general principles are supplemented and elucidated on money, industry, interest, and circulation and on population. Part II then applies these principles to a number of policy questions in <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>: the distribution of landed property, guilds and other forms of restrictive practices through privilege, price controls, controls over sales, sumptuary laws and some observations associated with population and agriculture. Part III presents the theory of finance while the last three sections act as a sort of summary of the policy implications of the material presented.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First 5 editions of Meditiazioni do not contain any mathematical term, however, some footnotes added in the sixth edition in order to interpret Verri's economic thought into mathematical terms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aim of political economy to increase national power, strength and happiness is achievable through an increased population, incentives to labor, increased production and an appropriate balance between it and consumption. Success in achieving this policy objective can be measured by at least three different means in the absence of reliable <a href="/wiki/National_output" class="mw-redirect" title="National output">national output</a> data, as Verri indicates at various points in his treatise. These are the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a>, which he regarded as an imperfect measure; the level of the rate of interest, which he saw as a better measure, and population size and characteristics, which he saw as the best measure because it could be most accurately measured.<sup id="cite_ref-McGilvray_et_al._274_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGilvray_et_al._274-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verri's economic theory concentrates on three subjects: 1. prices; 2. aggregate equilibrium; 3. distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Verri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pietro_Verri.jpg/220px-Pietro_Verri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pietro_Verri.jpg/330px-Pietro_Verri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Pietro_Verri.jpg/440px-Pietro_Verri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>Pietro Verri</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_prices">Theory of prices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theory of prices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Verri, the price of a commodity is directly related to "need" and inversely to plenty. By "need", Verri does not mean any indeterminate desire, but the effective demand of goods, i.e. the level of demand at which the expected utility of any good is higher than the cost individual are ready to pay in order to acquire it . Verri stresses consumer sovereignty, by arguing that <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a> regulates <a href="/wiki/Supply_(economics)" title="Supply (economics)">supply</a> and not the contrary. As to plenty, it basically depends on the market form: it is larger when the market approximates to <a href="/wiki/Perfect_competition" title="Perfect competition">perfect competition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_equilibrium_between_production_and_consumption">An equilibrium between production and consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: An equilibrium between production and consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The problem of equilibrium between production ("reproduction" in Verri's terms) and consumption is analyzed examining two opposed cases of disequilibrium. Verri's contribution is strictly connected here to the basic theoretical assumptions of his theory of action. It is also very original in its issues.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first case takes place when national consumption is greater than production and the balance of commerce is unfavorable. Unlike Hume, Verri pays no attention to deflux of money and to the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a>. His interest is devoted to real re-equilibrating mechanisms. There are two possible solutions to disequilibrium: the first one is negative and consists of factor mobility (emigration of a part of the laboring force). When the other solution prevails, new productive branches are created in the country: these new industries compete in quality and price with those located abroad, toward which the demand for imported goods was addressed. This process of import substitution re-equilibrates the balance of commerce. Welfare grows in the country with the increasing size of the internal market. The role of ideas is central to this picture: a class of individuals understands the existence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_demand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National demand (page does not exist)">national demand</a> for certain goods and produces it at better conditions than foreign competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Verri,_Discorso_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verri,_Discorso-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second case, consumption is smaller than production, and the balance of commerce is favorable. As a matter of fact, Verri engages himself in demonstrating that a favorable balance of commerce is possible at certain conditions, that inflation is not a necessary outcome of it, and finally that a growth of the real side of the economy is consistent with it. Inflation takes place only if the extra monetary demand clashes with rigidities on the supply side (in this case, money "stops" in the hands of an unmodified number of sellers). However, this case is not very likely in a "polite" nation. Verri describes here a sort of <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>-<a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Cantillon</a> transmission mechanism without inflation. Additional money, passing from hand to hand, incites industry and puts unemployed factors at work. The Verrian self-sustained mechanism of growth based on increasing income, new needs, and new productions, is the result of this first impulse. Here too, the entrepreneurial spirit plays an essential part.<sup id="cite_ref-Verri,_Discorso_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verri,_Discorso-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the other parts of his economic contribution, Verri's theory of distribution also springs from the theory of needs and desires. As many of the economists of his time, Verri has a preference for a society in which the weight of the middle class is large. The members of this class, urged by their needs, are stimulated to work hard in order to better their condition. Inequality of fortunes, as far as it is moderate and gradual, is an additional stimulus, giving to everyone a hope to ascend in the social scale. On the contrary, when inequality is too high, society is condemned to poverty and to a stationary state. Rich <a href="/wiki/Landlords" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlords">landlords</a> take no care of their goods, having no anxiety for future welfare. Moreover, the poor are too poor to be influenced by superior need and to hope to better theircondition. As in the savage state, the poor have primary needs, but imagination and desire play no role in their life. Absolute equality of properties is not a better solution. The only effect of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Agrarian_History_and_its_Significance_for_Public_and_Private_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Agrarian History and its Significance for Public and Private Law">Roman agrarian laws</a> and of similar institutions are that of destroying desire and hindering development.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verri_-_Sull%27indole_del_piacere_e_del_dolore,_1781_-_5767830.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Verri_-_Sull%27indole_del_piacere_e_del_dolore%2C_1781_-_5767830.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Verri_-_Sull%27indole_del_piacere_e_del_dolore%2C_1781_-_5767830.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Verri_-_Sull%27indole_del_piacere_e_del_dolore%2C_1781_-_5767830.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Verri_-_Sull%27indole_del_piacere_e_del_dolore%2C_1781_-_5767830.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Verri_-_Sull%27indole_del_piacere_e_del_dolore%2C_1781_-_5767830.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Verri_-_Sull%27indole_del_piacere_e_del_dolore%2C_1781_-_5767830.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption><i>Sull'indole del piacere e del dolore</i>, 1781</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as 1763, Verri wrote his early study Meditiazioni sulla felicita, a philosophical pamphlet. Verri spells out the foundational pieces of his approach to civil life. Afterward, as resistance against his reforming work in administration stiffened, Verri devoted himself increasingly to philosophy. In 1773 he wrote <i>Dell'indole del piacere e del dolore</i> ("Discourse on Pleasure and Pain"),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in 1777 by <i>Osservazioni sulla tortura</i> ("Observations on Torture"), in which he stressed the uselessness and cruelty of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He argues that the excess of desires over and above possibilities or "power" is a measure of unhappiness.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The search for happiness in the form of the removal of unhappiness is a core issue in Pietro Verri's <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>. He appears from the start as one of the leading representatives eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudomistic</a> views. Happiness, Verri argues, can be pursued in two ways. Happiness, in fact, consists in the reduction of the difference between the two elements of desires and power: that reduction can be achieved by acting upon either one or the other of the two elements. It can be said therefore that the object of happiness being reduced to a difference, it can be conquered either by "addition"(of power) or by "subtraction" (of desires). Verri declares addition to be superior. An addition in the form of the enlargement of power provides the main route to happiness as compared with a check on desires. Verri, however, lays a special emphasis upon creativity rather than mere enjoyment of what is already in our possession as a condition for happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His two most important productions (<i>Discourse on the Nature of Pleasure and Pain, 1773</i>; <i>Meditations on Happiness, 1781</i>) contain new and ingenious ideas on the function of pain and the law of contrasts, which were afterward adopted by <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wundt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wundt">Wundt</a> and discussed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Dumont" title="Léon Dumont">Dumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisque_Bouillier" title="Francisque Bouillier">Bouillier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">Regalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8783_Milano_-_Via_Brera_-_Casa_natale_Cesare_Beccaria_-_Pietro_Verri_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/8783_Milano_-_Via_Brera_-_Casa_natale_Cesare_Beccaria_-_Pietro_Verri_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/220px-8783_Milano_-_Via_Brera_-_Casa_natale_Cesare_Beccaria_-_Pietro_Verri_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/8783_Milano_-_Via_Brera_-_Casa_natale_Cesare_Beccaria_-_Pietro_Verri_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/330px-8783_Milano_-_Via_Brera_-_Casa_natale_Cesare_Beccaria_-_Pietro_Verri_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/8783_Milano_-_Via_Brera_-_Casa_natale_Cesare_Beccaria_-_Pietro_Verri_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>The portrait of Pietro Verri on the house of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> in Milan</figcaption></figure> <p>A comprehensive reading of Verri's economic and philosophical writings suggests a new perspective in the analysis of the interplay between <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">moral sense theory</a>, legislation and the competitive framework of a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> which is not irrelevant to the understanding of the same relationship in other eighteenth-century writers, including <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>. For Verri's Meditazioni are explicitly rooted in a 'historical' investigation of moral sentiments, and of the way in which these may influence the pursuit of private or <a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">public interest</a>, and the characteristics of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verri's influence can be seen first, his friend and colleague from the Il Caffè, in <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a>'s known work in <a href="/wiki/On_Crimes_and_Punishments" title="On Crimes and Punishments">on Crimes and Punishments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a> had been largely inspired by Verri himself and defended by him. It is proposed in the present paper to revisit some of the basic tenets of Pietro Verri's political economy, with more in view than dwell on specific intuitions and theorems: namely, relate those to Verri's own quite original conception of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a> apparently shared Verri's ideas on land reform. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a> showed a favorable attitude towards Verri's treatment of productive and unproductive labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Capra_424_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capra_424-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verri's books also reached to <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and De Felice<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s description of Verri's Meditazioni as ‘the truest, wisest and clearest’ book he had ever read on the subject of political economy, but no letter from Voltaire to Verri or any other similar reference to Verri's work can be found in the standard collected edition of Voltaire's works. However, Caspari mentions Voltaire's thanks to Verri for sending him a copy of the Meditazioni, dating it precisely at 19 March 1772 on the authority of Mauri.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s personal library included two copies (1771 and 1772) of Verri's <i>Political Economy</i>. Smith's reading Italian ability is well documented. The themes of a probable influence of Verri on Smith (the analysis is based on a comparison of Verri's Economia Politica with Smith's <a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a> can be summarized as follows: </p> <ul><li>A strong emphasis on the balance of consumption and production, which finds an echo in Smith's text.</li> <li>A political economy of <a href="/wiki/Effective_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective supply">effective supply</a> – that is, of cheapness-and abundance – based on a theory of price and on a criticism of the idea of money neutrality.</li> <li>A notion of a <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a> – that is, order as the result of human action but not of human design – which Verri discovers from an analysis</li></ul> <p>of the perverse effects of the corn trade prohibitions. </p> <ul><li>The canons for an effective tax system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In spite of favorable references to Verri by such authorities as McCulloch and Ingram, Verri's fortune as an economist was inferior to his merits.<sup id="cite_ref-Capra_424_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capra_424-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_works">Later life and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1777, he began the <i>Storia di Milano</i> ("History of Milan", two volumes, 1783 and 1798), a notable example of Enlightenment historiography. The ecclesiastical reforms of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II of Austria</a> inspired him the <i>Dialogo fra Pio VI e Giuseppe II a Vienna</i> ("Dialogue between Pius VI and Joseph II in Vienna", 1782), followed by La Decadenza del Papa ("The Pope's Decay"), marked by his disappointment for the lack of influence of Enlightenment's ideas on the Papacy. Joseph II's increasing despotism led Verri to abandon any position in the Austrian administration of Lombardy in 1786; ten years later, after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">French invasion</a>, he returned as a member of the Milanese municipality and was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>. Though disapproving the Jacobin excesses, Verri, however, welcomed the possibility of moral and economic improvement in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, which he considered influenced in turn by the Enlightenment movement. In 1786, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. </p><p>On the night of 28 June 1797, during a meeting in the hall of the Municipality, he died of a sudden apoplectic attack, at sixty-eight. He is buried in the chapel of the Sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin of Lazzaretto di Ornago, next to his first wife. </p><p>Verri's death bicentenary was commemorated on an Italian postage stamp in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>La Borlanda impasticciata con la concia, e trappola de sorci composta per estro, e dedicata per bizzaria alla nobile curiosita di teste salate dall'incognito d'Eritrea Pedsol riconosciuto, Festosamente raccolta, e fatta dare in luce dall'abitatore disabitato accademico bontempista, Adorna di varj poetici encomj, ed accresciuta di opportune annotazioni per opera di varj suoi coaccademici amici (1751)</li> <li>Il Gran Zoroastro ossia Astrologiche Predizioni per l'Anno 1758 (1758)</li> <li>Il Mal di Milza (1764)</li> <li>Diario militar (1759)</li> <li>Elementi del commercio (1760)</li> <li>Sul tributo del sale nello Stato di Milano (1761)</li> <li>Sulla grandezza e decadenza del commercio di Milano (1763)</li> <li>Dialogo tra Fronimo e Simplicio (detto anche Dialogo sul disordine delle monete nello Stato di Milano nel 1762) (1762)</li> <li>Considerazioni sul commercio nello Stato di Milano (June 1763)</li> <li>Orazione panegirica sula giurisprudenza milanese (1763)</li> <li>Meditazioni sulla felicità (1763)</li> <li>Bilancio del commercio dello stato di Milano (1758, poi 1762)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_Caff%C3%A8_(Verri)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il Caffè (Verri) (page does not exist)">Il Caffè</a> (1764–1766)</li> <li>Sull'innesto del vajuolo (1766)</li> <li>Memorie storiche sulla economia pubblica dello Stato di Milano (written in 1768, published in 1804)</li> <li>Riflessioni sulle leggi vincolanti il commercio dei grani (written 1769, published in 1797)</li> <li>Meditazioni sulla economia politica con annotazioni (1771)</li> <li>Consulta su la riforma delle monete dello Stato di Milano (20 April 1772)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osservazioni_sulla_tortura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osservazioni sulla tortura (page does not exist)">Osservazioni sulla tortura</a> (written in 1776, published in 1804)</li> <li>Ricordi a mia figlia (1777)</li> <li>Considerazioni sul commercio nello Stato di Milano</li> <li>Sull'indole del piacere e del dolore (1773–1781)</li> <li>Manoscritto da leggersi dalla mia cara figlia Teresa Verri per cui sola lo scrissi ne’ mesi di Settembre e Ottobre 1781 (1781)</li> <li>Storia di Milano (1783)</li> <li>Piano di organizzazione del Consiglio governativo ed istruzioni per il medesimo (1786)</li> <li>Precetti di Caligola e Claudio (1786–1788)</li> <li>Memoria cronologica dei cambiamenti pubblici dello Stato di Milano 1750–1791 (1791)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delle_nozioni_tendenti_alla_pubblica_felicit%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delle nozioni tendenti alla pubblica felicità (page does not exist)">Delle nozioni tendenti alla pubblica felicità</a> (1791–1792)</li> <li>Pensieri di un buon vecchio che non è letterato (1796)</li> <li>Carteggio di Pietro e di Alessandro Verri (prima pubblicazione 1910)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ja9QAAAAcAAJ">Sulla tortura e singolarmente sugli effetti che produsse all'occasione delle unzioni malefiche, alle quali si attribui la pestilenza che devastò Milano 'l'anno 1630.</a> Volume 1, Editor Giovanni Silvestri, Milan (1843). (in conjunction with publication of <i>Storia della Colonna Infame</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verri, Pietro, Barbara McGilvray, and Peter D. Groenewegen. Reflections on Political Economy. Fairfield (N.J.: Kelley, 1993. Print</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruni, Luigino, and Pier L. Porta. "Economia Civile and Pubblica Felicita in the Italian Enlightenment." History of Political Economy. 35 (2003): 361. Print.(Page-365)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">( ^ Angolani Bartolo, Gli Scritti di argomento familiare e autobiografico di Pietro Verri, Rivista di storia della filosofia. Fascicolo 3, 2007 (Firenze : [poi] Milano : La Nuova Italia ; Franco Angeli, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuliani2000" class="citation web cs1">Juliani, Richard N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-2001595">"Castiglioni, Luigi (1757-1832), naturalist, author, and politician"</a>. <i>American National Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.2001595">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.2001595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860669-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Castiglioni%2C+Luigi+%281757-1832%29%2C+naturalist%2C+author%2C+and+politician&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.2001595&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860669-7&rft.aulast=Juliani&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.001.0001%2Fanb-9780198606697-e-2001595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+Verri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porta, Pier Luigi. 2011. "Lombard Enlightenment and Classical Political Economy". European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 18 (4): 521–550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bianchini (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schumpeter, Joseph A, and Elizabeth B. Schumpeter. History of Economic Analysis. London: Routledge, 1997. Print.(page-273)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGilvray_et_al._274-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGilvray_et_al._274_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGilvray_et_al._274_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verri, Pietro, Barbara McGilvray, and Peter D. Groenewegen. Reflections on Political Economy. Fairfield (N.J.: Kelley, 1993. Print (page-274)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porta, Pier L, and Roberto Scazzieri. Pietro Verri's Contribution to the Economic Theory of the 18th Century: Commercial Society, Civil Society and Governance of the Economy. Milano: Università di Milano, Istituto di Economia Politica, 1998. Print (page-3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verri, Pietro, Barbara McGilvray, and Peter D. Groenewegen. Reflections on Political Economy. Fairfield (N.J.: Kelley, 1993. Print (page-275)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tubaro, Paola. "A Case Study in Early Mathematical Economics: Pietro Verri and Paolo Frisi, 1772." Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 24.2 (2002): 195–214. Print (page- 195)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco E. L. Guidi PAIN AND HUMAN ACTION: LOCKE TO BENTHAM DSS PAPERS STO 1–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verri, P. (1781) "Discorso sull'indole del piacere e del dolore (1st edition 1773, 2nd ed. 1881)", in Id., Del piacere e del dolore ed altri scritti di filosofia ed economia, R.De Felice ed., Feltrinelli, Milano 1964.(page-144)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verri, P. (1781) "Discorso sull'indole del piacere e del dolore (1st edition 1773, 2nd ed. 1881)", in Id., Del piacere e del dolore ed altri scritti di filosofia ed economia, R.De Felice ed., Feltrinelli, Milano 1964.(page-137-139)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verri,_Discorso-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verri,_Discorso_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verri,_Discorso_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verri, P. (1781) "Discorso sull'indole del piacere e del dolore (1st edition 1773, 2nd ed. 1881)", in Id., Del piacere e del dolore ed altri scritti di filosofia ed economia, R.De Felice ed., Feltrinelli, Milano 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verri, P. (1781) "Discorso sull'indole del piacere e del dolore (1st edition 1773, 2nd ed. 1881)", in Id., Del piacere e del dolore ed altri scritti di filosofia ed economia, R.De Felice ed., Feltrinelli, Milano 1964 (page-151)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRother2008" class="citation book cs1">Rother, Wolfgang (2008). <i>"Il dolore è il principio motore di tutto l'uman essere". Pietro Verri e Cesare Beccaria al di là della felicità, in Piero Giordanetti, Giambattista Gori, Maddalena Mazzocut-Mis (eds.): Il secolo dei Lumi e l'oscuro</i>. Milano, Udine: Mimesis. pp. 71–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-88-483789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-88-483789-9"><bdi>978-8-88-483789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Il+dolore+%C3%A8+il+principio+motore+di+tutto+l%27uman+essere%22.+Pietro+Verri+e+Cesare+Beccaria+al+di+l%C3%A0+della+felicit%C3%A0%2C+in+Piero+Giordanetti%2C+Giambattista+Gori%2C+Maddalena+Mazzocut-Mis+%28eds.%29%3A+Il+secolo+dei+Lumi+e+l%27oscuro&rft.place=Milano%2C+Udine&rft.pages=71-84&rft.pub=Mimesis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-88-483789-9&rft.aulast=Rother&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+Verri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRother2012" class="citation book cs1">Rother, Wolfgang (2012). <i>Felicità, ragione, interesse e dovere. Aspetti della filosofia morale di Pietro Verri, in Anna Maria Rao (ed.): Felicità pubblica e felicità privata nel Settecento</i>. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 93–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6372-461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6372-461-5"><bdi>978-88-6372-461-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Felicit%C3%A0%2C+ragione%2C+interesse+e+dovere.+Aspetti+della+filosofia+morale+di+Pietro+Verri%2C+in+Anna+Maria+Rao+%28ed.%29%3A+Felicit%C3%A0+pubblica+e+felicit%C3%A0+privata+nel+Settecento&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=93-100&rft.pub=Edizioni+di+Storia+e+Letteratura&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-6372-461-5&rft.aulast=Rother&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+Verri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRother2014" class="citation book cs1">Rother, Wolfgang (2014). <i>"Folter und Todesstrafe. Cesare Beccaria und Pietro Verri im europäischen Kontext", in Frank Jung, Thomas Kroll (eds.): Italien und Europa. Die Zirkulation der Ideen im Zeitalter der Aufklärung</i>. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink. pp. 143–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-5087-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-5087-6"><bdi>978-3-7705-5087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Folter+und+Todesstrafe.+Cesare+Beccaria+und+Pietro+Verri+im+europ%C3%A4ischen+Kontext%22%2C+in+Frank+Jung%2C+Thomas+Kroll+%28eds.%29%3A+Italien+und+Europa.+Die+Zirkulation+der+Ideen+im+Zeitalter+der+Aufkl%C3%A4rung&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pages=143-59&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Fink&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-7705-5087-6&rft.aulast=Rother&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+Verri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRother2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rother, Wolfgang (2016). "Contractualism and Humaneness. The Philosophical Framework of Pietro Verri's and Cesare Beccaria's Arguments on Interrogational Torture and Capital Punishment". <i>Beccaria. Revue d'histoire du droit de punir</i>. <b>2</b>: 69–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beccaria.+Revue+d%27histoire+du+droit+de+punir&rft.atitle=Contractualism+and+Humaneness.+The+Philosophical+Framework+of+Pietro+Verri%27s+and+Cesare+Beccaria%27s+Arguments+on+Interrogational+Torture+and+Capital+Punishment&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=69-89&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rother&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietro+Verri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">( Verri, P. (1781) "Discorso sull'indole del piacere e del dolore (1st edition 1773, 2nd ed. 1881)", in Id., Del piacere e del dolore ed altri scritti di filosofia ed economia, R.De Felice ed., Feltrinelli, Milano 1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruni, Luigino, and Pier L. Porta. "Economia Civile and Pubblica Felicita in the Italian Enlightenment." History of Political Economy. 35 (2003): 361. Print.(page-366)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Bouvy, Le comte Pietro Verri et son temps, Paris, 1893.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porta, Pier L, and Roberto Scazzieri. Pietro Verri's Contribution to the Economic Theory of the 18th Century: Commercial Society, Civil Society and Governance of the Economy. Milano: Università di Milano, Istituto di Economia Politica, 1998. Print.(page-27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porta, Pier L, and Roberto Scazzieri. Pietro Verri's Contribution to the Economic Theory of the 18th Century: Commercial Society, Civil Society and Governance of the Economy. Milano: Università di Milano, Istituto di Economia Politica, 1998. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capra_424-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capra_424_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capra_424_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlo Capra. Pietro Verri e il suo tempo, 2 vols. Milano: Cisalpino (ed.), 1999. (page-424) Pp. X-1137. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-323-4569-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-323-4569-2">88-323-4569-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Felice 1964, p. 127)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Caspari 1929, p. 240 and note)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porta, Pier L. "Lombard Enlightenment and Classical Political Economy." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 18.4 (2011): 521–550. Print. (Page-542-543)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wolfgang Rother, <i>Pietro Verri</i>, in Johannes Rohbeck, Wolfgang Rother (eds.): <i>Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie, Die Philosophie des 18. Jahrhunderts</i>, vol. 3: <i>Italien</i>. Schwabe, Basel 2011, pp. 273–95 (Bibliography: pp. 345–47).</li> <li>Capra Carlo, <i>I progressi della ragione. Vita di Pietro Verri</i>, Il Mulino, Collezione di testi e di studi, 2002, 648 p.</li> <li>C. Capra (a cura di), <i>Pietro Verri e il suo tempo</i> (Verri, La Milano dei Lumi), Bologna, Cisalpino, 1999, 1200 pages. 2 vol.</li> <li>Baia Curionis, S., <i>Una grande famiglia: i Verri in Franco Della Peruta (a cura di), Storia illustrata di Milano</i>, Elio Sellino Editore, Milano, 1993.</li> <li>Bouvy, Eugène, <i>Le Comte Pietro Verri: 1728–1797: ses idées et son temps</i>, [S.l.n.n.], 1889.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34473689">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/121146998603318942739">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/100437/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCW3CcwXKXH4vf44X68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118804278">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82138205">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120377209">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120377209">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Verri, Pietro <1728-1797>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV035822">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36414819">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040129005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1479709">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/134411">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069702691">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98016729">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=155348">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810536349605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/88410">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272998605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058595869906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14115869">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02124343?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1255098">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="VERRI, Pietro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-verri_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118804278.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118804278">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028567161">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61r9nhq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&oldid=1244997018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Verri&oldid=1244997018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1728_births" title="Category:1728 births">1728 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1797_deaths" 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