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<span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_vaudeville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_vaudeville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Black vaudeville</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_vaudeville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigrant_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigrant_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Immigrant America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigrant_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_vaudeville_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_vaudeville_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected vaudeville artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_vaudeville_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaudeville's_cultural_influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaudeville's_cultural_influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vaudeville's cultural influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaudeville's_cultural_influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaudeville</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فودفيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فودفيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevil" title="Vodevil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vodevil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevil" title="Vodevil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vodevil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Водевиль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Водевиль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Водевил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водевил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevil" title="Vodevil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vodevil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BB" title="Βοντβίλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοντβίλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevil" title="Vodevil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vodevil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevilo" title="Vodevilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vodevilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ودویل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ودویل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville_(Am%C3%A9rique)" title="Vaudeville (Amérique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vaudeville (Amérique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevil" title="Vodevil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vodevil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%B9%8C" title="보드빌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보드빌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%A4%D6%87%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Վոդևիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոդևիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodvilj" title="Vodvilj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodvilj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevilo" title="Vodevilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vodevilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C" title="וודוויל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וודוויל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვოდევილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოდევილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Водевиль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Водевиль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_vallevirense" title="Carmen vallevirense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carmen vallevirense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevilis" title="Vodevilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vodevilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville_(m%C5%B1faj)" title="Vaudeville (műfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaudeville (műfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99" title="Водвиљ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водвиљ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB" title="ヴォードヴィル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォードヴィル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevil" title="Vodevil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vodevil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodewil" title="Wodewil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodewil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodevil" title="Vodevil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vodevil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Водевиль – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Водевиль" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Водевиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водевиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Водевиль – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Водевиль" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%86%D8%AF%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ڤۆدڤیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤۆدڤیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%99" title="Водвиљ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водвиљ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodvilj" title="Vodvilj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodvilj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vaudeville" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodabil" title="Bodabil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bodabil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodvil" title="Vodvil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vodvil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:KevinCuddeback" class="mw-userlink" title="User:KevinCuddeback" data-mw-revid="1205420607"><bdi>KevinCuddeback</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:KevinCuddeback" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:KevinCuddeback">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/KevinCuddeback" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/KevinCuddeback">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">16:36, 9 February 2024</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Beginnings">→<bdi dir="ltr">Beginnings</bdi></a>: </span> "Certainly" is too POV, and is particularly overstated given the "source needed" Replace with "Similar")</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 16:36, 9 February 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:KevinCuddeback" class="mw-userlink" title="User:KevinCuddeback" data-mw-revid="1205420607"><bdi>KevinCuddeback</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:KevinCuddeback" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:KevinCuddeback">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/KevinCuddeback" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/KevinCuddeback">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Beginnings">→<bdi dir="ltr">Beginnings</bdi></a>: </span> "Certainly" is too POV, and is particularly overstated given the "source needed" Replace with "Similar")</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&diff=prev&oldid=1205420607" title="Vaudeville">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&direction=prev&oldid=1205420607" title="Vaudeville">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&diff=cur&oldid=1205420607" title="Vaudeville">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&direction=next&oldid=1205420607" title="Vaudeville">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&diff=next&oldid=1205420607" title="Vaudeville">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Entertainment genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vaudeville (disambiguation)">Vaudeville (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sandow_Trocadero_Vaudevilles,_performing_arts_poster,_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Sandow_Trocadero_Vaudevilles%2C_performing_arts_poster%2C_1894.jpg/220px-The_Sandow_Trocadero_Vaudevilles%2C_performing_arts_poster%2C_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Sandow_Trocadero_Vaudevilles%2C_performing_arts_poster%2C_1894.jpg/330px-The_Sandow_Trocadero_Vaudevilles%2C_performing_arts_poster%2C_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Sandow_Trocadero_Vaudevilles%2C_performing_arts_poster%2C_1894.jpg/440px-The_Sandow_Trocadero_Vaudevilles%2C_performing_arts_poster%2C_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="4479" /></a><figcaption>A promotional poster for the Sandow Trocadero Vaudevilles (1894), showing dancers, clowns, trapeze artists, costumed dog, singers and costumed actors</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vaudeville</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[vodvil]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatrical</a> genre of <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety entertainment</a> which began in France at the end of the 19th century. A vaudeville was originally a comedy without psychological or moral intentions, based on a comical situation: a dramatic composition or light poetry, interspersed with songs or ballets. It became popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s, while changing over time. </p><p>In some ways analogous to <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> from <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian Britain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a typical North American vaudeville performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. Types of acts have included popular and classical musicians, singers, dancers, comedians, <a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">trained animals</a>, magicians, <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">ventriloquists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (strength athlete)">strongmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">female and male impersonators</a>, acrobats, clowns, <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_song" title="Illustrated song">illustrated songs</a>, jugglers, <a href="/wiki/One-act_play" title="One-act play">one-act plays</a> or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrels</a>, and films. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a "vaudevillian". </p><p>Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the <a href="/wiki/Concert_saloon" title="Concert saloon">concert saloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrelsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">freak shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dime_museum" title="Dime museum">dime museums</a>, and literary <a href="/wiki/American_burlesque" title="American burlesque">American burlesque</a>. Called "the heart of American show business", vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Trav_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trav-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The origin of the term is obscure but often explained as being derived from the French expression <i>voix de ville</i> ("voice of the city"). A second speculation is that it comes from the 15th-century songs on satire by poet <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Basselin" title="Olivier Basselin">Olivier Basselin</a>, "Vau de Vire".<sup id="cite_ref-Kenrick_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenrick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Connections_(British_documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connections (British documentary)">Connections</a></i> television series, science historian <a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(science_historian)" title="James Burke (science historian)">James Burke</a> argues that the term is a corruption of the French "Vau de <a href="/wiki/Vire_(river)" title="Vire (river)">Vire</a>" ("Vire River Valley", in English), an area known for its bawdy drinking songs and where Basselin lived.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> also endorses the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vau de vire</i></span> origin, a truncated form of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chanson du Vau de Vire</i></span> ("song of the Valley of the Vire"). Around 1610, Jean le Houx collected these works as <i>{Le Livre des Chants nouveaux de Vaudevire</i>, which is probably the direct origin of the word. Some, however, preferred the earlier term "variety" to what manager <a href="/wiki/Tony_Pastor" title="Tony Pastor">Tony Pastor</a> called its "sissy and Frenchified" successor. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as "variety" well into the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_en_vaudevilles" title="Comédie en vaudevilles">Comédie en vaudevilles</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Character_comedian_charles_e_grapewin.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Character_comedian_charles_e_grapewin.gif" decoding="async" width="199" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>From newspaper promotional for vaudeville character actor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grapewin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Grapewin">Charles Grapewin</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>With its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Concert_saloon" title="Concert saloon">concert saloon</a> and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as "Polite Vaudeville".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, entertainment existed on a different scale. Similar variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere. In the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatergoers could enjoy a performance consisting of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found an increasing number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A handful of <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a> regularly toured the country; dime museums appealed to the curious; amusement parks, riverboats, and town halls often featured "cleaner" presentations of variety entertainment; compared to saloons, music halls, and <a href="/wiki/American_burlesque" title="American burlesque">burlesque</a> houses, which catered to those with a taste for the <i>risqué</i>. In the 1840s, the <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel show</a>, another type of variety performance, and "the first emanation of a pervasive and purely American mass culture", grew to enormous popularity and formed what <a href="/wiki/Nick_Tosches" title="Nick Tosches">Nick Tosches</a> called "the heart of 19th-century show business".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant influence also came from "Dutch" (i.e., German or faux-German) minstrels and comedians.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medicine_show" title="Medicine show">Medicine shows</a> traveled the countryside offering programs of comedy, music, <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">jugglers</a>, and other novelties along with displays of tonics, salves, and miracle elixirs, while "<a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>" shows provided romantic vistas of the disappearing frontier, complete with trick riding, music and drama. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in America's growing urban hubs. </p><p>From the mid-1860s, <a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">impresario</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Pastor" title="Tony Pastor">Tony Pastor</a>, a former singing circus clown who had become a prominent variety theater performer and manager, capitalized on <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> sensibilities and spending power when he began to feature "polite" variety programs in his <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastor opened his first "Opera House" on the <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a> in 1865, later moving his variety theater operation to <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> and, finally, to Fourteenth Street near <a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a>. He only began to use the term "vaudeville" in place of "variety" in early 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to draw a potential audience from female and family-based shopping traffic <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">uptown</a>, Pastor barred the sale of liquor in his theatres, eliminated bawdy material from his shows, and offered gifts of coal and hams to attendees. Pastor's experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 90%; width: 400px;"> <caption>Performance bill for Temple Theatre, Detroit, 1 December 1902 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>The manager's comments, sent back to the circuit's central office weekly, follow each act's description. The bill illustrates the typical pattern of opening the show with a "dumb" act to allow patrons to find their seats, placing strong acts in second and penultimate positions, and leaving the weakest act for the end, to clear the house. </p><p>As well, note that in this bill, as in many vaudeville shows, acts often associated with "lowbrow" or popular entertainment (acrobats, a trained mule) shared a stage with acts more usually regarded as "highbrow" or classical entertainment (opera vocalists, classical musicians). </p> <ul><li><b>(1) Burt Jordan and Rosa Crouch.</b> "Sensational, grotesque and 'buck' dancers. A good act ..."</li> <li><b>(2) The White Tscherkess Trio.</b> "A man and two women who do a singing turn of the operatic order. They carry special scenery which is very artistic and their costumes are original and neat. Their voices are good and blend exceedingly well. The act goes big with the audience."</li> <li><b>(3) Sarah Midgely and Gertie Carlisle.</b> "Presenting the sketch 'After School.' ... they are a 'knockout.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</li> <li><b>(4) Theodor F. Smith and Jenny St. George-Fuller.</b> "Refined instrumentalists."</li> <li><b>(5) Milly Capell.</b> "European equestrienne. This is her second week. On account of the very pretty picture that she makes she goes as strong as she did last week."</li> <li><b>(6) R. J. Jose.</b> "Tenor singer. The very best of them all."</li> <li><b>(7) The Nelson Family of Acrobats.</b> "This act is composed of three men, two young women, three boys and two small girls. The greatest acrobatic act extant."</li> <li><b>(8) James Thornton.</b> "Monologist and vocalist. He goes like a cyclone. It is a case of continuous laughter from his entrance to his exit."</li> <li><b>(9) Burk and Andrus and Their Trained Mule.</b> "This act, if it can be so classed, was closed after the evening performance."</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirksville_Mercantile_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kirksville_Mercantile_College.jpg/320px-Kirksville_Mercantile_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Kirksville_Mercantile_College.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> "The Opera" in <a href="/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri" title="Kirksville, Missouri">Kirksville, Missouri</a> was on the Vaudeville circuit. Vaudeville played in both large and small venues in cities and towns. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Keith" title="Benjamin Franklin Keith">B. F. Keith</a> took the next step, starting in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, where he built an empire of <a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theatres</a> and brought vaudeville to the United States and Canada. Later, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Franklin_Albee_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Franklin Albee II">E. F. Albee</a>, adoptive grandfather of the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning playwright <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a>, managed the chain to its greatest success. Circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudeville's greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the single-theatre booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years. </p><p>Albee also gave national prominence to vaudeville's trumpeting "polite" entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos (e.g., those that used words such as "hell") were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the week's remaining performances or were canceled altogether. In spite of such threats, performers routinely flouted this <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, often to the delight of the very audience members whose sensibilities were supposedly endangered. He eventually instituted a set of guidelines to be an audience member at his show, and these were reinforced by the ushers working in the theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenrick_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenrick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This "polite entertainment" also extended to Keith's company members. He went to extreme measures to maintain this level of modesty. Keith even went as far as posting warnings backstage such as this: "Don't say 'slob' or 'son of a gun' or 'hully gee' on the stage unless you want to be canceled peremptorily... if you are guilty of uttering anything sacrilegious or even suggestive you will be immediately closed and will never again be allowed in a theatre where Mr. Keith is in authority." Along these same lines of discipline, Keith's theatre managers would occasionally send out blue envelopes with orders to omit certain suggestive lines of songs and possible substitutions for those words. If actors chose to ignore these orders or quit, they would get "a black mark" on their name and would never again be allowed to work on the Keith Circuit. Thus, actors learned to follow the instructions given to them by B. F. Keith for fear of losing their careers forever.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenrick_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenrick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1890s, vaudeville had large circuits, houses (small and large) in almost every sizable location, standardized booking, broad pools of skilled acts, and a loyal national following. One of the biggest circuits was Martin Beck's <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Circuit,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Orpheum Circuit, Inc.">Orpheum Circuit</a>. It incorporated in 1919 and brought together 45 vaudeville theatres in 36 cities throughout the United States and Canada and a large interest in two vaudeville circuits. Another major circuit was that of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pantages" title="Alexander Pantages">Alexander Pantages</a>. In his heyday, Pantages owned more than 30 vaudeville theatres and controlled, through management contracts, perhaps 60 more in both the United States and Canada. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_to_Enter_Vaudeville_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/How_to_Enter_Vaudeville_cover.jpg/220px-How_to_Enter_Vaudeville_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/How_to_Enter_Vaudeville_cover.jpg/330px-How_to_Enter_Vaudeville_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/How_to_Enter_Vaudeville_cover.jpg/440px-How_to_Enter_Vaudeville_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>This 1913 how-to booklet for would-be vaudevillians was recently republished.</figcaption></figure> <p>At its height, vaudeville played across multiple strata of economic class and auditorium size. On the vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a>, it would work anywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public. The three most common levels were the "small time" (lower-paying contracts for more frequent performances in rougher, often converted theatres), the "medium time" (moderate wages for two performances each day in purpose-built theatres), and the "big time" (possible remuneration of several thousand dollars per week in large, urban theatres largely patronized by the middle and upper-middle classes). As performers rose in renown and established regional and national followings, they worked their way into the less arduous working conditions and better pay of the big time. The capital of the big time was New York City's <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Palace Theatre (New York City)">Palace Theatre</a> (or just "The Palace" in the slang of vaudevillians), built by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Beck_(vaudeville)" title="Martin Beck (vaudeville)">Martin Beck</a> in 1913 and operated by Keith. Featuring a bill stocked with inventive novelty acts, national celebrities, and acknowledged masters of vaudeville performance (such as comedian and trick roper <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers">Will Rogers</a>), the Palace provided what many vaudevillians considered the <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> of remarkable careers. A standard show bill would begin with a sketch, follow with a single (an individual male or female performer); next would be an alley-oop (an acrobatic act); then another single, followed by yet another sketch such as a blackface comedy. The acts that followed these for the rest of the show would vary from musicals to jugglers to song-and-dance singles and end with a final extravaganza – either musical or drama – with the full company. These shows would feature such stars as ragtime and jazz pianist <a href="/wiki/Eubie_Blake" title="Eubie Blake">Eubie Blake</a>, the famous and magical <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>, and child star <a href="/wiki/Baby_Rose_Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Rose Marie">Baby Rose Marie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s article about Vaudeville, it is said that at any given time, Vaudeville was employing over twelve thousand different people throughout its entire industry. Each entertainer would be on the road 42 weeks at a time while working a particular "Circuit" – or an individual theatre chain of a major company.<sup id="cite_ref-OldNews_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldNews-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the neighborhood character of vaudeville attendance had always promoted a tendency to tailor fare to specific audiences, mature vaudeville grew to feature houses and circuits specifically aimed at certain demographic groups. Black patrons, often segregated into the rear of the second gallery in white-oriented theatres, had their own smaller circuits, as did speakers of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> (see below). This foreign addition combined with comedy produced such acts as "minstrel shows of antebellum America" and Yiddish theatre. Many ethnic families joined in on this entertainment business, and for them, this traveling lifestyle was simply a continuation of the circumstances that brought them to America. Through these acts, they were able to assimilate themselves into their new home while also bringing bits of their own culture into this new world.<sup id="cite_ref-About_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White-oriented regional circuits, such as <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>'s "Peanut Circuit", also provided essential training grounds for new artists while allowing established acts to experiment with and polish new material. At its height, vaudeville was rivaled only by churches and public schools among the nation's premiere public gathering places. </p><p>Another slightly different aspect of Vaudeville was an increasing interest in the female figure. The previously mentioned ominous idea of "the blue envelopes" led to the phrase "blue" material, which described the provocative subject matter present in many Vaudeville acts of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenrick_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenrick-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many managers even saw this scandalous material as a marketing strategy to attract many different audiences. As stated in Andrew Erdman's book <i>Blue Vaudeville</i>, the Vaudeville stage was "a highly sexualized space ... where unclad bodies, provocative dancers, and singers of 'blue' lyrics all vied for attention." Such performances highlighted and objectified the female body as a "sexual delight", but more than that, historians think that Vaudeville marked a time in which the female body became its own "sexual spectacle". This sexual image began sprouting everywhere an American went: the shops, a restaurant, the grocery store, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The more this image brought in the highest revenue, the more Vaudeville focused on acts involving women. Even acts that were as innocent as a sister act were higher sellers than a good brother act. Consequently, Erdman adds that female Vaudeville performers such as Julie Mackey and Gibson's Bathing Girls began to focus less on talent and more on physical appeal through their figure, tight gowns, and other revealing attire. It eventually came as a surprise to audience members when such beautiful women actually possessed talent in addition to their appealing looks. This element of surprise colored much of the reaction to the female entertainment of this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2></div> <p>In the 1920s, announcements seeking all-girl bands for vaudeville performances appeared in industry publications like <i>Billboard</i>, <i>Variety</i> and in newspapers. Bands like <a href="/wiki/The_Ingenues" title="The Ingenues">The Ingenues</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dixie_Sweethearts" title="The Dixie Sweethearts">The Dixie Sweethearts</a> were well-publicized, while other groups were simply described as "all-girl Revue". According to Feminist Theory, similar trends in theater and film objectified women, an example of <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male gaze</a>, as women's role in public life was expanding.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These expectations for women in the 19th century played a big role in the compelling aspects of vaudeville. Through vaudeville, many women were allowed to join their male counterparts on the stage and found success in their acts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Dressler_in_%22Tillie_the_Scrub_Lady%22_(SAYRE_23576).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Marie_Dressler_in_%22Tillie_the_Scrub_Lady%22_%28SAYRE_23576%29.jpg/220px-Marie_Dressler_in_%22Tillie_the_Scrub_Lady%22_%28SAYRE_23576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Marie_Dressler_in_%22Tillie_the_Scrub_Lady%22_%28SAYRE_23576%29.jpg/330px-Marie_Dressler_in_%22Tillie_the_Scrub_Lady%22_%28SAYRE_23576%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Marie_Dressler_in_%22Tillie_the_Scrub_Lady%22_%28SAYRE_23576%29.jpg/440px-Marie_Dressler_in_%22Tillie_the_Scrub_Lady%22_%28SAYRE_23576%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Marie Dressler in "Tillie the Scrub Lady" (SAYRE 23576)</figcaption></figure> <p>Leila Marie Koerber, later <a href="/wiki/Marie_Dressler" title="Marie Dressler">Marie Dressler</a>, was a Canadian actress who specialized in vaudeville comedy, and eventually won an Academy Award for Best Actress later in her career. Being the daughter of a musician, she moved to the United States of America in her childhood. At just fourteen years old, she left home to begin her career, lying about her age and sending her mother half of her paycheck. Dressler found great success and was known for her comedic timing and physical comedy, like carrying her male co-stars. She eventually worked on Broadway, where she had a great desire to become a serious actress but was advised to remain in comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went on to star in a few films but again returned to vaudeville, her original career. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trixie_Friganza_Hayes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trixie_Friganza_Hayes.jpg/220px-Trixie_Friganza_Hayes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Trixie_Friganza_Hayes.jpg/330px-Trixie_Friganza_Hayes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Trixie_Friganza_Hayes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Trixie Friganza Hayes</figcaption></figure> <p>Another famous vaudevillian actress was <a href="/wiki/Trixie_Friganza" title="Trixie Friganza">Trixi Friganza</a>, originally born Delia O'Callaghan. She had a famous catchphrase; "You know Trixi with her bag of tricks."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began her career in opera, performing to help provide for her family. The oldest of three daughters, she wanted to help her family financially but had to do it secretly, as female performers were frowned on at the time. She worked largely in comedy and gained acclaim and success due to her willingness to step into other's roles who had fallen ill, and were otherwise unable to perform. In her acts, she often emphasized her plus-size figure, calling herself the "perfect forty-six". Friganza was also a poet and writer. She used many of her performances as ways to raise money to support the poor or disenfranchised and went on record publicly numerous times to support these social causes. Friganza also spent much of her life fighting for women's equality and pushing for self-acceptance for women, both publicly and within themselves, as well as their rights in comparison to men. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sissieretta_Jones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sissieretta_Jones.jpg/220px-Sissieretta_Jones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sissieretta_Jones.jpg/330px-Sissieretta_Jones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sissieretta_Jones.jpg/440px-Sissieretta_Jones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>World renowned opera singer <a href="/wiki/Sissieretta_Jones" title="Sissieretta Jones">Sissieretta Jones</a> ran her own Vaudeville touring company, Black Patti's Troubadours</figcaption></figure> <p>Another famous comedienne, one who brought in thousands of audience members with her signature improvisational skills, was <a href="/wiki/May_Irwin" title="May Irwin">May Irwin</a>. She worked from about 1875 to 1914. Originally born Ada Campbell, she began her life on the stage at thirteen years old following the death of her father. She and her older sister created a singing act called the "Irwin Sisters". Many years later, their act had taken off and with performances in both vaudeville and burlesque at famous music halls, until Irwin decided to continue her career on her own. She then changed her approach to vaudeville, performing African-American-influenced songs, even later writing her songs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She introduced her signature in vaudeville, "The Bully Song", which was performed in a Broadway show. This is when she began experimenting with improvisational comedy and quickly found her unique success, even taking her performances global with acts in the U.K. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Tucker" title="Sophie Tucker">Sophie Tucker</a>, a Russian Jewish immigrant, was told by promoter Chris Brown that she was not attractive enough to succeed in show business without doing Blackface, so she performed that way for the first two years onstage, until one day she decided to go without it, and achieved much greater success being herself from that point on, especially with her song "Some of These Days." <sup id="cite_ref-Borden_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borden-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moms_Mabley" title="Moms Mabley">Moms Mabley</a> was a comedienne who got her start in Vaudeville and the <a href="/wiki/Chitlin%27_Circuit" title="Chitlin' Circuit">Chitlin circuits</a> in the 1920s, and ended up with mainstream success in the 20th century. <sup id="cite_ref-LarkinGE_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LarkinGE-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other 20th century women performers who started in Vaudeville included blues singers <a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey" title="Ma Rainey">Ma Rainey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Cox" title="Ida Cox">Ida Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women-led touring companies like <a href="/wiki/Sissieretta_Jones" title="Sissieretta Jones">Black Patti's Troubadours</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Whitman_Sisters" title="Whitman Sisters">Whitman Sisters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hyers_Sisters" title="Hyers Sisters">Hyers Sisters</a> were popular acts. Other women worked the business side of Vaudeville, like Amanda Thorpe, a white woman who founded a black theater in Virginia, <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Sisters" title="Griffin Sisters">Griffin Sisters</a>, who managed several theaters in their efforts to create a Black Vaudeville circuit. <sup id="cite_ref-Scottjournal_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scottjournal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_vaudeville">Black vaudeville</h2></div> <p>(<i>main article</i>: <a href="/wiki/Black_Vaudeville" title="Black Vaudeville">Black Vaudeville</a>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Andersons_(49997689688).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Andersons_%2849997689688%29.jpg/220px-The_Andersons_%2849997689688%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Andersons_%2849997689688%29.jpg/330px-The_Andersons_%2849997689688%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_Andersons_%2849997689688%29.jpg/440px-The_Andersons_%2849997689688%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption> Albert and Mamie Anderson performed as a comedy duo with <a href="/wiki/Sam_T._Jack" title="Sam T. Jack">Sam T. Jack's</a> Creole Show and ran their own touring company, Lady Africa, in the early 1900s</figcaption></figure> <p>Black performers and patrons participated in a racially segregated vaudeville circuit. Though many popular acts like Lewis and Walker, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hogan" title="Ernest Hogan">Ernest Hogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Jones" title="Irving Jones">Irving Jones</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hyers_Sisters" title="Hyers Sisters">Hyers Sisters</a> played to both white and black audiences, early Vaudeville performances for white audiences were limited to one Black act per show, and performers faced discrimination in restaurants and lodging. Entertainers and entrepreneurs like <a href="/wiki/Whitman_Sisters" title="Whitman Sisters">The Whitman Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Chappelle" title="Pat Chappelle">Pat Chapelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_William_Isham" title="John William Isham">John Isham</a> created and managed their own touring companies; others took on theater ownership and management and created Black vaudeville circuits, as was the case for <a href="/wiki/Sherman_H._Dudley" title="Sherman H. Dudley">Sherman H. Dudley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Sisters" title="Griffin Sisters">Griffin Sisters</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the 1920s, many bookings were managed by the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Owners_Booking_Association" title="Theatre Owners Booking Association">Theatre Owners Booking Association</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Kearns_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearns-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African-Americans challenged the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a> stereotypes played by white performers by bringing their own authenticity and style to the stage, composing music, comedy and dance routines and laying the groundwork for distinctly American cultural phenomena like <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">tap dance</a>. Notable Black entertainers in Vaudeville included comedians <a href="/wiki/Bert_Williams" title="Bert Williams">Bert Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(vaudeville)" title="George Walker (vaudeville)">George Walker</a>, dancer/choreographer <a href="/wiki/Aida_Overton_Walker" title="Aida Overton Walker">Ada Overton Walker</a>, and many others. <sup id="cite_ref-Kearns_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearns-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black songwriters and composers like <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cole_(composer)" title="Bob Cole (composer)">Bob Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hogan" title="Ernest Hogan">Ernest Hogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Jones" title="Irving Jones">Irving Jones</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Rosamond_Johnson" title="J. Rosamond Johnson">Rosamond Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Johnson_(singer)" title="George W. Johnson (singer)">George Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lemonier" title="Tom Lemonier">Tom Lemonier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gussie_Davis" title="Gussie Davis">Gussie L. Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith_(composer)" title="Chris Smith (composer)">Chris Smith</a>, wrote many of the songs that were popularized onstage by white singers, and paved the way for <a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">African-American musical theater</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-LOC_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigrant_America">Immigrant America</h2></div> <p>In addition to vaudeville's prominence as a form of American entertainment, it reflected the newly evolving urban inner-city culture and interaction of its operators and audience. Making up a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a> in the mid-19th century, Irish Americans interacted with established Americans, with the Irish becoming subject to discrimination due to their ethnic physical and cultural characteristics. The ethnic stereotypes of Irish through their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greenhorn" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:greenhorn">greenhorn</a> depiction alluded to their newly arrived status as immigrant Americans, with the stereotype portrayed in avenues of entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Irish immigration wave were several waves in which new immigrants from different backgrounds came in contact with the Irish in America's urban centers. Already settled and being native English speakers, Irish Americans took hold of these advantages and began to assert their positions in the immigrant racial hierarchy based on skin tone and assimilation status, cementing job positions that were previously unavailable to them as recently arrived immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Irish Americans became prominent in vaudeville entertainment as curators and actors, creating a unique ethnic interplay between Irish American use of self-deprecation as humor and their diverse inner city surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houdini-Elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Houdini-Elephant.jpg/250px-Houdini-Elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Houdini-Elephant.jpg/375px-Houdini-Elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Houdini-Elephant.jpg/500px-Houdini-Elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> and Jennie, the Vanishing Elephant, January 7, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The interactions between newly arrived immigrants and settled immigrants within the backdrop of the unknown American urban landscape allowed vaudeville to be utilized as an avenue for expression and understanding. The often hostile immigrant experience in their new country was now used for comic relief on the vaudeville stage, where stereotypes of different ethnic groups were perpetuated.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz1996_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz1996-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crude stereotypes that emerged were easily identifiable not only by their distinct ethnic cultural attributes, but how those attributes differed from the mainstream established American culture and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wittke_1952_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittke_1952-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coupled with their historical presence on the English stage for comic relief,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as operators and actors of the vaudeville stage, Irish Americans became interpreters of immigrant cultural images in American popular culture. New arrivals found their ethnic group status defined within the immigrant population and in their new country as a whole by the Irish on stage.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, the same interactions between ethnic groups within the close living conditions of cities also created racial tensions which were reflected in vaudeville. Conflict between Irish and African Americans saw the promotion of black-face <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrelsy</a> on the stage, purposefully used to place African Americans beneath the Irish in the racial and social urban hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Tung_Foo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Lee_Tung_Foo.jpg/220px-Lee_Tung_Foo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Lee_Tung_Foo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Chinese-American Vaudeville comedian <a href="/wiki/Lee_Tung_Foo" title="Lee Tung Foo">Lee Tung Foo</a>, dressed in a Scottish kilt</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Irish had a strong Celtic presence in vaudeville and in the promotion of ethnic stereotypes, the ethnic groups that they were characterizing also utilized the same humor. As the Irish donned their ethnic costumes, groups such as the Chinese, Italians, Germans and Jews utilized ethnic caricatures to understand themselves as well as the Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban diversity within the vaudeville stage and audience also reflected their societal status, with the working class constituting two-thirds of the typical vaudeville audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ethnic caricatures that now comprised <a href="/wiki/American_humor" title="American humor">American humor</a> reflected the positive and negative interactions between ethnic groups in America's cities. The caricatures served as a method of understanding different groups and their societal positions within their cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the greenhorn immigrant for comedic effect showcased how immigrants were viewed as new arrivals, but also what they could aspire to be. In addition to interpreting visual ethnic caricatures, the Irish American ideal of transitioning from the shanty<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the lace curtain<sup id="cite_ref-Wittke_1952_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittke_1952-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became a model of economic upward mobility for immigrant groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_vaudeville_artists">Selected vaudeville artists</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_vaudeville_performers:_A%E2%80%93K" title="List of vaudeville performers: A–K">List of vaudeville performers: A–K</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vaudeville_performers:_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of vaudeville performers: L–Z">List of vaudeville performers: L–Z</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vaudeville##" title="Talk:Vaudeville">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn,_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg/300px-Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg/450px-Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg/600px-Lady_Duff_Gordon_styles_sketched_by_Marguerite_Martyn%2C_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Styles of <a href="/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a>, as presented in a vaudeville circuit pantomime and sketched by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn">Marguerite Martyn</a> of the <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i> in April 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The continued growth of the lower-priced cinema in the early 1910s dealt the heaviest blow to vaudeville. This was similar to the advent of free broadcast <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>'s diminishing the cultural and economic strength of the cinema. Cinema was first regularly commercially presented in the US in vaudeville halls. The first public showing of movies projected on a screen took place at <a href="/wiki/Koster_and_Bial%27s_Music_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Koster and Bial's Music Hall">Koster and Bial's Music Hall</a> in 1896. Lured by greater salaries and less arduous working conditions, many performers and personalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._C._Fields" title="W. C. Fields">W. C. Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mae_West" title="Mae West">Mae West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marx_Brothers" title="Marx Brothers">Marx Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Durante" title="Jimmy Durante">Jimmy Durante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Robinson" title="Bill Robinson">Bill "Bojangles" Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Brice" title="Fanny Brice">Fanny Brice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burns_and_Allen" title="Burns and Allen">Burns and Allen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a>, used the prominence gained in live variety performance to vault into the new medium of cinema. In doing so, such performers often exhausted in a few moments of screen time the novelty of an act that might have kept them on tour for several years. Other performers who entered in vaudeville's later years, including <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello" title="Abbott and Costello">Abbott and Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Smith" title="Kate Smith">Kate Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Marie" title="Rose Marie">Rose Marie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Storch" title="Larry Storch">Larry Storch</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Stooges" title="The Three Stooges">The Three Stooges</a>, used vaudeville only as a launching pad for later careers. They left live performance before achieving the national celebrity of earlier vaudeville stars, and found fame in new venues. </p><p>The line between live and filmed performances was blurred by the number of vaudeville entrepreneurs who made more or less successful forays into the movie business. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pantages" title="Alexander Pantages">Alexander Pantages</a> quickly realized the importance of motion pictures as a form of entertainment. He incorporated them in his shows as early as 1902. Later, he entered into a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky" title="Famous Players–Lasky">Famous Players–Lasky</a>, a major Hollywood production company and an affiliate of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>. </p><p>By the late 1920s, most vaudeville shows included a healthy selection of cinema. Earlier in the century, many vaudevillians, cognizant of the threat represented by cinema, held out hope that the silent nature of the "flickering shadow sweethearts" would preclude their usurpation of the paramount place in the public's affection. With the introduction of talking pictures in 1926, the burgeoning film studios removed what had remained the chief difference in favor of live theatrical performance: spoken dialogue. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Kenrick_(theatre_writer)" title="John Kenrick (theatre writer)">John Kenrick</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Top vaudeville stars filmed their acts for one-time pay-offs, inadvertently helping to speed the death of vaudeville. After all, when "small time" theatres could offer "big time" performers on screen at a nickel a seat, who could ask audiences to pay higher amounts for less impressive live talent? The newly-formed <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO studios</a> took over the famed <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Circuit" title="Orpheum Circuit">Orpheum vaudeville circuit</a> and swiftly turned it into a chain of full-time movie theatres. The half-century tradition of vaudeville was effectively wiped out within less than four years.<sup id="cite_ref-KenrickLove_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenrickLove-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Inevitably, managers further trimmed costs by eliminating the last of the live performances. Vaudeville also suffered due to the rise of broadcast radio following the greater availability of inexpensive receiver sets later in the decade. Even the hardiest in the vaudeville industry realized the form was in decline; the perceptive understood the condition to be terminal. The standardized film distribution and talking pictures of the 1930s confirmed the end of vaudeville. By 1930, the vast majority of formerly live theatres had been wired for sound, and none of the major studios were producing silent pictures. For a time, the most luxurious theatres continued to offer live entertainment, but most theatres were forced by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> to economize. </p><p>Some in the industry blamed cinema's drain of talent from the vaudeville circuits for the medium's demise. Others argued that vaudeville had allowed its performances to become too familiar to its famously loyal, now seemingly fickle audiences. </p><p>There was no abrupt end to vaudeville, though the form was clearly sagging by the late 1920s. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy Sr.">Joseph Kennedy Sr.</a> in a hostile buyout, acquired the Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theatres Corporation (KAO), which had more than 700 vaudeville theatres across the United States which had begun showing movies. The shift of New York City's Palace Theatre, vaudeville's center, to an exclusively cinema presentation on 16 November 1932, is often considered to have been the death knell of vaudeville.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though talk of its resurrection was heard during the 1930s and later, the demise of the supporting apparatus of the circuits and the higher cost of live performance made any large-scale renewal of vaudeville unrealistic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <p>The most striking examples of <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> theatre architecture were commissioned by the big time vaudeville magnates and stood as monuments of their wealth and ambition. Examples of such architecture are the theatres built by impresario <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pantages" title="Alexander Pantages">Alexander Pantages</a>. Pantages often used architect <a href="/wiki/B._Marcus_Priteca" title="B. Marcus Priteca">B. Marcus Priteca</a> (1881–1971), who in turn regularly worked with muralist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Heinsbergen" title="Anthony Heinsbergen">Anthony Heinsbergen</a>. Priteca devised an exotic, neo-classical style that his employer called "Pantages Greek". </p><p>Though classic vaudeville reached a zenith of capitalization and sophistication in urban areas dominated by national chains and commodious theatres, small-time vaudeville included countless more intimate and locally controlled houses. Small-time houses were often converted saloons, rough-hewn theatres, or multi-purpose halls, together catering to a wide range of clientele. Many small towns had purpose-built theatres. A small yet interesting example might include what is called Grange Halls in northern New England, still being used. These are old-fashioned, wooden buildings with creaky, dimly-lit, wooden stages all of which is meant to offset the isolation of a farming lifestyle. These stages can offer anything from child performers to something called <a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra-dances</a> to visits by Santa to local, musical talent, to homemade foods such as whoopee pies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaudeville's_cultural_influence_and_legacy"><span id="Vaudeville.27s_cultural_influence_and_legacy"></span>Vaudeville's cultural influence and legacy</h2></div> <p>Some of the most prominent vaudevillians successfully made the transition to cinema, though others were not as successful. Some performers such as <a href="/wiki/Bert_Lahr" title="Bert Lahr">Bert Lahr</a> fashioned careers out of combining live performance with radio and film roles. Many others later appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill</a> resorts that constituted the "<a href="/wiki/Borscht_Belt" title="Borscht Belt">Borscht Belt</a>". </p><p>Vaudeville was instrumental in the success of the newer media of film, radio, and television. Comedies of the new era adopted many of the dramatic and musical tropes of classic vaudeville acts. Film comedies of the 1920s through the 1940s used talent from the vaudeville stage and followed a vaudeville aesthetic of variety entertainment, both in Hollywood and in Asia, including China.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rich repertoire of the vaudeville tradition was mined for prominent prime-time radio <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety shows</a> such as <i>The <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Vall%C3%A9e" title="Rudy Vallée">Rudy Vallée</a> Show</i>. The structure of a single host introducing a series of acts became a popular television style and can be seen consistently in the development of television, from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Milton_Berle_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Milton Berle Show">The Milton Berle Show</a></i> in 1948 to <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Night_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Night with David Letterman">Late Night with David Letterman</a></i> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hilmes2010p97_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilmes2010p97-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multi-act format had renewed success in shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Your_Show_of_Shows" title="Your Show of Shows">Your Show of Shows</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Sid_Caesar" title="Sid Caesar">Sid Caesar</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a></i>. Today, performers such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Irwin" title="Bill Irwin">Bill Irwin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="MacArthur Fellow">MacArthur Fellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a>-winning actor, are frequently lauded as "New Vaudevillians".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>References to vaudeville and the use of its distinctive argot continue throughout North American popular culture. Words such as "flop" and "gag" were terms created from the vaudeville era and have entered the American idiom. Though not credited often, vaudevillian techniques can commonly be witnessed on television and in movies, remarkably in the recent, worldwide phenomenon of TV shows such as America's Got Talent. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>, there was a noted tag team, based in <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a>, called <a href="/wiki/The_Vaudevillains" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vaudevillains">The Vaudevillains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, noted film director Christopher Annino, maker of a new silent feature film, <i>Silent Times</i>, founded Vaudeville Con, a gathering to celebrate the history of vaudeville. The first meeting was held in <a href="/wiki/Pawcatuck,_Connecticut" title="Pawcatuck, Connecticut">Pawcatuck, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2></div> <p>The records of the <a href="/wiki/New_Tivoli_Theatre,_Sydney" title="New Tivoli Theatre, Sydney">Tivoli Theatre</a> are housed at the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, with additional personal papers of vaudevillian performers from the Tivoli Theatre, including extensive costume and set design holdings, held by the <a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing Arts Collection">Performing Arts Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts_Centre_Melbourne" title="Arts Centre Melbourne">Arts Centre Melbourne</a>. </p><p>The American Vaudeville Museum, one of the largest collections of vaudeville memorabilia, is located at the University of Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elgin_and_Winter_Garden_Theatres" title="Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres">Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres</a> in Toronto houses the world's largest collection of vaudeville props and scenery. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Keith" title="Benjamin Franklin Keith">Benjamin Franklin Keith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Albee" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward F. Albee">Edward F. Albee</a> Collection housed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> includes a large collection of managers' report books recording and commenting on the lineup and quality of the acts each night.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:How_Can_They_Tell_That_I%27m_Irish.ogg" title="File:How Can They Tell That I'm Irish.ogg">"How can they tell that I'm Irish?"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="134" data-mwtitle="How_Can_They_Tell_That_I'm_Irish.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/How_Can_They_Tell_That_I%27m_Irish.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/How_Can_They_Tell_That_I%27m_Irish.ogg/How_Can_They_Tell_That_I%27m_Irish.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">1910 <a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a> recording of vaudeville performer <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Favor" title="Edward M. Favor">Edward M. Favor</a>'s rendition of <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Wainwright_Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Wainwright Murphy">Clarence Wainwright Murphy</a>'s song "How can they tell that I'm Irish?"</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_burlesque" title="American burlesque">American burlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht_Belt" title="Borscht Belt">Borscht Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapeaugraphy" title="Chapeaugraphy">Chapeaugraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautauqua" title="Chautauqua">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_party_(entertainment)" title="Concert party (entertainment)">Concert party (entertainment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_saloon" title="Concert saloon">Concert saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Me_and_My_Gal_(film)" title="For Me and My Gal (film)"><i>For Me and My Gal</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_show" title="Medicine show">Medicine show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tab_show" title="Tab show">Tab show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_circuit" title="Tivoli circuit">Tivoli circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_show" title="Tom show">Tom show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">Variety show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_Bellydance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaudeville Bellydance">Vaudeville Bellydance</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vaudeville">"vaudeville"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=vaudeville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fvaudeville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vsforms.html">"Forms of Variety Theater"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Variety+Theater&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fvshtml%2Fvsforms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trav-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trav_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrav2006" class="citation book cs1">Trav, S.D. (31 October 2006). <i>No Applause-Just Throw Money: The Book That Made Vaudeville Famous</i>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-958-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-958-6"><bdi>978-0-86547-958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Applause-Just+Throw+Money%3A+The+Book+That+Made+Vaudeville+Famous&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-958-6&rft.aulast=Trav&rft.aufirst=S.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenrick-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenrick_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenrick_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenrick_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenrick_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenrick" class="citation web cs1">Kenrick, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicals101.com/vaude1.htm">"A History of The Musical: Vaudeville"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+The+Musical%3A+Vaudeville&rft.aulast=Kenrick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicals101.com%2Fvaude1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2003" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(science_historian)" title="James Burke (science historian)">Burke, James</a> (2 September 2003). <i>An Invisible Object</i> (<a href="/wiki/Connections_(British_documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connections (British documentary)">Connections</a>3 DVD). Ambrose Video Publishing, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Invisible+Object&rft.pub=Ambrose+Video+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullenHackmanMcNeilly2006" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, Frank; Hackman, Florence; McNeilly, Donald (8 October 2006). "Vaudeville History". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC"><i>Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. xi–xxxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93853-2"><bdi>978-0-415-93853-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vaudeville+History&rft.btitle=Vaudeville%2C+Old+%26+New%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Variety+Performers+in+America&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xi-xxxii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-10-08&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93853-2&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Hackman%2C+Florence&rft.au=McNeilly%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFnfnKg6BcAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thompson, Robert J. (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1513870/Television-in-the-United-States/283603/Variety-shows?anchor=ref1053883">"Television in the United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Television+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1513870%2FTelevision-in-the-United-States%2F283603%2FVariety-shows%3Fanchor%3Dref1053883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosches2002" class="citation book cs1">Tosches, Nick (2002). <i>Where Dead Voices Gather</i>. Boston: Back Bay Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-89537-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-89537-7"><bdi>0-316-89537-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Dead+Voices+Gather&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-316-89537-7&rft.aulast=Tosches&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroschWidmaier2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grosch, Nils; Widmaier, Tobias, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObeD10YDRU0C&pg=PA233"><i>Lied und populäre Kultur/ Song and Popular Culture</i></a> (in German). Münster: Waxman Verlag GmbH. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8309-2395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8309-2395-4"><bdi>978-3-8309-2395-4</bdi></a>. <q>... the widespread influence Dutch minstrels and comedians had with their musical and dramaturgical idiom on vaudeville, the circuit of traveling tent shows. ... The Black Crook of 1866 ... already displayed a mixture of "ersatz German romanticism" (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Bordman" title="Gerald Bordman">Gerald Bordman</a>) and burlesque elements inherited from the Dutch character shows ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lied+und+popul%C3%A4re+Kultur%2F+Song+and+Popular+Culture&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Waxman+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8309-2395-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObeD10YDRU0C%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/vaudeville">"vaudeville | entertainment"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=vaudeville+%7C+entertainment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fvaudeville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armond Fields, Tony Pastor, Father of Vaudeville (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2007), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuciano2019" class="citation journal cs1">Luciano, Phil (27 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pjstar.com/news/20190427/will-it-play-in-peoria-still-plays-here-and-nationally">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Will it play in Peoria?' still plays here and nationally"</a>. <i>Journal Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Star&rft.atitle=%27Will+it+play+in+Peoria%3F%27+still+plays+here+and+nationally&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Luciano&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjstar.com%2Fnews%2F20190427%2Fwill-it-play-in-peoria-still-plays-here-and-nationally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/03/magazine/l-playing-in-peoria-127721.html">"Letters to the Editor: Playing in Peoria"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 3 November 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Letters+to+the+Editor%3A+Playing+in+Peoria&rft.date=1985-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F11%2F03%2Fmagazine%2Fl-playing-in-peoria-127721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/04/08/473477530/will-it-play-in-peoria-morning-edition-hopes-so">"Will It Play In Peoria? 'Morning Edition' Hopes So"</a>. <i>npr.org</i>. NPR's "Morning Edition"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npr.org&rft.atitle=Will+It+Play+In+Peoria%3F+%27Morning+Edition%27+Hopes+So&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F04%2F08%2F473477530%2Fwill-it-play-in-peoria-morning-edition-hopes-so&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Groh, Amy (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peoriamagazines.com/ibi/2009/jun/phrase-put-peoria-map">"The Phrase That Put Peoria on the Map"</a>. <i>Peoria Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peoria+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Phrase+That+Put+Peoria+on+the+Map&rft.date=2009-06&rft.aulast=Groh&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoriamagazines.com%2Fibi%2F2009%2Fjun%2Fphrase-put-peoria-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1940" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Douglas (1940). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanvaudevil0000gilb"><i>American Vaudeville: Its Life and Times</i></a></span>. Whittlesey House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Vaudeville%3A+Its+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=Whittlesey+House&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanvaudevil0000gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OldNews-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OldNews_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebwerks" class="citation web cs1">Webwerks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldnewsads.com/Vaudeville.html">"<i>The New York Tribune</i>: Vaudeville"</a>. Oldnewsads.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Tribune%3A+Vaudeville&rft.pub=Oldnewsads.com&rft.au=Webwerks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldnewsads.com%2FVaudeville.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/vaudeville/about-vaudeville/721/">"Vaudeville: About Vaudeville"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Masters" title="American Masters">American Masters</a>. 8 October 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaudeville%3A+About+Vaudeville&rft.pub=PBS+American+Masters&rft.date=1999-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Famericanmasters%2Fepisodes%2Fvaudeville%2Fabout-vaudeville%2F721%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erdman_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdman2007" class="citation book cs1">Erdman, Andrew L. (20 January 2007). <i>Blue Vaudeville</i>. McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3115-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3115-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-3115-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Vaudeville&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007-01-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3115-1&rft.aulast=Erdman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2009" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Kristin A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmsbhYc8-XEC"><i>Some Liked It Hot: Jazz Women in Film and Television, 1928-1959</i></a>. Wesleyan University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6967-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6967-7"><bdi>978-0-8195-6967-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Liked+It+Hot%3A+Jazz+Women+in+Film+and+Television%2C+1928-1959&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6967-7&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Kristin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmsbhYc8-XEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Matthew (1999). <i>Marie Dressler : a biography: with a listing of major stage performances, a filmography, and a discography</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0520-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0520-1"><bdi>0-7864-0520-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39765147">39765147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Dressler+%3A+a+biography%3A+with+a+listing+of+major+stage+performances%2C+a+filmography%2C+and+a+discography&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39765147&rft.isbn=0-7864-0520-1&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaudeville.sites.arizona.edu/node/74">"Trixie Friganza: Bold and Brassy Vaudeville Fun by Robin Williams | The American Vaudeville Museum"</a>. <i>vaudeville.sites.arizona.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vaudeville.sites.arizona.edu&rft.atitle=Trixie+Friganza%3A+Bold+and+Brassy+Vaudeville+Fun+by+Robin+Williams+%7C+The+American+Vaudeville+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaudeville.sites.arizona.edu%2Fnode%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmen2016" class="citation book cs1">Ammen, Sharon (15 December 2016). <i>May Irwin</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fillinois%2F9780252040658.001.0001">10.5406/illinois/9780252040658.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04065-8"><bdi>978-0-252-04065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+Irwin&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fillinois%2F9780252040658.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-04065-8&rft.aulast=Ammen&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borden-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borden_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorden" class="citation web cs1">Borden, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/tucker-sophie#pid-12497">"Sophie Tucker"</a>. <i>Jewish Women's Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Sophie+Tucker&rft.aulast=Borden&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Ftucker-sophie%23pid-12497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LarkinGE-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LarkinGE_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Larkin1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin Larkin (writer)">Colin Larkin</a>, ed. (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Popular Music">The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music</a></i> (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Publishing">Guinness Publishing</a>. p. 1543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0"><bdi>0-85112-939-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music&rft.pages=1543&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-85112-939-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Oliver, <i>The Story of the Blues</i>, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-003509-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-003509-5">0-14-003509-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2023" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Kathi Clark (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpress.org/title/nickelodeons-and-black-vaudeville/"><i>Nickelodeons and Black Vaudeville: The Forgotten Story of Amanda Thorp</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62190-802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62190-802-9"><bdi>978-1-62190-802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nickelodeons+and+Black+Vaudeville%3A+The+Forgotten+Story+of+Amanda+Thorp&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-62190-802-9&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Kathi+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpress.org%2Ftitle%2Fnickelodeons-and-black-vaudeville%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scottjournal-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scottjournal_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2016" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Michelle R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.4.0469">"These Ladies Do Business with A Capital B: The Griffin Sisters As Black Businesswomen in Early Vaudeville"</a>. <i>The Journal of African-American History</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 469–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.101.4.0469">10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.4.0469</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.4.0469">10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.4.0469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151662539">151662539</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African-American+History&rft.atitle=These+Ladies+Do+Business+with+A+Capital+B%3A+The+Griffin+Sisters+As+Black+Businesswomen+in+Early+Vaudeville&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=469-503&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151662539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.101.4.0469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.101.4.0469&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Michelle+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.101.4.0469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2016" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Michelle R. (2016). "These Ladies Do Business with a Capital B: The Griffin Sisters As Black Businesswomen in Early Vaudeville". <i>The Journal of African American History</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 469–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.101.4.0469">10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.4.0469</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-1867">1548-1867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.4.0469">10.5323/jafriamerhist.101.4.0469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151662539">151662539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+American+History&rft.atitle=These+Ladies+Do+Business+with+a+Capital+B%3A+The+Griffin+Sisters+As+Black+Businesswomen+in+Early+Vaudeville&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=469-503&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1548-1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151662539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.101.4.0469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5323%2Fjafriamerhist.101.4.0469&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Michelle+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kearns-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kearns_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kearns_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearns" class="citation web cs1">Kearns, Amber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaudeville.sites.arizona.edu/2023/03/28/african-american-vaudeville-separate-and-unequal-by-amber-kearns/#:~:text=Vaudeville%20shows%2C%20even%20on%20the,white%20entertainers%20on%20those%20circuits.">"African-American Vaudeville: Separate and Unequal"</a>. <i>American Vaudeville</i>. University of Arizona<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Vaudeville&rft.atitle=African-American+Vaudeville%3A+Separate+and+Unequal&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaudeville.sites.arizona.edu%2F2023%2F03%2F28%2Fafrican-american-vaudeville-separate-and-unequal-by-amber-kearns%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DVaudeville%2520shows%252C%2520even%2520on%2520the%2Cwhite%2520entertainers%2520on%2520those%2520circuits.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200038862/#:~:text=Bob%20Cole%20(1868%2D1911),and%20was%20devoid%20of%20caricature.">"African-American Performers on Early. Sound Recordings"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African-American+Performers+on+Early.+Sound+Recordings&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fihas.200038862%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBob%2520Cole%2520%281868%252D1911%29%2Cand%2520was%2520devoid%2520of%2520caricature.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, William H. A. (2002). "Green Again: Irish-American Lace-Curtain Satire". <i>New Hibernia Review</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 9–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnhr.2002.0023">10.1353/nhr.2002.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557792">20557792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144375830">144375830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review&rft.atitle=Green+Again%3A+Irish-American+Lace-Curtain+Satire&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9-24&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144375830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnhr.2002.0023&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=William+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, James (2012). <i>The Irish Way: Becoming American in the Multi-Ethnic City</i>. New York: The Penguin Press. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Way%3A+Becoming+American+in+the+Multi-Ethnic+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, James (2012). <i>The Irish Way: Becoming American in the Multi-Ethnic City</i>. New York: The Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-312280-7"><bdi>978-0-14-312280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Way%3A+Becoming+American+in+the+Multi-Ethnic+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-312280-7&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mintz1996-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mintz1996_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mintz, Lawrence E. (1996). "Humor and Ethnic Stereotypes in Vaudeville and Burlesque". <i>MELUS</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 19–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F467640">10.2307/467640</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-755X">0163-755X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/467640">467640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MELUS&rft.atitle=Humor+and+Ethnic+Stereotypes+in+Vaudeville+and+Burlesque&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19-28&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0163-755X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F467640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F467640&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wittke_1952-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wittke_1952_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittke_1952_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittke1952" class="citation journal cs1">Wittke, Carl (1952). "The Immigrant Theme on the American Stage". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 211–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1892181">10.2307/1892181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892181">1892181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Immigrant+Theme+on+the+American+Stage&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-232&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1892181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1892181%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wittke&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayor1996" class="citation book cs1">Bayor, Ronald (1996). <i>The New York Irish</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 143–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Irish&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=143-145&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bayor&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, James (2012). <i>The Irish Way: Becoming American in the Multi-Ethnic City</i>. New York: The Penguin Press. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Way%3A+Becoming+American+in+the+Multi-Ethnic+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, James (2012). <i>The Irish Way: Becoming American in the Multi-Ethnic City</i>. New York: The Penguin Press. pp. 166–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Way%3A+Becoming+American+in+the+Multi-Ethnic+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=166-167&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, James (2012). <i>The Irish Way: Becoming American in the Multi-Ethnic City</i>. New York: The Penguin Press. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Way%3A+Becoming+American+in+the+Multi-Ethnic+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KenrickLove-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KenrickLove_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenrick, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicals101.com/1927-30film2.htm">"History of Musical Film, 1927–30: Part II"</a>. Musicals101.com, 2004, accessed May 17, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenelick2007" class="citation book cs1">Senelick, Laurence (22 October 2007). Wilmeth, Don B. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYsXbFvjrXkC&q=480"><i>Cambridge Guide to American Theatre</i></a></span> (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83538-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83538-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Guide+to+American+Theatre&rft.pages=480&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83538-1&rft.aulast=Senelick&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYsXbFvjrXkC%26q%3D480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/rea-jenkins/">"The Ancient Art of Falling DownVaudeville Cinema between Hollywood and China"</a>. <i>MCLC Resource Center</i>. 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MCLC+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Art+of+Falling+DownVaudeville+Cinema+between+Hollywood+and+China&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fu.osu.edu%2Fmclc%2Fonline-series%2Frea-jenkins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hilmes2010p97-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hilmes2010p97_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmes2010" class="citation book cs1">Hilmes, Michele (12 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zG0YsRLUi18C&pg=PA97"><i>Only Connect: A Cultural History of Broadcasting in the United States</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57051-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57051-6"><bdi>978-0-495-57051-6</bdi></a>. <q>... it is in the form of the variety show itself, network radio's offspring, that we can see the influence of vaudeville on radio most clearly. From <i>The Rudy Vallee Show</i> through <i>Jack Benny</i> and <i>Bing Crosby</i> to TV programs like <i>The Ed Sullivan Show</i>, <i>The Smothers Brothers</i>, <i>Saturday Night Live</i>, <i>In Living Color</i>, and <i>Late Night with David Letterman</i>, we can see strong remnants of vaudeville's typical variety act structure. Combining a host/announcer with comedy sketches, musical performances, dance, monologues, and satiric banter--sometimes even animal acts--the variety show takes myriad forms today. The vaudeville circuit of touring companies and local theatres is gone, but it lives on electronically.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Only+Connect%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Broadcasting+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57051-6&rft.aulast=Hilmes&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzG0YsRLUi18C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Henry, William A. III (15 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312141913/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957652-2,00.html">"Theater: Bowing Out with a Flourish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957652-2,00.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Theater%3A+Bowing+Out+with+a+Flourish&rft.date=1989-05-15&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=William+A.+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C957652-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/dialogue/dialogue_irwin_3.html">"Bill Irwin: Clown Prince"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Performances" title="Great Performances">Great Performances</a></i>. Season 32. 15 December 2004. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Performances&rft.series=Season+32&rft.date=2004-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fgperf%2Fdialogue%2Fdialogue_irwin_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_James2014" class="citation web cs1">White, James (7 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/96-wwe/37365-wwe-nxt-report-6-6-tampa">"WWE NXT report 6-6 Tampa"</a>. <i>Wrestling Observer Newsletter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wrestling+Observer+Newsletter&rft.atitle=WWE+NXT+report+6-6+Tampa&rft.date=2014-06-07&rft.au=White%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f4wonline.com%2Fmore%2Fmore-top-stories%2F96-wwe%2F37365-wwe-nxt-report-6-6-tampa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/connecticut/article/First-International-Vaudeville-Con-Food-Drive-For-Pawcatuck-Neighborhood-Center-20180925">"First International Vaudeville Con Food Drive For Pawcatuck Neighborhood Center"</a>. Broadway World. Retrieved 15 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewesterlysun.com/News/Lifestyle/Entertainment/Vaudeville-Con-coming-to-Pawcatuck.html">"First-ever Vaudville Con coming to Pawcatuck Friday"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028153019/http://www.thewesterlysun.com/News/Lifestyle/Entertainment/Vaudeville-Con-coming-to-Pawcatuck.html">Archived</a> 28 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Westerly Sun</i>. Retrieved 15 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uanews.org/node/19369">"Vaudeville Lives: The world's largest Vaudeville memorabilia collection has been donated to the UA"</a>. <i>UA News</i>. 25 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UA+News&rft.atitle=Vaudeville+Lives%3A+The+world%27s+largest+Vaudeville+memorabilia+collection+has+been+donated+to+the+UA&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuanews.org%2Fnode%2F19369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibler1992" class="citation web cs1">Kibler, M. Alison (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/bai/books_iowa56_03.htm">"The Keith/Albee Collection: The Vaudeville Industry, 1894–1935"</a>. From Books at Iowa 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Keith%2FAlbee+Collection%3A+The+Vaudeville+Industry%2C+1894%E2%80%931935&rft.pub=From+Books+at+Iowa+56&rft.date=1992-04&rft.aulast=Kibler&rft.aufirst=M.+Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fbai%2Fbooks_iowa56_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaudeville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vaudeville" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaudeville" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vaudeville">vaudeville</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.artscentremelbourne.com.au/paminter/imu.php?request=browse&irn=2241">Vaudeville and Variety Collections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307002315/http://collections.artscentremelbourne.com.au/paminter/imu.php?request=browse&irn=2241">Archived</a> 7 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, held in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.artscentremelbourne.com.au/paminter/imu.php?request=browse&irn=1903">Performing Arts Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103092401/http://collections.artscentremelbourne.com.au/paminter/imu.php?request=browse&irn=1903">Archived</a> 3 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Arts Centre Melbourne.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esthersfollies.com/">Modern day vaudeville theatre in Austin TX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ventriloquistcentral.com/ventriloquism-tribute/tribute-to-ventriloquism/index.htm">Vaudeville Ventriloquists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vvaudeville.drama.uga.edu/">Virtual Vaudeville</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702184219/http://vvaudeville.drama.uga.edu/">Archived</a> 2 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/sayreweb/index.html">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – J. Willis Sayre Photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/norrisweb/index.html">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Prior and Norris Troupe Photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/19thcenturyactorsweb/index.html">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – 19th Century Actors Photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vaudeville.library.arizona.edu/">University of Arizona Libraries The American Vaudeville Museum Archive Digital Exhibit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/msc/tomsc400/msc356/msc356.html">University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections – Keith/Albee Vaudeville Theater Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/ruckus.html">Ruckus! American Entertainments at the Turn of the Twentieth Century</a> From the collection of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=024M-C0095X0336XX-0100V0.xml">Hear Gary Stephens on Vaudeville, ICA 1988</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=cl&cl=CL1&sp=VVN">Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections: Vaudeville News (1920–1929)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/rea-jenkins/">Vaudeville Cinema in Hollywood and China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html">The American Variety Stage: Vaudeville and Popular Entertainment</a> digitized items from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/uoa/UAMS421.xml">University of Arizona Libraries Special Collections – American Vaudeville Museum Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709045403/http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2Fuoa%2FUAMS421.xml">Archived</a> 9 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ7ajurB-GA">Vaudeville to Cinema</a> A short documentary on the history of Vaudeville and how it was eventually replaced by the Cinema</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy" title="Category:Comedy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186286#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187453-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vaudeville"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85142419">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vaudevilly"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph587407&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534281205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641564">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&oldid=1205420607">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaudeville&oldid=1205420607</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaudeville" title="Category:Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy_genres" title="Category:Comedy genres">Comedy 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