CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Role-playing video game - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9eedb516-b378-433e-801c-5fea303d0fa6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Role-playing_video_game","wgTitle":"Role-playing video game","wgCurRevisionId":1252000823,"wgRevisionId":1252000823,"wgArticleId":356777,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2015","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010", "Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2022","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2015","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Role-playing video games","Video game genres"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Role-playing_video_game","wgRelevantArticleId":356777,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{ "levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q744038","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg/1200px-Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg/800px-Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg/640px-Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Role-playing video game - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Role-playing_video_game rootpage-Role-playing_video_game skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Role-playing+video+game" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Role-playing+video+game" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Role-playing+video+game" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Role-playing+video+game" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Story_and_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Story_and_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Story and setting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Story_and_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_and_quests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_and_quests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Exploration and quests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_and_quests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Items_and_inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Items_and_inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Items and inventory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Items_and_inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_actions_and_abilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_actions_and_abilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Character actions and abilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_actions_and_abilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experience_and_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experience_and_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Experience and levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experience_and_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Combat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interface_and_graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interface_and_graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Interface and graphics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interface_and_graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History and classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainframe_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainframe_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Mainframe computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainframe_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Personal computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_game_consoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_game_consoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Video game consoles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_game_consoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cultural differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Subgenres </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subgenres subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Action_RPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_RPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Action RPGs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_RPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First-person_party-based_RPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-person_party-based_RPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 First-person party-based RPGs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-person_party-based_RPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MMORPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MMORPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 MMORPGs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MMORPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roguelikes_and_roguelites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roguelikes_and_roguelites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Roguelikes and roguelites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roguelikes_and_roguelites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandbox_RPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandbox_RPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Sandbox RPGs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandbox_RPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_RPGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_RPGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Tactical RPGs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_RPGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Hybrid genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_other_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_other_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Relationship to other genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_other_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Popularity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popularity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_developers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_developers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Notable developers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_developers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowdfunding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowdfunding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Crowdfunding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowdfunding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Role-playing video game</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لعبة فيديو تقمص الأدوار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لعبة فيديو تقمص الأدوار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoxuegu_de_rol" title="Videoxuegu de rol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Videoxuegu de rol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rol_videooyunu" title="Rol videooyunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rol videooyunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_(C%27hoari_video)" title="RPG (C'hoari video) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="RPG (C'hoari video)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojoc_de_rol" title="Videojoc de rol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Videojoc de rol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hra_na_hrdiny_(%C5%BE%C3%A1nr_videohry)" title="Hra na hrdiny (žánr videohry) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hra na hrdiny (žánr videohry)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerrollespil" title="Computerrollespil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Computerrollespil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-Rollenspiel" title="Computer-Rollenspiel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computer-Rollenspiel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9_%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι ρόλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι ρόλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojuego_de_rol" title="Videojuego de rol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Videojuego de rol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rol_bideo-joko" title="Rol bideo-joko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rol bideo-joko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بازی ویدئویی نقش‌آفرینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی ویدئویی نقش‌آفرینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_vid%C3%A9o_de_r%C3%B4le" title="Jeu vidéo de rôle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeu vidéo de rôle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoxogo_de_rol" title="Videoxogo de rol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Videoxogo de rol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9E%89_%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84" title="롤플레잉 비디오 게임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롤플레잉 비디오 게임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_video_bermain_peran" title="Permainan video bermain peran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permainan video bermain peran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lvuspunaspil" title="Tölvuspunaspil – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölvuspunaspil" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogioco_di_ruolo" title="Videogioco di ruolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Videogioco di ruolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="משחק תפקידים ממוחשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחק תפקידים ממוחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="როლური ვიდეო თამაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როლური ვიდეო თამაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ролдук видео оюндар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ролдук видео оюндар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompiuterinis_vaidmen%C5%B3_%C5%BEaidimas" title="Kompiuterinis vaidmenų žaidimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompiuterinis vaidmenų žaidimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerepj%C3%A1t%C3%A9k_(vide%C3%B3j%C3%A1t%C3%A9k)" title="Szerepjáték (videójáték) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerepjáték (videójáték)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڤيديو لعب تمثيل ادوار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤيديو لعب تمثيل ادوار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permainan_video_berperanan" title="Permainan video berperanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Permainan video berperanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerrollenspel" title="Computerrollenspel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computerrollenspel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BFRPG" title="コンピュータRPG – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンピュータRPG" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollespill_(videospill)" title="Rollespill (videospill) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rollespill (videospill)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datarollespel" title="Datarollespel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Datarollespel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoj%C3%B2c_de_r%C3%B2tle" title="Videojòc de ròtle – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Videojòc de ròtle" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputerowa_gra_fabularna" title="Komputerowa gra fabularna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komputerowa gra fabularna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="RPG eletrônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="RPG eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc_video_de_rol" title="Joc video de rol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joc video de rol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Компьютерная ролевая игра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютерная ролевая игра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojocu_de_rolu" title="Videojocu de rolu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Videojocu de rolu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Role-playing video game" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%8E%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ڕۆڵگێڕانی کایەی ڤیدیۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆڵگێڕانی کایەی ڤیدیۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Видео-игра улога – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Видео-игра улога" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietokoneroolipeli" title="Tietokoneroolipeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietokoneroolipeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorrollspel" title="Datorrollspel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datorrollspel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97" title="วิดีโอเกมเล่นตามบทบาท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิดีโอเกมเล่นตามบทบาท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rol_yapma_video_oyunu" title="Rol yapma video oyunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rol yapma video oyunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Рольова відеогра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рольова відеогра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B2_ch%C6%A1i_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_nh%E1%BA%ADp_vai" title="Trò chơi điện tử nhập vai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trò chơi điện tử nhập vai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="电子角色扮演游戏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子角色扮演游戏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90_RPG" title="電子 RPG – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子 RPG" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%89%AE%E6%BC%94%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="電子角色扮演遊戲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子角色扮演遊戲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q744038#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Role-playing_video_game" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Role-playing_video_game" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Role-playing_video_game" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&oldid=1252000823" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Role-playing_video_game&id=1252000823&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRole-playing_video_game">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRole-playing_video_game">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Role-playing_video_game&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Role-playing_video_games" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q744038" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Video game genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CRPG" redirects here. For the sub-component of the Canadian Forces reserve, see <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rangers" title="Canadian Rangers">Canadian Rangers</a>. For Chinese role-playing games, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_role-playing_video_games#China" title="History of Eastern role-playing video games">History of Eastern role-playing video games § China</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg/290px-Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg/435px-Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg/580px-Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A party of characters approaching a monster in <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Grimrock" title="Legend of Grimrock">Legend of Grimrock</a> (2012)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Role-playing video games</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg/80px-Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg/120px-Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg/160px-Role-playing_video_game_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Subgenres</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action RPG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical RPG</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_interaction_in_MMORPGs" title="Social interaction in MMORPGs">Social interaction in MMORPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_creation" title="Character creation">Character creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_tree" title="Dialogue tree">Dialogue tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNS_theory" title="GNS theory">GNS theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Eastern role-playing video games">History of Eastern RPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="History of massively multiplayer online games">History of MMORPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Western role-playing video games">History of Western RPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">Non-player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">Player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_games)" title="Quest (video games)">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_terms" title="Role-playing game terms">RPG terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)" title="Statistic (role-playing games)">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_model" title="Threefold model">Threefold model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_video_games" title="Lists of video games">Lists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="List of free massively multiplayer online games">Free MMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_games" title="List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games">MMORPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MUDs" title="List of MUDs">MUDs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roguelikes" title="List of roguelikes">Roguelikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games" title="List of role-playing video games">RPGs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games" title="List of tactical role-playing video games">TRPGs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Role-playing_video_games" title="Template:Role-playing video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Role-playing_video_games" title="Template talk:Role-playing video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Role-playing_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Role-playing video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A role-playing video game, role-playing game (RPG) or computer role-playing game (CRPG) is a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">video game genre</a> where the player controls the actions of a character (or several party members) immersed in some well-defined world, usually involving some form of character development by way of recording statistics. Many role-playing video games have origins in <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing games</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347-1">[1]</a> and use much of the same <a href="/wiki/Category:Role-playing_game_terminology" title="Category:Role-playing game terminology">terminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">settings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_mechanics" title="Game mechanics">game mechanics</a>. Other major similarities with pen-and-paper games include developed story-telling and narrative elements, player character development, complexity, as well as <a href="/wiki/Replay_value" title="Replay value">replay value</a> and immersion. The electronic medium removes the necessity for a <a href="/wiki/Gamemaster" title="Gamemaster">gamemaster</a> and increases combat resolution speed. RPGs have evolved from simple <a href="/wiki/Text-based_game" title="Text-based game">text-based</a> console-window games into visually rich <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> experiences. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Role-playing video games use much of the same terminology, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_setting" title="Campaign setting">settings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_mechanics" title="Game mechanics">game mechanics</a> as early <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Players control a central game character, or multiple game characters, usually called a <a href="/wiki/Party_(role-playing_games)" title="Party (role-playing games)">party</a>, and attain victory by completing a series of <a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (video gaming)">quests</a> or reaching the conclusion of a central storyline. Players explore a game world, while solving puzzles and engaging in combat. A key feature of the genre is that characters grow in power and abilities, and characters are typically designed by the player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347-1">[1]</a> RPGs rarely challenge a player's physical coordination or reaction time, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Role-playing video games typically rely on a highly developed story and setting,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347-348-4">[4]</a> which is divided into a number of quests. Players control one or several characters by issuing commands, which are performed by the character at an effectiveness determined by that character's numeric attributes. Often these attributes increase each time a character gains a <a href="/wiki/Experience_point" title="Experience point">level</a>, and a character's level goes up each time the player accumulates a certain amount of experience.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Role-playing video games also typically attempt to offer more complex and dynamic character interaction than what is found in other video game genres. This usually involves additional focus on the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scripted_sequence" title="Scripted sequence">scripted behavior</a> of computer-controlled <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Story_and_setting">Story and setting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Story and setting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rpg-project_0.64a_shot58.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rpg-project_0.64a_shot58.jpg/220px-Rpg-project_0.64a_shot58.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rpg-project_0.64a_shot58.jpg/330px-Rpg-project_0.64a_shot58.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rpg-project_0.64a_shot58.jpg/440px-Rpg-project_0.64a_shot58.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A party of adventurers in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tales_of_Trolls_%26_Treasures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tales of Trolls & Treasures (page does not exist)">Tales of Trolls & Treasures</a> (2002)</figcaption></figure> The premise of many role-playing games tasks the player with saving the world, or whichever level of society is threatened.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are often twists and turns as the story progresses, such as the surprise appearance of estranged relatives, or enemies who become friends or vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> The game world is often rooted in <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> which allows players to do things they cannot do in real life and helps players <a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">suspend their disbelief</a> about the rapid character growth. To a lesser extent, settings closer to the present day or near future are possible.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> The story often provides much of the entertainment in the game. Because these games have strong storylines, they can often make effective use of recorded dialog and voiceover narration. Players of these games tend to appreciate long <a href="/wiki/Cutscene" title="Cutscene">cutscenes</a> more than players of faster <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action games</a>. While most games advance the plot when the player defeats an enemy or completes a level, role-playing games often progress the plot based on other important decisions. For example, a player may make the decision to join a guild, thus triggering a progression in the storyline that is usually irreversible. New elements in the story may also be triggered by mere arrival in an area, rather than completing a specific challenge. The plot is usually divided so that each game location is an opportunity to reveal a new chapter in the story.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Pen-and-paper <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a> typically involve a player called the <a href="/wiki/Gamemaster" title="Gamemaster">gamemaster</a> (or GM for short) who can dynamically create the story, setting, and rules, and react to a player's choices.<a href="#cite_note-scorpia199408-8">[8]</a> In role-playing video games, the computer performs the function of the gamemaster. This offers the player a smaller set of possible actions, since computers can't engage in imaginative acting comparable to a skilled human gamemaster. In exchange, the typical role-playing video game may have storyline branches, user interfaces, and stylized cutscenes and gameplay to offer a more direct storytelling mechanism. Characterization of non-player characters in video games is often handled using a <a href="/wiki/Dialog_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog tree">dialog tree</a>. Saying the right things to the right non-player characters will elicit useful information for the player, and may even result in other rewards such as items or experience, as well as opening up possible storyline branches. <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online</a> role-playing games can offer an exception to this contrast by allowing human interaction among multiple players and in some cases enabling a player to perform the role of a gamemaster.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_and_quests">Exploration and quests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exploration and quests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_for_wesnoth_httt_world_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Battle_for_wesnoth_httt_world_map.png/220px-Battle_for_wesnoth_httt_world_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Battle_for_wesnoth_httt_world_map.png/330px-Battle_for_wesnoth_httt_world_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Battle_for_wesnoth_httt_world_map.png/440px-Battle_for_wesnoth_httt_world_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Overworld" title="Overworld">Overworld</a> map from <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_Wesnoth" title="The Battle for Wesnoth">The Battle for Wesnoth</a> (2003)</figcaption></figure> Exploring the world is an important aspect of many RPGs.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Players will walk through, talking to <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a>, picking up objects, and avoiding traps.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Some games such as <a href="/wiki/NetHack" title="NetHack">NetHack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diablo_(video_game)" title="Diablo (video game)">Diablo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fate_(video_game)" title="Fate (video game)">FATE</a> series randomize the structure of individual levels, increasing the game's variety and replay value.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Role-playing games where players complete quests by exploring randomly generated dungeons and which include <a href="/wiki/Permadeath" title="Permadeath">permadeath</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">roguelikes</a>, named after the 1980 video game <a href="/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)" title="Rogue (video game)">Rogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-essential-10">[10]</a> The game's story is often mapped onto exploration, where each chapter of the story is mapped onto a different location. RPGs usually allow players to return to previously visited locations. Usually, there is nothing left to do there, although some locations change throughout the story and offer the player new things to do in response. Players must acquire enough power to overcome a major challenge in order to progress to the next area, and this structure can be compared to the <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boss (video gaming)">boss</a> characters at the end of levels in <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_rpg_no_automap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Computer_rpg_no_automap.jpg/220px-Computer_rpg_no_automap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Computer_rpg_no_automap.jpg/330px-Computer_rpg_no_automap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Computer_rpg_no_automap.jpg/440px-Computer_rpg_no_automap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Example of a dungeon map drawn by hand on <a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">graph paper</a>. This practice was common among players of early role-playing games, such as early titles in the Wizardry and Might and Magic series. Later on, games of this type started featuring <a href="/wiki/Automap" class="mw-redirect" title="Automap">automaps</a>.</figcaption></figure> The player typically must complete a linear sequence of certain quests in order to reach the end of the game's story. Many RPGs also often allow the player to seek out optional side-quests and character interactions. Quests of this sort can be found by talking to a non-player character, and there may be no penalty for abandoning or ignoring these quests other than a missed opportunity or reward.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Items_and_inventory">Items and inventory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Items and inventory">edit</a>]</div> Players can find <a href="/wiki/Loot_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Loot system">loot</a> (such as clothing, weapons, and armor) throughout the game world and collect it.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Players can trade items for currency and better equipment. Trade takes place while interacting with certain friendly non-player characters, such as shopkeepers, and often uses a specialized trading screen. Purchased items go into the player's inventory. Some games turn inventory management into a logistical challenge by limiting the size of the player's inventory, thus forcing the player to decide what they must carry at the time.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> This can be done by limiting the maximum weight that a player can carry, by employing a system of arranging items in a virtual space, or by simply limiting the number of items that can be held.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_actions_and_abilities">Character actions and abilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Character actions and abilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scourge_character_information.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scourge_character_information.png/220px-Scourge_character_information.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scourge_character_information.png/330px-Scourge_character_information.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scourge_character_information.png/440px-Scourge_character_information.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Character information and inventory screen in a typical computer role-playing game. Pictured here is the <a href="/wiki/Roguelike-like" class="mw-redirect" title="Roguelike-like">roguelike-like</a> S.C.O.U.R.G.E.: Heroes of Lesser Renown. Note the <a href="/wiki/Paper_doll_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper doll (gaming)">paper doll</a> in the top left portion of the image.</figcaption></figure> Most of the actions in an RPG are performed indirectly, with the player selecting an action and the character performing it by their own accord.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Success at that action depends on the character's numeric attributes. Role-playing video games often simulate dice-rolling mechanics from non-electronic role-playing games to determine success or failure. As a character's attributes improve, their chances of succeeding at a particular action will increase.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Many role-playing games allow players to play as an evil character. Although robbing and murdering indiscriminately may make it easier to get money, there are usually consequences in that other characters will become uncooperative or even hostile towards the player. Thus, these games allow players to make moral choices, but force players to live with the consequences of their actions.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Games often let the player control an entire party of characters. However, if winning is contingent upon the survival of a single character, then that character effectively becomes the player's <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> An example of this would be in <a href="/wiki/Baldur%27s_Gate_(video_game)" title="Baldur's Gate (video game)">Baldur's Gate</a>, where if the character created by the player dies, the game ends and a previous save needs to be loaded.<a href="#cite_note-gamespot-bg-review-12">[12]</a> Although some single-player role-playing games give the player an avatar that is largely predefined for the sake of telling a specific story, many role-playing games make use of a <a href="/wiki/Character_creation" title="Character creation">character creation</a> screen. This allows players to choose their character's sex, their race or species, and their character class. Although many of these traits are cosmetic, there are functional aspects as well. Character classes will have different abilities and strengths. Common classes include fighters, spellcasters, thieves with stealth abilities, and clerics with healing abilities, or a mixed class, such as a fighter who can cast simple spells. Characters will also have a range of physical attributes such as dexterity and strength, which affect a player's performance in combat. Mental attributes such as intelligence may affect a player's ability to perform and learn spells, while social attributes such as charisma may limit the player's choices while conversing with non-player characters. These attribute systems often strongly resemble the Dungeons & Dragons ruleset.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Some role-playing games make use of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (gaming)">magical powers</a>, or equivalents such as psychic powers or advanced technology. These abilities are confined to specific characters such as mages, spellcasters, or magic-users. In games where the player controls multiple characters, these magic-users usually complement the physical strength of other classes. Magic can be used to attack, defend, or temporarily change an enemy or ally's attributes. While some games allow players to gradually consume a spell, as ammunition is consumed by a gun, most games offer players a finite amount of <a href="/wiki/Mana_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (gaming)">mana</a> which can be spent on any spell. Mana is restored by resting or by consuming potions. Characters can also gain other non-magical skills, which stay with the character for as long as the character lives.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Role-playing games may have the player focus only on a single character throughout the game; the character may be joined by computer-controlled allies outside of the player's control. Other games feature a party that the player can create at the start or gather from non-player characters in the game, coming into partial or full control of the player during the game. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experience_and_levels">Experience and levels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Experience and levels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scourge_character_creation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Scourge_character_creation.png/220px-Scourge_character_creation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Scourge_character_creation.png/330px-Scourge_character_creation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Scourge_character_creation.png/440px-Scourge_character_creation.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>An example of <a href="/wiki/Character_creation" title="Character creation">character creation</a> in an RPG. In this particular game, players can assign points into <a href="/wiki/Attribute_(role-playing_games)" title="Attribute (role-playing games)">attributes</a>, select a deity, and choose a portrait and profession for their character.</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">characterization</a> of the game's avatar will develop through storytelling, characters may also become more functionally powerful by gaining new skills, weapons, and magic. This creates a positive-feedback cycle that is central to most role-playing games: The player grows in power, allowing them to overcome more difficult challenges, and gain even more power.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> This is part of the appeal of the genre, where players experience growing from an ordinary person into a superhero with amazing powers. Whereas other games give the player these powers immediately, the player in a role-playing game will choose their powers and skills as they gain experience.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Role-playing games usually measure progress by counting <a href="/wiki/Experience_point" title="Experience point">experience points</a> and character levels. Experience is usually earned by defeating enemies in combat, with some games offering experience for completing certain quests or conversations. Experience becomes a form of <a href="/wiki/Score_(game)" title="Score (game)">score</a>, and accumulating a certain amount of experience will cause the character's level to go up. This is called "levelling up", and gives the player an opportunity to raise their character(s)'s attributes. Many RPGs allow players to choose how to improve their character, by allocating a finite number of points to the attributes of their choice.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Gaining experience will also unlock new magic spells for characters that use magic.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Some role-playing games also give the player specific <a href="/wiki/Skill_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Skill point">skill points</a>, which can be used to unlock a new skill or improve an existing one. This may sometimes be implemented as a skill tree. As with the <a href="/wiki/Technology_tree" title="Technology tree">technology trees</a> seen in <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy video games</a>, learning a particular skill in the tree will unlock more powerful skills deeper in the tree.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Three different systems of rewarding the player characters for solving the tasks in the game can be set apart: the experience system (also known as the "level-based" system), the training system (also known as the "skill-based" system) and the skill-point system (also known as "level-free" system) <ul><li>The experience system, by far the most common, was inherited from pen-and-paper role-playing games and emphasizes receiving "<a href="/wiki/Experience_point" title="Experience point">experience points</a>" (often abbreviated "XP" or "EXP") by winning battles, performing class-specific activities, and completing <a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (video gaming)">quests</a>. Once a certain amount of experience is gained, the character advances a level. In some games, level-up occurs automatically when the required amount of experience is reached; in others, the player can choose when and where to advance a level. Likewise, abilities and attributes may increase automatically or manually.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The training system is similar to the way the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Role-Playing" title="Basic Role-Playing">Basic Role-Playing</a> system works. The first notable video game to use this was <a href="/wiki/Dungeon_Master_(video_game)" title="Dungeon Master (video game)">Dungeon Master</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which emphasized developing the character's skills by using them—meaning that if a character wields a sword for some time, he or she will become proficient with it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Finally, in the skill-point system (as used in <a href="/wiki/Vampire:_The_Masquerade_%E2%80%93_Bloodlines" title="Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines">Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines</a> for example) the character is rewarded with "<a href="/wiki/Skill_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Skill point">skill points</a>" for completing quests, which then can be directly used to buy skills and attributes without having to wait until the next level up.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat">Combat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turns,_rounds_and_time-keeping_systems_in_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems in games">Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems in games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dungeon_monkey_eternal_01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dungeon_monkey_eternal_01.gif/220px-Dungeon_monkey_eternal_01.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dungeon_monkey_eternal_01.gif/330px-Dungeon_monkey_eternal_01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dungeon_monkey_eternal_01.gif/440px-Dungeon_monkey_eternal_01.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">Ranged</a> magical combat in the party-based graphical <a href="/wiki/Roguelike-like" class="mw-redirect" title="Roguelike-like">roguelike-like</a> Dungeon Monkey Eternal. The fireball being cast by the wizard in the image is an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Area of effect">area of effect</a> (AoE) attack, and damages multiple characters at once.</figcaption></figure> Older games often separated combat into its own mode of gameplay, distinct from exploring the game world. More recent games tend to maintain a consistent perspective for exploration and combat.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Some games, especially earlier video games, generate battles from <a href="/wiki/Random_encounter" title="Random encounter">random encounters</a>; more modern RPGs are more likely to have persistent wandering monsters that move about the game world independently of the player. Most RPGs also use stationary <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boss (video gaming)">boss</a> monsters in key positions, and automatically trigger battles with them when the PCs enter these locations or perform certain actions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Combat options typically involve positioning characters, selecting which enemy to attack, and exercising special skills such as casting spells.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> In a classical <a href="/wiki/Turn-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based">turn-based</a> system, only one character may act at a time; all other characters remain still, with a few exceptions that may involve the use of special abilities. The order in which the characters act is usually dependent on their attributes, such as speed or agility. This system rewards strategic planning more than quickness. It also points to the fact that realism in games is a means to the end of <a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)#Types" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">immersion</a> in the game world, not an end in itself. A turn-based system makes it possible, for example, to run within range of an opponent and kill them before they get a chance to act, or duck out from behind hard cover, fire, and retreat back without an opponent being able to fire, which are of course both impossibilities. However, tactical possibilities have been created by this unreality that did not exist before; the player determines whether the loss of immersion in the reality of the game is worth the satisfaction gained from the development of the tactic and its successful execution. <a href="/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)" title="Fallout (video game)">Fallout</a> has been cited as being a good example of such a system.<a href="#cite_note-actiontrip-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Real-time_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time game">Real-time</a> combat can import features from <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action games</a>, creating a hybrid <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action RPG</a> game genre. But other RPG battle systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Gameplay_of_Final_Fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gameplay of Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy battle systems</a> have imported real-time choices without emphasizing coordination or reflexes. Other systems combine real-time combat with the ability to pause the game and issue orders to all characters under his/her control; when the game is unpaused, all characters follow the orders they were given. This "real-time with pause" system (RTwP) has been particularly popular in games designed by <a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a>. The most famous RTwP engine is the <a href="/wiki/Infinity_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Engine">Infinity Engine</a>. Other names for "real-time with pause" include "active pause" and "semi real-time".<a href="#cite_note-actiontrip-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Tactical RPG maker Apeiron named their system Smart Pause Mode (SPM) because it would automatically pause based on a number of user-configurable settings.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fallout_Tactics:_Brotherhood_of_Steel" title="Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel">Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcanum:_Of_Steamworks_and_Magick_Obscura" title="Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura">Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura</a> offered players the option to play in either turn-based or RTwP mode via a configuration setting. The latter also offered a "fast turn-based" mode, though all three of the game's modes were criticized for being poorly balanced and oversimplified.<a href="#cite_note-cnetquote-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamespot1-18">[18]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(series)" title="Ultima (series)">Ultima</a> games featured timed turns: they were strictly turn-based, but if the player waited more than a second or so to issue a command, the game would automatically issue a pass command, allowing the monsters to take a turn while the PCs did nothing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is a further subdivision by the structure of the battle system; in many early games, such as <a href="/wiki/Wizardry" title="Wizardry">Wizardry</a>, monsters and the party are arrayed into ranks, and can only attack enemies in the front rank with melee weapons. Other games, such as most of the Ultima series, employed duplicates of the miniatures combat system traditionally used in the early <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a>. Representations of the player characters and monsters would move around an arena modeled after the surrounding terrain, attacking any enemies that are sufficiently close.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interface_and_graphics">Interface and graphics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interface and graphics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEO_Scavenger_screenshot_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NEO_Scavenger_screenshot_01.png/220px-NEO_Scavenger_screenshot_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NEO_Scavenger_screenshot_01.png/330px-NEO_Scavenger_screenshot_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NEO_Scavenger_screenshot_01.png/440px-NEO_Scavenger_screenshot_01.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The graphical roguelike-like <a href="/wiki/NEO_Scavenger" title="NEO Scavenger">NEO Scavenger</a> has text on the right indicating what events have transpired, and gives the players options (bottom) based on their character's abilities. At left is the character's current stats.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sintel_The_Game_Docks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sintel_The_Game_Docks.png/220px-Sintel_The_Game_Docks.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sintel_The_Game_Docks.png/330px-Sintel_The_Game_Docks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sintel_The_Game_Docks.png/440px-Sintel_The_Game_Docks.png 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Starting in the mid-1990s with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">3D graphics accelerators</a>, real-time first- and third-person polygonal graphics also became common in CRPGs. Pictured here is <a href="/wiki/Sintel_The_Game" title="Sintel The Game">Sintel The Game</a>.</figcaption></figure> Earlier role-playing video games used a two-dimensional top-down view or tile-based first-person view. Early action-based role-playing games often used a side-scrolling view. Most notably since <a href="/wiki/Ultima_Underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultima Underworld">Ultima Underworld</a> (1992), role-playing games started implementing true three-dimensional (3D) graphics, where players typically navigate the game world from a first or third-person perspective. However, an <a href="/wiki/Isometric_graphics_in_video_games_and_pixel_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Isometric graphics in video games and pixel art">isometric</a> or aerial top-down perspective is common in party-based RPGs, in order to give the player a clear view of their entire party and their surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Role-playing games require the player to manage a large amount of information and frequently make use of a windowed interface. For example, spell-casting characters will often have a menu of spells they can use. On the PC, players typically use the mouse to click on icons and menu options, while console games have the player navigate through menus using a game controller. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_classification">History and classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History and classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Western role-playing video games">History of Western role-playing video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Eastern role-playing video games">History of Eastern role-playing video games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games" title="List of role-playing video games">List of role-playing video games</a></div> The role-playing video game <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game genres">genre</a> began in the mid-1970s on <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, inspired by pen-and-paper <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barton_3623_01-20">[20]</a> Several other sources of inspiration for early role-playing video games also included tabletop <a href="/wiki/Wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargaming">wargames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports game">sports simulation</a> games, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">adventure games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_Adventure" title="Colossal Cave Adventure">Colossal Cave Adventure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> writings by authors such as <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> traditional <a href="/wiki/Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">strategy games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Justin_Leeper-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic literature</a> dating back to <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> which followed the same basic structure of setting off in various <a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (video gaming)">quests</a> in order to accomplish goals.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After the success of role-playing video games such as <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(series)" title="Ultima (series)">Ultima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wizardry" title="Wizardry">Wizardry</a>, which in turn served as the blueprint for <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest" title="Dragon Quest">Dragon Quest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a>, the role-playing genre eventually diverged into two styles, Eastern role-playing games and Western role-playing games, due to <a href="#Cultural_differences">cultural differences</a>, though roughly mirroring the platform divide between <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">consoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">computers</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-barton_evw-25">[25]</a> Finally, while the first RPGs offered strictly a <a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">single player</a> experience, the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> modes rose sharply during the early to mid-1990s with <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Secret_of_Mana" title="Secret of Mana">Secret of Mana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diablo_(video_game)" title="Diablo (video game)">Diablo</a>. With the advent of the Internet, multiplayer games have grown to become <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">massively multiplayer online role-playing games</a> (MMORPG), including <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(video_game)" title="Lineage (video game)">Lineage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XI" title="Final Fantasy XI">Final Fantasy XI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainframe_computers">Mainframe computers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mainframe computers">edit</a>]</div> The role-playing video game genre began in the mid-1970s, as an offshoot of early university <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> text-based RPGs on <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based computers, such as <a href="/wiki/Dungeon_(video_game)" title="Dungeon (video game)">Dungeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedit5" title="Pedit5">pedit5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnd_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnd (video game)">dnd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1980_in_video_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 in video gaming">1980</a>, a very popular <a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">dungeon crawler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)" title="Rogue (video game)">Rogue</a>, was released. Featuring <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> graphics where the setting, monsters and items were represented by letters and a deep system of gameplay, it inspired a whole genre of similar clones on mainframe and home computers called "<a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">roguelikes</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_computers">Personal computers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal computers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Western role-playing video games">History of Western role-playing video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_role-playing_video_games#Japanese_computer_RPGs" title="History of Eastern role-playing video games">Japanese computer RPGs</a></div> One of the earliest role-playing video games on a <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> was Dungeon n Dragons, written by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Trefonas" title="Peter Trefonas">Peter Trefonas</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/CLOAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOAD">CLOAD</a> (1980). This early game, published for a <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a> Model 1, is just 16K long and includes a limited word parser command line, character generation, a store to purchase equipment, combat, traps to solve, and a dungeon to explore.<a href="#cite_note-Trefonas,_Peter-28">[28]</a> Other contemporaneous CRPGs (Computer Role Playing Games) were <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apshai" title="Temple of Apshai">Temple of Apshai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey:_The_Compleat_Apventure" title="Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure">Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akalabeth:_World_of_Doom" title="Akalabeth: World of Doom">Akalabeth: World of Doom</a>, the precursor to <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(series)" title="Ultima (series)">Ultima</a>. Some early microcomputer RPGs (such as <a href="/wiki/Telengard" title="Telengard">Telengard</a> (1982) or <a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Fargoal" title="Sword of Fargoal">Sword of Fargoal</a>) were based on their mainframe counterparts, while others (such as Ultima or <a href="/wiki/Wizardry" title="Wizardry">Wizardry</a>, the most successful of the early CRPGs) were loose adaptations of D&D.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They also include both <a href="/wiki/First-person_(video_games)" title="First-person (video games)">first-person</a> displays and overhead views, sometimes in the same game (Akalabeth, for example, uses both perspectives). Most of the key features of RPGs were developed in this early period, prior to the release of <a href="/wiki/Ultima_III:_Exodus" title="Ultima III: Exodus">Ultima III: Exodus</a>, one of the prime influences on both computer and console RPG development. For example, Wizardry features menu-driven combat, <a href="/wiki/Tunnels_of_Doom" title="Tunnels of Doom">Tunnels of Doom</a> features tactical combat on a special "combat screen", and <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_of_Daggorath" title="Dungeons of Daggorath">Dungeons of Daggorath</a> features real-time combat which takes place on the main dungeon map.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Starting in 1984 with <a href="/wiki/Questron_(video_game)" title="Questron (video game)">Questron</a> and <a href="/wiki/50_Mission_Crush" title="50 Mission Crush">50 Mission Crush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Simulations,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Simulations, Inc.">SSI</a> produced many series of CRPGs. Their 1985 game <a href="/wiki/Phantasie_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantasie (video game)">Phantasie</a> is notable for introducing <a href="/wiki/Automap" class="mw-redirect" title="Automap">automapping</a> and in-game scrolls providing hints and background information. They also released <a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Radiance" title="Pool of Radiance">Pool of Radiance</a> in 1988, the first of several "<a href="/wiki/Gold_Box" title="Gold Box">Gold Box</a>" CRPGs based on the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules. These games feature a first-person display for movement, combined with an overhead tactical display for combat. One common feature of RPGs from this era, which Matt Barton calls the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>" of computer RPGs, is the use of numbered "paragraphs" printed in the manual or adjunct booklets, containing the game's lengthier texts; the player can be directed to read a certain paragraph, instead of being shown the text on screen. The ultimate exemplar of this approach is <a href="/wiki/Sir-Tech" title="Sir-Tech">Sir-Tech</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_Saga" title="Star Saga">Star Saga</a> trilogy (of which only two games were released); the first game contains 888 "textlets" (usually much longer than a single paragraph) spread across 13 booklets, while the second contains 50,000 paragraphs spread across 14 booklets. Most of the games from this era are turn-based, although <a href="/wiki/Dungeon_Master_(video_game)" title="Dungeon Master (video game)">Dungeon Master</a> and its imitators have real-time combat. Other classic titles from this era include <a href="/wiki/The_Bard%27s_Tale_(1985_video_game)" title="The Bard's Tale (1985 video game)">The Bard's Tale</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Wasteland_(video_game)" title="Wasteland (video game)">Wasteland</a> (1988), the start of the <a href="/wiki/Might_and_Magic" title="Might and Magic">Might and Magic</a> (1986–2014) series and the continuing Ultima (1981–1999) series.<a href="#cite_note-bart2007b-30">[30]</a> Later, in the middle to late 1990s, isometric, sprite-based RPGs became commonplace, with video game publishers <a href="/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment" title="Interplay Entertainment">Interplay Entertainment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_North" title="Blizzard North">Blizzard North</a> playing a lead role with such titles as the <a href="/wiki/Baldur%27s_Gate_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldur's Gate (series)">Baldur's Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icewind_Dale_(series)" title="Icewind Dale (series)">Icewind Dale</a> and the action-RPG <a href="/wiki/Diablo_(series)" title="Diablo (series)">Diablo</a> series, as well as the dialogue-heavy <a href="/wiki/Planescape:_Torment" title="Planescape: Torment">Planescape: Torment</a> and cult classics <a href="/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)" title="Fallout (video game)">Fallout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallout_2" title="Fallout 2">Fallout 2</a>. This era also saw a move toward 3D game engines with such games as <a href="/wiki/Might_and_Magic_VI:_The_Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven">Might and Magic VI: The Mandate of Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls:_Arena" title="The Elder Scrolls: Arena">The Elder Scrolls: Arena</a>. <a href="/wiki/TSR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="TSR (company)">TSR</a>, dissatisfied with SSI's later products, such as <a href="/wiki/Dark_Sun:_Wake_of_the_Ravager" title="Dark Sun: Wake of the Ravager">Dark Sun: Wake of the Ravager</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menzoberranzan_(video_game)" title="Menzoberranzan (video game)">Menzoberranzan</a>, transferred the AD&D license to several different developers, and eventually gave it to <a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a>, who used it in <a href="/wiki/Baldur%27s_Gate_(video_game)" title="Baldur's Gate (video game)">Baldur's Gate</a> (1998) and several later games. By the 2000s, 3D engines had become dominant.<a href="#cite_note-bart2007c-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_game_consoles">Video game consoles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Video game consoles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_role-playing_video_games" title="History of Eastern role-playing video games">History of Eastern role-playing video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_role-playing_video_games#Early_21st_century_(2000s–present)" title="History of Western role-playing video games">Early 21st century Western RPGs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></div> The earliest RPG on a console was <a href="/wiki/Dragonstomper" title="Dragonstomper">Dragonstomper</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-gspothistory-32">[32]</a> Another early RPG on a console was <a href="/wiki/Bokosuka_Wars" title="Bokosuka Wars">Bokosuka Wars</a>, originally released for the <a href="/wiki/Sharp_X1" title="Sharp X1">Sharp X1</a> computer in 1983<a href="#cite_note-gspot_bosk-33">[33]</a> and later ported to the <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> in 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> in 1985 and the <a href="/wiki/Sharp_X68000" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp X68000">Sharp X68000</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as New Bokosuka Wars. The game laid the foundations for the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">tactical role-playing game</a> genre, or "simulation RPG" genre as it is known in Japan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was also an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time game">real-time</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Chunsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chunsoft">Chunsoft</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> title <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest_(video_game)" title="Dragon Quest (video game)">Dragon Quest</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Warrior">Dragon Warrior</a> in North America until the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest_VIII:_Journey_of_the_Cursed_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Quest VIII: Journey of the Cursed King">eighth game</a>), which drew inspiration from computer RPGs Ultima and Wizardry and is regarded as the template for future Japanese role-playing video games released since then.<a href="#cite_note-gspy_dwhof-37">[37]</a> Also in 1986 <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a> was released for the <a href="/wiki/NES" class="mw-redirect" title="NES">NES</a>, while not generally considered an RPG itself did inspire many aspects of future action-RPGs. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1987, the genre came into its own with the release of several highly influential console RPGs distinguishing themselves from computer RPGs, including the genre-defining <a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Star_(video_game)" title="Phantasy Star (video game)">Phantasy Star</a>, released for the <a href="/wiki/Master_System" title="Master System">Master System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zelda_II:_The_Adventure_of_Link" title="Zelda II: The Adventure of Link">Zelda II: The Adventure of Link</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Family_Computer_Disk_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Computer Disk System">Famicom Disk System</a> was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing games</a>, combining the <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure game</a> framework of its predecessor <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a> with the statistical elements of <a href="#Combat">turn-based RPGs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Most RPGs at this time were turn-based.<a href="#cite_note-Iwata_Asks:_RPG-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Faxanadu" title="Faxanadu">Faxanadu</a> was another early action RPG for the NES, released as a side-story to the computer action RPG <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Slayer_II:_Xanadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu">Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GameSpot-Other-NES-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Square</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a> for the NES introduced side-view battles, with the player characters on the right and the enemies on the left, which soon became the norm for numerous console RPGs.<a href="#cite_note-gsff1-41">[41]</a> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Warrior_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Warrior III">Dragon Warrior III</a> introduced a character progression system allowing the player to change the party's character classes during the course of the game.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another "major innovation was the introduction of day/night cycles; certain items, characters, and quests are only accessible at certain times of day."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Star_II" title="Phantasy Star II">Phantasy Star II</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis</a> established many conventions of the genre, including an <a href="/wiki/Epic_(genre)" title="Epic (genre)">epic</a>, dramatic, character-driven storyline dealing with serious themes and subject matter.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Console RPGs distinguished themselves from computer RPGs to a greater degree in the early 1990s. As console RPGs became more heavily story-based than their computer counterparts, one of the major differences that emerged during this time was in the portrayal of the characters. Console RPGs often featured intricately related characters who had distinctive personalities and traits, with players assuming the roles of people who cared about each other, fell in love or even had families. Romance in particular was a theme that was common in most console RPGs at the time but absent from most computer RPGs.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During the 1990s, console RPGs had become increasingly dominant, exerting a greater influence on computer RPGs than the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_12h-45">[45]</a> Console RPGs had eclipsed computer RPGs for some time, though computer RPGs began making a comeback towards the end of the decade with interactive choice-filled adventures.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The next major revolution came in the late 1990s, which saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disks</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fifth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fifth generation)">fifth generation</a> consoles. The implications for RPGs were enormous—longer, more involved quests, better audio, and <a href="/wiki/Full_motion_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Full motion video">full-motion video</a>. This was first clearly demonstrated in 1997 by the phenomenal success of <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a>, which is considered one of the most influential games of all time.<a href="#cite_note-1UP-FFVII-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-vintage_b-48">[48]</a> With a record-breaking production budget of around $45 million,<a href="#cite_note-1UP-FFVII-47">[47]</a> the ambitious scope of Final Fantasy VII raised the possibilities for the genre, with its <a href="/wiki/Gameplay_of_Final_Fantasy#Minigames" class="mw-redirect" title="Gameplay of Final Fantasy">dozens of minigames</a> and much higher production values. The latter includes innovations such as the use of 3D characters on pre-rendered backgrounds,<a href="#cite_note-vintage-78-49">[49]</a> battles viewed from multiple different angles rather than a single angle, and for the first time full-motion <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> video seamlessly blended into the gameplay,<a href="#cite_note-vintage_b-48">[48]</a> effectively integrated throughout the game.<a href="#cite_note-1UP-FFVII-47">[47]</a> The game was soon ported to the PC and gained much success there, as did several other originally console RPGs, blurring the line between the console and computer platforms.<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_12h-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_differences">Cultural differences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural differences">edit</a>]</div> Computer-driven role-playing games had their start in Western markets, with games generally geared to be played on home computers. By 1985, series like <a href="/wiki/Wizardry" title="Wizardry">Wizardry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(series)" title="Ultima (series)">Ultima</a> represented the state of the art in role-playing games. In Japan, home computers had yet to take as great a hold as they had in the West due to their cost; there was little market for Western-developed games and there were a few Japanese-developed games for personal computers during this time such as <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Onyx" title="The Black Onyx">The Black Onyx</a> (1984) which followed the Wizardry/Ultima format. With the release of the low-cost Famicom console (called the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> overseas), a new opportunity arose to bring role-playing games to Japan. <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest_(video_game)" title="Dragon Quest (video game)">Dragon Quest</a> (1986) was the first such attempt to recreate a role-playing game for a console, and requires several simplifications to fit within the more limited memory and capabilities of the Famicom compared to computers; players in Dragon Quest controlled only a single character, the amount of control over this character limited due to the simplicity of the Famicom controller, and a less-realistic art style was chosen to better visualize the characters within a <a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">tile-based graphics system</a>. Dragon Quest was highly successful in Japan, leading to further entries in the series and other titles such as <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a> that followed the same simplifications made in RPGs for Dragon Quest.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Because of these differences, the role-playing genre began to be classified into two fairly distinct styles: computer RPG and console RPG.<a href="#cite_note-barton_evw-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-gspot_consolehist_j-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-gspot_consolehist_i-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[Note 1]</a> By the early 2000s, the distinction between platforms became less pronounced as the same games appeared on both console and computer, but stylistic differences between <a href="/wiki/Western_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Western role-playing games">Western role-playing games</a> (WRPGs) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese role-playing games">Japanese role-playing games</a> (JRPGs) remained, rooted in the earlier distinctions.<a href="#cite_note-joyq_evw-54">[53]</a> Though sharing fundamental premises, WRPGs tend to feature darker graphics, older characters, and a greater focus on roaming freedom, realism, and the underlying game mechanics (e.g. "rules-based" or "system-based"<a href="#cite_note-joyq_evw-54">[53]</a>); whereas JRPGs tend to feature brighter, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>-like or <a href="/wiki/Chibi_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibi (term)">chibi</a> graphics, younger characters, turn-based or faster-paced action gameplay, and a greater focus on tightly-orchestrated, linear storylines with intricate plots (e.g. "action-based" or "story-based"<a href="#cite_note-joyq_evw-54">[53]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-barton_evw-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-hallford_xxiv-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-nzg_evw-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_square_japan-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_wrpgsdead-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-gama_suckage-60">[59]</a> Further, WRPGs are more likely to allow players to create and customize characters from scratch,<a href="#cite_note-vintage_d-61">[60]</a> and since the late 1990s have had a stronger focus on extensive <a href="/wiki/Dialog_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog tree">dialog tree</a> systems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Planescape:_Torment" title="Planescape: Torment">Planescape: Torment</a>).<a href="#cite_note-gama129583-62">[61]</a> On the other hand, JRPGs tend to limit players to developing pre-defined <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">player characters</a>, and often do not allow the option to create or choose one's own playable characters or make decisions that alter the plot.<a href="#cite_note-gama_suckage-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[Note 2]</a> In the early 1990s, JRPGs were seen as being much closer to <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dragon_ffii-65">[63]</a> but by the late 1990s had become more cinematic in style (e.g. Final Fantasy series). At the same time, WRPGs started becoming more novelistic in style (e.g. Planescape: Torment), but by the late 2000s had also adopted a more cinematic style (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a>).<a href="#cite_note-gama129583-62">[61]</a> One reason given for these differences is that many early Japanese console RPGs can be seen as forms of interactive <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> or anime wrapped around Western rule systems at the time,<a href="#cite_note-gama_conund-66">[64]</a> in addition to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a> <a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">adventure games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> As a result, Japanese console RPGs differentiated themselves with a stronger focus on scripted narratives and character drama,<a href="#cite_note-hallford_xxiv-55">[54]</a> alongside streamlined gameplay.<a href="#cite_note-gama_conund-66">[64]</a> In recent years, these trends have in turn been adopted by WRPGs, which have begun moving more towards tightly structured narratives, in addition to moving away from "numbers and rules" in favor of streamlined combat systems similar to action games.<a href="#cite_note-gama_conund-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_singlefuture-68">[66]</a> In addition, a large number of Western <a href="/wiki/Indie_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie games">indie games</a> are modelled after JRPGs,<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> especially those of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fourth generation)">16-bit era</a>, partly due to the <a href="/wiki/RPG_Maker" title="RPG Maker">RPG Maker</a> <a href="/wiki/Game_development_tool" title="Game development tool">game development tools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gama_conund-66">[64]</a> Another oft-cited difference is the prominence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">kawaisa</a>, or "cuteness", in Japanese culture, and different approaches with respect to character aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-barton_evw-25">[25]</a> WRPGs tend to maintain a serious and gritty tone, whereas JRPG protagonists tend to be designed with an emphasis on aesthetic beauty, and even male characters are often young, <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a>, shōnen or <a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a> in appearance. JRPGs often have cute characters, juxtaposed with more mature themes and situations; and many modern JRPGs feature characters designed in the same style as those in <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vintage_d-61">[60]</a> The stylistic differences are often due to differing target audiences: Western RPGs are usually geared primarily towards teenage to adult males, whereas Japanese RPGs are usually intended for a much larger demographic,<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">female audiences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nzg_evw-57">[56]</a> who, for example, accounted for nearly a third of <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIII" title="Final Fantasy XIII">Final Fantasy XIII</a>'s playerbase.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a> noted in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Xenoblade_Chronicles_X" title="Xenoblade Chronicles X">Xenoblade Chronicles X</a>'s development team that the label "JRPG" is most commonly used to refer to RPGs "whose presentation mimics the design sensibilities" of anime and manga, that it's "typically the presentation and character archetypes" that signal "this is a JRPG."<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Modern JRPGs are more likely to feature <a href="/wiki/Turn-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based">turn-based</a> battles; while modern WRPGs are more likely to feature <a href="/wiki/Real-time_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time game">real-time</a> combat.<a href="#cite_note-nzg_evw-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-gama_suckage-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-gama_primer20-73">[71]</a> In the past, the reverse was often true: real-time <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing games</a> were far more common among Japanese console RPGs than Western computer RPGs up until the late 1990s, due to <a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">gamepads</a> usually being better suited to real-time action than the keyboard and mouse.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Some journalists and video game designers have questioned this cultural classification, arguing that the differences between Eastern and Western games have been exaggerated. In an interview held at the American <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Entertainment Expo">Electronic Entertainment Expo</a>, Japanese video game developer <a href="/wiki/Tetsuya_Nomura" title="Tetsuya Nomura">Tetsuya Nomura</a> (who worked on Final Fantasy and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts" title="Kingdom Hearts">Kingdom Hearts</a>) emphasized that RPGs should not be classified by country-of-origin, but rather described simply for what they are: role-playing games.<a href="#cite_note-1up_ajcult-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hironobu_Sakaguchi" title="Hironobu Sakaguchi">Hironobu Sakaguchi</a>, creator of Final Fantasy and <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Story" title="The Last Story">The Last Story</a>, noted that, while "users like to categorise" JRPGs as "turn-based, traditional styles" and WRPGs as "born from <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooters</a>," there "are titles that don't fit the category," pointing to <a href="/wiki/Chrono_Trigger" title="Chrono Trigger">Chrono Trigger</a> (which he also worked on) and the <a href="/wiki/Mana_(series)" title="Mana (series)">Mana</a> games. He further noted that there have been "other games similar to the style of Chrono Trigger," but that "it's probably because the games weren't <a href="/wiki/Game_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Game localization">localised</a> and didn't reach the Western audience."<a href="#cite_note-metro_sakaguchi-76">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Xenosaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Xenosaga">Xeno</a> series director <a href="/wiki/Tetsuya_Takahashi" title="Tetsuya Takahashi">Tetsuya Takahashi</a>, in reference to <a href="/wiki/Xenoblade_Chronicles_(video_game)" title="Xenoblade Chronicles (video game)">Xenoblade Chronicles</a>, stated that "I don't know when exactly people started using the term 'JRPG,' but if this game makes people rethink the meaning of this term, I'll be satisfied." The writer Jeremy Parish of <a href="/wiki/1UP.com" class="mw-redirect" title="1UP.com">1UP.com</a> states that "Xenoblade throws into high relief the sheer artificiality of the gaming community's obsession over the differences between" Western and Japanese RPGs, pointing out that it "does things that don't really fit into either genre. Gamers do love their boundaries and barriers and neat little rules, I know, but just because you cram something into a little box doesn't mean it belongs there."<a href="#cite_note-1up_parish-77">[75]</a> Nick Doerr of <a href="/wiki/Joystiq" title="Joystiq">Joystiq</a> criticizes the claim that JRPGs are "too linear", pointing out that non-linear JRPGs are not uncommon—for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Romancing_SaGa" title="Romancing SaGa">Romancing SaGa</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-joyq_doerr-78">[76]</a> Likewise, Rowan Kaiser of Joystiq points out that linear WRPGs were common in the 1990s, and argues that many of the often mentioned differences between Eastern and Western games are <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> that are generally "not true" and "never was", pointing to classic examples like <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Lore" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands of Lore">Lands of Lore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betrayal_at_Krondor" title="Betrayal at Krondor">Betrayal at Krondor</a> that were more narrative-focused than the typical Western-style RPGs of the time.<a href="#cite_note-joyq_evw-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> Due to the cultural differences between Western and Japanese variations of role-playing games, both have often been compared and critiqued by those within the video games industry and press. In the late 1980s, when traditional American computer RPGs such as <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(series)" title="Ultima (series)">Ultima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Crown" title="Defender of the Crown">Defender of the Crown</a> were ported to consoles, they received mixed reviews from console gamers, as they were "not perceived, by many of the players, to be as exciting as the Japanese imports", and lacked the <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure</a> elements commonly found in Japanese console RPGs at the time.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In the early 1990s, American computer RPGs also began facing criticism for their plots, where "the party sticks together through thick and thin" and always "act together as a group" rather than as individuals, and where <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a> are "one-dimensional characters", in comparison to the more <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> approach of <a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Squaresoft</a> console RPGs such as <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV" title="Final Fantasy IV">Final Fantasy IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dragon_ffii-65">[63]</a> However in 1994, game designer <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Petersen" title="Sandy Petersen">Sandy Petersen</a> noted that, among computer gamers, there was criticism against cartridge-based console JRPGs being "not role-playing at all" due to popular examples such as <a href="/wiki/Secret_of_Mana" title="Secret of Mana">Secret of Mana</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a> using "direct" arcade-style action <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_battle_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing battle systems">combat systems</a> instead of the more "abstract" <a href="/wiki/Turn-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based">turn-based</a> battle systems associated with computer RPGs. In response, he pointed out that not all console RPGs are action-based, pointing to <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lufia" title="Lufia">Lufia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Another early criticism, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Star" title="Phantasy Star">Phantasy Star</a> games in the late 1980s, was the frequent use of defined <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">player characters</a>, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Wizardry" title="Wizardry">Wizardry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Box" title="Gold Box">Gold Box</a> games where the player's <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatars</a> (such as knights, clerics, or thieves) were blank slates.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> As Japanese console RPGs became increasingly more dominant in the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_12h-45">[45]</a> and became known for being more heavily story and character-based, American computer RPGs began to face criticism for having characters devoid of personality or background, due to representing avatars which the player uses to interact with the world, in contrast to Japanese console RPGs which depicted characters with distinctive personalities. American computer RPGs were thus criticized for lacking "more of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Role-playing" title="Role-playing">role-playing</a>" offered by Japanese console RPGs, which instead emphasized character interactions.<a href="#cite_note-hallford_xxiv-55">[54]</a> In response, North American computer RPGs began making a comeback towards the end of the 1990s with interactive choice-filled adventures.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Several writers have criticized JRPGs as not being "true" RPGs, for heavy usage of scripted <a href="/wiki/Cutscene" title="Cutscene">cutscenes</a> and dialogue, and a frequent lack of <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay#Branching_storylines" title="Nonlinear gameplay">branching</a> outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-GSpy_EastvWest-83">[81]</a>[Turner] Japanese RPGs are also sometimes criticized for having relatively simple battle systems in which players are able to win by repetitively mashing buttons.<a href="#cite_note-GSpy_EastvWest-83">[81]</a>[Turner]<a href="#cite_note-GSpy_EastvWest-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_boyd-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[Note 3]</a> As a result, Japanese-style role-playing games are held in disdain by some Western gamers, leading to the term "JRPG" being held in the pejorative.<a href="#cite_note-gama_primer20-73">[71]</a> Some observers have also speculated that JRPGs are stagnating or declining in both quality and popularity, including remarks by BioWare co-founder <a href="/wiki/Greg_Zeschuk" title="Greg Zeschuk">Greg Zeschuk</a> and writing director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Erickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Erickson (page does not exist)">Daniel Erickson</a> that JRPGs are stagnating—and that <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XIII" title="Final Fantasy XIII">Final Fantasy XIII</a> is not even really an RPG;<a href="#cite_note-gradar_jrpgs-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> criticisms regarding seemingly nebulous justifications by some Japanese designers for newly changed (or, alternately, newly un-changed) features of recent titles;<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> calls among some gaming journalists to "fix" JRPGs' problems;<a href="#cite_note-ign_fixjrpgs-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nextgen_fixjrpgs-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> as well as claims that some recent titles such as <a href="/wiki/Front_Mission_Evolved" title="Front Mission Evolved">Front Mission Evolved</a> are beginning to attempt—and failing to—imitate Western titles.<a href="#cite_note-gzone_fmevo-95">[92]</a> In an article for <a href="/wiki/PSM3" title="PSM3">PSM3</a>, Brittany Vincent of RPGFan.com felt that "developers have mired the modern JRPG in unoriginality", citing Square Enix CEO Yoichi Wada who stated that "they're strictly catering to a particular audience", the article noting the difference in game sales between Japan and North America before going on to suggest JRPGs may need to "move forward".<a href="#cite_note-gradarJRPGs-96">[93]</a> This criticism has also occurred in the wider media with an advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Fallout:_New_Vegas" title="Fallout: New Vegas">Fallout: New Vegas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a>) in Japan openly mocked Japanese RPGs' traditional characteristics in favor of their own title.<a href="#cite_note-escapist_fo3nvads-97">[94]</a> Nick Doerr of <a href="/wiki/Joystiq" title="Joystiq">Joystiq</a> noted that <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks" title="Bethesda Softworks">Bethesda</a> felt that JRPGs "are all the same" and "too linear", to which he responded that "[f]or the most part, it's true" but noted there are also non-linear JRPGs such as the <a href="/wiki/SaGa_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="SaGa (series)">Romancing SaGa</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-joyq_doerr-78">[76]</a> Such criticisms have produced responses such as ones by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">video game developers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Mikami" title="Shinji Mikami">Shinji Mikami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuji_Horii" title="Yuji Horii">Yuji Horii</a>, to the effect that JRPGs were never as popular in the West to begin with, and that Western reviewers are biased against turn-based systems.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-escp_dquest-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ign_horii-101">[98]</a> Jeff Fleming of <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a> also states that Japanese RPGs on home consoles are generally showing signs of staleness, but notes that <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld consoles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> have had more original and experimental Japanese RPGs released in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-gsw_whither-102">[99]</a> Western RPGs have also received criticism in recent years. They remain less popular in Japan, where, until recently, Western games in general had a negative reputation.<a href="#cite_note-1up_square_japan-58">[57]</a> In Japan, where the vast majority of early console role-playing video games originate,<a href="#cite_note-gspot_consolehist_h-103">[100]</a> Western RPGs remain largely unknown.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The developer <a href="/wiki/Motomu_Toriyama" title="Motomu Toriyama">Motomu Toriyama</a> criticized Western RPGs, stating that they "dump you in a big <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a>, and let you do whatever you like [which makes it] difficult to tell a compelling story."<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hironobu_Sakaguchi" title="Hironobu Sakaguchi">Hironobu Sakaguchi</a> noted that "users like to categorise" WRPGs as "a sort of different style, born from first person shooters."<a href="#cite_note-metro_sakaguchi-76">[74]</a> In recent years, some have also criticized WRPGs for becoming less RPG-like, instead with further emphasis on action.<a href="#cite_note-gama_conund-66">[64]</a> Christian Nutt of GameSpy states that, in contrast to JRPGs, WRPGs' greater control over the development and customization of playable characters has come at the expense of plot and gameplay, resulting in what he felt was generic dialogue, lack of character development within the narrative and weaker battle systems.<a href="#cite_note-GSpy_EastvWest-83">[81]</a>[Nutt] He also states that WRPGs tend to focus more on the underlying rules governing the battle system rather than on the experience itself.<a href="#cite_note-GSpy_EastvWest-83">[81]</a>[Nutt] Tom Battey of Edge Magazine noted that the problems often cited against JRPGs also often apply to many WRPGs as well as games outside of the RPG genre.<a href="#cite_note-nextgen_fixjrpgs-93">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a> games have been criticized for "lack of innovation, repetitive structure and lack of real choice."<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> WRPGs, such as <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks" title="Bethesda Softworks">Bethesda</a> games, have also been criticized for lacking in "narrative strength" or "mechanical intricacy" due to the open-ended, sandbox structure of their games.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Despite the criticisms leveled at both variations, Rowan Kaiser of <a href="/wiki/Joystiq" title="Joystiq">Joystiq</a> argued that many of the often mentioned differences between Eastern and Western games are <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> that are generally not true, noting various similarities between several Western titles (such as <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Lore_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands of Lore series">Lands of Lore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betrayal_at_Krondor" title="Betrayal at Krondor">Betrayal at Krondor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Age" title="Dragon Age">Dragon Age</a>) and several classic Eastern titles (such as Final Fantasy and <a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Star" title="Phantasy Star">Phantasy Star</a>), noting that both these Western and Japanese titles share a similar emphasis on linear storytelling, pre-defined characters and "bright-colored" graphics.<a href="#cite_note-joyq_evw-54">[53]</a> The developer Hironobu Sakaguchi also noted there are many games from both that don't fit such categorizations, such as his own Chrono Trigger as well as the Mana games, noting there have been many other such Japanese role-playing games that never released in Western markets.<a href="#cite_note-metro_sakaguchi-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy">Controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is a minority religion in Japan and depictions of Christian symbolism and themes in Japanese media are fraught with potential controversy. This tends to be problematic when JRPGs are exported to Western countries such as the United States where the topics of religion and blasphemy remain sensitive.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> A JRPG can exhibit elements that would be controversial in the West, such as <a href="/wiki/Xenogears" title="Xenogears">Xenogears</a> or <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Tactics" title="Final Fantasy Tactics">Final Fantasy Tactics</a> featuring antagonists that bear similarities to the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic God</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> respectively; negative depictions of organized religions; and "characters banding together and killing God."<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Nintendo has made efforts in the past to remove references such as these prior to introducing their games into the North American market.<a href="#cite_note-barton_evw-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subgenres">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_RPGs">Action RPGs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Action RPGs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv/220px--Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="164" data-mwtitle="Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="810" data-height="608" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv/Freedroidrpg_basic_gameplay.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video showing typical gameplay of an isometric point-and-click action RPG</figcaption></figure> Typically action RPGs feature each player directly controlling a single character in real time, and feature a strong focus on combat and action with plot and character interaction kept to a minimum. Early action RPGs tended to follow the template set by 1980s <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Falcom" title="Nihon Falcom">Nihon Falcom</a> titles such as the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Slayer_(series)" title="Dragon Slayer (series)">Dragon Slayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ys_(series)" title="Ys (series)">Ys</a> series, which feature <a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">hack and slash</a> combat where the <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">player character</a>'s movements and actions are controlled directly, using a <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">game controller</a>, rather than using menus.<a href="#cite_note-kat_hackandslash-112">[109]</a> This formula was refined by the <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure game</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a> (1986), which set the template used by many subsequent action RPGs, including innovations such as an <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">nonlinear gameplay</a>, battery backup <a href="/wiki/Saved_game" title="Saved game">saving</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and an attack button that animates a sword swing or projectile attack on the screen.<a href="#cite_note-Dragon-Slayer-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hydlide-115">[112]</a> The game was largely responsible for the surge of action-oriented RPGs released since the late 1980s, both in Japan and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Barton-116">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda series</a> would continue to exert an influence on the transition of both console and computer RPGs from stat-heavy, turn-based combat towards real-time action combat in the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> A different variation of the action RPG formula was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Diablo_(video_game)" title="Diablo (video game)">Diablo</a> (1996), where the majority of commands—such as moving and attacking—are executed using <a href="/wiki/Point_and_click" title="Point and click">mouse clicks</a> rather than via menus, though learned spells can also be assigned to hotkeys. In many action RPGs, <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a> serve only one purpose, be it to buy or sell items or upgrade the player's abilities, or issue them with combat-centric quests. Problems players face also often have an action-based solution, such as breaking a wooden door open with an axe rather than finding the key needed to unlock it, though some games place greater emphasis on character attributes such as a "lockpicking" skill and puzzle-solving.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One common challenge in developing action RPGs is including content beyond that of killing enemies. With the sheer number of items, locations and monsters found in many such games, it can be difficult to create the needed depth to offer players a unique experience tailored to his or her beliefs, choices or actions.<a href="#cite_note-kat_hackandslash-112">[109]</a> This is doubly true if a game makes use of randomization, as is common. One notable example of a game which went beyond this is <a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex_(video_game)" title="Deus Ex (video game)">Deus Ex</a> (2000) which offered multiple solutions to problems using intricately layered story options and individually constructed environments.<a href="#cite_note-kat_hackandslash-112">[109]</a> Instead of simply bashing their way through levels, players were challenged to act in character by choosing dialog options appropriately, and by using the surrounding environment intelligently. This produced an experience that was unique and tailored to each situation as opposed to one that repeated itself endlessly.<a href="#cite_note-kat_hackandslash-112">[109]</a> At one time, action RPGs were much more common on consoles than on computers.<a href="#cite_note-barton_43-118">[115]</a> Though there had been attempts at creating action-oriented computer RPGs during the late 1980s and early 1990s, often in the vein of <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">Zelda</a>, very few saw any success, with the 1992 game <a href="/wiki/Ultima_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultima VII">Ultima VII</a> being one of the more successful exceptions in North America.<a href="#cite_note-barton_43-118">[115]</a> On the PC, Diablo's effect on the market was significant: it had many imitators and its style of combat went on to be used by many games that came after. For many years afterwards, games that closely mimicked the Diablo formula were referred to as "Diablo clones".<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_08diablo-119">[116]</a> Three of the four titles in the series were still sold together as part of the Diablo Battle Chest over a decade after Diablo's release. Other examples of action RPGs for the PC include <a href="/wiki/Dungeon_Siege" title="Dungeon Siege">Dungeon Siege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_(video_game)" title="Sacred (video game)">Sacred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torchlight" title="Torchlight">Torchlight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellgate:_London" title="Hellgate: London">Hellgate: London</a>—the last of which was developed by a team headed by former Blizzard employees, some of whom had participated in the creation of the Diablo series.<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_08diablo-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-blues_flagshippress-120">[117]</a> Like Diablo and Rogue before it, Torchlight and Hellgate: London made use of <a href="/wiki/Procedural_generation" title="Procedural generation">procedural generation</a> to generate game levels.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Also included within this subgenre are role-playing shooters—games that incorporate elements of role-playing games and <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">shooter games</a> (including <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">third-person</a>). Recent examples include the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a> series,<a href="#cite_note-kat_hackandslash-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fallout:_New_Vegas" title="Fallout: New Vegas">Fallout: New Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borderlands_(video_game)" title="Borderlands (video game)">Borderlands 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_3rd_Birthday" title="The 3rd Birthday">The 3rd Birthday</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First-person_party-based_RPGs">First-person party-based RPGs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First-person party-based RPGs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOTGv0.31screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DOTGv0.31screenshot.png/220px-DOTGv0.31screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DOTGv0.31screenshot.png/330px-DOTGv0.31screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/DOTGv0.31screenshot.png/440px-DOTGv0.31screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of Damnation of Gods, a Dungeon Master clone. All four members of the players' party move around the game world as a single unit, or "blob", in first-person perspective.</figcaption></figure> This subgenre consists of RPGs where the player leads a party of adventurers in <a href="/wiki/First-person_(video_games)" title="First-person (video games)">first-person perspective</a>, typically through a dungeon or labyrinth in a grid-based environment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Examples include the aforementioned Wizardry, Might and Magic and Bard's Tale series; as well as the <a href="/wiki/Etrian_Odyssey_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Etrian Odyssey (series)">Etrian Odyssey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elminage" title="Elminage">Elminage</a> series. Games of this type are sometimes called "blobbers", since the player moves the entire party around the playing field as a single unit, or "blob".<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Most "blobbers" are turn-based, but some titles such as the Dungeon Master, <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Grimrock" title="Legend of Grimrock">Legend of Grimrock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_the_Beholder_(video_game)" title="Eye of the Beholder (video game)">Eye of the Beholder</a> series are played in real-time. Early games in this genre lacked an <a href="/wiki/Automap" class="mw-redirect" title="Automap">automap</a> feature, forcing players to draw their own maps in order to keep track of their progress.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Environmental and spatial puzzles are common, meaning players may need to, for instance, move a stone in one part of the level in order to open a gate in another part of the level.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MMORPGs">MMORPGs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: MMORPGs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">Massively multiplayer online role-playing game</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">Multi-user dungeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_massively_multiplayer_online_games" title="History of massively multiplayer online games">History of massively multiplayer online games</a></div> Though many of the original RPGs for the PLATO mainframe system in the late 1970s also supported multiple, simultaneous players,<a href="#cite_note-barton_ddesktops_b-126">[123]</a> the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> modes in mainstream RPGs did not begin to rise sharply until the early to mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Secret_of_Mana" title="Secret of Mana">Secret of Mana</a> (1993), an early <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing game</a> by <a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Square</a>, was one of the first commercial RPGs to feature <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">cooperative multiplayer</a> gameplay, offering two-player and three-player action once the main character had acquired his party members.<a href="#cite_note-gspy_somana-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-ign_somana-128">[125]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Diablo_(video_game)" title="Diablo (video game)">Diablo</a> (1997) would combine CRPG and <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action game</a> elements with an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> multiplayer mode that allowed up to four players to enter the same world and fight monsters, trade items, or fight against each other. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daimonin_Stoneglow_beta4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Daimonin_Stoneglow_beta4.png/220px-Daimonin_Stoneglow_beta4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Daimonin_Stoneglow_beta4.png/330px-Daimonin_Stoneglow_beta4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Daimonin_Stoneglow_beta4.png/440px-Daimonin_Stoneglow_beta4.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Multiple people chat and play online in the MMORPG Daimonin.</figcaption></figure> Also during this time period, the <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a> genre that had been spawned by <a href="/wiki/MUD1" title="MUD1">MUD1</a> in 1978 was undergoing a tremendous expansion phase due to the release and spread of <a href="/wiki/LPMud" title="LPMud">LPMud</a> (1989) and <a href="/wiki/DikuMUD" title="DikuMUD">DikuMUD</a> (1991). Soon, driven by the mainstream adoption of the Internet, these parallel trends merged in the popularization of <a href="/wiki/Graphical_MUD" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical MUD">graphical MUDs</a>, which would soon become known as <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">massively multiplayer online role-playing games</a> or MMORPGs,<a href="#cite_note-synthworlds-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-berkshire_encyc-130">[127]</a> beginning with games like <a href="/wiki/Meridian_59" title="Meridian 59">Meridian 59</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Nexus:_The_Kingdom_of_the_Winds" title="Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds">Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Ultima_Online" title="Ultima Online">Ultima Online</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(video_game)" title="Lineage (video game)">Lineage</a> (1998), and <a href="/wiki/EverQuest" title="EverQuest">EverQuest</a> (1999), and leading to more modern phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Ragnarok_Online" title="Ragnarok Online">Ragnarok Online</a>(2002), <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XI" title="Final Fantasy XI">Final Fantasy XI</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Eve_Online" title="Eve Online">Eve Online</a> (2003) Disney's <a href="/wiki/Toontown_Online" title="Toontown Online">Toontown Online</a> (2003) and <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a> (2004). Although superficially similar to single-player RPGs, MMORPGs lend their appeal more to the socializing influences of being online with hundreds or even thousands of other players at a time, and trace their origins more from MUDs than from CRPGs like Ultima and Wizardry. Rather than focusing on the "old school" considerations of memorizing huge numbers of stats and esoterica and battling it out in complex, tactical environments, players instead spend much of their time forming and maintaining guilds and <a href="/wiki/Clan_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan (video gaming)">clans</a>. The distinction between CRPGs and MMORPGs and MUDs can as a result be very sharp, likenable to the difference between "attending a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_fair" title="Renaissance fair">renaissance fair</a> and reading a good fantasy novel".<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_12h-45">[45]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Single-player games are great, and I love them. They have a great feature. Your life is very special. You are the hero and you get to save the whole world. (...) [Tabula Rasa] is like <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Disney World</a>... You can go to shops and get food, but when you get on the boat for the pirate ride, you're in your own version of reality. Once the ride starts, you are blissfully unaware of the boats in front of you and behind you. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a>, regarding the use of <a href="/wiki/Instance_dungeon" title="Instance dungeon">instancing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rasa_(video_game)" title="Tabula Rasa (video game)">Tabula Rasa</a> (2007)<a href="#cite_note-borlanddd_d-131">[128]</a></cite> </div> Further, MMORPGs have been criticized for diluting the "epic" feeling of single-player RPGs and related media among thousands of concurrent adventurers. Stated simply: every player wants to be "The Hero", slay "The Monster", rescue "The Princess", or obtain "The Magic Sword". But when there are thousands of players all playing the same game, clearly not everyone can be the hero.<a href="#cite_note-borlanddd_d-131">[128]</a> This problem became obvious to some in the game EverQuest, where groups of players would compete and sometimes harass each other in order to get monsters in the same dungeon to drop valuable items, leading to several undesirable behaviors such as <a href="/wiki/Kill_stealing" title="Kill stealing">kill stealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camping_(gaming)#Spawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Camping (gaming)">spawn camping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Looting_(gaming)#Ninja_looting" class="mw-redirect" title="Looting (gaming)">ninja looting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> In response—for instance by Richard Garriott in <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rasa_(video_game)" title="Tabula Rasa (video game)">Tabula Rasa</a> (2007)<a href="#cite_note-borlanddd_d-131">[128]</a>—developers began turning to <a href="/wiki/Instance_dungeon" title="Instance dungeon">instance dungeons</a> as a means of reducing competition over limited resources, as well as preserving the gaming experience—though this mechanic has its own set of detractors.<a href="#cite_note-McQuaid-135">[132]</a> Lastly, there exist markets such as Korea and China that, while saturated with MMORPGs, have so far proved relatively unreceptive to single-player RPGs.<a href="#cite_note-1up_singlefuture-68">[66]</a> For instance, Internet-connected personal computers are relatively common in Korea when compared to other regions—particularly in the numerous "<a href="/wiki/PC_bang" title="PC bang">PC bangs</a>" scattered around the country, where patrons are able to pay to play multiplayer video games—possibly due to historical bans on Japanese imports, as well as a culture that traditionally sees video games as "frivolous toys" and computers as educational.<a href="#cite_note-stewartchoi-136">[133]</a> As a result, some have wondered whether the stand-alone, single-player RPG is still viable commercially—especially on the personal computer—when there are competing pressures such as big-name publishers' marketing needs, video game piracy, a change in culture, and the competitive price-point-to-processing-power ratio (at least initially) of modern console systems.<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_12h-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_singlefuture-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_chasing-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[Note 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roguelikes_and_roguelites">Roguelikes and roguelites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roguelikes and roguelites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nethack-dragons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nethack-dragons.png/220px-Nethack-dragons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nethack-dragons.png/330px-Nethack-dragons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nethack-dragons.png/440px-Nethack-dragons.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>NetHack and other roguelikes often use <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> text characters to represent objects in the game world. The position of the main character in this image is indicated by the symbol <code>@</code>.</figcaption></figure> Roguelike is a subgenre of role-playing video games, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Procedural_generation" title="Procedural generation">procedural generation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Level (video gaming)">game levels</a>, turn-based gameplay, tile-based graphics, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent death">permanent death</a> of the player-character, and typically based on a <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> narrative setting. Roguelikes descend from the 1980 game <a href="/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)" title="Rogue (video game)">Rogue</a>, particularly mirroring Rogue's <a href="/wiki/Text-based_game" title="Text-based game">character-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprite-based</a> graphics.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> These games were popularized among college students and computer programmers of the 1980s and 1990s, leading to a large number of variants but adhering to these common gameplay elements. Some of the more well-known variants include <a href="/wiki/Hack_(Unix_video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hack (Unix video game)">Hack</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetHack" title="NetHack">NetHack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Domains_of_Mystery" title="Ancient Domains of Mystery">Ancient Domains of Mystery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moria_(1983_video_game)" title="Moria (1983 video game)">Moria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angband_(video_game)" title="Angband (video game)">Angband</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Maj%27Eyal" title="Tales of Maj'Eyal">Tales of Maj'Eyal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> The Japanese series of <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Dungeon" title="Mystery Dungeon">Mystery Dungeon</a> games by <a href="/wiki/Chunsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chunsoft">Chunsoft</a>, inspired by Rogue, also fall within the concept of roguelike games.<a href="#cite_note-usgamer_roguelikes-142">[138]</a> More recently, with more powerful home computers and gaming systems, new variations of roguelikes incorporating other gameplay genres, thematic elements and graphical styles have become popular, typically retaining the notion of procedural generation. These titles are sometimes labeled as "roguelike-like", "rogue-lite", or "procedural death labyrinths" to reflect the variation from titles which mimic the gameplay of traditional roguelikes more faithfully.<a href="#cite_note-usgamer_roguelikes-142">[138]</a> Other games, like <a href="/wiki/Diablo_(video_game)" title="Diablo (video game)">Diablo</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/UnReal_World" title="UnReal World">UnReal World</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> took inspiration from roguelikes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sandbox_RPGs">Sandbox RPGs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sandbox RPGs">edit</a>]</div> Sandbox RPGs, or <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a> RPGs, allow the player a great amount of freedom and usually feature a more open free-roaming world (meaning the player is not confined to a single path restricted by rocks or fences etc.).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sandbox RPGs possess similarities to other sandbox games, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto" title="Grand Theft Auto">Grand Theft Auto</a> series, with a large number of interactable NPCs, large amount of content and typically some of the largest worlds to explore and longest play-times of all RPGs due to an impressive amount of secondary content not critical to the game's main storyline. Sandbox RPGs often attempt to emulate an entire region of their setting.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Popular examples of this subgenre include the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Slayer_(series)" title="Dragon Slayer (series)">Dragon Slayer</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Falcom" title="Nihon Falcom">Nihon Falcom</a>, the early <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest" title="Dragon Quest">Dragon Quest</a> games by <a href="/wiki/Chunsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chunsoft">Chunsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Scarlet_and_Violet" title="Pokémon Scarlet and Violet">Pokémon Scarlet and Violet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasteland_(video_game)" title="Wasteland (video game)">Wasteland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment" title="Interplay Entertainment">Interplay Entertainment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SaGa_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="SaGa (series)">SaGa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mana_(series)" title="Mana (series)">Mana</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Squaresoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Squaresoft">Squaresoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Shock" title="System Shock">System Shock</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_Shock_2" title="System Shock 2">System Shock 2</a> by <a href="/wiki/Looking_Glass_Studios" title="Looking Glass Studios">Looking Glass Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrational_Games" title="Irrational Games">Irrational Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex_(video_game)" title="Deus Ex (video game)">Deus Ex</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Storm" title="Ion Storm">Ion Storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallout_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallout series">Fallout series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks" title="Bethesda Softworks">Bethesda Softworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment" title="Interplay Entertainment">Interplay Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fable_(video_game_series)" title="Fable (video game series)">Fable</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lionhead_Studios" title="Lionhead Studios">Lionhead Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playground_Games" title="Playground Games">Playground Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic series">Gothic series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Piranha_Bytes" title="Piranha Bytes">Piranha Bytes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xenoblade_Chronicles" title="Xenoblade Chronicles">Xenoblade Chronicles</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Monolith_Soft" title="Monolith Soft">Monolith Soft</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Souls" title="Dark Souls">Dark Souls</a> series by <a href="/wiki/FromSoftware" title="FromSoftware">FromSoftware</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_RPGs">Tactical RPGs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tactical RPGs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_Emblem-like_mockup.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fire_Emblem-like_mockup.png/220px-Fire_Emblem-like_mockup.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fire_Emblem-like_mockup.png/330px-Fire_Emblem-like_mockup.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fire_Emblem-like_mockup.png/440px-Fire_Emblem-like_mockup.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Tactical role-playing games often involve moving troops turn by turn across a map to defeat foes or capture territory, as depicted similarly in this illustration.</figcaption></figure> This subgenre of turn-based role-playing games principally refers to games which incorporate elements from <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy games</a> as an alternative to traditional role-playing game (RPG) systems.<a href="#cite_note-EATRPG-145">[141]</a> Tactical RPGs are descendants of traditional strategy games, such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Justin_Leeper-22">[22]</a> and table-top role-playing and strategic <a href="/wiki/Wargaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargaming">war games</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chainmail_(game)" title="Chainmail (game)">Chainmail</a>, which were mainly tactical in their original form.<a href="#cite_note-barton_ddesktops_c-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_atbtys-147">[143]</a> The format of a tactical CRPG is also like a traditional RPG in its appearance, pacing and rule structure. Like standard RPGs, the player controls a finite party and battles a similar number of enemies.<a href="#cite_note-EATRPG-145">[141]</a> And like other RPGs, death is usually temporary, albeit some have permanent death of party members. But this genre incorporates strategic gameplay such as tactical movement on an <a href="/wiki/Isometric_graphics_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Isometric graphics in video games">isometric grid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EATRPG-145">[141]</a> Tactical RPGs tend not to feature <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> play. A number of early Western role-playing video games used a highly tactical form of combat, including parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(series)" title="Ultima (series)">Ultima</a> series, which introduced party-based, tiled combat in <a href="/wiki/Ultima_III:_Exodus" title="Ultima III: Exodus">Ultima III: Exodus</a> (1983).<a href="#cite_note-barton_3623_04-148">[144]</a> Ultima III would go on to be ported to many other platforms and influence the development of later titles,<a href="#cite_note-borlanddd_h-149">[145]</a> as would <a href="/wiki/Bokosuka_Wars" title="Bokosuka Wars">Bokosuka Wars</a> (1983), considered a pioneer in the strategy/simulation RPG genre, according to Nintendo.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo-150">[146]</a> Conventionally, however, the term tactical RPG (known as simulation RPG in Japan) refers to the distinct subgenre that was born in Japan; as the early origins of tactical RPGs are difficult to trace from the American side of the Pacific, where much of the early RPG genre developed.<a href="#cite_note-barton_ddesktops_c-146">[142]</a> Many tactical RPGs can be both extremely time-consuming and extremely difficult. Hence, the appeal of most tactical RPGs is to the hardcore, not casual, computer and video game player.<a href="#cite_note-1upkat_strategery-151">[147]</a> Traditionally, tactical RPGs have been quite popular in Japan but have not enjoyed the same degree of success in North America and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-cnet_vhearts2-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcv_disg3-153">[149]</a> However, the audience for Japanese tactical RPGs has grown substantially since the mid-90s, with <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PS1</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PS2</a> titles such as <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Tactics" title="Final Fantasy Tactics">Final Fantasy Tactics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suikoden_Tactics" title="Suikoden Tactics">Suikoden Tactics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Bandits" title="Vanguard Bandits">Vanguard Bandits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disgaea" title="Disgaea">Disgaea</a> enjoying a surprising measure of popularity, as well as hand-held war games like <a href="/wiki/Fire_Emblem" title="Fire Emblem">Fire Emblem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rpgamer_fireemblem-154">[150]</a> (Final Fantasy Tactics for the PS1 is often considered the breakthrough title outside Japan.<a href="#cite_note-1up_pstactics-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-rpgamer_fftretro-156">[152]</a>) Older TRPGs are also being re-released via <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">software emulation</a>—such as on the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Console" title="Virtual Console">Virtual Console</a>—and on <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game consoles</a>, giving games a new lease on life and exposure to new audiences.<a href="#cite_note-eug_dyntac-157">[153]</a> Japanese video games such as these are as a result no longer nearly as rare a commodity in North America as they were during the 1990s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Western video games have utilized similar mechanics for years, as well, and were largely defined by <a href="/wiki/X-COM:_UFO_Defense" title="X-COM: UFO Defense">X-COM: UFO Defense</a> (1994) in much the same way as Eastern video games were by Fire Emblem.<a href="#cite_note-1upkat_xcom-158">[154]</a> Titles such as X-COM have generally allowed greater freedom of movement when interacting with the surrounding environment than their Eastern counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-1up_daj-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-1upkat_valkchro-160">[156]</a> Other similar examples include the <a href="/wiki/Jagged_Alliance_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagged Alliance (series)">Jagged Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-gamershell_pc-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamehelper-162">[158]</a> (1994–2013) and <a href="/wiki/Silent_Storm" title="Silent Storm">Silent Storm</a><a href="#cite_note-gamehelper-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-rpgvault_ss-163">[159]</a> (2003–2005) series. According to a few developers, it became increasingly difficult during the 2000s to develop games of this type for the PC in the West (though several had been developed in Eastern Europe with mixed results);<a href="#cite_note-rpgv_ja3-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-forum_jgollop-165">[161]</a> and even some Japanese console RPG developers began to complain about a bias against turn-based systems.<a href="#cite_note-escp_dquest-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ign_horii-101">[98]</a> Reasons cited include Western publishers' focus on developing real-time and action-oriented games instead.<a href="#cite_note-forum_jgollop-165">[161]</a> Lastly, there are a number of "full-fledged" CRPGs which could be described as having "tactical combat". Examples from the classic era of CRPGs include parts of the aforementioned Ultima series;<a href="#cite_note-nexus_ultima-166">[162]</a> SSI's <a href="/wiki/Wizard%27s_Crown" title="Wizard's Crown">Wizard's Crown</a> (1985) and <a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Dagger" title="The Eternal Dagger">The Eternal Dagger</a> (1987);<a href="#cite_note-bart2007c-31">[31]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Box" title="Gold Box">Gold Box</a> games of the late '80s and early '90s, many of which were later ported to Japanese video game systems;<a href="#cite_note-bart2007b-30">[30]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Realms_of_Arkania" class="mw-redirect" title="Realms of Arkania">Realms of Arkania</a> (1992–1996) series based on the German <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Eye_(role-playing_game)" title="The Dark Eye (role-playing game)">The Dark Eye</a> pen-and-paper system.<a href="#cite_note-bart2007c-31">[31]</a> More recent examples include <a href="/wiki/Wasteland_2" title="Wasteland 2">Wasteland 2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shadowrun:_Dragonfall" title="Shadowrun: Dragonfall">Shadowrun: Dragonfall</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divinity:_Original_Sin" title="Divinity: Original Sin">Divinity: Original Sin</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a>—all released in 2014. Partly due to the release of these games 2014 has been called "the first year of the CRPG renaissance".<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_genres">Hybrid genres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hybrid genres">edit</a>]</div> A steadily increasing number of other non-RP video games have adopted aspects traditionally seen in RPGs, such as experience point systems, equipment management, and choices in dialogue, as developers push to fill the demand for role-playing elements in non-RPGs.<a href="#cite_note-1up_singlefuture-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-rampcoy_hybrids-171">[167]</a> The blending of these elements with a number of different <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> styles have created a myriad of hybrid game categories formed by mixing popular gameplay elements featured in other genres such as <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platformers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" title="Turn-based strategy">turn-based</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> games. Examples include first-person shooters such as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deus Ex (series)">Deus Ex</a> (starting in 2000) and <a href="/wiki/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.:_Shadow_of_Chernobyl" title="S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl">S.T.A.L.K.E.R.</a> (starting in 2007) series;<a href="#cite_note-bitt_deusex-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-rpgamer_deusex-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-gsutra_stalker-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-cavg_stalker-175">[171]</a> real-time strategy games such as <a href="/wiki/SpellForce:_The_Order_of_Dawn" title="SpellForce: The Order of Dawn">SpellForce: The Order of Dawn</a> (2003) and <a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000:_Dawn_of_War_II" title="Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II">Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II</a> (2009);<a href="#cite_note-gshark_spellforce-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-ginform_warhammer-177">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">puzzle video games</a> such as Castlevania Puzzle (2010) and <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_Quest:_Challenge_of_the_Warlords" title="Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords">Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords</a> (2007);<a href="#cite_note-metac_cpeotn-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> and turn-based strategy games like the <a href="/wiki/Steel_Panthers" title="Steel Panthers">Steel Panthers</a> (1995–2006) series, which combined tactical military combat with RPG-derived unit advancement. As a group, hybrid games have been both praised and criticized; being referred to by one critic as the "poor man's" RPG for omitting the dialogue choices and story-driven character development of major AAA titles;<a href="#cite_note-rampcoy_hybrids-171">[167]</a> and by another critic as "promising" for shedding the conventions of more established franchises in an attempt to innovate.<a href="#cite_note-gfirst_rpgxp-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_other_genres">Relationship to other genres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Relationship to other genres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></div> RPGs seldom test a player's physical skill. Combat is typically a tactical challenge rather than a physical one, and games involve other non-action gameplay such as choosing dialog options, inventory management, or buying and selling items.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2006-181">[177]</a> Although RPGs share some combat rules with <a href="/wiki/Wargame_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wargame (video games)">wargames</a>, RPGs are often about a small group of individual characters.<a href="#cite_note-gama129583-62">[61]</a> Wargames tend to have large groups of identical units, as well as non-humanoid units such as tanks and airplanes. Role-playing games do not normally allow the player to produce more units. However, the <a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_Might_and_Magic" title="Heroes of Might and Magic">Heroes of Might and Magic</a> series crosses these genres by combining individual heroes with large numbers of troops in large battles.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> RPGs rival <a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">adventure games</a> in terms of their rich storylines, in contrast to genres that do not rely upon storytelling such as <a href="/wiki/Sports_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports game">sports games</a> or <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">puzzle games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-3">[3]</a> Both genres also feature highly detailed characters, and a great deal of exploration. However, adventure games usually have a well-defined character, whereas while RPGs may do so, many allow the player to design their characters. Adventure games usually focus on one character, whereas RPGs often feature an entire party. RPGs also feature a combat system, which adventure games usually lack. Whereas both adventure games and RPGs may focus on the personal or psychological growth of characters, RPGs tend to emphasize a complex eternal economy where characters are defined by increasing numerical attributes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Gameplay elements strongly associated with this genre, such as statistical character development, have been widely adapted to other video game genres. For example, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_San_Andreas" title="Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas">Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure game</a>, uses resource statistics (abbreviated as "stats") to define a wide range of attributes including stamina, weapon proficiency, driving, lung capacity, and muscle tone, and uses numerous <a href="/wiki/Cutscene" title="Cutscene">cutscenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (video gaming)">quests</a> to advance the story. <a href="/wiki/Warcraft_III:_Reign_of_Chaos" title="Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos">Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> game, features heroes that can complete quests, obtain new equipment, and "learn" new abilities as they advance in level.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> A community-created <a href="/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (video gaming)">mod</a> based on Warcraft III, <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Ancients" title="Defense of the Ancients">Defense of the Ancients</a> (DotA), served as significant inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">multiplayer online battle arena</a> (MOBA) genre.<a href="#cite_note-:2-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Due to its Warcraft III origins, MOBA is a fusion of role-playing games, real-time strategy games, and action games, with RPG elements built in its core gameplay. A key features, such as control over one character in a party, growth in power over the course of match, learning new thematic abilities, using of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (gaming)">mana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> leveling and accumulation of experience points,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> equipment and inventory management,<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> completing quests,<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> and fighting with the stationary <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boss (video gaming)">boss</a> monsters,<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> have resemblance with role-playing games. According to <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Iwata" title="Satoru Iwata">Satoru Iwata</a>, former president of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, turn-based RPGs have been unfairly criticized as being outdated, and action-based RPGs can frustrate players who are unable to keep up with the battles.<a href="#cite_note-Iwata_Asks:_RPG-39">[39]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Yuji_Horii" title="Yuji Horii">Yuji Horii</a>, creator of the popular Dragon Quest series and Ryutaro Ichimura, producer of <a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a>, turn-based RPGs allow the player time to make decisions without feeling rushed or worry about real-life distractions.<a href="#cite_note-Iwata_Asks:_RPG-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Popularity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Japanese_role-playing_game_franchises" class="mw-redirect" title="List of best-selling Japanese role-playing game franchises">List of best-selling Japanese role-playing game franchises</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_game_franchises" title="List of best-selling video game franchises">List of best-selling video game franchises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games" title="List of best-selling video games">List of best-selling video games</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2015)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_game_franchises" title="List of best-selling video game franchises">best-selling RPG series</a> worldwide is <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)" title="Pokémon (video game series)">Pokémon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a> which has sold over 300 million units,<a href="#cite_note-pokemon-sales-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-wii_series-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-ign_pokerecords-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-nintendo_pokerecords-194">[190]</a> with over 30 million sales for <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pokémon Red, Blue, and Green</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> The second and third best-selling RPG franchises worldwide are <a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest" title="Dragon Quest">Dragon Quest</a> series, with over 110 million units and over 64 million units sold as of March 31, 2014, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-square-enix2-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-finalfantasy_sales-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-dragonquest_sales-198">[194]</a> Nearly all the games in the main Final Fantasy series and all the games in the main Dragon Quest series (as well as many of the spin-off games) have sold over a million copies each, with some games selling more than four million copies.<a href="#cite_note-magicboxjapan-199">[195]</a> Square Enix's best-selling title is Final Fantasy VII, which has sold over 10 million copies worldwide as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica_ffvii-200">[196]</a> Among the best-selling PC RPGs overall is the massively multiplayer online game <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a> with 11.5 million subscribers as of May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-WoW-201">[197]</a> Among single player PC RPGs, <a href="/wiki/Diablo_II" title="Diablo II">Diablo II</a> has sold the largest amount,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with the most recently cited number being over 4 million copies as of 2001.<a href="#cite_note-gfirst_diablo-202">[198]</a> However, copies of the Diablo: Battle Chest continued to be sold in retail stores, with the compilation appearing on the <a href="/wiki/NPD_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NPD Group">NPD Group</a>'s top 10 PC games sales, list as recently as 2010.<a href="#cite_note-vg247_diablo2npd-203">[199]</a> Further, Diablo: Battle Chest was the 19th best-selling PC game of 2008—a full seven years after the game's initial release;<a href="#cite_note-ign_bestsell_2008-204">[200]</a> and 11 million users still played Diablo II and <a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a> over Battle.net in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-gspot_starcraft2-205">[201]</a> As a franchise, the Diablo series has sold over 20 million copies,<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> not including <a href="/wiki/Diablo_III" title="Diablo III">Diablo III</a> which was released for Windows and OS X in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[Note 5]</a> The Dragon Quest series was awarded with six world records in the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records_Gamer%27s_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition">Gamer's Edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>, including "Best Selling Role Playing Game on the Super Famicom", "Fastest Selling Game in Japan", and "First Video Game Series to Inspire a Ballet".<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Likewise, the Pokémon series received eight records, including "Most Successful RPG Series of All Time".<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> Diablo II was recognized in the 2000 standard edition of the Guinness Book of World Records for being the fastest selling computer game ever sold, with more than 1 million units sold in the first two weeks of availability;<a href="#cite_note-guinness-213">[208]</a> though this number has been surpassed several times since.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> A number of RPGs are also being exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Art Gallery</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Game_On_(exhibition)" title="Game On (exhibition)">Game On</a>" exhibition (starting in 2002) and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Video_Games" title="The Art of Video Games">The Art of Video Games</a>" exhibit (starting in 2012); and video game developers are now finally able to apply for grants from the US <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment of the Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fallout_3_booth_on_Games_Convention_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fallout_3_booth_on_Games_Convention_2008.jpg/220px-Fallout_3_booth_on_Games_Convention_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fallout_3_booth_on_Games_Convention_2008.jpg/330px-Fallout_3_booth_on_Games_Convention_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fallout_3_booth_on_Games_Convention_2008.jpg/440px-Fallout_3_booth_on_Games_Convention_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Softworks" title="Bethesda Softworks">Bethesda Softworks</a>' Fallout 3 booth at the <a href="/wiki/Games_Convention" title="Games Convention">Games Convention</a> 2008</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>, as of May 2011, the highest-rated video game by reviewers is the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect_2" title="Mass Effect 2">Mass Effect 2</a>, with an average metascore of 96 out of 100.<a href="#cite_note-meta_topscore-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[Note 6]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/GameRankings" title="GameRankings">GameRankings</a>, the four top-rated video game RPGs, as of May 2010, are Mass Effect 2 with an average rating of 95.70% for the Xbox 360 version and 94.24% for the PC version; <a href="/wiki/Fallout_3" title="Fallout 3">Fallout 3: Game of the Year Edition</a> with an average rating of 95.40% for the PlayStation 3 version; <a href="/wiki/Chrono_Trigger" title="Chrono Trigger">Chrono Trigger</a> with an average rating of 95.10%; and <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic_(video_game)" title="Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (video game)">Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic</a> with an average rating of 94.18% for the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> version.<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a> Sales numbers for these six aforementioned titles are 10 million units sold worldwide for Final Fantasy VII as of May 2010;<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica_ffvii-200">[196]</a> 161,161 units of Xenoblade Chronicles sold in Japan as of December 2010;<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> 1.6 million units sold worldwide for Mass Effect 2 as of March 2010, just three months after release;<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> 4.7 million units for Fallout 3 on all three platforms as of November 2008, also only a few months after publication;<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> 3 million units for both the Xbox and PC versions of Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic as of November 2004;<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> and more than 2.65 million units for the SNES and PlayStation versions of Chrono Trigger as of March 2003,<a href="#cite_note-square-sales-223">[217]</a> along with 790,000 copies for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> version as of March 31, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-square-sales-ds-224">[218]</a> Among these titles, none were PC-exclusives, three were North American multi-platform titles released for consoles like the Xbox and Xbox 360, and three were Japanese titles released for consoles like the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">SNES</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>. Final Fantasy VII topped <a href="/wiki/GamePro" title="GamePro">GamePro</a>'s "26 Best RPGs of All Time" list in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>'s 2000 "Reader's Choice Game of the Century" poll,<a href="#cite_note-ign_choice-226">[220]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GameFAQs" title="GameFAQs">GameFAQs</a> "Best Game Ever" audience polls in 2004 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> It was also selected in <a href="/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (film magazine)">Empire</a> magazine's "100 Greatest Games of All Time" list as the highest-ranking RPG, at #2 on the list.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> On IGN's "Top 100 Games Of All Time" list in 2007, the highest ranking RPG is <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI" title="Final Fantasy VI">Final Fantasy VI</a> at 9th place;<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> and in both the 2006 and 2008 IGN Readers' Choice polls, Chrono Trigger is the top ranked RPG, in 2nd place.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> Final Fantasy VI is also the top ranked RPG in <a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a>'s list of its 200 best games of all time list, in 8th place; and is also one of the eight games to get a cover for the magazine's 200th issue.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> The 2006 <a href="/wiki/Famitsu" title="Famitsu">Famitsu</a> readers' poll is dominated by RPGs, with nearly a dozen titles appearing in the top twenty;<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_famitsu-234">[228]</a> while most were Japanese, a few Western titles also made a showing.<a href="#cite_note-joyq_fam2006-235">[229]</a> The highest-ranking games on the list were <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_X" title="Final Fantasy X">Final Fantasy X</a>, followed by Final Fantasy VII and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Warrior_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Warrior III">Dragon Warrior III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_famitsu-234">[228]</a> For the past decade, the <a href="/wiki/Megami_Tensei" title="Megami Tensei">Megami Tensei</a> series topped several "RPGs of the Decade" lists. RPGFan's "Top 20 RPGs of the Past Decade" list was topped by <a href="/wiki/Shin_Megami_Tensei:_Digital_Devil_Saga" title="Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga">Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga</a> & <a href="/wiki/Shin_Megami_Tensei:_Digital_Devil_Saga_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga 2">Digital Devil Saga 2</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Persona_3" title="Persona 3">Persona 3</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> while RPGamer's "Top RPGs of the Decade" list was topped by Persona 3, followed by Final Fantasy X and <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> Lastly, while in recent years Western RPGs have consistently been released on consoles such as the Xbox and Xbox 360,<a href="#cite_note-rpgsite_bestofxbox360-238">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-scrawlfx_lowsalesculture-239">[233]</a> these systems have not shown as much market dominance in Eastern markets such as Japan,<a href="#cite_note-scrawlfx_lowsalesculture-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-csmon_xbox-240">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-playtm_xbox-241">[235]</a> and only a few Western RPG titles have been localized to Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-edge_oblivion_japan-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[Note 7]</a> Further, RPGs were not the dominant genre on the most popular of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(seventh_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (seventh generation)">seventh generation</a> video game consoles, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Wii" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Wii">Nintendo Wii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> although their presence among handheld systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> is considerably greater.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_developers">Notable developers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable developers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hironobu_Sakaguchi_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hironobu_Sakaguchi_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2007.jpg/220px-Hironobu_Sakaguchi_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hironobu_Sakaguchi_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2007.jpg/330px-Hironobu_Sakaguchi_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hironobu_Sakaguchi_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2007.jpg/440px-Hironobu_Sakaguchi_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Hironobu Sakaguchi at the <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">Game Developers Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> Notable early RPG developers include <a href="/wiki/Don_Daglow" title="Don Daglow">Don Daglow</a> for creating the first role-playing video game, Dungeon, in 1975;<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuji_Horii" title="Yuji Horii">Yuji Horii</a> for creating the Dragon Quest series;<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hironobu_Sakaguchi" title="Hironobu Sakaguchi">Hironobu Sakaguchi</a> for creating the Final Fantasy series;<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a> for creating the Ultima series;<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Romero" title="Brenda Romero">Brenda Romero</a> for writing and design work on the <a href="/wiki/Wizardry" title="Wizardry">Wizardry</a> series.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other notable RPG developers include <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Game_Studios" title="Bethesda Game Studios">Bethesda Game Studios</a>, creators of <a href="/wiki/Fallout_3" title="Fallout 3">Fallout 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallout_4" title="Fallout 4">Fallout 4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a> series;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ray_Muzyka" title="Ray Muzyka">Ray Muzyka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Zeschuk" title="Greg Zeschuk">Greg Zeschuk</a> for founding <a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a>;<a href="#cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD_Projekt" title="CD Projekt">CD Projekt</a>, creators of <a href="/wiki/The_Witcher_(video_game_series)" title="The Witcher (video game series)">The Witcher</a> series and <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Finally, Ryozo Tsujimoto (<a href="/wiki/Monster_Hunter" title="Monster Hunter">Monster Hunter</a> series) and <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Hashino" title="Katsura Hashino">Katsura Hashino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shin_Megami_Tensei:_Persona" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Megami Tensei: Persona">Persona</a> series) were cited as "Japanese Game Developers You Should Know" by <a href="/wiki/1UP.com" class="mw-redirect" title="1UP.com">1UP.com</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Crowdfunding">edit</a>]</div> Since 2009<a href="#cite_note-Purchese2016-247">[240]</a> there has been a trend of <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> video games using services such as <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>. Role-playing games that have been successfully crowdfunded include <a href="/wiki/Serpent_in_the_Staglands" title="Serpent in the Staglands">Serpent in the Staglands</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/The_Banner_Saga" title="The Banner Saga">The Banner Saga</a> series (2015–2018), <a href="/wiki/Dead_State" title="Dead State">Dead State</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Wasteland_2" title="Wasteland 2">Wasteland 2</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Undertale" title="Undertale">Undertale</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Shadowrun_Returns" title="Shadowrun Returns">Shadowrun Returns</a> and its sequels (2012–2015), the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Eternity" title="Pillars of Eternity">Pillars of Eternity</a> series (2015–2018), the <a href="/wiki/Divinity:_Original_Sin" title="Divinity: Original Sin">Divinity: Original Sin</a> series (2014–2017) and <a href="/wiki/Torment:_Tides_of_Numenera" title="Torment: Tides of Numenera">Torment: Tides of Numenera</a> (2017).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Due to the release of Wasteland 2, Divinity: Original Sin, The Banner Saga and Dead State (as well as some more traditionally funded titles such as <a href="/wiki/Might_and_Magic_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Might and Magic X">Might and Magic X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Xulima" title="Lords of Xulima">Lords of Xulima</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Eye:_Blackguards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dark Eye: Blackguards">The Dark Eye: Blackguards</a>) 2014 was called "the first year of the CRPG renaissance" by <a href="/wiki/PC_Gamer" title="PC Gamer">PC Gamer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> However, it has been speculated that the spike in funded projects at around this time was the result of a "Kickstarter bubble", and that a subsequent slump in project funding was due to "Kickstarter fatigue".<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> The highest crowdfunded CRPG as of May 2017 is Torment: Tides of Numenera with $4,188,927 raised via Kickstarter.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> Kickstarted games have been released for the personal computer, video game console, and mobile platforms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The original Dragon Quest game is often cited as the first true role-playing video game for consoles. Further, despite being released later, Western audiences often consider Final Fantasy "more important" than Dragon Quest as it was more commercially successful in those markets.<a href="#cite_note-gspy_dwhof-37">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> This often gives an impression that JRPGs are similar to <a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">adventure games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Though some argue this has not been the case outside of tactical RPGs,<a href="#cite_note-gama_rpgreboot-85">[83]</a> while others argue that combat systems in JRPGs are too complex or lack accessibility.<a href="#cite_note-gamasutra_boyd-84">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Though things like <a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">downloadable content</a> can stem piracy to some degree, and MMO and single-player RPGs may to some degree attract different audiences—and thus not interfere with each other financially.<a href="#cite_note-barton_1571_12h-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_singlefuture-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-1up_chasing-137">[134]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Diablo III was also released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 3, 2013,<a href="#cite_note-PS3/360-208">[204]</a> as well as the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on August 19, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Review aggregation sites like GameRankings and Metacritic omit reviews from many older print magazines. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_IV:_Oblivion" title="The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion">The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion</a>, which is the only Western RPG to have been awarded a near-perfect score by Japanese gaming magazine <a href="/wiki/Famitsu" title="Famitsu">Famitsu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-edge_oblivion_japan-242">[236]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsRollings2003">Adams & Rollings 2003</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcNaughton,_M.Schaeffer,_J.Szafron,_D.Parker,_D.2004" class="citation web cs1">McNaughton, M.; Schaeffer, J.; Szafron, D.; Parker, D.; Redford J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Workshops/2004/WS-04-04/WS04-04-026.pdf">"Code Generation for AI Scripting in Computer Role-Playing Games"</a> (PDF). American Association for Artificial Intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604050604/https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Workshops/2004/WS-04-04/WS04-04-026.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+Generation+for+AI+Scripting+in+Computer+Role-Playing+Games&rft.pub=American+Association+for+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=2004&rft.au=McNaughton%2C+M.&rft.au=Schaeffer%2C+J.&rft.au=Szafron%2C+D.&rft.au=Parker%2C+D.&rft.au=Redford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaai.org%2FPapers%2FWorkshops%2F2004%2FWS-04-04%2FWS04-04-026.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundamentals-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsRollings2006">Adams & Rollings 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347-348-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2003347-348_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsRollings2003">Adams & Rollings 2003</a>, p. 347-348. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiveky,_MarkoBielikova,_Maria2009" class="citation conference cs1">Diveky, Marko; Bielikova, Maria (29 September – 2 October 2009). "Generating Educational Interactive Stories in Computer Role-Playing Games". Learning in the Synergy of Multiple Disciplines: 4th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, Proceedings. Nice, France: Springer. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04635-3"><bdi>978-3-642-04635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Generating+Educational+Interactive+Stories+in+Computer+Role-Playing+Games&rft.btitle=Learning+in+the+Synergy+of+Multiple+Disciplines%3A+4th+European+Conference+on+Technology+Enhanced+Learning%2C+Proceedings&rft.place=Nice%2C+France&rft.pages=495&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-09-29%2F2009-10-02&rft.isbn=978-3-642-04635-3&rft.au=Diveky%2C+Marko&rft.au=Bielikova%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutumisu,_MariaSzafron,_DuaneSchaeffer,_JonathanMcNaughton,_Matthew2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cutumisu, Maria; Szafron, Duane; Schaeffer, Jonathan; McNaughton, Matthew; Roy, Thomas; Onuczko, Curtis; Carbonaro, Mike (September–October 2006). "Generating Ambient Behaviors in Computer Role-Playing Games". IEEE Intelligent Systems. 21 (5): 19–27. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.125.9742">10.1.1.125.9742</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIS.2006.92">10.1109/MIS.2006.92</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1388862">1388862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Intelligent+Systems&rft.atitle=Generating+Ambient+Behaviors+in+Computer+Role-Playing+Games&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=19-27&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.125.9742%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1388862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIS.2006.92&rft.au=Cutumisu%2C+Maria&rft.au=Szafron%2C+Duane&rft.au=Schaeffer%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=McNaughton%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Roy%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Onuczko%2C+Curtis&rft.au=Carbonaro%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#AdRol">Adams, Rollings 2003</a>, p. 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-scorpia199408-8"><a href="#cite_ref-scorpia199408_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScorpia1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Scorpia (August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=121">"Scorpia The Avatar"</a>. Scorpia's Sting. Computer Gaming World. pp. 29–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Gaming+World&rft.atitle=Scorpia+The+Avatar&rft.pages=29-33&rft.date=1994-08&rft.au=Scorpia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgwmuseum.org%2Fgalleries%2Findex.php%3Fyear%3D1994%26pub%3D2%26id%3D121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgenfeldt-Nielsen,_SimonSmith,_Jonas_HeideTosca,_Susana_Pajares2008" class="citation book cs1">Egenfeldt-Nielsen, Simon; Smith, Jonas Heide; Tosca, Susana Pajares (2008). Understanding Video Games: the Essential Introduction. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97721-0"><bdi>978-0-415-97721-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Video+Games%3A+the+Essential+Introduction&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97721-0&rft.au=Egenfeldt-Nielsen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jonas+Heide&rft.au=Tosca%2C+Susana+Pajares&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-essential-10"><a href="#cite_ref-essential_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish" class="citation web cs1">Parish, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024410/http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-rogue">"The Essential 50 Part 12 – Rogue"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-rogue">the original</a> on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=The+Essential+50+Part+12+%E2%80%93+Rogue&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Ffeatures%2Fessential-50-rogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#AdRol">Adams, Rollings 2003</a>, p. 362 </li> <li id="cite_note-gamespot-bg-review-12"><a href="#cite_ref-gamespot-bg-review_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesslock" class="citation web cs1">Desslock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/baldurs-gate-tales-of-the-sword-coast-review/1900-2538171/">"Baldur's Gate: Tales of the Sword Coast Review"</a>. Gamespot. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamespot&rft.atitle=Baldur%27s+Gate%3A+Tales+of+the+Sword+Coast+Review&rft.au=Desslock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Freviews%2Fbaldurs-gate-tales-of-the-sword-coast-review%2F1900-2538171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#AdRol">Adams, Rollings 2003</a>, pp. 358–361 </li> <li id="cite_note-actiontrip-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-actiontrip_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-actiontrip_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabovic2000" class="citation web cs1">Babovic, Branislav (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505121731/http://www.actiontrip.com/features/combatsystemsinrpggames.phtml">"Combat Systems in RPG Games"</a>. ActionTrip. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combat+Systems+in+RPG+Games&rft.pub=ActionTrip&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Babovic&rft.aufirst=Branislav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actiontrip.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcombatsystemsinrpggames.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2013" class="citation web cs1">Davison, Pete (18 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122443/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/dungeon-of-the-endless-not-your-usual-roguelike">"Dungeon of the Endless: Not Your Usual Roguelike"</a>. USGamer.net. Gamer Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgamer.net/articles/dungeon-of-the-endless-not-your-usual-roguelike">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGamer.net&rft.atitle=Dungeon+of+the+Endless%3A+Not+Your+Usual+Roguelike&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgamer.net%2Farticles%2Fdungeon-of-the-endless-not-your-usual-roguelike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2006" class="citation web cs1">Todd, Brett (29 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/brigade-e5-new-jagged-union-review/1900-6162483/">"Brigade E5: New Jagged Union Review"</a>. Gamespot. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamespot&rft.atitle=Brigade+E5%3A+New+Jagged+Union+Review&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Freviews%2Fbrigade-e5-new-jagged-union-review%2F1900-6162483%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnetquote-17"><a href="#cite_ref-cnetquote_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reviews.cnet.com/Arcanum_Of_Steamworks_and_Magick_Obscura_PC/4505-9696_7-7588751.html">"Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura (PC) Reviews. PC Games Reviews by CNET"</a>. CNET. Retrieved 5 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Arcanum%3A+Of+Steamworks+and+Magick+Obscura+%28PC%29+Reviews.+PC+Games+Reviews+by+CNET.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freviews.cnet.com%2FArcanum_Of_Steamworks_and_Magick_Obscura_PC%2F4505-9696_7-7588751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamespot1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-gamespot1_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012184335/http://www.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/arcanumofsteamworksamo/review.html">"Gamespot Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura"</a>. Gamespot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/arcanumofsteamworksamo/review.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamespot&rft.atitle=Gamespot+Arcanum%3A+Of+Steamworks+and+Magick+Obscura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fpc%2Frpg%2Farcanumofsteamworksamo%2Freview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#AdRol">Adams, Rollings 2003</a>, pp. 364–367 </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_3623_01-20"><a href="#cite_ref-barton_3623_01_20-0">^</a> <a href="#barton_3623">Barton 2007a</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#barton_ddesktops">Barton 2008</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Justin_Leeper-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Justin_Leeper_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justin_Leeper_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Leeper2004" class="citation web cs1">Justin Leeper (17 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.wireless.gamespy.com/n-gage/pathway-to-glory/574269p1.html">"Pathway to Glory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpy" title="GameSpy">GameSpy</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpy&rft.atitle=Pathway+to+Glory&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft.au=Justin+Leeper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.wireless.gamespy.com%2Fn-gage%2Fpathway-to-glory%2F574269p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricks2011" class="citation web cs1">Hendricks, Fayyaad (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190358/http://www.el33tonline.com/feature/2011/12/19/a_complete_history_of_roleplaying/">"A complete history of role-playing videogames: Part 1"</a>. EL33TONLINE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.el33tonline.com/feature/2011/12/19/a_complete_history_of_roleplaying/">the original</a> on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL33TONLINE&rft.atitle=A+complete+history+of+role-playing+videogames%3A+Part+1&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.aulast=Hendricks&rft.aufirst=Fayyaad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.el33tonline.com%2Ffeature%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fa_complete_history_of_roleplaying%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansen_Quijano-Cruz2009" class="citation cs2">Johansen Quijano-Cruz (2009), "Chopin's Dream as Reality: A Critical Reading of Eternal Sonata", Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture, 3 (2): 209–218, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7557%2F23.6006">10.7557/23.6006</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145599245">145599245</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eludamos.+Journal+for+Computer+Game+Culture&rft.atitle=Chopin%27s+Dream+as+Reality%3A+A+Critical+Reading+of+Eternal+Sonata&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-218&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7557%2F23.6006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145599245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Johansen+Quijano-Cruz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_evw-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barton_evw_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_evw_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_evw_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_evw_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_evw_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2010" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Matt (21 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105004233/http://armchairarcade.com/neo/node/733">"Kawaisa!: A Naive Glance at Western and Eastern RPGs"</a>. Armchair Arcade. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armchairarcade.com/neo/node/733">the original</a> on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kawaisa%21%3A+A+Naive+Glance+at+Western+and+Eastern+RPGs&rft.pub=Armchair+Arcade&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmchairarcade.com%2Fneo%2Fnode%2F733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJøn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283281457">"The Development of MMORPG Culture and The Guild"</a>. Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies (25). University of New England: 97–112. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Folklore%3A+A+Yearly+Journal+of+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+MMORPG+Culture+and+The+Guild&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=97-112&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8n&rft.aufirst=A.+Asbj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283281457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartell" class="citation web cs1">Martell, Carey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpgfanatic.net/advanced_game_wiki_database.html?p=news&nrid=5049&game=dnd">"Interview with the creators of dnd (PLATO)"</a>. www.rpgfanatic.net. Retrieved 5 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rpgfanatic.net&rft.atitle=Interview+with+the+creators+of+dnd+%28PLATO%29&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpgfanatic.net%2Fadvanced_game_wiki_database.html%3Fp%3Dnews%26nrid%3D5049%26game%3Ddnd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trefonas,_Peter-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Trefonas,_Peter_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefonas1980" class="citation web cs1">Trefonas, Peter (May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gametronik.com/site/rubriques/tandy/FAQs/CLOAD%20Magazine%201980-05%20(1980)(CLOAD%20Magazine%20Inc).pdf">"Dungeons and Dragons"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/CLOAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOAD">CLOAD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072144/http://www.gametronik.com/site/rubriques/tandy/FAQs/CLOAD%20Magazine%201980-05%20%281980%29%28CLOAD%20Magazine%20Inc%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dungeons+and+Dragons&rft.pub=CLOAD&rft.date=1980-05&rft.aulast=Trefonas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gametronik.com%2Fsite%2Frubriques%2Ftandy%2FFAQs%2FCLOAD%2520Magazine%25201980-05%2520%281980%29%28CLOAD%2520Magazine%2520Inc%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#barton_3623">Barton 2007a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bart2007b-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bart2007b_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bart2007b_30-1">b</a> <a href="#barton_1706">Barton 2007b</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bart2007c-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bart2007c_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bart2007c_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bart2007c_31-2">c</a> <a href="#barton_1571">Barton 2007c</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gspothistory-32"><a href="#cite_ref-gspothistory_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329135843/http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/first.html">"The History of Console RPGs"</a>. GameSpot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/first.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Console+RPGs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvgs%2Funiversal%2Frpg_hs%2Ffirst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gspot_bosk-33"><a href="#cite_ref-gspot_bosk_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/bokosuka-wars/">"Bokosuka Wars"</a>. GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Bokosuka+Wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fbokosuka-wars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnholt2004" class="citation web cs1">Barnholt, Ray (25 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050119105913/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3135870">"Dru Hill: The Chronicle of Druaga"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3135870">the original</a> on 19 January 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Dru+Hill%3A+The+Chronicle+of+Druaga&rft.date=2004-10-25&rft.aulast=Barnholt&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2Ffeature%3Fpager.offset%3D1%26cId%3D3135870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140101010101/https://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14762">"Bokosuka Wars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Media_Network#AllGame" class="mw-redirect" title="All Media Network">AllGame</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14762">the original</a> on 1 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllGame&rft.atitle=Bokosuka+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allgame.com%2Fgame.php%3Fid%3D14762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnholt2011" class="citation web cs1">Barnholt, Ray (6 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/6251/gems_in_the_rough_yesterdays_.php">"Gems In The Rough: Yesterday's Concepts Mined For Today"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Gems+In+The+Rough%3A+Yesterday%27s+Concepts+Mined+For+Today&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft.aulast=Barnholt&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F6251%2Fgems_in_the_rough_yesterdays_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gspy_dwhof-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gspy_dwhof_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gspy_dwhof_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606234019/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/492/492001p1.html">"The GameSpy Hall of Fame: Dragon Warrior"</a>. GameSpy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespy.com/articles/492/492001p1.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpy&rft.atitle=The+GameSpy+Hall+of+Fame%3A+Dragon+Warrior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespy.com%2Farticles%2F492%2F492001p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVestal1998" class="citation web cs1">Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203110646/http://uk.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/nes6.html">"The History of Console RPGs – Zelda II: The Adventure of Link"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/nes6.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Console+RPGs+%E2%80%93+Zelda+II%3A+The+Adventure+of+Link&rft.date=1998-11-02&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvgs%2Funiversal%2Frpg_hs%2Fnes6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iwata_Asks:_RPG-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iwata_Asks:_RPG_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iwata_Asks:_RPG_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iwata_Asks:_RPG_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Iwata-Asks/Iwata-Asks-Dragon-Quest-IX/Iwata-Asks-Dragon-Quest-IX/Click-the-thumbnails-below-to-watch-the-Iwata-Asks-video-interview-for-Dragon-Quest-IX-/Iwata-Asks-video-interview-for-Dragon-Quest-IX-214762.html">"Iwata Asks video interview for Dragon Quest IX"</a>. Iwata Asks. Nintendo. Iwata Asks Dragon Quest IX Video 4, As a Turn-based RPG. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iwata+Asks&rft.atitle=Iwata+Asks+video+interview+for+Dragon+Quest+IX&rft.pages=Iwata+Asks+Dragon+Quest+IX+Video+4%2C+As+a+Turn-based+RPG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FIwata-Asks%2FIwata-Asks-Dragon-Quest-IX%2FIwata-Asks-Dragon-Quest-IX%2FClick-the-thumbnails-below-to-watch-the-Iwata-Asks-video-interview-for-Dragon-Quest-IX-%2FIwata-Asks-video-interview-for-Dragon-Quest-IX-214762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GameSpot-Other-NES-40"><a href="#cite_ref-GameSpot-Other-NES_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVestal1998" class="citation web cs1">Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203110656/http://uk.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/nes5.html">"The History of Console RPGs: Other NES RPGs"</a>. GameSpot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/nes5.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Console+RPGs%3A+Other+NES+RPGs&rft.date=1998-11-02&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvgs%2Funiversal%2Frpg_hs%2Fnes5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsff1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-gsff1_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVestal1998" class="citation web cs1">Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030502173909/http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/finalfantasy_hs/sec1_1_2.html">"The History of Final Fantasy – Final Fantasy (Part 2)"</a>. Gamespot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/finalfantasy_hs/sec1_1_2.html">the original</a> on 2 May 2003. Retrieved 31 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamespot&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Final+Fantasy+%E2%80%93+Final+Fantasy+%28Part+2%29&rft.date=1998-11-02&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvgs%2Funiversal%2Ffinalfantasy_hs%2Fsec1_1_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVestal1998" class="citation web cs1">Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203110651/http://uk.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/nes7.html">"The History of Console RPGs: Dragon Quest III"</a>. GameSpot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/nes7.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Console+RPGs%3A+Dragon+Quest+III&rft.date=1998-11-02&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvgs%2Funiversal%2Frpg_hs%2Fnes7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasavin" class="citation web cs1">Kasavin, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050718001919/http://www.gamespot.com/features/6129293/index.html">"The Greatest Games of All Time: Phantasy Star II"</a>. GameSpot. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/features/6129293/index.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Games+of+All+Time%3A+Phantasy+Star+II&rft.aulast=Kasavin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2F6129293%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GslPb621eXQC">Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role-playing games</a>, p. xxiv, <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3299-4">0-7615-3299-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_1571_12h-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_12h_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_12h_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_12h_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_12h_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_12h_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_12h_45-5">f</a> <a href="#barton_1571">Barton 2007c</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GslPb621eXQC">Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role-playing games</a>, pp. xxiv & xxv, <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7615-3299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7615-3299-4">0-7615-3299-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1UP-FFVII-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1UP-FFVII_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1UP-FFVII_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1UP-FFVII_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721091308/http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-final-fantasy-vii">"Final Fantasy VII: The Old Order Passeth"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-final-fantasy-vii">the original</a> on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Final+Fantasy+VII%3A+The+Old+Order+Passeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Ffeatures%2Fessential-50-final-fantasy-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vintage_b-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vintage_b_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vintage_b_48-1">b</a> <a href="#vintage_log">Loguidice & Barton 2009</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-vintage-78-49"><a href="#cite_ref-vintage-78_49-0">^</a> <a href="#vintage_log">Loguidice & Barton 2009</a>, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish2018" class="citation web cs1">Parish, Jeremy (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205656/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/dragon-quest-yuji-horii-liberated-rpgs-from-costly-computers-feature">"Yuji Horii Remembers the Difficult Road to Liberating RPGs from Costly Computers With Dragon Quest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USGamer" class="mw-redirect" title="USGamer">USGamer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgamer.net/articles/dragon-quest-yuji-horii-liberated-rpgs-from-costly-computers-feature">the original</a> on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGamer&rft.atitle=Yuji+Horii+Remembers+the+Difficult+Road+to+Liberating+RPGs+from+Costly+Computers+With+Dragon+Quest&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgamer.net%2Farticles%2Fdragon-quest-yuji-horii-liberated-rpgs-from-costly-computers-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gspot_consolehist_j-51"><a href="#cite_ref-gspot_consolehist_j_51-0">^</a> <a href="#gspot_consolehist">Vestal 1998a</a>, p. "Final Fantasy" </li> <li id="cite_note-gspot_consolehist_i-52"><a href="#cite_ref-gspot_consolehist_i_52-0">^</a> <a href="#gspot_consolehist">Vestal 1998a</a>, p. "Other Game Boy RPGs" </li> <li id="cite_note-joyq_evw-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joyq_evw_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joyq_evw_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joyq_evw_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joyq_evw_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joyq_evw_54-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2012" class="citation web cs1">Kaiser, Rowan (16 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2012/02/16/east-is-west-how-two-classic-rpgs-prove-the-stereotypes-false/">"East Is West: How Two Classic RPGs Prove the Stereotypes False"</a>. Engadget. AOL Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=East+Is+West%3A+How+Two+Classic+RPGs+Prove+the+Stereotypes+False&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2012%2F02%2F16%2Feast-is-west-how-two-classic-rpgs-prove-the-stereotypes-false%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hallford_xxiv-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hallford_xxiv_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hallford_xxiv_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hallford_xxiv_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal_HallfordJana_Hallford2001" class="citation cs2">Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GslPb621eXQC">Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role-playing games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>, p. xxiv, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7615-3299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7615-3299-6"><bdi>978-0-7615-3299-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 16 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+%26+circuitry%3A+a+designer%27s+guide+to+computer+role-playing+games&rft.pages=xxiv&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7615-3299-6&rft.au=Neal+Hallford&rft.au=Jana+Hallford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGslPb621eXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kotaku_rpgs-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kotaku_rpgs_56-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahey2010" class="citation web cs1">Fahey, Mike (25 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/5546807/a-visual-guide-to-the-role-playing-game">"A Visual Guide To The Role-Playing Game"</a>. Kotaku. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=A+Visual+Guide+To+The+Role-Playing+Game&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft.aulast=Fahey&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5546807%2Fa-visual-guide-to-the-role-playing-game&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzg_evw-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nzg_evw_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzg_evw_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzg_evw_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2008" class="citation web cs1">English, Sherrin (January 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224232746/http://nzgamer.com/features/552/japanese-and-western-rpgs-the-differences.html">"Japanese and Western RPGs – The Differences"</a>. NZGamer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzgamer.com/features/552/japanese-and-western-rpgs-the-differences.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZGamer&rft.atitle=Japanese+and+Western+RPGs+%E2%80%93+The+Differences&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Sherrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzgamer.com%2Ffeatures%2F552%2Fjapanese-and-western-rpgs-the-differences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_square_japan-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1up_square_japan_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1up_square_japan_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterhalter2010" class="citation web cs1">Winterhalter, Ryan (6 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025244/http://www.1up.com/news/square-enix-devs-discuss-secret">"Square Enix Devs Discuss Secret AAA Title and What They've Learned From the West"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/news/square-enix-devs-discuss-secret">the original</a> on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Square+Enix+Devs+Discuss+Secret+AAA+Title+and+What+They%27ve+Learned+From+the+West&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.aulast=Winterhalter&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fnews%2Fsquare-enix-devs-discuss-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_wrpgsdead-59"><a href="#cite_ref-1up_wrpgsdead_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoynt2006" class="citation web cs1">Joynt, Patrick (29 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720161133/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=0&cId=3148996">"The Oblivion of Western RPGs: Is the PC RPG Dead? from"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=0&cId=3148996">the original</a> on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=The+Oblivion+of+Western+RPGs%3A+Is+the+PC+RPG+Dead%3F+from&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft.aulast=Joynt&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2Ffeature%3Fpager.offset%3D0%26cId%3D3148996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gama_suckage-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gama_suckage_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama_suckage_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama_suckage_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoucet2011" class="citation web cs1">Doucet, Lars (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/LarsDoucet/20110412/7413/RPGs_and_Suckage.php">"RPGs and Suckage"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=RPGs+and+Suckage&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.aulast=Doucet&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fblogs%2FLarsDoucet%2F20110412%2F7413%2FRPGs_and_Suckage.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vintage_d-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vintage_d_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vintage_d_61-1">b</a> <a href="#vintage_log">Loguidice & Barton 2009</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-gama129583-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gama129583_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama129583_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama129583_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2012" class="citation web cs1">Kaiser, Rowan (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/129583/Opinion_How_Mass_Effect_challenged_my_definition_of_RPG.php">"How Mass Effect challenged my definition of 'RPG'"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=How+Mass+Effect+challenged+my+definition+of+%27RPG%27&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F129583%2FOpinion_How_Mass_Effect_challenged_my_definition_of_RPG.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederiksen2010" class="citation news cs1">Frederiksen, Eric (8 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819233119/http://www.kombo.com/features/An_RPG_is_not_an_RPG_When_it%27s_a_JRPG/">"An RPG is not an RPG When it's a JRPG"</a>. Kombo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kombo.com/features/An_RPG_is_not_an_RPG_When_it\'s_a_JRPG/">the original</a> on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kombo.com&rft.atitle=An+RPG+is+not+an+RPG+When+it%27s+a+JRPG&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft.aulast=Frederiksen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkombo.com%2Ffeatures%2FAn_RPG_is_not_an_RPG_When_it%5C%27s_a_JRPG%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dragon_ffii-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dragon_ffii_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dragon_ffii_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandy_Petersen1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Petersen" title="Sandy Petersen">Sandy Petersen</a> (November 1993). "Reviews: Final Fantasy II". <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)" title="Dragon (magazine)">Dragon</a> (199): 56 & 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dragon&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+Final+Fantasy+II&rft.issue=199&rft.pages=56+%26+58&rft.date=1993-11&rft.au=Sandy+Petersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-gama_conund-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gama_conund_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama_conund_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama_conund_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama_conund_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama_conund_66-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2011" class="citation web cs1">English, Fox (25 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/FoxEnglish/20110325/6963/The_RPG_Conundrum.php">"The RPG Conundrum"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 13 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+RPG+Conundrum&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Fox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fblogs%2FFoxEnglish%2F20110325%2F6963%2FThe_RPG_Conundrum.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420162523/http://extra-credits.net/episodes/western-japanese-rpgs-part-1/">"Extra Credits: Western & Japanese RPGs (Part 1)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Extra_Credits" title="Extra Credits">Extra Credits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penny_Arcade" title="Penny Arcade">Penny Arcade</a>. March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extra-credits.net/episodes/western-japanese-rpgs-part-1/">the original</a> on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extra+Credits&rft.atitle=Extra+Credits%3A+Western+%26+Japanese+RPGs+%28Part+1%29&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextra-credits.net%2Fepisodes%2Fwestern-japanese-rpgs-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_singlefuture-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1up_singlefuture_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1up_singlefuture_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1up_singlefuture_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1up_singlefuture_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1up_singlefuture_68-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Jason (30 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083513/http://www.1up.com/features/future-single-player-rpgs">"The Future of Single-Player RPGs"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/future-single-player-rpgs">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Single-Player+RPGs&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffuture-single-player-rpgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoili2011" class="citation web cs1">Caoili, Eric (5 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110407224538/http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2011/04/gamersgate_holding_indie_jrpg.php">"GamersGate Holding Indie 'JRPG' Sale"</a>. GameSetWatch. UBM TechWeb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2011/04/gamersgate_holding_indie_jrpg.php">the original</a> on 7 April 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSetWatch&rft.atitle=GamersGate+Holding+Indie+%27JRPG%27+Sale&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.aulast=Caoili&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesetwatch.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fgamersgate_holding_indie_jrpg.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#barton_ddesktops">Barton 2008</a>, p. 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshaan2011" class="citation web cs1">Ishaan (22 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siliconera.com/2011/12/22/a-closer-look-at-final-fantasy-xiii-2s-performance-in-japan/">"A Closer Look At Final Fantasy XIII-2′s Performance In Japan"</a>. Siliconera. Curse Inc. Retrieved 5 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siliconera&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look+At+Final+Fantasy+XIII-2%E2%80%B2s+Performance+In+Japan&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft.au=Ishaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siliconera.com%2F2011%2F12%2F22%2Fa-closer-look-at-final-fantasy-xiii-2s-performance-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Peter (24 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/articles/xenoblade-chronicles-x-developers-weigh-in-on-the-/1100-6428409/">"What's in a name?"</a>. GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fxenoblade-chronicles-x-developers-weigh-in-on-the-%2F1100-6428409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gama_primer20-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gama_primer20_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gama_primer20_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalata2008" class="citation web cs1">Kalata, Kurt (19 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3581/a_japanese_rpg_primer_the_.php">"A Japanese RPG Primer: The Essential 20"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=A+Japanese+RPG+Primer%3A+The+Essential+20&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft.aulast=Kalata&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F3581%2Fa_japanese_rpg_primer_the_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#vintage_log">Loguidice & Barton 2009</a>, p. 43: "Action-oriented RPGs were far more plentiful on consoles than computers. [...] Brenesal’s comment brings us to an important point regarding computer and console games: modern computers are far more likely to have mice and keyboards than game pads, a factor with serious implications for gameplay. Game pads are designed with arcade-like gameplay in mind; keyboards and mice are primarily intended for productivity." </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_ajcult-75"><a href="#cite_ref-1up_ajcult_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasser2010" class="citation web cs1">Glasser, AJ (24 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929093616/http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/216689/editorial-where-culture-fits-into-games/">"Editorial: Where culture fits into games"</a>. GamePro.com. GamePro Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/216689/editorial-where-culture-fits-into-games/">the original</a> on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamePro.com&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Where+culture+fits+into+games&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft.aulast=Glasser&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamepro.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F216689%2Feditorial-where-culture-fits-into-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metro_sakaguchi-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metro_sakaguchi_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_sakaguchi_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_sakaguchi_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2012" class="citation web cs1">Jenkins, David (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metro.co.uk/2012/02/23/the-last-story-hironobu-sakaguchi-interview-remaking-the-rpg-327922/">"The Last Story Hironobu Sakaguchi interview – remaking the JRPG"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a>. Associated Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=The+Last+Story+Hironobu+Sakaguchi+interview+%E2%80%93+remaking+the+JRPG&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2012%2F02%2F23%2Fthe-last-story-hironobu-sakaguchi-interview-remaking-the-rpg-327922%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_parish-77"><a href="#cite_ref-1up_parish_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish2012" class="citation web cs1">Parish, Jeremy (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508202033/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9098338">"What Xenoblade Chronicles Gets Right"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9098338">the original</a> on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=What+Xenoblade+Chronicles+Gets+Right&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2FblogEntry%3FbId%3D9098338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-joyq_doerr-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joyq_doerr_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-joyq_doerr_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoerr2007" class="citation web cs1">Doerr, Nick (20 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2007/02/20/bethesda-is-sticking-to-rpgs-for-now/">"Bethesda is sticking to RPGs for now"</a>. Engadget. AOL Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Bethesda+is+sticking+to+RPGs+for+now&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.aulast=Doerr&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2007%2F02%2F20%2Fbethesda-is-sticking-to-rpgs-for-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1990" class="citation cs2">Adams, Roe R. (November 1990), "Westward Ho! (Toward Japan, That Is): An Overview of the Evolution of CRPGs on Dedicated Game Machines", <a href="/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World" title="Computer Gaming World">Computer Gaming World</a>, no. 76, pp. 83–84 [84], <q>Last year also saw the coattail effect of traditional bestselling CRPGs being ported over onto dedicated game machines as the new market of machines blossomed into money trees. Games like Ultima, Shadowgate, and Defender of the Crown appeared to mixed reviews. These stalwarts of computer fame were not perceived, by many of the players, to be as exciting as the Japanese imports.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Gaming+World&rft.atitle=Westward+Ho%21+%28Toward+Japan%2C+That+Is%29%3A+An+Overview+of+the+Evolution+of+CRPGs+on+Dedicated+Game+Machines&rft.issue=76&rft.pages=83-84+84&rft.date=1990-11&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Roe+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen,_Sandy1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Petersen" title="Sandy Petersen">Petersen, Sandy</a> (August 1994). "Eye of the Monitor". <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)" title="Dragon (magazine)">Dragon</a> (208): 61. <q>Not long ago, I received a letter from a Dragon Magazine reader. This particular woman attacked the whole concept of cartridge-based role-playing games very vigorously, claiming that games such as Zelda are not role-playing at all. Presumably, she thinks they are arcade games. Zelda has some features of the classic arcade game: combat is direct. Each push of the button results in one swing of the sword, which if it connects, harms or kills an enemy. In standard computer roleplaying games, at least until recently, combat is more abstract. [...] But all that is changing. [...] Ultima VIII requires you not only to control your character's every move in combat, but also his dodging of enemy blows, whether he kicks or stabs, etc. [...] The two forms of play: "arcade" and "role-playing" seem to be mixing more and more in computer and cartridge games. We'll see how far this trend goes, but I suspect there will always be a place for a game which is totally cerebral in combat, instead of relying on reflexes. For every Zelda, or Secret of Mana, there'll be a Final Fantasy II or Lufia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dragon&rft.atitle=Eye+of+the+Monitor&rft.issue=208&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1994-08&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Sandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Patterson, Eric L. (27 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929220550/http://www.egmnow.com/articles/news/egm-feature5-ways-japanese-gaming-still-rules-atelier-totori/">"5 WAYS JAPANESE GAMING STILL RULES: ATELIER TOTORI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly" title="Electronic Gaming Monthly">Electronic Gaming Monthly</a>. EGM Media LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egmnow.com/articles/news/egm-feature5-ways-japanese-gaming-still-rules-atelier-totori/">the original</a> on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Gaming+Monthly&rft.atitle=5+WAYS+JAPANESE+GAMING+STILL+RULES%3A+ATELIER+TOTORI&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egmnow.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fegm-feature5-ways-japanese-gaming-still-rules-atelier-totori%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal_HallfordJana_Hallford2001" class="citation cs2">Neal Hallford & Jana Hallford (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GslPb621eXQC">Swords & circuitry: a designer's guide to computer role playing games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>, pp. xxiv & xxv, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7615-3299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7615-3299-6"><bdi>978-0-7615-3299-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 16 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+%26+circuitry%3A+a+designer%27s+guide+to+computer+role+playing+games&rft.pages=xxiv+%26+xxv&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7615-3299-6&rft.au=Neal+Hallford&rft.au=Jana+Hallford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGslPb621eXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSpy_EastvWest-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSpy_EastvWest_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSpy_EastvWest_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSpy_EastvWest_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSpy_EastvWest_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSpy_EastvWest_83-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerNutt2003" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Benjamin; Nutt, Christian (29 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040616050230/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/489/489047p1.html">"Spy/Counterspy Case File 07: RPGs – East vs. West"</a>. GameSpy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespy.com/articles/489/489047p1.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 14 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpy&rft.atitle=Spy%2FCounterspy+Case+File+07%3A+RPGs+%E2%80%93+East+vs.+West&rft.date=2003-07-29&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Nutt%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespy.com%2Farticles%2F489%2F489047p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamasutra_boyd-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gamasutra_boyd_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamasutra_boyd_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Boyd2011" class="citation web cs1">Robert Boyd (13 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/RobertBoyd/20110113/6784/The_Zeboyd_Games_Approach_to_JRPG_Design.php">"The Zeboyd Games Approach to JRPG Design"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 13 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+Zeboyd+Games+Approach+to+JRPG+Design&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.au=Robert+Boyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fblogs%2FRobertBoyd%2F20110113%2F6784%2FThe_Zeboyd_Games_Approach_to_JRPG_Design.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gama_rpgreboot-85"><a href="#cite_ref-gama_rpgreboot_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoucet2011" class="citation web cs1">Doucet, Lars (9 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/LarsDoucet/20110309/7182/Rebooting_the_RPG.php">"Rebooting the RPG"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Rebooting+the+RPG&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.aulast=Doucet&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fblogs%2FLarsDoucet%2F20110309%2F7182%2FRebooting_the_RPG.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gradar_jrpgs-87"><a href="#cite_ref-gradar_jrpgs_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPSM3_UK2010" class="citation web cs1">PSM3 UK (16 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesradar.com/are-jrpgs-dead/?page=2">"Are JRPGs dead?"</a>. GamesRadar. Future plc. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesRadar&rft.atitle=Are+JRPGs+dead%3F&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft.au=PSM3+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fare-jrpgs-dead%2F%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destructoid.com/bioware-co-founder-jrpgs-suffer-from-lack-of-evolution--155782.phtml">"BioWare co-founder: JRPGs suffer from 'lack of evolution'"</a>. Destructoid. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Destructoid&rft.atitle=BioWare+co-founder%3A+JRPGs+suffer+from+%27lack+of+evolution%27&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destructoid.com%2Fbioware-co-founder-jrpgs-suffer-from-lack-of-evolution--155782.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunneley-Jackson2010" class="citation web cs1">Nunneley-Jackson, Stephany (13 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vg247.com/ffxiii-is-not-an-rpg-but-an-adventure-game-says-swtor-writer">"FFXIII is "not an RPG", but an "adventure game", says SWTOR writer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VG247" class="mw-redirect" title="VG247">VG247</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VG247&rft.atitle=FFXIII+is+%22not+an+RPG%22%2C+but+an+%22adventure+game%22%2C+says+SWTOR+writer&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.aulast=Nunneley-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Stephany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg247.com%2Fffxiii-is-not-an-rpg-but-an-adventure-game-says-swtor-writer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destructoid.com/final-fantasy-xiii-not-a-jrpg-despite-being-a-jrpg-131175.phtml">"Final Fantasy XIII not a JRPG, despite being a JRPG"</a>. Destructoid. 16 March 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Destructoid&rft.atitle=Final+Fantasy+XIII+not+a+JRPG%2C+despite+being+a+JRPG&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destructoid.com%2Ffinal-fantasy-xiii-not-a-jrpg-despite-being-a-jrpg-131175.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ign_fixjrpgs-91"><a href="#cite_ref-ign_fixjrpgs_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrudvigClements2010" class="citation web cs1">Brudvig, Erik; Clements, Ryan (11 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/12/top-10-ways-to-fix-jrpgs">"Top 10 Ways to Fix JRPGs"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Top+10+Ways+to+Fix+JRPGs&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.aulast=Brudvig&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Clements%2C+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F01%2F12%2Ftop-10-ways-to-fix-jrpgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrudvigGoldstein2008" class="citation web cs1">Brudvig, Erik; Goldstein, Hilary (25 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/25/the-gameplay-mechanic-fixing-squares-rpg-machine">"The Gameplay Mechanic: Fixing Square's RPG Machine"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=The+Gameplay+Mechanic%3A+Fixing+Square%27s+RPG+Machine&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.aulast=Brudvig&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Hilary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F11%2F25%2Fthe-gameplay-mechanic-fixing-squares-rpg-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nextgen_fixjrpgs-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nextgen_fixjrpgs_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nextgen_fixjrpgs_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301064231/http://www.next-gen.biz/blogs/whats-really-wrong-with-jrpgs">"What's really wrong with JRPGs?"</a>. Next-gen.biz. Future Publishing Limited. 24 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.next-gen.biz/blogs/whats-really-wrong-with-jrpgs">the original</a> on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Next-gen.biz&rft.atitle=What%27s+really+wrong+with+JRPGs%3F&rft.date=2010-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.next-gen.biz%2Fblogs%2Fwhats-really-wrong-with-jrpgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenz" class="citation web cs1">Grenz, Brad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100727035106/http://www.bitmob.com/articles/can-the-jrpg-be-fixed">"Can the Japanese RPG Be Fixed?"</a>. Bitmob.com. Bitmob Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitmob.com/articles/can-the-jrpg-be-fixed">the original</a> on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitmob.com&rft.atitle=Can+the+Japanese+RPG+Be+Fixed%3F&rft.aulast=Grenz&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitmob.com%2Farticles%2Fcan-the-jrpg-be-fixed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gzone_fmevo-95"><a href="#cite_ref-gzone_fmevo_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/front_mission_evolved_review">"Front Mission Evolved review"</a>. GameZone. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>Japanese publishers have been singing the "I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)" song from The Jungle Book for the past few years and it's no longer flattering. Instead of borrowing elements and making them their own, the publishers have opted to assimilate and attempt to hide within the Western crowd. Herein lies the problem with Front Mission Evolved: It wants to be so much more than it has been in the past and ends up stalling at the starting line.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameZone&rft.atitle=Front+Mission+Evolved+review&rft.date=2010-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamezone.com%2Freviews%2Ffront_mission_evolved_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gradarJRPGs-96"><a href="#cite_ref-gradarJRPGs_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPSM3_UK2010" class="citation web cs1">PSM3 UK (16 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesradar.com/are-jrpgs-dead/">"Are JRPGs dead?"</a>. GamesRadar. Future Publishing. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesRadar&rft.atitle=Are+JRPGs+dead%3F&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft.au=PSM3+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fare-jrpgs-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-escapist_fo3nvads-97"><a href="#cite_ref-escapist_fo3nvads_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2010" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, Tom (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302064536/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/102584-Japanese-Fallout-New-Vegas-Ads-Hate-On-JRPGs">"News : Japanese Fallout: New Vegas Ads Hate On JRPGs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Escapist_(magazine)" title="The Escapist (magazine)">The Escapist</a>. Defy Media LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/102584-Japanese-Fallout-New-Vegas-Ads-Hate-On-JRPGs">the original</a> on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Escapist&rft.atitle=News+%3A+Japanese+Fallout%3A+New+Vegas+Ads+Hate+On+JRPGs&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escapistmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2F102584-Japanese-Fallout-New-Vegas-Ads-Hate-On-JRPGs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2010" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Andy (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814203455/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=250381%3Fcid%3DOTC-RSS&attr=CVG-General-RSS">"News: Japanese RPGs 'were never popular' – Mikami"</a>. ComputerAndVideoGames.com. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=250381?cid=OTC-RSS&attr=CVG-General-RSS">the original</a> on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerAndVideoGames.com&rft.atitle=News%3A+Japanese+RPGs+%27were+never+popular%27+%E2%80%93+Mikami&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerandvideogames.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D250381%3Fcid%3DOTC-RSS%26attr%3DCVG-General-RSS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2006" class="citation web cs1">Sterling, Jim (16 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destructoid.com/mikami-japanese-rpgs-were-never-really-popular--175998.phtml">"Mikami: Japanese RPGs were never really popular'"</a>. Destructoid. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Destructoid&rft.atitle=Mikami%3A+Japanese+RPGs+were+never+really+popular%27&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destructoid.com%2Fmikami-japanese-rpgs-were-never-really-popular--175998.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-escp_dquest-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-escp_dquest_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-escp_dquest_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2010" class="citation web cs1">Funk, John (13 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205607/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/102039-Dragon-Quest-Creator-Western-Reviewers-Dislike-Turn-Based-Games">"News : Dragon Quest Creator: Western Reviewers Dislike Turn-Based Games"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Escapist_(magazine)" title="The Escapist (magazine)">The Escapist</a>. Defy Media LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/102039-Dragon-Quest-Creator-Western-Reviewers-Dislike-Turn-Based-Games">the original</a> on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Escapist&rft.atitle=News+%3A+Dragon+Quest+Creator%3A+Western+Reviewers+Dislike+Turn-Based+Games&rft.date=2010-07-13&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escapistmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2F102039-Dragon-Quest-Creator-Western-Reviewers-Dislike-Turn-Based-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ign_horii-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ign_horii_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ign_horii_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/07/10/interview-yuji-horii-and-a-lifetime-of-dragon-questing">"Interview: Yuji Horii and a Lifetime of Dragon Questing"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Yuji+Horii+and+a+Lifetime+of+Dragon+Questing&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F07%2F10%2Finterview-yuji-horii-and-a-lifetime-of-dragon-questing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsw_whither-102"><a href="#cite_ref-gsw_whither_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2009" class="citation web cs1">Fleming, Jeff (30 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909045903/http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2009/12/opinion_2009_the_last_days_of.php">"Opinion: 2009 – The Last Days of the Japanese RPG?"</a>. GameSetWatch. UBM TechWeb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2009/12/opinion_2009_the_last_days_of.php">the original</a> on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSetWatch&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+2009+%E2%80%93+The+Last+Days+of+the+Japanese+RPG%3F&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesetwatch.com%2F2009%2F12%2Fopinion_2009_the_last_days_of.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gspot_consolehist_h-103"><a href="#cite_ref-gspot_consolehist_h_103-0">^</a> <a href="#gspot_consolehist">Vestal 1998a</a>, p. "The First Console RPG" "A devoted gamer could make a decent case for either of these Atari titles founding the RPG genre; nevertheless, there's no denying that Dragon Quest was the primary catalyst for the Japanese console RPG industry. And Japan is where the vast majority of console RPGs come from, to this day. Influenced by the popular PC RPGs of the day (most notably Ultima), both Excalibur and Dragon Quest "stripped down" the statistics while keeping features that can be found even in today's most technologically advanced titles. An RPG just wouldn't be complete, in many gamers' eyes, without a medieval setting, hit points, random enemy encounters, and endless supplies of gold. (...) The rise of the Japanese RPG as a dominant gaming genre and Nintendo's NES as the dominant console platform were closely intertwined." </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2010" class="citation web cs1">North, Dale (19 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destructoid.com/final-fantasy-xiv-director-is-not-worried-about-bethesda-181867.phtml">"Final Fantasy XIV director is not worried about Bethesda"</a>. Destructoid. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Destructoid&rft.atitle=Final+Fantasy+XIV+director+is+not+worried+about+Bethesda&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destructoid.com%2Ffinal-fantasy-xiv-director-is-not-worried-about-bethesda-181867.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham2010" class="citation web cs1">Ingham, Tim (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210113120/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/235030/news/final-fantasy-xiii-boss-responds-to-review-scores/">"Final Fantasy XIII boss responds to review scores"</a>. ComputerAndVideoGames.com. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerandvideogames.com/235030/news/final-fantasy-xiii-boss-responds-to-review-scores/">the original</a> on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerAndVideoGames.com&rft.atitle=Final+Fantasy+XIII+boss+responds+to+review+scores&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerandvideogames.com%2F235030%2Fnews%2Ffinal-fantasy-xiii-boss-responds-to-review-scores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell2010" class="citation web cs1">Snell, Dave (27 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamezone.com/editorials/why_im_bored_with_bioware">"Why I'm bored with Bioware"</a>. GameZone. GameZone Next. Retrieved 19 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameZone&rft.atitle=Why+I%27m+bored+with+Bioware&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamezone.com%2Feditorials%2Fwhy_im_bored_with_bioware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2012" class="citation web cs1">St. Clair, Pride (18 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423062810/http://geek.pikimal.com/2012/04/18/why-i-hate-big-name-open-ended-wrpgs">"Why I Hate Big-Name, Open Ended WRPGs"</a>. Pikimal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geek.pikimal.com/2012/04/18/why-i-hate-big-name-open-ended-wrpgs/">the original</a> on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pikimal.com&rft.atitle=Why+I+Hate+Big-Name%2C+Open+Ended+WRPGs&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Pride&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeek.pikimal.com%2F2012%2F04%2F18%2Fwhy-i-hate-big-name-open-ended-wrpgs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler2005" class="citation book cs1">Kohler, Chris (2005). "Lost in transration: This game are sick". Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. <a href="/wiki/BradyGames" class="mw-redirect" title="BradyGames">BradyGames</a>. pp. 206–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0744004241" title="Special:BookSources/0744004241"><bdi>0744004241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lost+in+transration%3A+This+game+are+sick&rft.btitle=Power-Up%3A+How+Japanese+Video+Games+Gave+the+World+an+Extra+Life&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=BradyGames&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0744004241&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Drew2011" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Drew (22 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/5794922/how-one-man-stopped-square-enix-from-letting-gamers-kill-yahweh">"How One Man Stopped Square-Enix From Letting Gamers Kill Yahweh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075924/http://kotaku.com/5794922/how-one-man-stopped-square-enix-from-letting-gamers-kill-yahweh">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+One+Man+Stopped+Square-Enix+From+Letting+Gamers+Kill+Yahweh&rft.pub=Kotaku&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2F5794922%2Fhow-one-man-stopped-square-enix-from-letting-gamers-kill-yahweh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.rpgamer.com/editor/1998/q3/070998pb.html">"Xenogears, FFT, and Religious Controversy"</a>. RPGamer. 9 July 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPGamer&rft.atitle=Xenogears%2C+FFT%2C+and+Religious+Controversy&rft.date=1998-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.rpgamer.com%2Feditor%2F1998%2Fq3%2F070998pb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalata,_Kurt" class="citation web cs1">Kalata, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124041904/http://www.1up.com/features/clash-cultures?pager.offset=7">"Cultural Differences"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/clash-cultures?pager.offset=7">the original</a> on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Cultural+Differences&rft.au=Kalata%2C+Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Ffeatures%2Fclash-cultures%3Fpager.offset%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kat_hackandslash-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kat_hackandslash_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kat_hackandslash_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kat_hackandslash_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kat_hackandslash_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kat_hackandslash_112-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2010" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Kat (18 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110629035402/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9030743">"Hack and Slash: What Makes a Good Action RPG?"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9030743">the original</a> on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Hack+and+Slash%3A+What+Makes+a+Good+Action+RPG%3F&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2FblogEntry%3FbId%3D9030743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010511222143/http://gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/15influential/p9_01.html">"15 Most Influential Games of All Time: The Legend of Zelda"</a>. GameSpot. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/15influential/p9_01.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2001. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=15+Most+Influential+Games+of+All+Time%3A+The+Legend+of+Zelda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fgamespot%2Ffeatures%2Fvideo%2F15influential%2Fp9_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dragon-Slayer-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Dragon-Slayer_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalata" class="citation web cs1">Kalata, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723142515/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/dragonslayer/dragonslayer.htm">"Hardcore Gaming 101: Dragon Slayer"</a>. Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/dragonslayer/dragonslayer.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardcore+Gaming+101&rft.atitle=Hardcore+Gaming+101%3A+Dragon+Slayer&rft.aulast=Kalata&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardcoregaming101.net%2Fdragonslayer%2Fdragonslayer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hydlide-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Hydlide_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalataGreene" class="citation web cs1">Kalata, Kurt; Greene, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/hydlide/hydlide.htm">"Hydlide"</a>. Hardcore Gaming 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hardcore+Gaming+101&rft.atitle=Hydlide&rft.aulast=Kalata&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Greene%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardcoregaming101.net%2Fhydlide%2Fhydlide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2008" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Matt (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMXu61GbTqMC">Dungeons & Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_K_Peters,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="A K Peters, Ltd.">A K Peters, Ltd.</a> pp. 182 & 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-411-7"><bdi>978-1-56881-411-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dungeons+%26+Desktops%3A+The+History+of+Computer+Role-Playing+Games&rft.pages=182+%26+212&rft.pub=A+K+Peters%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-411-7&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMXu61GbTqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoguidiceBarton2009" class="citation cs2">Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_bFdsP9L7oC">Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focal_Press" title="Focal Press">Focal Press</a>, p. 317, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81146-8"><bdi>978-0-240-81146-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+Games%3A+An+Insider+Look+at+the+History+of+Grand+Theft+Auto%2C+Super+Mario%2C+and+the+Most+Influential+Games+of+All+Time&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81146-8&rft.aulast=Loguidice&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Barton%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_bFdsP9L7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_43-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barton_43_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_43_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoguidiceBarton2009" class="citation cs2">Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_bFdsP9L7oC">Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focal_Press" title="Focal Press">Focal Press</a>, p. 43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81146-8"><bdi>978-0-240-81146-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+Games%3A+An+Insider+Look+at+the+History+of+Grand+Theft+Auto%2C+Super+Mario%2C+and+the+Most+Influential+Games+of+All+Time&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81146-8&rft.aulast=Loguidice&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Barton%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_bFdsP9L7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_1571_08diablo-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_08diablo_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_1571_08diablo_119-1">b</a> <a href="#barton_1571">Barton 2007c</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-blues_flagshippress-120"><a href="#cite_ref-blues_flagshippress_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluesnews.com/a/686">"Flagship Studios Opens with a Splash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: Flagship Studios. 22 November 2003. Retrieved 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flagship+Studios+Opens+with+a+Splash&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Flagship+Studios&rft.date=2003-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluesnews.com%2Fa%2F686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonlan2009" class="citation web cs1">Donlan, Christian (14 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/torchlight-hands-on">"Torchlight PC Hands On"</a>. Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Torchlight+PC+Hands+On&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft.aulast=Donlan&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2Ftorchlight-hands-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Andy (29 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegamereviews.com/article-1642-by-the-numbers-the-lost-art-of-procedural-generation.html">"By the Numbers: The Lost Art of Procedural Generation"</a>. TheGameReviews.com. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGameReviews.com&rft.atitle=By+the+Numbers%3A+The+Lost+Art+of+Procedural+Generation&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegamereviews.com%2Farticle-1642-by-the-numbers-the-lost-art-of-procedural-generation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemo2010" class="citation web cs1">Remo, Chris (29 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/26955/Analysis_Mass_Effect_2s_Surprising_Genre_Experiment.php">"Analysis: Mass Effect 2's Surprising Genre Experiment"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Mass+Effect+2%27s+Surprising+Genre+Experiment&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft.aulast=Remo&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F26955%2FAnalysis_Mass_Effect_2s_Surprising_Genre_Experiment.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobbett2016" class="citation web cs1">Cobbett, Richard (5 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/12/05/the-rpgs-of-2017/">"The RPGs of 2017"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun" title="Rock Paper Shotgun">Rock Paper Shotgun</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+Paper+Shotgun&rft.atitle=The+RPGs+of+2017&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.aulast=Cobbett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockpapershotgun.com%2F2016%2F12%2F05%2Fthe-rpgs-of-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepe2015" class="citation web cs1">Pepe, Felipe (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/FelipePepe/20150625/244262/CRPG_History_Abridged__21_RPGs_that_brought_something_new_to_the_table.php">"CRPG History Abridged – 21 RPGs that brought something new to the table"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=CRPG+History+Abridged+%E2%80%93+21+RPGs+that+brought+something+new+to+the+table&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.aulast=Pepe&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fblogs%2FFelipePepe%2F20150625%2F244262%2FCRPG_History_Abridged__21_RPGs_that_brought_something_new_to_the_table.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_ddesktops_b-126"><a href="#cite_ref-barton_ddesktops_b_126-0">^</a> <a href="#barton_ddesktops">Barton 2008</a>, pp. 37–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-gspy_somana-127"><a href="#cite_ref-gspy_somana_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Justin (15 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050125221832/http://archive.gamespy.com/halloffame/february04/secretofmana/index.shtml">"Secret of Mana"</a>. GameSpy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gamespy.com/halloffame/february04/secretofmana/index.shtml">the original</a> on 25 January 2005. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpy&rft.atitle=Secret+of+Mana&rft.date=2004-02-15&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gamespy.com%2Fhalloffame%2Ffebruary04%2Fsecretofmana%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ign_somana-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ign_somana_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Lucas M. (13 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/10/14/secret-of-mana-review">"Secret of Mana Review"</a>. IGN. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Secret+of+Mana+Review&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lucas+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F10%2F14%2Fsecret-of-mana-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-synthworlds-129"><a href="#cite_ref-synthworlds_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastronva2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Castronova" title="Edward Castronova">Castronva, Edward</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syntheticworlds00edwa/page/10">Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games</a>. University Of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syntheticworlds00edwa/page/10">10, 291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09627-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-09627-8"><bdi>978-0-226-09627-8</bdi></a>. <q>[pp. 10] The ancestors of MMORPGS were text-based multiuser domains (MUDs) [...] [pp. 291] Indeed, MUDs generate perhaps the one historical connection between game-based VR and the traditional program [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthetic+Worlds%3A+The+Business+and+Culture+of+Online+Games&rft.pages=10%2C+291&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-09627-8&rft.aulast=Castronva&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyntheticworlds00edwa%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkshire_encyc-130"><a href="#cite_ref-berkshire_encyc_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">Bainbridge, William Sims</a> (2004). Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Vol. 3. Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9743091-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9743091-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9743091-2-5</bdi></a>. <q>Developers had long considered writing a graphical MUD. [...] the last major 2D virtual environment in the West marked the true beginning of the fifth age of MUDs: Origin Systems' 1997 Ultima Online (UO).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkshire+Encyclopedia+of+Human-Computer+Interaction&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9743091-2-5&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=William+Sims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-borlanddd_d-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borlanddd_d_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-borlanddd_d_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-borlanddd_d_131-2">c</a> <a href="#borlanddd">King & Borland 2003</a>, pp. 255–257 "Thousands of players have gathered online in massively multiplayer worlds, but that meant that thousands of people might be vying for the status of hero. Too many heroes mean that nobody, or only the few, can be special. Fighting even the most dangerous of monsters gives less of an epic thrill when it is clear that it will simply regenerate after you have killed it, and when 13 parties of adventurers are waiting behind you in line for their turn. There is only one Frodo in the Lord of the Rings, one Avatar in the land of Brittania." </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLellan2001" class="citation web cs1">MacLellan, Jon (1 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespy.com/articles/491/491748p1.html">"Please? Maybe a Thank You?"</a>. GameSpy. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpy&rft.atitle=Please%3F+Maybe+a+Thank+You%3F&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.aulast=MacLellan&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespy.com%2Farticles%2F491%2F491748p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHailey2009" class="citation book cs1">Hailey, Charlie (30 April 2009). Camps: A Guide to 21st Century Space. The MIT Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51287-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51287-9"><bdi>978-0-262-51287-9</bdi></a>. <q>Spawn camp affords an absolute position, controlling the game not by strategic action but through immobility—to the extent that popular games like EverQuest have come to be known as EverCamp.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camps%3A+A+Guide+to+21st+Century+Space&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51287-9&rft.aulast=Hailey&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2005" class="citation web cs1">Lopez, Miguel (9 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespy.com/articles/665/665716p1.html">"Onlife #32: Good game ninja loot"</a>. GameSpy. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 11 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpy&rft.atitle=Onlife+%2332%3A+Good+game+ninja+loot.&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespy.com%2Farticles%2F665%2F665716p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McQuaid-135"><a href="#cite_ref-McQuaid_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuaid2005" class="citation web cs1">McQuaid, Brad (29 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324110936/http://www.gamergod.com/article.php?article_id=2933">"Instancing in Online Gaming"</a>. GamerGod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamergod.com/article.php?article_id=2933">the original</a> on 24 March 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamerGod&rft.atitle=Instancing+in+Online+Gaming&rft.date=2005-11-29&rft.aulast=McQuaid&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamergod.com%2Farticle.php%3Farticle_id%3D2933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stewartchoi-136"><a href="#cite_ref-stewartchoi_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartChoi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, K.; Choi, HP (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3958007063689222609&hl=en&as_sdt=800000&sciodt=800000">"PC-Bang (Room) Culture: A Study of Korean College Students' Private and Public Use of Computers and the Internet"</a>. Trends in Communication: 65. Retrieved 12 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Communication&rft.atitle=PC-Bang+%28Room%29+Culture%3A+A+Study+of+Korean+College+Students%27+Private+and+Public+Use+of+Computers+and+the+Internet&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Choi%2C+HP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fcluster%3D3958007063689222609%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D800000%26sciodt%3D800000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_chasing-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1up_chasing_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1up_chasing_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrigger2008" class="citation web cs1">Crigger, Lara (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091559/http://www.1up.com/features/chasing-history-rpgs">"Chasing D&D: A History of RPGs"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/chasing-history-rpgs">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Chasing+D%26D%3A+A+History+of+RPGs&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Crigger&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Ffeatures%2Fchasing-history-rpgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatfield2013" class="citation web cs1">Hatfield, Tom (29 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/ftl-faster-than-light/1227287p1.html">"Rise Of The Roguelikes: A Genre Evolves"</a>. GameSpy. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpy&rft.atitle=Rise+Of+The+Roguelikes%3A+A+Genre+Evolves&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Hatfield&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpc.gamespy.com%2Fpc%2Fftl-faster-than-light%2F1227287p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation web cs1">Harris, John (18 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920054535/http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2009/12/column_play_the_berlin_interpr.php">"COLUMN: @Play: The Berlin Interpretation"</a>. GameSetWatch. UBM TechWeb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2009/12/column_play_the_berlin_interpr.php">the original</a> on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSetWatch&rft.atitle=COLUMN%3A+%40Play%3A+The+Berlin+Interpretation&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesetwatch.com%2F2009%2F12%2Fcolumn_play_the_berlin_interpr.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraddock2015" class="citation book cs1">Craddock, David L (5 August 2015). Magrath, Andrew (ed.). Dungeon Hacks: How NetHack, Angband, and Other Roguelikes Changed the Course of Video Games. Press Start Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0692501863" title="Special:BookSources/978-0692501863"><bdi>978-0692501863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dungeon+Hacks%3A+How+NetHack%2C+Angband%2C+and+Other+Roguelikes+Changed+the+Course+of+Video+Games&rft.pub=Press+Start+Press&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.isbn=978-0692501863&rft.aulast=Craddock&rft.aufirst=David+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgamer_roguelikes-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgamer_roguelikes_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgamer_roguelikes_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish2015" class="citation web cs1">Parish, Jeremy (6 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509104607/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-gateway-guide-to-roguelikes">"The Gateway Guide to Roguelikes"</a>. USGamer. Gamer Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-gateway-guide-to-roguelikes">the original</a> on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGamer&rft.atitle=The+Gateway+Guide+to+Roguelikes&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgamer.net%2Farticles%2Fthe-gateway-guide-to-roguelikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2000/01/27/nethack/">"The best game ever – Linux"</a>. Salon. Salon Media Group, Inc. 27 January 2000. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+best+game+ever+%E2%80%93+Linux&rft.date=2000-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2000%2F01%2F27%2Fnethack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2012" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Stephen (26 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034417/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/features/10074-A-Game-20-Years-In-the-Making">"A Game 20 Years In the Making"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Escapist_(magazine)" title="The Escapist (magazine)">The Escapist</a>. Defy Media LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/features/10074-A-Game-20-Years-In-the-Making">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Escapist&rft.atitle=A+Game+20+Years+In+the+Making&rft.date=2012-12-26&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escapistmagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Ffeatures%2F10074-A-Game-20-Years-In-the-Making&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EATRPG-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EATRPG_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EATRPG_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EATRPG_145-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish" class="citation web cs1">Parish, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ea.com/games/lotr-the-battle-for-middle-earth-2">"Lord of the Rings: Tactics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+Tactics&rft.pub=Electronic+Arts&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ea.com%2Fgames%2Flotr-the-battle-for-middle-earth-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_ddesktops_c-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barton_ddesktops_c_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barton_ddesktops_c_146-1">b</a> <a href="#barton_ddesktops">Barton 2008</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_atbtys-147"><a href="#cite_ref-1up_atbtys_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Kat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808193434/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9042222">"Active Time Babble XXI: Tactical RPGs & Ys Seven"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9042222">the original</a> on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>The roots of tactical RPGs go back to tabletop role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons and old-school wargames; in other words, the roots of gaming itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Active+Time+Babble+XXI%3A+Tactical+RPGs+%26+Ys+Seven&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2FblogEntry%3FbId%3D9042222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barton_3623_04-148"><a href="#cite_ref-barton_3623_04_148-0">^</a> <a href="#barton_3623">Barton 2007a</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-borlanddd_h-149"><a href="#cite_ref-borlanddd_h_149-0">^</a> <a href="#borlanddd">King & Borland 2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nintendo-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Nintendo_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/wii/vc/vc_bw/index.html">"VC ボコスカウォーズ"</a>. www.nintendo.co.jp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nintendo.co.jp&rft.atitle=VC+%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.jp%2Fwii%2Fvc%2Fvc_bw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1upkat_strategery-151"><a href="#cite_ref-1upkat_strategery_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2009" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Kat (19 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101523/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8981596&publicUserId=5725436">"Strategery: Your First Tactical RPG"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8981596&publicUserId=5725436">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. <q>It wasn't too long ago that I mentioned how difficult it is to get into tactical RPGs. It's an intimidating genre, what with all the grids and customization and names like Tactics Ogre. People are worried that they won't understand what's going on. That it'll be hard. That it'll be boring. So if you've made it past all those fears and you're ready to take the plunge, congratulations. You're a lot stronger than I was while contemplating Final Fantasy Tactics a decade ago. But people like you have also been asking me the same question, time and time again—where to start?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Strategery%3A+Your+First+Tactical+RPG&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2FblogEntry%3FbId%3D8981596%26publicUserId%3D5725436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnet_vhearts2-152"><a href="#cite_ref-cnet_vhearts2_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315202916/http://reviews.cnet.com/legacy-game-platforms/vandal-hearts-ii-playstation/1707-9882_7-30965757.html">"Vandal Hearts II (PlayStation)"</a>. CNET. CBS Interactive. 3 January 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reviews.cnet.com/legacy-game-platforms/vandal-hearts-ii-playstation/1707-9882_7-30965757.html#cnetReview">the original</a> on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>Although the RPG has gained popularity in the US, its tactical offshoot, the strategy-RPG, has had a harder time gaining similar popularity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Vandal+Hearts+II+%28PlayStation%29&rft.date=2000-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freviews.cnet.com%2Flegacy-game-platforms%2Fvandal-hearts-ii-playstation%2F1707-9882_7-30965757.html%23cnetReview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcv_disg3-153"><a href="#cite_ref-mcv_disg3_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfitt2007" class="citation web cs1">Parfitt, Ben (17 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/disgaea-3-heading-to-ps3">"Disgaea 3 heading to PS3"</a>. MCV. Newbay Media. Retrieved 19 December 2015. <q>The tactical RPG genre may not be a chart-topper in the West, but hardcore followers of Japanese RPG specialists Nippon Ichi will be delighted to hear that the studio is bringing the latest instalment to its critically acclaimed series to PS3 next year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCV&rft.atitle=Disgaea+3+heading+to+PS3&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcvuk.com%2Fnews%2Fread%2Fdisgaea-3-heading-to-ps3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpgamer_fireemblem-154"><a href="#cite_ref-rpgamer_fireemblem_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld" class="citation web cs1">Neufeld, Anna Marie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314174517/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/fe/fe9/reviews/fe9strev2.html">"Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones – Staff Review"</a>. RPGamer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpgamer.com/games/fe/fe9/reviews/fe9strev2.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>As the Tactical RPG genre has grown in recognition and popularity, it was inevitable that a few would manage to make their way to the handheld systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPGamer&rft.atitle=Fire+Emblem%3A+The+Sacred+Stones+%E2%80%93+Staff+Review&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Anna+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpgamer.com%2Fgames%2Ffe%2Ffe9%2Freviews%2Ffe9strev2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_pstactics-155"><a href="#cite_ref-1up_pstactics_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish" class="citation web cs1">Parish, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604094510/http://www.1up.com/features/playstation-tactics">"PlayStation Tactics"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/playstation-tactics">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>Tactical RPGs have been gaining popularity in the United States since a PS1 game called Final Fantasy Tactics introduced a legion of gamers to its detail-oriented strategy. ... Although FFT is often praised for giving birth to the tactical RPG genre, that PS1 masterpiece would never have existed without this classic pair of Super NES ports.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=PlayStation+Tactics&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Ffeatures%2Fplaystation-tactics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpgamer_fftretro-156"><a href="#cite_ref-rpgamer_fftretro_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett" class="citation web cs1">Beckett, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314124149/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/ff/fft/reviews/fftstrev4.html">"Final Fantasy Tactics – Retroview"</a>. RPGamer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpgamer.com/games/ff/fft/reviews/fftstrev4.html">the original</a> on March 14, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2011. <q>Final Fantasy Tactics did much the same thing for tactical RPGs that Final Fantasy VII did for the genre as a whole—made it more popular, more accessible, and more visible to the rest of the gaming world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPGamer&rft.atitle=Final+Fantasy+Tactics+%E2%80%93+Retroview&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpgamer.com%2Fgames%2Fff%2Ffft%2Freviews%2Ffftstrev4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eug_dyntac-157"><a href="#cite_ref-eug_dyntac_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramwell2002" class="citation web cs1">Bramwell, Tom (21 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/fi_dynastytactics_ps2">"Dynasty Tactics – First Impressions"</a>. Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved 12 May 2011. <q>Final Fantasy Tactics is being given a new lease of life on Game Boy Advance, and Capcom has plans to release an Onimusha Tactics title in the near future too.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Dynasty+Tactics+%E2%80%93+First+Impressions&rft.date=2002-10-21&rft.aulast=Bramwell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2Ffi_dynastytactics_ps2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1upkat_xcom-158"><a href="#cite_ref-1upkat_xcom_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2010" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Kat (14 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710231744/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9027138">"X-COM: Distilling a Classic"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9027138">the original</a> on 10 July 2012. <q>One of the absolute essentials from that era was X-COM: UFO Defense, which defined western tactical RPGs every bit as much as Fire Emblem did for strategy RPGs in the east. ... The crux of the game is efficiently defeating the aliens in turn-based combat, building up various bases, and outfitting soldiers with the latest and greatest equipment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=X-COM%3A+Distilling+a+Classic&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2FblogEntry%3FbId%3D9027138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1up_daj-159"><a href="#cite_ref-1up_daj_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2009" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Kat (23 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130101180905/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9007783">"Strategery: The Dragon Age Appetizer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/1UP.com" class="mw-redirect" title="1UP.com">1UP.com</a>. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9007783">the original</a> on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2010. <q>The interesting wrinkle here is that when outside of battle, it's possible to explore the world in the same manner as any other RPG, and that's where Dragon Age Journeys has something in common with western tactical RPGs. The X-Coms of the world have always a great deal more freedom than even Valkyria Chronicles, and Dragon Age takes that one step further by offering actual dungeons to explore, rather than asking players to take on simple missions like 'kill everyone.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Strategery%3A+The+Dragon+Age+Appetizer&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2FblogEntry%3FbId%3D9007783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1upkat_valkchro-160"><a href="#cite_ref-1upkat_valkchro_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2009" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Kat (4 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709171620/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9003286">"Strategery: Valkyria Chronicles and X-Com: UFO Defense"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9003286">the original</a> on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011. <q>For Japan, the Famicom's Fire Emblem: Ankoku Ryu to Hikari is the archetype for the whole genre. Over the years, franchises like Tactics Ogre and Final Fantasy Tactics have offered unique twists and refinements, but the basic conceits have remained the same, with square-based grid being one of the subgenres most recognizable traits. Western SRPGs, however, have generally allowed for a bit more freedom of movement, with some like Freedom Force (and Dawn of War II, if you're willing to call it an SRPG) going real-time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=Strategery%3A+Valkyria+Chronicles+and+X-Com%3A+UFO+Defense&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Fdo%2FblogEntry%3FbId%3D9003286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamershell_pc-161"><a href="#cite_ref-gamershell_pc_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS." class="citation web cs1">S., Dennis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107191816/http://www.gamershell.com/pc/paradise_cracked/review.html">"Paradise Cracked Review"</a>. GamersHell. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamershell.com/pc/paradise_cracked/review.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007. <q>The world of Paradise Cracked was largely influenced by such movies as Matrix, Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell, as well as novels of Philip K. Dick and various other cyberpunk writers. It actually has one of the most interesting plots ever—but I won't give it away just yet. The game's genre can be called tactical RPG, drawing some of its best features from such games as X-Com, Jagged Alliance, Incubation and Fallout.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamersHell&rft.atitle=Paradise+Cracked+Review&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamershell.com%2Fpc%2Fparadise_cracked%2Freview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamehelper-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gamehelper_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamehelper_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Mike (22 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228055845/http://www.gamehelper.com/magazine/previews/night-watch">"Night Watch"</a>. Game Helper Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamehelper.com/magazine/previews/night-watch">the original</a> on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Helper+Magazine&rft.atitle=Night+Watch&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamehelper.com%2Fmagazine%2Fpreviews%2Fnight-watch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpgvault_ss-163"><a href="#cite_ref-rpgvault_ss_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonric2002" class="citation web cs1">Jonric (15 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021006023429/http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/367/367949p1.html">"Silent Storm Interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vault_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Vault Network">RPG Vault</a>. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/367/367949p1.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2002. Retrieved 26 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPG+Vault&rft.atitle=Silent+Storm+Interview&rft.date=2002-08-15&rft.au=Jonric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frpgvault.ign.com%2Farticles%2F367%2F367949p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpgv_ja3-164"><a href="#cite_ref-rpgv_ja3_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonric2007" class="citation web cs1">Jonric (16 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018145142/http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/827/827659p1.html">"Jagged Alliance 3 Interview"</a>. RPG Vault. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/827/827659p1.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2007. <q>When choosing a team to develop a project of this type and scale, it was obvious that we needed Russian developers, the same people that created games with similarities to Jagged Alliance 2, both in genre and the time setting. I'm referring to releases like <a href="/wiki/Silent_Storm" title="Silent Storm">Silent Storm</a>, Night Watch, Brigade E5 and others. Such projects have not been created in western countries for a long time, which can make development more difficult.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPG+Vault&rft.atitle=Jagged+Alliance+3+Interview&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.au=Jonric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frpgvault.ign.com%2Farticles%2F827%2F827659p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forum_jgollop-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forum_jgollop_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forum_jgollop_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGollop2010" class="citation web cs1">Gollop, Julian (14 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/5987/putting_the_xcom_in_xcom.php#comment61000">"Comment by Julian Gollop, developer of X-COM and other genre titles"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. <q>Publishers run a mile from anything with turn-based mechanics—it is regarded as too niche. RTS games pretty much killed off turn-based strategy games in the mid-90s—but now even RTS games are regarded as niche. (...) Thanks to 'Advance Wars', 'Fire Emblem' and 'Final Fantasy Tactics' it seems turn-based games are not totally dead—at least for Nintendo handhelds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Comment+by+Julian+Gollop%2C+developer+of+X-COM+and+other+genre+titles&rft.date=2010-08-14&rft.aulast=Gollop&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F5987%2Fputting_the_xcom_in_xcom.php%23comment61000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nexus_ultima-166"><a href="#cite_ref-nexus_ultima_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTie2000" class="citation web cs1">Tie, Sing Chie (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218071643/http://clsm.mmu.edu.my/index.php?artid=5&nesect=7&sectid=1">"7 Deadly Games"</a>. neXus Central. The Student Publication Board, Multimedia University, Melaka campus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clsm.mmu.edu.my/index.php?artid=5&nesect=7&sectid=1">the original</a> on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=neXus+Central&rft.atitle=7+Deadly+Games&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.aulast=Tie&rft.aufirst=Sing+Chie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclsm.mmu.edu.my%2Findex.php%3Fartid%3D5%26nesect%3D7%26sectid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2013" class="citation web cs1">Sykes, Tom (9 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgamer.com/wasteland-2-trailer-shows-off-first-gameplay-footage-including-tactical-battles-giant-bugs/">"Wasteland 2 trailer shows off first gameplay footage, including tactical battles, giant bugs"</a>. PC Gamer. Future plc. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=Wasteland+2+trailer+shows+off+first+gameplay+footage%2C+including+tactical+battles%2C+giant+bugs&rft.date=2013-02-09&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fwasteland-2-trailer-shows-off-first-gameplay-footage-including-tactical-battles-giant-bugs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151938/http://www.gamershell.com/news_168365.html">"Shadowrun: Dragonfall Director's Cut Dated and Video Released"</a>. GamersHell.com. 30 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamershell.com/news_168365.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamersHell.com&rft.atitle=Shadowrun%3A+Dragonfall+Director%27s+Cut+Dated+and+Video+Released&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamershell.com%2Fnews_168365.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2014" class="citation web cs1">Kaiser, Rowan (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesradar.com/blackguards-review/">"Divinity: Original Sin is an odd mix of old- and new-school RPG design"</a>. Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 18 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Divinity%3A+Original+Sin+is+an+odd+mix+of+old-+and+new-school+RPG+design&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fblackguards-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorman2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Thorman, Peter (31 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgamer.com/2014-the-first-year-of-the-crpg-renaissance/">"2014: the first year of the CRPG renaissance"</a>. PC Gamer. <a href="/wiki/Future_US,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Future US, Inc.">Future US, Inc.</a> Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=2014%3A+the+first+year+of+the+CRPG+renaissance&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft.aulast=Thorman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2F2014-the-first-year-of-the-crpg-renaissance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rampcoy_hybrids-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rampcoy_hybrids_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rampcoy_hybrids_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Rampant_Coyote2006" class="citation web cs1">The Rampant Coyote (23 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109014534/http://www.rampantgames.com/blog/2006/10/are-hybrid-rpgs-just-poor-mans-rpgs.html">"Are Hybrid RPGs Just Poor-Man's RPGs?"</a>. Tales of the Rampant Coyote. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rampantgames.com/blog/2006/10/are-hybrid-rpgs-just-poor-mans-rpgs.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>The core elements of a computer roleplaying game are pretty simple and straightforward. You basically have a task resolution system for an individual unit based on its statistics. Mix this with the ability to modify those stats through circumstances, equipment, spells, level increase or whatever. (...) Modern computer RPGs tend to be a bit more complex than this. (...) Hybrid RPG can emphasize some other element of gameplay that are FAR less development-intensive than pure roleplaying games. Thus they are cheaper and easier to make. Does this make them the "poor-man's RPG?" Meaning a poor / inexpensive substitution for the real thing? (...) Maybe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tales+of+the+Rampant+Coyote&rft.atitle=Are+Hybrid+RPGs+Just+Poor-Man%27s+RPGs%3F&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.au=The+Rampant+Coyote&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frampantgames.com%2Fblog%2F2006%2F10%2Fare-hybrid-rpgs-just-poor-mans-rpgs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bitt_deusex-172"><a href="#cite_ref-bitt_deusex_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Joe (3 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bit-tech.net/news/gaming/2009/11/03/spector-tried-to-buy-deus-ex-rights/1">"Spector tried to buy Deus Ex rights"</a>. bit-tech.net. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>Deus Ex, often considered one of the best PC games ever made, is a FPS/RPG hybrid about uncovering an international conspiracy in a near-future, cyber-punk setting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bit-tech.net&rft.atitle=Spector+tried+to+buy+Deus+Ex+rights&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bit-tech.net%2Fnews%2Fgaming%2F2009%2F11%2F03%2Fspector-tried-to-buy-deus-ex-rights%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpgamer_deusex-173"><a href="#cite_ref-rpgamer_deusex_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoske" class="citation web cs1">Boske, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314162644/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/deus/deusex2/reviews/deusex2strev1.html">"Deus Ex: Invisible War – We Wanted Orange, We Got Lemon-Lime"</a>. RPGamer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpgamer.com/games/deus/deusex2/reviews/deusex2strev1.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>How do you beat your own record? How do you out-do a one-of-a-kind FPS/RPG hybrid that met substantial critical acclaim and garnered praise from gamers across the board? Perhaps this is one question that Ion Storm shouldn't have asked, for while Deus Ex: Invisible war is a functional, and even enjoyable title on its own, it is a far cry from its predecessor, and bears several serious flaws that keep it from being anything other than a mediocre experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPGamer&rft.atitle=Deus+Ex%3A+Invisible+War+%E2%80%93+We+Wanted+Orange%2C+We+Got+Lemon-Lime&rft.aulast=Boske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpgamer.com%2Fgames%2Fdeus%2Fdeusex2%2Freviews%2Fdeusex2strev1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsutra_stalker-174"><a href="#cite_ref-gsutra_stalker_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2010" class="citation web cs1">Cross, Tom (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/30141/Analysis_STALKER_Defense__The_Hybrid_Results.php">"Analysis: S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Defense – The Hybrid Results"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>In this Gamasutra analysis piece, Tom Cross looks at GSC Game World's S.T.A.L.K.E.R: Clear Sky and its odd combination of FPS, RPG and tower defense game, examining the art of gameplay hybrids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+S.T.A.L.K.E.R.+Defense+%E2%80%93+The+Hybrid+Results&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F30141%2FAnalysis_STALKER_Defense__The_Hybrid_Results.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cavg_stalker-175"><a href="#cite_ref-cavg_stalker_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2007" class="citation web cs1">Bishop, Stuart (16 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625210224/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166049">"The Making of S.T.A.L.K.E.R., part one"</a>. ComputerAndVideoGames.com. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166049">the original</a> on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>Back in late 2001 we got our first look at an impressive game called Oblivion Lost, then a squad-based action game from GSC Game World. In 2007 the title that we now know as S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl finally released, plunging players into a survival-FPS-RPG hybrid and the post-apocalyptic wasteland surrounding the Chernobyl power plant after its meltdown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerAndVideoGames.com&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+S.T.A.L.K.E.R.%2C+part+one&rft.date=2007-06-16&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerandvideogames.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D166049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gshark_spellforce-176"><a href="#cite_ref-gshark_spellforce_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsey2004" class="citation web cs1">Dorsey, Mark (24 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314080909/http://www.gameshark.com/pc/reviews/1530/SpellForce-The-Order-of-Dawn-Review.htm">"SpellForce: The Order of Dawn Review"</a>. GameShark. Mad Catz, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameshark.com/pc/reviews/1530/SpellForce-The-Order-of-Dawn-Review.htm">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>SpellForce is making the future of hybrid genre games look very positive indeed. (...) However, I do have a penchant for armies of minions doing my bidding and I do enjoy RPG elements in a game, which is why I was quite interested in the release of Phenomic's SpellForce, an RPG/RTS hybrid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameShark&rft.atitle=SpellForce%3A+The+Order+of+Dawn+Review&rft.date=2004-03-24&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameshark.com%2Fpc%2Freviews%2F1530%2FSpellForce-The-Order-of-Dawn-Review.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ginform_warhammer-177"><a href="#cite_ref-ginform_warhammer_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiessener2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Biessener, Adam (11 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316234120/http://gameinformer.com/games/warhammer_40000_dawn_of_war_ii__chaos_rising/b/pc/archive/2010/03/11/review.aspx">"Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II – Chaos Rising"</a>. Game Informer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameinformer.com/games/warhammer_40000_dawn_of_war_ii__chaos_rising/b/pc/archive/2010/03/11/review.aspx">the original</a> on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>Standalone expansion continues solid mix of RPG and RTS</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=Warhammer+40%2C000%3A+Dawn+of+War+II+%E2%80%93+Chaos+Rising&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.aulast=Biessener&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgameinformer.com%2Fgames%2Fwarhammer_40000_dawn_of_war_ii__chaos_rising%2Fb%2Fpc%2Farchive%2F2010%2F03%2F11%2Freview.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metac_cpeotn-178"><a href="#cite_ref-metac_cpeotn_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietzDoyle2010" class="citation web cs1">Dietz, Jason; Doyle, Marc (30 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/feature/best-iphone-ipad-games-july-2010">"iPhone/iPad Games Guide: What to Buy This Month"</a>. Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 6 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metacritic&rft.atitle=iPhone%2FiPad+Games+Guide%3A+What+to+Buy+This+Month&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Doyle%2C+Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Ffeature%2Fbest-iphone-ipad-games-july-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoili2009" class="citation web cs1">Caoili, Eric (30 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909045048/http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2009/11/puzzle_quest_2_releases_for_ds.php">"Puzzle Quest 2 Releases For DS, XBLA Next Spring"</a>. GameSetWatch. UBM TechWeb. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2009/11/puzzle_quest_2_releases_for_ds.php">the original</a> on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSetWatch&rft.atitle=Puzzle+Quest+2+Releases+For+DS%2C+XBLA+Next+Spring&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft.aulast=Caoili&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesetwatch.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fpuzzle_quest_2_releases_for_ds.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gfirst_rpgxp-180"><a href="#cite_ref-gfirst_rpgxp_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther2001" class="citation web cs1">Luther, Jeff (20 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesfirst.com/index.php?id=378">"The RPG Experience: Conventions and Not Beyond"</a>. GamesFirst!. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesFirst%21&rft.atitle=The+RPG+Experience%3A+Conventions+and+Not+Beyond&rft.date=2001-04-20&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesfirst.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2006-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsRollings2006_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsRollings2006">Adams & Rollings 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/xw59a3/the-monstrous-timelessness-of-warcraft-3">"The Monstrous Timelessness of Warcraft 3"</a>. www.vice.com. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=The+Monstrous+Timelessness+of+Warcraft+3&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fxw59a3%2Fthe-monstrous-timelessness-of-warcraft-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-183"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2013" class="citation web cs1">Funk, John (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/2013/9/2/4672920/moba-dota-arts-a-brief-introduction-to-gamings-biggest-most">"MOBA, DOTA, ARTS: A brief introduction to gaming's biggest, most impenetrable genre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905103354/https://www.polygon.com/2013/9/2/4672920/moba-dota-arts-a-brief-introduction-to-gamings-biggest-most">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=MOBA%2C+DOTA%2C+ARTS%3A+A+brief+introduction+to+gaming%27s+biggest%2C+most+impenetrable+genre&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2013%2F9%2F2%2F4672920%2Fmoba-dota-arts-a-brief-introduction-to-gamings-biggest-most&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2018" class="citation web cs1">Atkinson, Ryan (27 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamesn.com/warcraft-iii/warcraft-3-mods-dota-league-of-legends">"How Warcraft 3's modding community paved the way for League of Legends and Dota 2"</a>. PCGamesN. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCGamesN&rft.atitle=How+Warcraft+3%27s+modding+community+paved+the+way+for+League+of+Legends+and+Dota+2&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamesn.com%2Fwarcraft-iii%2Fwarcraft-3-mods-dota-league-of-legends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobacci2016" class="citation web cs1">Jacobacci, Kara (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esportsedition.com/dota-2/mana-less-heroes-in-the-arts-moba-genre/">"Mana – Less Heroes in the ARTS MOBA Genre"</a>. Esports Edition. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esports+Edition&rft.atitle=Mana+%E2%80%93+Less+Heroes+in+the+ARTS+MOBA+Genre&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Jacobacci&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesportsedition.com%2Fdota-2%2Fmana-less-heroes-in-the-arts-moba-genre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://click-storm.com/en/articles/6795/">"What you need to know about the experience in Dota 2 written by Artem Uarabei"</a>. Click-Storm. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Click-Storm&rft.atitle=What+you+need+to+know+about+the+experience+in+Dota+2+written+by+Artem+Uarabei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclick-storm.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2F6795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://na.leagueoflegends.com/en/game-info/items/">"Items"</a>. League of Legends. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=League+of+Legends&rft.atitle=Items&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fna.leagueoflegends.com%2Fen%2Fgame-info%2Fitems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925110002/https://www.esportstalk.com/blog/5-most-important-heroes-of-the-storm-objectives-10213/">"The 5 Most Important Heroes of the Storm Objectives"</a>. EsportsTalk.com. 21 November 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esportstalk.com/blog/5-most-important-heroes-of-the-storm-objectives-10213/">the original</a> on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EsportsTalk.com&rft.atitle=The+5+Most+Important+Heroes+of+the+Storm+Objectives&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esportstalk.com%2Fblog%2F5-most-important-heroes-of-the-storm-objectives-10213%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925110057/https://pages.firstblood.io/pages/blog/dota-2/roshan-dota-2-guide/">"Roshan Dota 2 Guide"</a>. FirstBlood®. 17 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.firstblood.io/pages/blog/dota-2/roshan-dota-2-guide/">the original</a> on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FirstBlood%C2%AE&rft.atitle=Roshan+Dota+2+Guide&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.firstblood.io%2Fpages%2Fblog%2Fdota-2%2Froshan-dota-2-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendina2017" class="citation web cs1">Rendina, Brandon (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030105304/http://team-dignitas.net/articles/blogs/Heroes-Of-The-Storm/11768/heroes-of-the-storm-how-to-fully-utilize-mercenary-camps">"Heroes of the Storm: How to Fully Utilize Boss and Mercenary Camps"</a>. team-dignitas.net. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=team-dignitas.net&rft.atitle=Heroes+of+the+Storm%3A+How+to+Fully+Utilize+Boss+and+Mercenary+Camps&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Rendina&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteam-dignitas.net%2Farticles%2Fblogs%2FHeroes-Of-The-Storm%2F11768%2Fheroes-of-the-storm-how-to-fully-utilize-mercenary-camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pokemon-sales-191"><a href="#cite_ref-pokemon-sales_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLien2014" class="citation web cs1">Lien, Tracey (18 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polygon.com/pokemon/2014/8/18/6030089/Pokemon-sales-numbers">"How successful is Pokémon? Take a look at the numbers!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=How+successful+is+Pok%C3%A9mon%3F+Take+a+look+at+the+numbers%21&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft.aulast=Lien&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2Fpokemon%2F2014%2F8%2F18%2F6030089%2FPokemon-sales-numbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wii_series-192"><a href="#cite_ref-wii_series_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gamehunters/post/2011/03/pokemon-titles-sell-1-million-on-launch-day/1">"'Pokemon' titles sell 1 million on launch day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Pokemon%27+titles+sell+1+million+on+launch+day&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Fgamehunters%2Fpost%2F2011%2F03%2Fpokemon-titles-sell-1-million-on-launch-day%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ign_pokerecords-193"><a href="#cite_ref-ign_pokerecords_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries2009" class="citation web cs1">DeVries, Jack (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228193548/http://ds.ign.com/articles/946/946074p1.html">"Pokemon Report: World Records Edition"</a>. IGN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ds.ign.com/articles/946/946074p1.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Pokemon+Report%3A+World+Records+Edition&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ds.ign.com%2Farticles%2F946%2F946074p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nintendo_pokerecords-194"><a href="#cite_ref-nintendo_pokerecords_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.uk/News/2010/Pokemon-Black-Version-and-Pokemon-White-Version-for-Nintendo-DS-coming-to-Europe-in-Spring-2011-252381.html">"Pokémon Black Version and Pokémon White Version for Nintendo DS coming to Europe in Spring 2011"</a> (Press release). Nintendo. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pok%C3%A9mon+Black+Version+and+Pok%C3%A9mon+White+Version+for+Nintendo+DS+coming+to+Europe+in+Spring+2011&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FNews%2F2010%2FPokemon-Black-Version-and-Pokemon-White-Version-for-Nintendo-DS-coming-to-Europe-in-Spring-2011-252381.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://247wallst.com/special-report/2018/01/30/most-popular-video-games-of-all-time/10/">"50 Most Popular Video Games of All Time"</a>. 247wallst.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521191654/https://247wallst.com/special-report/2018/01/30/most-popular-video-games-of-all-time/10/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=247wallst.com&rft.atitle=50+Most+Popular+Video+Games+of+All+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F247wallst.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2018%2F01%2F30%2Fmost-popular-video-games-of-all-time%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-square-enix2-196"><a href="#cite_ref-square-enix2_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/group/index.html">"Businesses – Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd"</a>. Square Enix. Retrieved 15 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Businesses+%E2%80%93+Square+Enix+Holdings+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.pub=Square+Enix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.square-enix.com%2Feng%2Fgroup%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-finalfantasy_sales-197"><a href="#cite_ref-finalfantasy_sales_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2011" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Mike (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819083134/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/35096/Final_Fantasy_Series_Hits_100M_Units_Shipped.php">"Final Fantasy Series Hits 100M Units Shipped"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gamasutra.com/view/news/35096/Final_Fantasy_Series_Hits_100M_Units_Shipped.php">the original</a> on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Final+Fantasy+Series+Hits+100M+Units+Shipped&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F35096%2FFinal_Fantasy_Series_Hits_100M_Units_Shipped.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dragonquest_sales-198"><a href="#cite_ref-dragonquest_sales_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famitsu.com/news/201103/16041486.html">"『ドラゴンクエストIX 星空の守り人』の全世界累計出荷本数が530万本を突破"</a> [Dragon Quest IX ships over 5.3 million worldwide]. Famitsu. KADOKAWA DWANGO CORPORATION. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Famitsu&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8E%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88IX+%E6%98%9F%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8A%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%8F%E3%81%AE%E5%85%A8%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B4%AF%E8%A8%88%E5%87%BA%E8%8D%B7%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%B0%E3%81%8C530%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%AC%E3%82%92%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famitsu.com%2Fnews%2F201103%2F16041486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magicboxjapan-199"><a href="#cite_ref-magicboxjapan_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-magicbox.com/Chart-JPPlatinum.shtml">"Japan Platinum Game Chart"</a>. The Magic Box. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Magic+Box&rft.atitle=Japan+Platinum+Game+Chart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-magicbox.com%2FChart-JPPlatinum.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arstechnica_ffvii-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica_ffvii_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica_ffvii_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2010" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Andrew (7 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2010/05/masterpiece-final-fantasy-vii/">"Masterpiece: Final Fantasy VII"</a>. Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Masterpiece%3A+Final+Fantasy+VII&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgaming%2F2010%2F05%2Fmasterpiece-final-fantasy-vii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoW-201"><a href="#cite_ref-WoW_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/company/press/pressreleases.html?081121">"World of Warcraft® Subscriber Base Reaches 11.5 Million Worldwide"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a>. 23 December 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+of+Warcraft%C2%AE+Subscriber+Base+Reaches+11.5+Million+Worldwide&rft.pub=Blizzard+Entertainment&rft.date=2008-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.blizzard.com%2Fen-us%2Fcompany%2Fpress%2Fpressreleases.html%3F081121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gfirst_diablo-202"><a href="#cite_ref-gfirst_diablo_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesfirst.com/articles/diablo2_sales.htm">"Diablo II: Lord of Destruction Shatters Sales Records Worldwide With Over 1 Million Copies Sold"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a>. 29 August 2001. Retrieved 11 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diablo+II%3A+Lord+of+Destruction+Shatters+Sales+Records+Worldwide+With+Over+1+Million+Copies+Sold&rft.pub=Blizzard+Entertainment&rft.date=2001-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesfirst.com%2Farticles%2Fdiablo2_sales.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vg247_diablo2npd-203"><a href="#cite_ref-vg247_diablo2npd_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunneley2010" class="citation web cs1">Nunneley, Stephany (5 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vg247.com/2010/08/05/activision-blizzard-q2-financials-net-revenue-comes-in-at-967-million/">"Activision Blizzard Q2 financials: Net revenue comes in at $967 million"</a>. VG247. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VG247&rft.atitle=Activision+Blizzard+Q2+financials%3A+Net+revenue+comes+in+at+%24967+million&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft.aulast=Nunneley&rft.aufirst=Stephany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg247.com%2F2010%2F08%2F05%2Factivision-blizzard-q2-financials-net-revenue-comes-in-at-967-million%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ign_bestsell_2008-204"><a href="#cite_ref-ign_bestsell_2008_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThang2009" class="citation web cs1">Thang, Jimmy (15 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/15/best-selling-pc-games-of-2008">"Best-selling PC Games of 2008"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Best-selling+PC+Games+of+2008&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.aulast=Thang&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F01%2F15%2Fbest-selling-pc-games-of-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gspot_starcraft2-205"><a href="#cite_ref-gspot_starcraft2_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagrino2010" class="citation web cs1">Magrino, Tom (28 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910214303/http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/starcraftiilegacyofthevoid/news.html?sid=6271382">"Analysts bullish on Starcraft II sales – PC News at GameSpot"</a>. GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/starcraftiilegacyofthevoid/news.html?sid=6271382">the original</a> on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Analysts+bullish+on+Starcraft+II+sales+%E2%80%93+PC+News+at+GameSpot&rft.date=2010-07-28&rft.aulast=Magrino&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fpc%2Fstrategy%2Fstarcraftiilegacyofthevoid%2Fnews.html%3Fsid%3D6271382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2009" class="citation web cs1">Sinclair, Brendan (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602141340/http://e3.gamespot.com/story/6210427/starcraft-ii-by-end-of-2009-call-of-duty-expanding-to-new-genres">"E3 2010: Starcraft II by end of 2009, Call of Duty expanding to new genres – News"</a>. GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e3.gamespot.com/story/6210427/starcraft-ii-by-end-of-2009-call-of-duty-expanding-to-new-genres">the original</a> on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=E3+2010%3A+Starcraft+II+by+end+of+2009%2C+Call+of+Duty+expanding+to+new+genres+%E2%80%93+News&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe3.gamespot.com%2Fstory%2F6210427%2Fstarcraft-ii-by-end-of-2009-call-of-duty-expanding-to-new-genres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.battle.net/d3/en/blog/4612389/Diablo_III_Launching_May_15_%E2%80%93_Digital_Pre-Sales_NOW_OPEN-3_15_2012#blog">"DIABLO III LAUNCHING MAY 15 – DIGITAL PRE-SALES NOW OPEN"</a>. Blizzard Entertainment. 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIABLO+III+LAUNCHING+MAY+15+%E2%80%93+DIGITAL+PRE-SALES+NOW+OPEN&rft.pub=Blizzard+Entertainment&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.battle.net%2Fd3%2Fen%2Fblog%2F4612389%2FDiablo_III_Launching_May_15_%25E2%2580%2593_Digital_Pre-Sales_NOW_OPEN-3_15_2012%23blog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS3/360-208"><a href="#cite_ref-PS3/360_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubba2013" class="citation web cs1">Kubba, Sinan (6 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2013/06/06/diablo-3-coming-to-360-as-well-dated-worldwide-sept-3/">"Diablo 3 coming to Xbox 360 as well, dated worldwide Sept. 3"</a>. Engadget. AOL Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Diablo+3+coming+to+Xbox+360+as+well%2C+dated+worldwide+Sept.+3&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.aulast=Kubba&rft.aufirst=Sinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2013%2F06%2F06%2Fdiablo-3-coming-to-360-as-well-dated-worldwide-sept-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiner2014" class="citation web cs1">Reiner, Andrew (12 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824013135/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/05/12/diablo-iii-ultimate-evil-edition-lands-playstation-4-xbox-one-release-date.aspx">"Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition Lands PlayStation 4, Xbox One Release Date"</a>. GameInformer.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2014/05/12/diablo-iii-ultimate-evil-edition-lands-playstation-4-xbox-one-release-date.aspx">the original</a> on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameInformer.com&rft.atitle=Diablo+III%3A+Ultimate+Evil+Edition+Lands+PlayStation+4%2C+Xbox+One+Release+Date&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.aulast=Reiner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fb%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2014%2F05%2F12%2Fdiablo-iii-ultimate-evil-edition-lands-playstation-4-xbox-one-release-date.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329065414/http://gamers.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/weird_and_wonderful.aspx">"Weird and Wonderful Records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gamers.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/weird_and_wonderful.aspx">the original</a> on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weird+and+Wonderful+Records&rft.pub=Guinness+Book+of+World+Records&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgamers.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Frecords%2Fweird_and_wonderful.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2008" class="citation news cs1">Clodfelter, Tim (17 April 2008). "Record Book Focused on the Gamers". Winston-Salem Journal. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winston-Salem+Journal&rft.atitle=Record+Book+Focused+on+the+Gamers&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guinness-213"><a href="#cite_ref-guinness_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018074346/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_zdoup/is_200505/ai_n13462894">"Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade"</a>. Official U. S. Playstation Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_zdoup/is_200505/ai_n13462894">the original</a> on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+U.+S.+Playstation+Magazine&rft.atitle=Untold+Legends%3A+Brotherhood+of+the+Blade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_zdoup%2Fis_200505%2Fai_n13462894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311073433/http://www.blizzard.com/us/inblizz/profile.html">"Blizzard Entertainment – Company Profile"</a>. Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blizzard.com/us/inblizz/profile.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blizzard+Entertainment+%E2%80%93+Company+Profile&rft.pub=Blizzard+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blizzard.com%2Fus%2Finblizz%2Fprofile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201013319/http://www.blizzard.com/us/press/081120.html">"Blizzard Entertainment – Media Alert"</a>. Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blizzard.com/us/press/081120.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blizzard+Entertainment+%E2%80%93+Media+Alert&rft.pub=Blizzard+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blizzard.com%2Fus%2Fpress%2F081120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasar2001" class="citation web cs1">Lasar, Matthew (17 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2011/05/is-your-online-game-art-government-money-is-waiting/">"US government now funds video games... if they're "art""</a>. Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=US+government+now+funds+video+games...+if+they%27re+%22art%22&rft.date=2001-05-17&rft.aulast=Lasar&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgaming%2F2011%2F05%2Fis-your-online-game-art-government-money-is-waiting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meta_topscore-217"><a href="#cite_ref-meta_topscore_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204122339/http://www.metacritic.com/browse/games/score/metascore/all/all?sort=desc&view=condensed">"Highest and Lowest Scoring Games at metacritic"</a>. Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/browse/games/score/metascore/all/all?view=condensed&sort=desc">the original</a> on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metacritic&rft.atitle=Highest+and+Lowest+Scoring+Games+at+metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Fbrowse%2Fgames%2Fscore%2Fmetascore%2Fall%2Fall%3Fview%3Dcondensed%26sort%3Ddesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshaan2011" class="citation web cs1">Ishaan (23 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siliconera.com/2011/01/23/heres-how-xenoblade-and-metroid-other-m-did-in-japan/">"Here's How Xenoblade And Metroid: Other M Did In Japan"</a>. Siliconera. Retrieved 2 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siliconera&rft.atitle=Here%27s+How+Xenoblade+And+Metroid%3A+Other+M+Did+In+Japan&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft.au=Ishaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siliconera.com%2F2011%2F01%2F23%2Fheres-how-xenoblade-and-metroid-other-m-did-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwatane_Kane2010" class="citation news cs1">Iwatane Kane, Yukari (11 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704250104575238681063997848">"Videogame Maker Electronic Arts Swings to Profit"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Videogame+Maker+Electronic+Arts+Swings+to+Profit&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.aulast=Iwatane+Kane&rft.aufirst=Yukari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704250104575238681063997848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/11/06/bethesda-softworks-announces-successful-launch-of-fallout-3">"Bethesda Softworks Announces Successful Launch of Fallout 3"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. 6 November 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Bethesda+Softworks+Announces+Successful+Launch+of+Fallout+3&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F11%2F06%2Fbethesda-softworks-announces-successful-launch-of-fallout-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904232740/http://www.bioware.com/bioware_info/about/">"About"</a>. BioWare. 10 November 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioware.com/bioware_info/about/">the original</a> on 4 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=BioWare&rft.date=2004-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioware.com%2Fbioware_info%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-square-sales-223"><a href="#cite_ref-square-sales_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120084840/http://www.jp.square-enix.com/ir/e/explanatory/download/0404-200402090000-01.pdf">"February 2, 2004 – February 4, 2004"</a> (PDF). Square Enix. 9 February 2004. p. 27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jp.square-enix.com/ir/e/explanatory/download/0404-200402090000-01.pdf#page=27">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=February+2%2C+2004+%E2%80%93+February+4%2C+2004&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Square+Enix&rft.date=2004-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jp.square-enix.com%2Fir%2Fe%2Fexplanatory%2Fdownload%2F0404-200402090000-01.pdf%23page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-square-sales-ds-224"><a href="#cite_ref-square-sales-ds_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108044757/http://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/pdf/news/20090525_01en.pdf">"Results Briefing Session for the Fiscal Year ended March 31, 2009"</a> (PDF). Square Enix. 25 May 2009. p. 28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hd.square-enix.com/eng/pdf/news/20090525_01en.pdf#page=7">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+Briefing+Session+for+the+Fiscal+Year+ended+March+31%2C+2009&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Square+Enix&rft.date=2009-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hd.square-enix.com%2Feng%2Fpdf%2Fnews%2F20090525_01en.pdf%23page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamePro_Staff2008" class="citation magazine cs1">GamePro Staff (5 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/218144/the-26-best-rpgs-page-4-of-4/">"The 26 Best RPGs of the All Time"</a>. GamePro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929014306/http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/218144/the-26-best-rpgs-page-4-of-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GamePro&rft.atitle=The+26+Best+RPGs+of+the+All+Time&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft.au=GamePro+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamepro.com%2Farticle%2Ffeatures%2F218144%2Fthe-26-best-rpgs-page-4-of-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ign_choice-226"><a href="#cite_ref-ign_choice_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/01/13/readers-choice-game-of-the-century">"Reader's Choice Game of the Century"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. 12 January 2000. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Reader%27s+Choice+Game+of+the+Century&rft.date=2000-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2000%2F01%2F13%2Freaders-choice-game-of-the-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamefaqs.com/features/c04spr">"Spring 2004: Best. Game. Ever"</a>. GameFAQs. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameFAQs&rft.atitle=Spring+2004%3A+Best.+Game.+Ever.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamefaqs.com%2Ffeatures%2Fc04spr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamefaqs.com/features/10year">"Fall 2005: 10-Year Anniversary Contest—The 10 Best Games Ever"</a>. GameFAQs. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameFAQs&rft.atitle=Fall+2005%3A+10-Year+Anniversary+Contest%E2%80%94The+10+Best+Games+Ever&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamefaqs.com%2Ffeatures%2F10year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706094744/http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/default.asp?p=2">"2: Final FAntasy VII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Empire_(magazine)" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a>. Bauer Consumer Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.empireonline.com/100greatestgames/default.asp?p=2">the original</a> on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Empire&rft.atitle=2%3A+Final+FAntasy+VII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.empireonline.com%2F100greatestgames%2Fdefault.asp%3Fp%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232355/http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_9.html">"IGN Top 100 Games 2007 – 9 Final Fantasy III (US)"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_9.html">the original</a> on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=IGN+Top+100+Games+2007+%E2%80%93+9+Final+Fantasy+III+%28US%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftop100.ign.com%2F2007%2Fign_top_game_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217225935/http://top100.ign.com/2008/ign_top_game_2.html">"Readers' Choice Top 100 Games of All Time – Chrono Trigger"</a>. IGN. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://top100.ign.com/2008/ign_top_game_2.html">the original</a> on February 17, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Readers%27+Choice+Top+100+Games+of+All+Time+%E2%80%93+Chrono+Trigger&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftop100.ign.com%2F2008%2Fign_top_game_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425073430/http://top100.ign.com/2006/001-010.html">"IGN Readers' Choice 2006 – The Top 100 Games Ever"</a>. IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://top100.ign.com/2006/001-010.html">the original</a> on April 25, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=IGN+Readers%27+Choice+2006+%E2%80%93+The+Top+100+Games+Ever&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftop100.ign.com%2F2006%2F001-010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCork2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Cork, Jeff (16 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711071951/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2009/11/16/game-informer-s-200th-issue-revealed.aspx?PostPageIndex=4">"Game Informer's 200th Issue Revealed"</a>. Game Informer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2009/11/16/game-informer-s-200th-issue-revealed.aspx?PostPageIndex=4">the original</a> on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=Game+Informer%27s+200th+Issue+Revealed&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameinformer.com%2Fb%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2009%2F11%2F16%2Fgame-informer-s-200th-issue-revealed.aspx%3FPostPageIndex%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamasutra_famitsu-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gamasutra_famitsu_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamasutra_famitsu_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarless2006" class="citation web cs1">Carless, Simon (3 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=8378">"Famitsu Reveals Top 100 Reader-Voted Games Of All-Time"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Famitsu+Reveals+Top+100+Reader-Voted+Games+Of+All-Time&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft.aulast=Carless&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fphp-bin%2Fnews_index.php%3Fstory%3D8378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-joyq_fam2006-235"><a href="#cite_ref-joyq_fam2006_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2006" class="citation web cs1">Choi, Dan (3 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2006/03/03/japan-chooses-its-all-time-top-100-list-of-games-western-games/">"Japan chooses its all-time top 100 list of games; Western games feel left out"</a>. Engadget. AOL Inc. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Japan+chooses+its+all-time+top+100+list+of+games%3B+Western+games+feel+left+out&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2006%2F03%2F03%2Fjapan-chooses-its-all-time-top-100-list-of-games-western-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220315/http://www.rpgfan.com/features/Top_20_RPGs_of_the_Last_Decade/index.html">"Top 20 RPGs of the Past Decade"</a>. RPGFan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rpgfan.com/features/Top_20_RPGs_of_the_Last_Decade/2.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPGFan&rft.atitle=Top+20+RPGs+of+the+Past+Decade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpgfan.com%2Ffeatures%2FTop_20_RPGs_of_the_Last_Decade%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110111957/http://www.rpgamer.com/features/decade/decade-1.html">"RPGs of the Decade – 2000 to 2009 – #1"</a>. RPGamer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpgamer.com/features/decade/decade-1.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPGamer&rft.atitle=RPGs+of+the+Decade+%E2%80%93+2000+to+2009+%E2%80%93+%231&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpgamer.com%2Ffeatures%2Fdecade%2Fdecade-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpgsite_bestofxbox360-238"><a href="#cite_ref-rpgsite_bestofxbox360_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson" class="citation web cs1">Donaldson, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325194534/http://www.rpgsite.net/articles/0/172/the-best-xbox-360-rpgs-available-right-now.html">"The Best Xbox 360 RPGs Available Right Now"</a>. RPG Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpgsite.net/articles/0/172/the-best-xbox-360-rpgs-available-right-now.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPG+Site&rft.atitle=The+Best+Xbox+360+RPGs+Available+Right+Now&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpgsite.net%2Farticles%2F0%2F172%2Fthe-best-xbox-360-rpgs-available-right-now.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scrawlfx_lowsalesculture-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scrawlfx_lowsalesculture_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scrawlfx_lowsalesculture_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2010" class="citation web cs1">Romano, Sal (16 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gematsu.com/2010/08/niitsuma-xbox-360s-low-japanese-sales-a-cultural-thing">"Niitsuma: Xbox 360's low Japanese sales "a cultural thing""</a>. Gematsu. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gematsu&rft.atitle=Niitsuma%3A+Xbox+360%27s+low+Japanese+sales+%22a+cultural+thing%22&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Sal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgematsu.com%2F2010%2F08%2Fniitsuma-xbox-360s-low-japanese-sales-a-cultural-thing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csmon_xbox-240"><a href="#cite_ref-csmon_xbox_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusling2006" class="citation news cs1">Rusling, Matthew (10 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0110/p04s01-woap.html">"No clamor for Xbox in Japan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved 2 October 2010. <q>Ever since its 2002 release, Microsoft's Xbox has been a colossal sales flop in Japan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=No+clamor+for+Xbox+in+Japan&rft.date=2006-01-10&rft.aulast=Rusling&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0110%2Fp04s01-woap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-playtm_xbox-241"><a href="#cite_ref-playtm_xbox_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasse2010" class="citation web cs1">Gasse, Nicholas (21 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929192534/http://play.tm/news/31902/xbox-360-dominance-in-japan-will-come-over-time">"Xbox 360 dominance in Japan will come 'over time'"</a>. Play.tm. Ferrago Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://play.tm/news/31902/xbox-360-dominance-in-japan-will-come-over-time/">the original</a> on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Play.tm&rft.atitle=Xbox+360+dominance+in+Japan+will+come+%27over+time%27&rft.date=2010-09-21&rft.aulast=Gasse&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplay.tm%2Fnews%2F31902%2Fxbox-360-dominance-in-japan-will-come-over-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edge_oblivion_japan-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edge_oblivion_japan_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edge_oblivion_japan_242-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925183447/http://www.next-gen.biz/features/japan-oblivion-and-face-training">"JAPAN: Oblivion and Face Training"</a>. Edge. Future Publishing Limited. 27 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.next-gen.biz/features/japan-oblivion-and-face-training">the original</a> on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edge&rft.atitle=JAPAN%3A+Oblivion+and+Face+Training&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.next-gen.biz%2Ffeatures%2Fjapan-oblivion-and-face-training&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/28473/Exclusive_PlatformSpecific_Q1_US_Sales_Reveal_Notable_Trends.php">"Exclusive: Platform-Specific Q1 U.S. Sales Reveal Notable Trends"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Platform-Specific+Q1+U.S.+Sales+Reveal+Notable+Trends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F28473%2FExclusive_PlatformSpecific_Q1_US_Sales_Reveal_Notable_Trends.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakotaG2008" class="citation web cs1">DakotaG (8 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080814134916/http://www.strategyinformer.com/editorials/1908/the-rpgs-of-2008-handhelds-leading">"The RPGs of 2008: Handhelds leading"</a>. StrategyInformer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategyinformer.com/editorials/1908/the-rpgs-of-2008-handhelds-leading">the original</a> on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StrategyInformer&rft.atitle=The+RPGs+of+2008%3A+Handhelds+leading&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.au=DakotaG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategyinformer.com%2Feditorials%2F1908%2Fthe-rpgs-of-2008-handhelds-leading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122850/http://www.1up.com/features/5-japanese-game-developers">"5 Japanese Game Developers You Should Know"</a>. 1UP.com. IGN Entertainment Games. 16 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/features/5-japanese-game-developers">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1UP.com&rft.atitle=5+Japanese+Game+Developers+You+Should+Know&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1up.com%2Ffeatures%2F5-japanese-game-developers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purchese2016-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Purchese2016_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurchese2016" class="citation web cs1">Purchese, Robert (15 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-05-11-is-kickstarter-for-video-games-dead">"Is Kickstarter for video games dead?"</a>. Eurogamer. Retrieved 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=Is+Kickstarter+for+video+games+dead%3F&rft.date=2016-05-15&rft.aulast=Purchese&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2F2017-05-11-is-kickstarter-for-video-games-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorman2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Thorman, Peter (31 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgamer.com/2014-the-first-year-of-the-crpg-renaissance/">"2014: the first year of the CRPG renaissance"</a>. PC Gamer. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=2014%3A+the+first+year+of+the+CRPG+renaissance&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft.aulast=Thorman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2F2014-the-first-year-of-the-crpg-renaissance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidaux2015" class="citation web cs1">Bidaux, Thomas (29 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/ThomasBidaux/20150729/249796/The_giants_hiding_a_growing_problem__Video_games_on_Kickstarter_on_the_first_half_of_2015.php">"The giants hiding a growing problem – Video games on Kickstarter on the first half of 2015"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+giants+hiding+a+growing+problem+%E2%80%93+Video+games+on+Kickstarter+on+the+first+half+of+2015&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft.aulast=Bidaux&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fblogs%2FThomasBidaux%2F20150729%2F249796%2FThe_giants_hiding_a_growing_problem__Video_games_on_Kickstarter_on_the_first_half_of_2015.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChironis2015" class="citation web cs1">Chironis, Katie (19 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/2015/5/19/8624665/big-indie-kickstarters-are-killing-actual-indies">"'Big indie' Kickstarters are killing actual indies"</a>. polygon.com. Vox Media. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polygon.com&rft.atitle=%27Big+indie%27+Kickstarters+are+killing+actual+indies&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.aulast=Chironis&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2015%2F5%2F19%2F8624665%2Fbig-indie-kickstarters-are-killing-actual-indies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Savage2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Phil Savage (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgamer.com/torment-tides-of-numenera-makes-final-stretch-goal-player-strongholds-now-secured/">"Torment: Tides of Numenera makes final stretch goal, player strongholds now secured"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Gamer" title="PC Gamer">PC Gamer</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=Torment%3A+Tides+of+Numenera+makes+final+stretch+goal%2C+player+strongholds+now+secured&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.au=Phil+Savage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Ftorment-tides-of-numenera-makes-final-stretch-goal-player-strongholds-now-secured%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsRollings2003" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ernest; Rollings, Andrew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc19ChiOUI4C">Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on game design</a>. New Riders Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59273-001-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59273-001-8"><bdi>978-1-59273-001-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Rollings+and+Ernest+Adams+on+game+design&rft.pub=New+Riders+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59273-001-8&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Rollings%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQc19ChiOUI4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsRollings2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ernest; Rollings, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_gamedev_1/54/14053/3597646.cw/index.html">Fundamentals of Game Design</a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-64337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-64337-7"><bdi>978-0-321-64337-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Game+Design&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-321-64337-7&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Rollings%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwps.prenhall.com%2Fbp_gamedev_1%2F54%2F14053%2F3597646.cw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="barton_3623" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Matt (23 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3623/the_history_of_computer_.php">"The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 1: The Early Years (1980–1983)"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Computer+Role-Playing+Games+Part+1%3A+The+Early+Years+%281980%E2%80%931983%29&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F3623%2Fthe_history_of_computer_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="barton_1706" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Matt (23 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1706/the_history_of_computer_.php">"The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 2: The Golden Age (1985–1993)"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Computer+Role-Playing+Games+Part+2%3A+The+Golden+Age+%281985%E2%80%931993%29&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F1706%2Fthe_history_of_computer_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="barton_1571" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Matt (11 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1571/the_history_of_computer_.php">"The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part III: The Platinum and Modern Ages (1994–2004)"</a>. Gamasutra. UBM Tech. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Computer+Role-Playing+Games+Part+III%3A+The+Platinum+and+Modern+Ages+%281994%E2%80%932004%29&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F1571%2Fthe_history_of_computer_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="barton_ddesktops" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Matt (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMXu61GbTqMC">Dungeons & Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games</a>. A K Peters, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-411-7"><bdi>978-1-56881-411-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dungeons+%26+Desktops%3A+The+History+of+Computer+Role-Playing+Games&rft.pub=A+K+Peters%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-411-7&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMXu61GbTqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="borlanddd" class="citation book cs1">King, Brad; Borland, John M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvxOAAAAMAAJ">Dungeons and Dreamers: The Rise of Computer Game Culture from Geek to Chic</a>. McGraw-Hill/Osborne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-222888-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-222888-5"><bdi>978-0-07-222888-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dungeons+and+Dreamers%3A+The+Rise+of+Computer+Game+Culture+from+Geek+to+Chic&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2FOsborne&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-222888-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=Borland%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvxOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="vintage_log" class="citation cs2">Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_bFdsP9L7oC">Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time</a>, Focal Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81146-8"><bdi>978-0-240-81146-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+Games%3A+An+Insider+Look+at+the+History+of+Grand+Theft+Auto%2C+Super+Mario%2C+and+the+Most+Influential+Games+of+All+Time&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81146-8&rft.aulast=Loguidice&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Barton%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_bFdsP9L7oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="gspot_consolehist" class="citation web cs1">Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031022124253/http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/index.html">"The History of Console RPGs"</a>. GameSpot. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/rpg_hs/index.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2003. Retrieved 10 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Console+RPGs&rft.date=1998-11-02&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvgs%2Funiversal%2Frpg_hs%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="gspot_finalfhist" class="citation web cs1">Vestal, Andrew (2 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030502053828/http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/finalfantasy_hs/sec1.html">"The History of Final Fantasy"</a>. GameSpot. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/features/vgs/universal/finalfantasy_hs/sec1.html">the original</a> on 2 May 2003. Retrieved 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Final+Fantasy&rft.date=1998-11-02&rft.aulast=Vestal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fvgs%2Funiversal%2Ffinalfantasy_hs%2Fsec1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rya89" class="citation magazine cs1">Ryan, John (August 1989). "Games Gallery: From Board Game to Mainframe to Personal Computer, Here's a Look at the Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games". RUN. Vol. 6, no. 8. CW Communications/Peterborough. pp. 55–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RUN&rft.atitle=Games+Gallery%3A+From+Board+Game+to+Mainframe+to+Personal+Computer%2C+Here%27s+a+Look+at+the+Evolution+of+Fantasy+Role-Playing+Games&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=55-57&rft.date=1989-08&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepe2023" class="citation book cs1">Pepe, Felipe, ed. (August 2023) [first published February 2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bitmapbooks.com/products/the-crpg-book-a-guide-to-computer-role-playing-games">The CRPG Book: A Guide to Computer Role Playing Games</a> (2nd ed.). Bitmap Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8384585-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8384585-7-7"><bdi>978-1-8384585-7-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CRPG+Book%3A+A+Guide+to+Computer+Role+Playing+Games&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bitmap+Books&rft.date=2023-08&rft.isbn=978-1-8384585-7-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitmapbooks.com%2Fproducts%2Fthe-crpg-book-a-guide-to-computer-role-playing-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Role-playing_video_games" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Role-playing video games">Role-playing video games</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20070223a/barton_pfv.htm">The History of Computer Role-Playing Games</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mobyoleg" class="citation web cs1">Roschin, Oleg (26 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120816083026/http://www.mobygames.com/featured_article/feature,25/">"The World of Asian RPGs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MobyGames" title="MobyGames">MobyGames</a>. Blue Flame Labs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobygames.com/featured_article/feature,25">the original</a> on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MobyGames&rft.atitle=The+World+of+Asian+RPGs&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.aulast=Roschin&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobygames.com%2Ffeatured_article%2Ffeature%2C25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARole-playing+video+game" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_role-playing_video_games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology_of_role-playing_video_games" title="Template:Chronology of role-playing video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology_of_role-playing_video_games" title="Template talk:Chronology of role-playing video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology_of_role-playing_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology of role-playing video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_role-playing_video_games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">role-playing video games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games" title="List of role-playing video games">Role-playing video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1975_to_1985" title="List of role-playing video games: 1975 to 1985">1975–1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1986_to_1987" title="List of role-playing video games: 1986 to 1987">1986–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1988_to_1989" title="List of role-playing video games: 1988 to 1989">1988–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1990_to_1991" title="List of role-playing video games: 1990 to 1991">1990–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1992_to_1993" title="List of role-playing video games: 1992 to 1993">1992–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1994_to_1995" title="List of role-playing video games: 1994 to 1995">1994–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1996_to_1997" title="List of role-playing video games: 1996 to 1997">1996–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_1998_to_1999" title="List of role-playing video games: 1998 to 1999">1998–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2000_to_2001" title="List of role-playing video games: 2000 to 2001">2000–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2002_to_2003" title="List of role-playing video games: 2002 to 2003">2002–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2004_to_2005" title="List of role-playing video games: 2004 to 2005">2004–2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2006_to_2007" title="List of role-playing video games: 2006 to 2007">2006–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2008_to_2009" title="List of role-playing video games: 2008 to 2009">2008–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2010_to_2011" title="List of role-playing video games: 2010 to 2011">2010–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2012_to_2013" title="List of role-playing video games: 2012 to 2013">2012–2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2014_to_2015" title="List of role-playing video games: 2014 to 2015">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2016_to_2017" title="List of role-playing video games: 2016 to 2017">2016–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2018_to_2019" title="List of role-playing video games: 2018 to 2019">2018–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2020_to_2021" title="List of role-playing video games: 2020 to 2021">2020–2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_role-playing_video_games:_2022_to_2023" title="List of role-playing video games: 2022 to 2023">2022–2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games" title="List of tactical role-playing video games">Tactical role-playing games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games:_1980s_to_1994" title="List of tactical role-playing video games: 1980s to 1994">1980s–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games:_1995_to_1999" title="List of tactical role-playing video games: 1995 to 1999">1995–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games:_2000_to_2004" title="List of tactical role-playing video games: 2000 to 2004">2000–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games:_2005_to_2009" title="List of tactical role-playing video games: 2005 to 2009">2005–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games:_2010_to_2019" title="List of tactical role-playing video games: 2010 to 2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tactical_role-playing_video_games:_2020_to_2029" title="List of tactical role-playing video games: 2020 to 2029">2020–2029</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roguelikes" title="List of roguelikes">Roguelikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MUDs" title="List of MUDs">MUDs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons_video_games" title="List of Dungeons & Dragons video games">Dungeons & Dragons video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_games" title="List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games">Massively multiplayer online role-playing games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tabletop_role-playing_games" title="List of tabletop role-playing games">Tabletop role-playing games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_genre" title="Template talk:Video game genre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_genre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game genre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">Video game genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platformer" title="Platformer">Platformer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endless_runner" title="Endless runner">Endless runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones">Pac-Man clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/90px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">Action-adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_clone" title="Grand Theft Auto clone">Grand Theft Auto clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">Metroidvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_game" title="Adventure game">Adventure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_room_video_game" title="Escape room video game">Escape room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_graphic_adventure_games" title="List of graphic adventure games">Graphic adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_film" title="Interactive film">Interactive film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_simulator" title="Walking simulator">Walking sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_tabletop_game" title="Digital tabletop game">Digital tabletop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban">Sokoban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game">Otome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft">Doujin soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game">Gacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo">Kaizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigame" title="Minigame">Minigame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Video game clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_remake" title="Video game remake">Video game remake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&oldid=1252000823">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&oldid=1252000823</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Role-playing_video_games" title="Category:Role-playing video games">Role-playing video games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_game_genres" title="Category:Video game genres">Video game genres</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2015">Articles with dead external links from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_December_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2015">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 07:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Role-playing_video_game&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-lvczv","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.700","walltime":"2.946","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19286,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":539094,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20656,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":877790,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2552.126 1 -total"," 52.61% 1342.712 2 Template:Reflist"," 38.17% 974.025 183 Template:Cite_web"," 10.60% 270.431 27 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.06% 231.105 28 Template:Fix"," 5.99% 152.917 4 Template:Sfn"," 4.11% 104.818 1 Template:Video_RPG"," 3.78% 96.351 1 Template:Sidebar"," 3.66% 93.435 56 Template:Category_handler"," 3.51% 89.584 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.677","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8823318,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsRollings2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsRollings2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabovic2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBainbridge2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnholt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnholt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBidaux2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiessener2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoske\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBramwell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrudvigClements2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrudvigGoldstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaoili2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaoili2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarless2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastronva2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChironis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobbett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen,_Drew2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCork2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraddock2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrigger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutumisu,_MariaSzafron,_DuaneSchaeffer,_JonathanMcNaughton,_Matthew2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakotaG2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVries2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesslock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietzDoyle2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiveky,_MarkoBielikova,_Maria2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoerr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonlan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorsey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoucet2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEgenfeldt-Nielsen,_SimonSmith,_Jonas_HeideTosca,_Susana_Pajares2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederiksen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamePro_Staff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasser2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGollop2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHailey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendricks2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshaan2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIwatane_Kane2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobacci2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansen_Quijano-Cruz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonric2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonric2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoynt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJustin_Leeper2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJøn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalata\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalata,_Kurt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalata2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalataGreene\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasavin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubba2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLien2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoguidiceBarton2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuther2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLellan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagrino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNaughton,_M.Schaeffer,_J.Szafron,_D.Parker,_D.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQuaid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeal_HallfordJana_Hallford2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunneley-Jackson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunneley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPSM3_UK2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFParfitt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFParish2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen,_Sandy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhil_Savage2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurchese2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendina2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Boyd2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusling2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandy_Petersen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScorpia1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinclair2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Clair2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterling2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartChoi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSykes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThang2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Rampant_Coyote2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorman2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTie2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrefonas1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerNutt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVestal1998\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFWebster2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinterhalter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Rya89\"] = 1,\n [\"barton_1571\"] = 1,\n [\"barton_1706\"] = 1,\n [\"barton_3623\"] = 1,\n [\"barton_ddesktops\"] = 1,\n [\"borlanddd\"] = 1,\n [\"gspot_consolehist\"] = 1,\n [\"gspot_finalfhist\"] = 1,\n [\"mobyoleg\"] = 1,\n [\"vintage_log\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'s\"] = 2,\n [\"-'\"] = 1,\n [\"Chronology of role-playing video games\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 183,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 21,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Video RPG\"] = 1,\n [\"Video game genre\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.4"],["?","200","11.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","10.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","120","6.7"],["type","120","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.5"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","60","3.4"],["[others]","420","23.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-jhxzl","timestamp":"20241125133739","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Role-playing video game","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Role-playing_video_game","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q744038","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q744038","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-04T19:09:09Z","dateModified":"2024-10-19T07:12:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/Legend_of_Grimrock_screenshot_01.jpg","headline":"video game genre"}</script> </body> </html>