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Disponibile in 10 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شعر ملاحم هندية - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعر ملاحم هندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ভারতীয় মহাকাব্য - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় মহাকাব্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Indian epic poetry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भारतीय महाकाव्य - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय महाकाव्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಮಹಾಕಾವ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EC%84%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="인도 서사시 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 서사시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਮਹਾਂਕਾਵਿ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਮਹਾਂਕਾਵਿ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ہندوستان دی اساطیری شاعری - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستان دی اساطیری شاعری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఇతిహాసములు - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇతిహాసములు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ہندوستان کی اساطیری شاعری - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندوستان کی اساطیری شاعری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1193297#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>La <b>poesia epica indiana</b> è l'<a href="/wiki/Poesia_epica" class="mw-redirect" title="Poesia epica">epica</a> del <a href="/wiki/Subcontinente_indiano" title="Subcontinente indiano">subcontinente indiano</a>, tradizionalmente chiamata <i><b>Kavya</b></i> (o <i>Kāvya</i>; in <a href="/wiki/Sanscrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanscrito">sanscrito</a>: काव्य, IAST: <i>kāvyá</i>). Il <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> e il <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, che erano originariamente scritte in sanscrito ma che poi vennero tradotte in altre lingue, e le <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinque_grandi_epopee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinque grandi epopee (la pagina non esiste)">cinque grandi epopee</a> della <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letteratura_tamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letteratura tamil (la pagina non esiste)">letteratura tamil</a> e <a href="/wiki/Letteratura_sangam" class="mw-redirect" title="Letteratura sangam">sangam</a> sono gli esempi più antichi di questo genere.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epica_sanscrita">Epica sanscrita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Epica sanscrita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Epica sanscrita"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gli antichi poemi epici sanscriti <i><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Rāmāyaṇa">Ramayana</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" title="Mahābhārata">Mahabharata</a></i> comprendono insieme l'<i><a href="/wiki/Itih%C4%81sa" title="Itihāsa">Itihāsa</a></i> ("Lo scrittore stesso ha assistito alla storia") o <i>Mahākāvya</i> ("Grandi composizioni"), un canone delle scritture indù. In effetti, prevalse la forma epica e il verso rimase fino a tempi molto recenti la forma preferita delle opere letterarie indù. Il culto dell'eroe è un aspetto centrale della cultura indiana e quindi si prestava facilmente a una tradizione letteraria che abbondava di poesia e letteratura epiche. I <a href="/wiki/Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Purāṇa"><i>Purana</i></a>, una vasta raccolta di storie in forma di versi di molti dei e dee indù, seguirono questa tradizione. <i>Itihāsa</i> e <i>Purana</i> sono menzionati nell'<i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva Veda</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e indicati come il quarto Veda.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La lingua di questi testi, definita "sanscrito epico", costituisce la prima fase del sanscrito classico, dopo l'ultima del sanscrito vedico che si trova negli <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrauta_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrauta Sutra (la pagina non esiste)">Shrauta Sutra</a></i>. Il <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supar%E1%B9%87%C4%81khy%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suparṇākhyāna (la pagina non esiste)">Suparṇākhyāna</a></i>, un tardo poema vedico considerato tra le "prime tracce di poesia epica in India", è un precursore più antico e più breve della leggenda espansa di <a href="/wiki/Garu%E1%B8%8Da" title="Garuḍa">Garuda</a> che è inclusa nel <i>Mahābhārata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winternitz1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winternitz1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vogel1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogel1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il kavi buddista <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a> (che visse nel I-II secolo) scrisse due poemi epici, <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhacarita" title="Buddhacarita">Buddhacarita</a></i> (una biografia del Buddha) e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saundarananda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saundarananda (la pagina non esiste)">Saundarananda</a></i> (la storia della conversione di Nanda, il fratello minore del Buddha), e un, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aariputraprakara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śariputraprakaraṇa (la pagina non esiste)">Śariputraprakaraṇa</a></i>, di cui sono rimasti soltanto pochi frammenti. </p><p>Anche il famoso poeta e drammaturgo <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> scrisse due poemi epici: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raghuvamsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raghuvamsha (la pagina non esiste)">Raghuvamsha</a></i> ("La dinastia di Raghu") e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumarasambhava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumarasambhava (la pagina non esiste)">Kumarasambhava</a></i> ("La nascita di Kumar Kartikeya"). Altri poemi epici sanscriti classici sono <i>L'uccisione di Śiśupāla Śiśupālavadha</i> di <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_(poeta)" title="Māgha (poeta)">Māgha</a>, <i>Arjuna e l'uomo della montagna Kirātārjunīya</i> di <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81ravi" title="Bhāravi">Bhāravi</a>, <i>Le avventure del principe di Nishadha Naiṣadhacarita</i> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ar%C4%ABhar%E1%B9%A3a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śrīharṣa (la pagina non esiste)">Śrīharṣa</a> e il poema di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhaṭṭikṭṭā (la pagina non esiste)">Bhaṭṭikṭṭā</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatti_(poeta)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatti (poeta) (la pagina non esiste)">Bhatti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epica_hindi">Epica hindi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Epica hindi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Epica hindi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il primo poema epico ad apparire in hindi fu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramacharitamanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramacharitamanas (la pagina non esiste)">Ramacharitamanas</a></i> di <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> (1543–1623), anch'esso basato sul <i>Ramayana</i>. È considerato un grande classico della poesia e della letteratura epica hindi e mostra un autore con il completo controllo su tutti gli stili importanti di composizione: narrativa, epica, lirica e dialettica. Ha dato un carattere divino a <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ma" title="Rāma">Rama</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Avatara" title="Avatara">Avatar</a> indù di <a href="/wiki/Visn%C3%B9" title="Visnù">Vishnu</a>, dipingendolo come un figlio ideale, marito, fratello e re. </p><p>Nella moderna letteratura hindi, <a href="/wiki/Kamayari" title="Kamayari"><i>Kamayani</i></a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaishankar_Prasad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaishankar Prasad (la pagina non esiste)">Jaishankar Prasad</a> raggiunse lo status di epico. La narrazione si basa su una storia mitologica popolare, menzionata per la prima volta in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aatapatha_Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa"><i>Satapatha Brahmana</i></a>, del grande diluvio e i personaggi centrali del poema epico sono Manu (un maschio) e Shraddha (una femmina). Manu rappresenta la psiche umana e Shradha rappresenta l'amore. Un altro personaggio femminile è Ida, che rappresenta la razionalità. Alcuni critici ipotizzano che i tre personaggi principali del <i>Kamayani</i> simboleggino una sintesi di conoscenza, azione e desiderio nella vita umana. Ispira gli umani a vivere una vita basata sul "karm" e non sulla fortuna. </p><p>Oltre a <i>Kamayani</i>, <i>Kurukshetra</i> (1946), <i>Rashmirathi</i> (1952) e <i>Urvashi</i> (1961) di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramdhari_Singh_Dinkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramdhari Singh Dinkar (la pagina non esiste)">Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'</a> raggiunsero allo stesso modo lo status di poesia epica, così come <i>Lalita Ke Aansoo</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di Krant M. L. Verma (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, incentrato sulla morte di <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> vista dalla moglie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lalita_Shastri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lalita Shastri (la pagina non esiste)">Lalita Shastri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epica_tamil">Epica tamil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Epica tamil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Epica tamil"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il periodo post-<a href="/wiki/Letteratura_Sangam" title="Letteratura Sangam">sangam</a> (II-VI secolo) vide la scrittura di molti grandi poemi epici tamil, tra cui <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilappatikaram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cilappatikaram (la pagina non esiste)">Cilappatikaram</a></i> (o <i>Silappadhikaram</i>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manimegalai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manimegalai (la pagina non esiste)">Manimegalai</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civaka_Cintamani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civaka Cintamani (la pagina non esiste)">Civaka Cintamani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valayapathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valayapathi (la pagina non esiste)">Valayapathi</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundalakesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundalakesi (la pagina non esiste)">Kundalakesi</a></i>. Dei cinque, <i>Manimegalai</i> e <i>Kundalakesi</i> sono opere religiose buddiste, <i>Civaka Cintamani</i> e <i>Valayapathi</i> sono opere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Jain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Jain (la pagina non esiste)">Tamil Jain</a> e <i>Silappatikaram</i> ha una visione religiosa neutrale. Furono scritti in un periodo compreso tra il I secolo d.C. e il X secolo d.C. e fungono da prova storica della vita sociale, religiosa, culturale e accademica delle persone durante l'era in cui furono creati. <i>Civaka Cintamani</i> ha introdotto lunghi versi chiamati <i>virutha pa</i> nella letteratura Tamil, mentre <i>Silappatikaram</i> ha usato il metro <i>akaval</i> (monologo), uno stile adottato dalla letteratura Sangam. </p><p>Più tardi, durante il periodo <a href="/wiki/Chola" title="Chola">Chola</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamban_(poeta)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamban (poeta) (la pagina non esiste)">Kamban</a> (XII secolo) scrisse quello che è considerato uno dei più grandi poemi epici tamil: il <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamba_Ramayanam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamba Ramayanam (la pagina non esiste)">Kamba Ramayanam</a></i>, basato sul <i>Valmiki Ramayana</i>. Il <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruthondat_Puranam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiruthondat Puranam (la pagina non esiste)">Thiruthondat Puranam</a></i> (o <i>Periya Puranam</i>) di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chekkizhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chekkizhar (la pagina non esiste)">Chekkizhar</a> è il grande poema epico Tamil dei santi <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aaivasiddh%C4%81nta" title="Śaivasiddhānta">Shaiva</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> e fa parte delle scritture religiose della maggioranza Shaivites del Tamil Nadu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_epica_indiana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Amaresh Datta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1755"><span style="font-style:italic;">Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti - Amaresh Datta - Google Books</span></a>, 1988, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788126011940" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788126011940">9788126011940</a>. <small>URL consultato il 24 settembre 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Atharva Veda 11.7.24, 15.6.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Chāndogya Upaniṣad 7.1.2,4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winternitz1996-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Winternitz1996_4-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Moriz Winternitz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292"><span style="font-style:italic;">A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1</span></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 291–292, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-81-208-0264-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-81-208-0264-3">978-81-208-0264-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogel1995-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Vogel1995_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Jean Philippe Vogel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53"><span style="font-style:italic;">Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art</span></a>, Asian Educational Services, 1995, pp. 53–54, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-81-206-1071-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-81-206-1071-2">978-81-206-1071-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/lalita-ke-amsu-sri-lalabahadura-sastri-ke-jivana-para-adharita-eka-karuna-kavya-krti/oclc/60419441&referer=brief_results">Book:Lalita Ke Ansoo on worldcat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hindustan</i> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> 12 gennaio 1978 (ललिता के आँसू का विमोचन)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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