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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_los_comuneros" title="Rebelión de los comuneros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de los comuneros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Comuneros_(Colombie)" title="Révolte des Comuneros (Colombie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte des Comuneros (Colombie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrezione_dei_Comuneros" title="Insurrezione dei Comuneros – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insurrezione dei Comuneros" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Special:EditPage/Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Revolt+of+the+Comuneros%22+New+Granada">"Revolt of the Comuneros" New Granada</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Revolt+of+the+Comuneros%22+New+Granada+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Revolt+of+the+Comuneros%22+New+Granada&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Revolt+of+the+Comuneros%22+New+Granada+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Revolt+of+the+Comuneros%22+New+Granada">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Revolt+of+the+Comuneros%22+New+Granada&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Revolt of the Comuneros</b> was a popular uprising in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish authorities</a> from March through October 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolt was in reaction to the increase in taxation to raise funds for defense of the region against the British, a rise in the price of tobacco and brandy, which were part of the late eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon reforms">Bourbon reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial revolt was local and not well known outside the region of Socorro, but in the late nineteenth century, historian Manuel Briceño saw the massive revolt as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 1781 revolt, residents in New Granada had protested, at times violently, crown policy implementation there between 1740 and 1779. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolt">Revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 16, 1781, in <a href="/wiki/Socorro,_Santander" title="Socorro, Santander">Socorro</a> in northeastern Colombia, grocer <a href="/wiki/Manuela_Beltr%C3%A1n" title="Manuela Beltrán">Manuela Beltrán</a> tore down posted edicts about new tax increases and other changes that would have reduced the profits of the colonists and enlarged the benefits of Spain. Many other towns in New Granada began to have the same occurrences with colonists livid about the conditions of the ruling government. Local residents began to assemble and elect a body of officials known as <i>el común</i>, or a central committee "to lead the movement."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels unified under the leadership of Juan Francisco Berbeo, a <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> elite. Despite coming from the upper classes of society, the rebels introduced the idea of unifying and organising the diverse social classes comprising common people; the endorsement of the elites improved the rebels' efforts to unify, where Berbeo consolidated 10,000 to 20,000 rebel troops to march on <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, the capital. Once the rebels defeated the rival soldiers sent from Bogotá, they reached a town slightly north of it, where Spanish officials agreed to meet with the Comuneros and sign an agreement stating the conditions and complaints of the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, once the rebels disbanded, the Spanish government officials signed a document that discarded the agreement on the basis that it was forced upon them. Once reinforcements for the Spanish government arrived, they were sent to rebellious cities and towns to enforce the implementation of the increased taxes. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gal%C3%A1n" title="José Antonio Galán">José Antonio Galán</a>, one of the leaders of the revolt, continued on with a small number of rebels, including Jose Manuel Ortiz Manosalvas, but they were quickly defeated and executed, while other leaders of the rebellion were sentenced to life in prison for treason. </p><p>The influence of the revolt led to similar uprisings, with a similar outcome, as far north as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miranda,_M%C3%A9rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miranda, Mérida">Timotes</a>, now in Venezuela but at the time under jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Barinas,_Barinas" title="Barinas, Barinas">Barinas</a> defeated the Comuneros of the Venezuelan Andes (1781), a fact that led to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Carlos IV</a> granting it in 1790 the coat of arms that today retains the state capital, along with the motto "very noble and very loyal". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations_of_its_causes">Interpretations of its causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretations of its causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many causes contributed to the revolt of 1781. Some were long-standing, related to the viceroyalty in New Granada in 1717. There is a debate among historians over what the main factor was, but what is clear is that the need for economic and political reform and the idea of self-government were contributors. </p><p>A series of reforms to the economy and government of the colonies, now called the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a>, are believed to be a factor. As the population and economy of the New World began to outgrow that of Spain, Spain began to look for ways to make the colonies more profitable. The Spanish government sought to eliminate tax evasion to reduce benefits to the colonies, and created new laws and taxes to establish greater support and a larger revenue for the home country. Spain also created trading companies, allowed for agricultural and industrial <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">"royal monopolies"</a> and encouraged a greater amount of imports to the colonies to decrease the manufacturing capability of the colonies. These economic and social reforms increased the limitations for colonists to produce crops and changed their economy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor considered by scholars is the major political reforms that the Spanish government forced on the colonies. In order for Spain to benefit economically from the colonies, it needed stricter control over their government. These political changes were also part of the Bourbon Reforms. Some historians such as Brian Hamnett believe that it was the age-long battle between "<a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a> versus the <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">unwritten constitution</a>" of New Granada that spurred on the colonists. He believes that the imperialism of the Spanish home country and its dependence upon the colonies contributed to the need of the colonies' "decentralization." In a review of John Leddy Phelan's book on the Comunero revolt,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamnett states that the revolt was started, not with the goal of an independence movement, political freedom and self-government, but only with the hope of reversing the reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comunero_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Comunero (disambiguation)">Comunero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (coeval revolt in Peru caused by the Bourbon Reforms)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caballero_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Antonio Caballero y Góngora">Antonio Caballero y Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gal%C3%A1n" title="José Antonio Galán">José Antonio Galán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alfonso_Pizarro" title="José Alfonso Pizarro">José Alfonso Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Hevia" class="extiw" title="es:Juan José García de Hevia">Juan José García de Hevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Torrezar_D%C3%ADaz_Pimienta" title="Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta">Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Stoller, "Comunero Revolt (New Granada)" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i> vol. 2, p. 240. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark A. Burkholder and Lyman L. Johnson, <i>Colonial Latin America</i> 7th edition. New York: Oxford University Press 2010, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoller, "Comunero Revolt", p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/default.asp?ItemID=WE53&NewItemID=True">"Comuneros' Revolt in New Granada.”</a> Modern World History Online. Facts on File, 2008. Accessed 29 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillip, Charles, and Alan Axelrold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/NuHistory/default.asp?ItemID=WE53&NewItemID=True">“Comunero's Revolt in New Granada.”</a> Modern World History Online. Facts on File, 2005. Accessed 29 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Muñoz Oraá, <i>Los comuneros de Venezuela</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display.aspx?entryid=309629&issublink=true&searchtext=comunero%20revolt%20of%20new%20granada&type=simple&option=all">“Bourdon Reforms.”</a> World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, n.d. Accessed 29 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Leddy Phelan, <i>The people and the King : the Comunero Revolution in Colombia, 1781</i>. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian R. Hamnett, (1980). "Review of The People and the King: The Comunero Revolt in Colombia, 1781 by John Leddy Phelen". The Americas. 36 (3): 415–416. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/981304">981304</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAguilera_Peña1985" class="citation book cs1">Aguilera Peña, Mario (1985). <i>Los Comuneros: Guerra social y lucha anticolonial</i>. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13007905">13007905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Comuneros%3A+Guerra+social+y+lucha+anticolonial&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+Colombia&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13007905&rft.aulast=Aguilera+Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Comuneros+%28New+Granada%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>McFarlane, Anthony. "Review of <i>Los Comuneros: Guerra social y lucha anticolonial</i> by Mario Aguilera Peña." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> vol. 66, No. 4 (Nov. 1986), pp. 791–93.</li></ul></li> <li>Briceño, Manuel. <i>Los comuneros: historia de la insurección de 1781</i> (1880) Bogotá : C. Valencia Editores, 1977.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1981" class="citation journal cs1">Loy, Jane M. (1981). "Forgotten Comuneros: The 1781 Revolt in the Llanos of Casanare". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 235–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2513830">10.2307/2513830</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2513830">2513830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Forgotten+Comuneros%3A+The+1781+Revolt+in+the+Llanos+of+Casanare&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-257&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2513830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2513830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=Jane+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Comuneros+%28New+Granada%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz_Oraá1971" class="citation book cs1">Muñoz Oraá, Carlos E. (1971). <i>Los comuneros de Venezuela</i>. Mérida, Venezuela: Universidad de Los Andes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+comuneros+de+Venezuela&rft.place=M%C3%A9rida%2C+Venezuela&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Los+Andes&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz+Ora%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Carlos+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Comuneros+%28New+Granada%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelan1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Leddy_Phelan" title="John Leddy Phelan">Phelan, John Leddy</a> (1978). <i>The People and the King: The Comunero Revolution in Colombia, 1781</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07294-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07294-0"><bdi>978-0-299-07294-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+and+the+King%3A+The+Comunero+Revolution+in+Colombia%2C+1781&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-299-07294-0&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=John+Leddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Comuneros+%28New+Granada%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamnett1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hamnett, Brian R. (1980). "Review of <i>The People and the King: The Comunero Revolt in Colombia, 1781</i> by John Leddy Phelan". <i>The Americas</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 415–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F981304">10.2307/981304</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/981304">981304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+People+and+the+King%3A+The+Comunero+Revolt+in+Colombia%2C+1781+by+John+Leddy+Phelan&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-416&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F981304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F981304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hamnett&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevolt+of+the+Comuneros+%28New+Granada%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_sources">External sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display.aspx?entryid=309629&issublink=true&searchtext=comunero%20revolt%20of%20new%20granada&type=simple&option=all">“Bourdon Reforms.”</a> World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, n.d. Accessed 29 January 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display.aspx?entryid=309629&issublink=true&searchtext=comunero%20revolt%20of%20new%20granada&type=simple&option=all">“Comunero Revolt.”</a> World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, n.d. 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