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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Merman" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Merman" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greco-Roman_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Roman_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Greco-Roman mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marmennill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marmennill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marmennill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marmennill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hafstrambr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hafstrambr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hafstrambr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hafstrambr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_cartography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_cartography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early cartography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_cartography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Renaissance period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Renaissance_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Renaissance period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gesner's_sea-satyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gesner's_sea-satyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gesner's sea-satyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gesner's_sea-satyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavian_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scandinavian folklore</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scandinavian_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scandinavian folklore subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marbendill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marbendill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Marbendill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marbendill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havmand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havmand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Havmand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havmand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophesying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophesying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Prophesying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophesying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Abductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>English folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Merman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="غرانق الماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرانق الماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havmand" title="Havmand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Havmand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassermann_(Mythologie)" title="Wassermann (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wassermann (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trit%C3%B3n_(criatura)" title="Tritón (criatura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tritón (criatura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="دریامرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریامرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="반어인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반어인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbendill" title="Marbendill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marbendill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritoni" title="Tritoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tritoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="კაცთევზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაცთევზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerman_(waterwezen)" title="Meerman (waterwezen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meerman (waterwezen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="半魚人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="半魚人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havmann" title="Havmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Havmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جل مانس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جل مانس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedenmies" title="Vedenmies – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vedenmies" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havsmannen" title="Havsmannen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Havsmannen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_erke%C4%9Fi" title="Deniz erkeği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz erkeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جل مانس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جل مانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_c%C3%A1" title="Người cá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người cá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="半魚人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="半魚人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Merman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Merman (disambiguation)">Merman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Merman</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Crowned_Merman_-_Arthur_Rackham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Crowned_Merman_-_Arthur_Rackham.jpg/220px-A_Crowned_Merman_-_Arthur_Rackham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Crowned_Merman_-_Arthur_Rackham.jpg/330px-A_Crowned_Merman_-_Arthur_Rackham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A_Crowned_Merman_-_Arthur_Rackham.jpg/440px-A_Crowned_Merman_-_Arthur_Rackham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption"><i>A Crowned Merman</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grouping</th><td class="infobox-data">Mythological</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">Water spirit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>merman</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>mermen</b>; also merlad or merboy in youth), the male counterpart of the mythical female <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creature</a> which is <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> from the waist up and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>-like from the waist down, but may assume normal human shape. Sometimes mermen are described as hideous and other times as handsome. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the first recorded merman was the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> sea-god <a href="/wiki/Ea_(Babylonian_god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (Babylonian god)">Ea</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>), linked to the figure known to the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> as <a href="/wiki/Oannes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oannes (mythology)">Oannes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while some popular writers have equated Oannes of the Greek period to the god Ea (and to <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-spence_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oannes was rather one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">apkallu</a></i> servants to Ea.<sup id="cite_ref-breucker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breucker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">apkallu</a></i> have been described as "fish-men" in cuneiform texts, and if <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> is to be believed, Oannes was indeed a being possessed of a fish head and man's head beneath, and both a fish tail and manlike legs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-breucker_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breucker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Berossus was writing much later during the era of Greek rule, engaging in the "construction" of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-breucker_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breucker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus even though figurines have been unearth to corroborate this fish-man iconography, these can be regarded as representing "human figures clad in fish cloaks",<sup id="cite_ref-breucker_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breucker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than a being with a fish head growing above the human head. And the god Ea is also seen as depicted wearing a fish cloak by modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-worthington_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worthington-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Roman_mythology">Greco-Roman mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Greco-Roman mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton (mythology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%A9ria_mesta_Bratislavy11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gal%C3%A9ria_mesta_Bratislavy11.jpg/180px-Gal%C3%A9ria_mesta_Bratislavy11.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gal%C3%A9ria_mesta_Bratislavy11.jpg/270px-Gal%C3%A9ria_mesta_Bratislavy11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gal%C3%A9ria_mesta_Bratislavy11.jpg/360px-Gal%C3%A9ria_mesta_Bratislavy11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Triton with a <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> was depicted as a half-man, half-fish merman in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">ancient Greek art</a>. Triton was the son of the sea-god <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and sea-goddess <a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a>. Neither Poseidon nor Amphitrite were merfolk, although both were able to live underwater as easily as on land. </p><p>Tritons later became generic mermen, so that multiple numbers of them were depicted in art.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook-triton_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-triton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tritons were also associated with using a <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch shell</a> in the later <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford-classical-dict_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-classical-dict-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, Triton was referred to as the "trumpeter of <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> (<i>Neptuni tubicen</i>)" in <a href="/wiki/Marius_Nizolius" title="Marius Nizolius">Marius Nizolius</a>'s <i>Thesaurus</i> (1551),<sup id="cite_ref-nizolius_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nizolius-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this phrase has been used in modern commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-brooks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brooks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan period">Elizabethan period</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> referred to Triton's "trompet" as well.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable merman from Greek mythology was <a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a>. He was born a human and lived his early life as a fisherman. One day, while fishing, he saw that the fish he caught would jump from the grass and into the sea. He ate some of the grass, believing it to have magical properties, and felt an overwhelming desire to be in the sea. He jumped in the ocean and refused to go back on land. The sea gods nearby heard his prayers and transformed him into a sea god. <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> describes the transformation of Glaucus in the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (poem)">Metamorphoses</a></i>, describing him as a blue-green man with a fishy member where his legs had been. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marmennill">Marmennill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marmennill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marmennill" title="Marmennill">Marmennill</a></div> <p>A merman is called <i>marmennill</i> in Old Norse,<sup id="cite_ref-craigie_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craigie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attested in the <i>Ladnámabók</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vigfusson&powell_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigfusson&powell-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early settler in Iceland (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 11th century</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allegedly caught a merman while fishing, and the creature prophesied one thing: the man's son will gain possession of the piece of land where the mare Skálm chooses to "lie down under her load". In a subsequent fishing trip the man was drowned, survived by the boy who stayed behind.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vigfusson&powell_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigfusson&powell-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-craigie_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craigie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-palsson1988_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palsson1988-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hafstrambr">Hafstrambr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hafstrambr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>hafstrambr</i> is a merman, described as a counterpart to the hideous mermaid <i>margýgr</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Konungs_skuggsj%C3%A1" title="Konungs skuggsjá">Konungs skuggsjá</a></i> ("King's mirror", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>). He is said to generally match her anthropomorphic appearance on the top half, though his lower half is said to have been never been seen.<sup id="cite_ref-lehn&schroeder_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehn&schroeder-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nansen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nansen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In actuality, it may have been just a sea-mammal (<a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded seal</a>, <i>Cystophora cristata</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-nordgaard_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordgaard-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finnur_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finnur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the phenomenon of some sea creature appearing magnified in size, caused by mid-range <a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lehn&schroeder_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehn&schroeder-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval Norsemen may have regarded the <i>hafstrambr</i> as the largest sorts of mermen, which would explain why the word for <i>marmennill</i> ('little mer-man') would be given in the diminutive.<sup id="cite_ref-GhM_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhM-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other commentators treat the <i>hafstrambr</i> merely as an imaginary sea-monster.<sup id="cite_ref-gundersen-KLNM_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gundersen-KLNM-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cleasby-vigfusson-haf_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleasby-vigfusson-haf-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_cartography">Early cartography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early cartography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A twin-tailed merman is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Bianco_world_map" title="Bianco world map">Bianco world map</a> (1436).<sup id="cite_ref-watts_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watts-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siebold_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siebold-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A merman and a mermaid are shown on the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Behaim#Behaim_globe" title="Martin Behaim">Behaim globe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490–1493</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-terkla_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terkla-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_period">Renaissance period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renaissance period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gesner's_sea-satyr"><span id="Gesner.27s_sea-satyr"></span>Gesner's sea-satyr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gesner's sea-satyr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p1197-pan-marinus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p1197-pan-marinus.png/220px-Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p1197-pan-marinus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p1197-pan-marinus.png/330px-Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p1197-pan-marinus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p1197-pan-marinus.png/440px-Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p1197-pan-marinus.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Sea-Pan or sea-satyr</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p0522-monstrum-marinum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sea-monster (monstum marinum), from Gesner's (1558) Historiae animalium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p0522-monstrum-marinum.png/203px-Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p0522-monstrum-marinum.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p0522-monstrum-marinum.png/305px-Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p0522-monstrum-marinum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p0522-monstrum-marinum.png/406px-Gesner-Hist-Anim-IIII-p0522-monstrum-marinum.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sea-monster (<i>monstum marinum</i>) <div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">―Gesner (1558) <i>Historiae animalium</i>.</span></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schott-Physica-Curiosa(1697)-p-363.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Triton, in Schott's Physica-Curiosa (1697 ed.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Schott-Physica-Curiosa%281697%29-p-363.jpg/181px-Schott-Physica-Curiosa%281697%29-p-363.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Schott-Physica-Curiosa%281697%29-p-363.jpg/272px-Schott-Physica-Curiosa%281697%29-p-363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Schott-Physica-Curiosa%281697%29-p-363.jpg/362px-Schott-Physica-Curiosa%281697%29-p-363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Triton <div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">―<a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Schott" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspar Schott">Schott</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Physica_Curiosa" title="Physica Curiosa">Physica Curiosa</a></i> (1697).</span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Gesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad Gesner">Konrad Gesner</a> in his chapter on <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a> IV</i> (1558) gave the name of "sea-<a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a>" or "sea-<a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pan- vel satyrus marinus</i>) to an artist's image he obtained, which he said was that of an "ichthyocentaur" or "sea-devil".<sup id="cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr-tr_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-tr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hendrikx_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hendrikx-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wehner&zierau&arditti_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wehner&zierau&arditti-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gesner's sea-devil (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Meerteufel</i>) has been described by a modern commentator as having "the lower body of a fish and the upper body of a man, the head an horns of a buck-goat or the devil, and the breasts of a woman",<sup id="cite_ref-suutala_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suutala-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lacks the horse-legs of a typical <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a>. Gesner made reference to a passage where <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> writes of satyrs that inhabit <a href="/wiki/Taprobana" title="Taprobana">Taprobana</a>'s seas,<sup id="cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> counted among the fishes and <a href="/wiki/Cetus_(mythology)" title="Cetus (mythology)">cete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κήτη</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kḗtē</i></span>, "sea monsters").<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holder_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holder-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This illustration was apparently ultimately based on a skeletal specimen and <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wehner&zierau&arditti_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wehner&zierau&arditti-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gesner explained that such a creature was placed on exhibit in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 3 November 1523.<sup id="cite_ref-holder_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holder-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in Gesner's book it is stated the "sea monster (<i>monstrum marinum</i>)" viewed on this same date was the size of a 5-year-old child.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been remarked in connection to this by one ichthyologist that mermen created by joining the monkey's upper body with a fish's lower extremity have been manufactured in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> for centuries;<sup id="cite_ref-holder_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holder-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and such merchandise may have been imported into <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by the likes of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> by this time<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Mermaid#Bartholin's_siren" title="Mermaid">Bartholin's siren</a>). Mummies (Feejee mermaids) were certainly being manufactured in Japan in some quantity by the 19th century or even earlier<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014101_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014101-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (cf. <a href="#Hoaxes_and_sideshows">§Hoaxes and sideshows</a>). </p><p>The "sea-satyr[e]" appears in <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i> (1590), and glossed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis J. Child">Francis J. Child</a> as a type of "ichthyocentaur", on the authority of Gesner.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandinavian_folklore">Scandinavian folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scandinavian folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marbendill">Marbendill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marbendill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marmennill" title="Marmennill">marmennill</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> folklore beliefs speak of sea-dwelling humans (humanoids) known as <i>marbendlar</i> (sing. <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/marbendill" class="extiw" title="wikt:marbendill">marbendill</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2002_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the later Norse,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cochrane_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cochrane-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern Icelandic form of <i><a href="/wiki/Marmennill" title="Marmennill">marmennill</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-webster-EB1891_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-EB1891-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-macculloch_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macculloch-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_l%C3%A6r%C3%B0i_Gu%C3%B0mundsson" title="Jón lærði Guðmundsson">Jón lærði Guðmundsson</a> ('the Learned', d. 1658)'s writings concerning elves<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes the merman or <i>marbendill</i> as a "water-elf". This merman is described as seal-like from the waist down.<sup id="cite_ref-halldor1924_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halldor1924-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jón the Learned also wrote down a short tale or folktale concerning it,<sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been translated under the titles "The Merman"<sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol1-merman_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol1-merman-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Of Marbendill".<sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason-iceland_review_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-iceland_review-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnasson</a>, building on this classification, divided the water-elves into two groups: the male marbendill vs. the female known variously as <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hafgýgur, haffrú, margýgur</i></span>, or <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">meyfiskur</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason-saebuar_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-saebuar-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in current times, <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hafmey</i></span> is the common designation of the mermaid.<sup id="cite_ref-olina_thorvardardottir_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olina_thorvardardottir-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gender classification however is not in alignment with the medieval source described above, which pairs the margýgr with the (<a href="#Hafstrambr">hafstrambr</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Havmand">Havmand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Havmand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Norwegian folklore dating back to the 18th century, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Havmand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havmand (page does not exist)">havmand</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/havmand" class="extiw" title="no:havmand">no</a>]</span></i> takes the mermaid (<i>havfrue</i>) as wife, and the offspring or young they produce are called <i>marmæler</i> (sing. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">marmæle</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pontoppidan_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pontoppidan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pontoppidan-eng_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pontoppidan-eng-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norwegian mermen (<i>havmænd</i>) were later ascribed the general characteristic that they are of "a dusky hue, with a long beard, black hair, and from the waist upwards resemble a man, but downwards are like a fish."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <i>marmæler</i> does literally mean 'sea-talker',<sup id="cite_ref-bassett_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bassett-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word is thought to be a corruption of <i>marmenill</i>, the aforementioned Old Norse term for merman.<sup id="cite_ref-GhM_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GhM-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophesying">Prophesying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prophesying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alleged <i>marmennill</i> prophesying to an early Icelandic settler has already been noted (cf. <a href="#Medieval_period">§Medieval period</a>). In the story "The Merman", a captured <i>marbendill</i> laughs thrice, and when pressed, reveals to the peasant his insight (buried gold, wife's infidelity, dog's fidelity) on promise of release. The peasant finds wonderful gray milk-cows next to his property, which he presumes were the merman's gift; the unruly cows were made obedient by bursting the strange bladder or sac on their muzzle (with the stick he carried).<sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol1-merman_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol1-merman-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jon_arnason-iceland_review_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon_arnason-iceland_review-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abductions">Abductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, the superstition of the merman (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">hafsman</i>) abducting a human girl to become his wife has been documented (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>, early 19th century); the merman's consort is said to be occasionally spotted sitting on a holme (small island), laundering her linen or combing her hair.<sup id="cite_ref-grafstroem&forssell_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grafstroem&forssell-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visa_(verse)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visa (verse) (page does not exist)">visa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa" class="extiw" title="sv:Visa">sv</a>]</span></i>) entitled "<i>Hafsmannen</i>" about a merman abducting a girl; the Danish ballad "<i>Rosmer Havmand</i>" is a cognate ballad based on the same legend.<sup id="cite_ref-goedecke_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goedecke-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-child_ballad-rosmer_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child_ballad-rosmer-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Agnete_og_Havmanden" title="Agnete og Havmanden">Agnete og Havmanden</a>" is another <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> ballad work with this theme, but it is of late composition (late 18th century). It tells of a merman who had been mated to a human woman named Agnete; the merman unsuccessfully pleaded with her to come back to him and <a href="/wiki/The_Merman%27s_Children" title="The Merman's Children">their children in the sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kramer_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kramer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sjoekungen_by_John_Bauer_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sjoekungen_by_John_Bauer_1911.jpg/220px-Sjoekungen_by_John_Bauer_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sjoekungen_by_John_Bauer_1911.jpg/330px-Sjoekungen_by_John_Bauer_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sjoekungen_by_John_Bauer_1911.jpg/440px-Sjoekungen_by_John_Bauer_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agnete_og_Havmanden" title="Agnete og Havmanden"><i>The merman</i> </a>(1911) by <a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">John Bauer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_folklore">English folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English folklorist <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Jacqueline Simpson</a> surmises that as in Nordic (Scandinavian) countries, the original man-like water-dwellers of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> probably lacked fish-like tails.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson&roud_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson&roud-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "wildman" caught in a fishnet, described by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Coggeshall" title="Ralph of Coggeshall">Ralph of Coggeshall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1210</span>) was entirely man-like though he liked to eat raw fish and eventually returned to the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson&roud_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson&roud-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Mary_Briggs" title="Katharine Mary Briggs">Katharine Mary Briggs</a> opined that the mermen are "often uglier and rougher in the British Isles".<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mermen, which seldom frequent <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">American folklore</a>, are supposedly depicted as less beautiful than mermaids.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celtic_folklore">Celtic folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Celtic folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Irish <a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">fakelore</a> story of "<a href="/wiki/The_Soul_Cages_(story)" title="The Soul Cages (story)">The Soul Cages</a>" features a male <a href="/wiki/Merrow" title="Merrow">merrow</a> named Coomara, a hideous creature with green hair, teeth and skin, narrow eyes and a red nose. The tale was created by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Thomas Keightley</a>, who lifted the plot from one of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimms'</a> collected tales (<i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" title="Deutsche Sagen">Deutsche Sagen</a></i> No. 25, "Der Wassermann und der Bauer" or "The Waterman and the Peasant").<sup id="cite_ref-markey_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-markey-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cornish_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish folklore">Cornish folklore</a> into early modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Bucca_(mythological_creature)" title="Bucca (mythological creature)">Bucca</a>, described as a lonely, mournful character with the skin of a <a href="/wiki/Conger" title="Conger">conger</a> eel and hair of seaweed, was still placated with votive offerings of fish left on the beach by fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly vengeful <a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">water spirits</a> occur in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Breton</a> and Gaelic lore, which may relate to pre-Christian gods such as <a href="/wiki/Nechtan_(mythology)" title="Nechtan (mythology)">Nechtan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China_and_Japan">China and Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: China and Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China and in Japan, there are various accounts of "human-fish" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人魚</span></span>, Chinese: <i>renyu</i>, Japanese: <i><a href="/wiki/Ningyo" title="Ningyo">ningyo</a></i>), and these presumably occurred in male forms also. </p><p>However, Chinese human-fish have been described (and illustrated) as resembling a catfish,<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not quite so human-like (cf. <a href="/wiki/Merfolk#Renyu_or_human-fish" title="Merfolk">merfolk#Renyu or human-fish</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illustrated depictions of male <i>ningyo</i> do exist from the Edo Period (cf. <a href="/wiki/Ningyo#Male_ningyo" title="Ningyo">Ningyo§Male ningyo</a>). One example is the picture of male human-fish<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">男人魚</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">otoko ningyo</i></span>)</span> hand-copied by the young lord of <a href="/wiki/Hirosaki_Domain" title="Hirosaki Domain">Hirosaki Domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aomori_museum-otokoningyo_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aomori_museum-otokoningyo-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is the illustrated sheet of <i><a href="/wiki/Kawaraban" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawaraban">kawaraban</a></i> newspaper carrying news of the "ningyo from Holland"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿蘭陀渡り人魚</span></span>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-nishimaki_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishimaki-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fukushima_museum_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fukushima_museum-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bearing the face of an old man.<sup id="cite_ref-kushida_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kushida-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hairen_or_kaijin">Hairen or kaijin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hairen or kaijin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hairen" title="Hairen">hairen</a></div> <p>In China and Japan there are also accounts of the "sea human" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">海人</span></span>, Chinese: <i>hairen</i>, Japanese: <i>kaijin</i>), some of these accounts are of European origin. </p><p>A known description of the <i>hairen</i> occurs in a work in Chinese called <i>Zhifang waiji</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">職方外紀</span></span>), actually written by a European.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Ai Rulüe (<a href="/wiki/Giulio_Aleni" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Aleni">Giulio Aleni</a>) stated that there are two kinds of <i>hairen</i>. The example of the first kind had a beard.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhifang_waiji1843_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhifang_waiji1843-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second type of <i>hairen</i> described by Aleni was actually a female woman,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifiable as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mermaid_of_Edam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mermaid of Edam (page does not exist)">Mermaid of Edam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meermin_van_Edam" class="extiw" title="nl:Meermin van Edam">nl</a>]</span> captured in 1403, with drooping skin, as if she were dressed in [a <i>pao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袍</span></span> type of robe].<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhifang_waiji1843_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhifang_waiji1843-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, a Japanese source (<i>Nagasaki bunkenroku</i>) gave description of the <i>kaijin</i> encompassing features of both types: it had chin hair<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a skin flap around the waist similar to a <i><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">hakama</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hirokawa-nukigaki_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirokawa-nukigaki-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fujisawa1925_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujisawa1925-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These trouser-like <i>hakama</i> was worn by men, as well as women in some cases. </p><p>An older (though perhaps lesser known) account of <i>hairen</i> occurs in Shaozi or <a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a>'s work called <i>Caomuzi</i> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="zh:草木子">草木子</a>), which describes the creature as having the shape of a (Buddhist) priest, though diminutive in stature.<sup id="cite_ref-caomuzi_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caomuzi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ikeda_shiroujirou_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikeda_shiroujirou-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been equated with the <i><a href="/wiki/Umib%C5%8Dzu" title="Umibōzu">umibōzu</a></i> ("sea-priest, sea acolyte priest") <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">yōkai</a> of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-ikeda_shiroujirou_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ikeda_shiroujirou-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore_elsewhere">Folklore elsewhere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Folklore elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Merman" title="Special:EditPage/Merman">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Merman%22">"Merman"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Merman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Merman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Merman%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Merman%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Merman%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vetehinen_(folklore)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vetehinen (folklore) (page does not exist)"><i>vetehinen</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetehinen_(taruolento)" class="extiw" title="fi:Vetehinen (taruolento)">fi</a>]</span>, a type of <i><a href="/wiki/Neck_(water_spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck (water spirit)">neck</a></i>, is sometimes portrayed as a magical, powerful, bearded man with the tail of a fish. He can cure illnesses, lift <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curses</a> and brew <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">potions</a>, but he can also cause unintended harm by becoming too curious about human life. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> folklore of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auvekoejak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auvekoejak (page does not exist)">Auvekoejak</a> is a furry merman.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an Italian folktale with medieval roots, <a href="/wiki/Cola_Pesce" title="Cola Pesce">Cola Pesce</a> (Nicholas Fish) was a human boy until his mother cursed him to become part fish. As a merman, he occasionally assisted fishermen, but was summoned by a king who ordered him to explore the seabed and bring back items. Cola Pesce reluctantly went on the king's errands, only to disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-calvino_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvino-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boto" title="Boto">boto</a> (river dolphins) of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> regions of northern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, is described according to local lore as taking the form of a human or merman, also known as <i>encantado</i> ("enchanted one" in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Language">Portuguese</a>) and with the habit of seducing human women and impregnating them.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the folklore of the <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, ancestral spirits called <a href="/wiki/Nommo" title="Nommo">Nommo</a> had humanoid upper torsos, legs and feet, and a fish-like lower torso and tail.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_heraldry">In heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6yri-Maksamaa.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/V%C3%B6yri-Maksamaa.vaakuna.svg/170px-V%C3%B6yri-Maksamaa.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/V%C3%B6yri-Maksamaa.vaakuna.svg/255px-V%C3%B6yri-Maksamaa.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/V%C3%B6yri-Maksamaa.vaakuna.svg/340px-V%C3%B6yri-Maksamaa.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Merman pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Vörå">Vörå</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mermen or "tritons" see uncommon use in British <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, where they appear with the torso, head and arms of a man upon the tail of a fish. They are typically used as <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supporters</a>, and are rarely used as <a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">charges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hoaxes_and_sideshows">Hoaxes and sideshows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hoaxes and sideshows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mermaid#Hoaxes_and_show_exhibitions" title="Mermaid">Mermaid § Hoaxes and show exhibitions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banff_Merman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Banff_Merman.jpg/220px-Banff_Merman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Banff_Merman.jpg/330px-Banff_Merman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Banff_Merman.jpg/440px-Banff_Merman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The Banff "merman" on display at the Indian Trading Post, <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Alberta" title="Banff, Alberta">Banff, Alberta</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenny_Haniver1218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Upright dried ray or skate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jenny_Haniver1218.jpg/82px-Jenny_Haniver1218.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jenny_Haniver1218.jpg/123px-Jenny_Haniver1218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jenny_Haniver1218.jpg/164px-Jenny_Haniver1218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenny_Haniver1217.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up of dried ray or skate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jenny_Haniver1217.JPG/132px-Jenny_Haniver1217.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jenny_Haniver1217.JPG/198px-Jenny_Haniver1217.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Jenny_Haniver1217.JPG/264px-Jenny_Haniver1217.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A dried <a href="/wiki/Ray_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray (fish)">ray</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Haniver" title="Jenny Haniver">Jenny Haniver</a>, on display at <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> Museum, Iran</div></div></div></div> <p>A stuffed specimen of the merfolk was exhibited in London in 1822 was later billed "<a href="/wiki/Fiji_mermaid" title="Fiji mermaid">Fiji mermaid</a>" by <a href="/wiki/P.T._Barnum" class="mw-redirect" title="P.T. Barnum">P.T. Barnum</a> and put on display in the <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's American Museum</a>, New York, in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although billed as a "mermaid", this has also been bluntly referred to as a "Barnum's merman" in one piece of journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen was an example of fake mermaids posed in "<a href="/wiki/The_Scream" title="The Scream">The Scream</a>" style, named after <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>'s painting; mermaids in this pose were commonly made in the late 18th and early 19th century in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014101_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014101-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar fake "mermaid" at the <a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondeson199958–59_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondeson199958–59-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also been relabeled by another curator as a "merman",<sup id="cite_ref-viscardi_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viscardi-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where "mermen" or "feejee mermaids" are used as generic terms for such concocted mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat201498_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat201498-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA testing was inconclusive as to species (and nothing on gender was disclosed), but despite being catalogued as a "Japanese Monkey-fish", it was determined to contain no monkey parts, but only the teeth, scales, etc. of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-viscardi_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viscardi-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014103_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014103-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another "merman" specimen supposedly found in <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Alberta" title="Banff, Alberta">Banff, Alberta</a>, is displayed at the Indian Trading Post.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other such "mermen", which may be composites of wood carvings, parts of monkeys and fish, are found in museums around the world; for example, at the <a href="/wiki/Booth_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth Museum">Booth Museum</a> in Brighton.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such fake mermaids handcrafted from monkeys and fish were being made in China and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, and imported by the Dutch since the mid-16th century, according to ichthyologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Willis_Gudger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Willis Gudger (page does not exist)">E. W. Gudger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several natural history books published around this time (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550s</span>) carried entries on the mermaid-like monk-fish (<a href="/wiki/Sea_monk" title="Sea monk">sea monk</a>) and the bishopfish (<a href="/wiki/Sea_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bishop">sea bishop</a>), and Gudger suspected these were misinformation based on the aforementioned hoax mermaids from the East.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512–515_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512–515-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gudger also noted that the mermaid-like bishopfish could well be simulated by a dried specimen of a ray. A dried ray bears a vaguely anthropomorphic shape, and can be further manipulated to enhance its desired monstrous look. Such figures made of <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">sharks and rays</a> eventually came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Haniver" title="Jenny Haniver">Jenny Hanivers</a> in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934514–515_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudger1934514–515-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_popular_culture">Literature and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> wrote a poem called "The Forsaken Merman" about a merman whose human wife abandoned him and their children.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mermen may feature in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy literature</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merman%27s_Children" title="The Merman's Children">The Merman's Children</a></i> by American writer <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> is inspired by the ballad <a href="/wiki/Agnete_og_Havmanden" title="Agnete og Havmanden">Agnete og Havmanden</a>. Science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> wrote two books on <i><a href="/wiki/Attar_the_Merman" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar the Merman">Attar the Merman</a></i> in which genetically enhanced mermen can communicate telepathically with dolphins. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> wrote the short story <i><a href="/wiki/Driftglass" title="Driftglass">Driftglass</a></i> in which mermen are deliberately created surgically as amphibious human beings with gills,<sup id="cite_ref-toshi_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toshi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>, a race of merpeople live in a lake outside <a href="/wiki/Hogwarts" title="Hogwarts">Hogwarts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mermen sometimes appear in modern comics, games, television shows and films. Although they were once depicted largely as being unattractive in some traditions as described in previous sections, in some modern works, mermen are portrayed as handsome, strong and brave. In the 1977–1978 television series <i><a href="/wiki/Man_from_Atlantis" title="Man from Atlantis">Man from Atlantis</a></i>, the merman as played by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Duffy" title="Patrick Duffy">Patrick Duffy</a> is described as a survivor from <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-toshi_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toshi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> mythology, mermen are a common fixture of the <a href="/wiki/Aquaman" title="Aquaman">Aquaman</a> mythos, often showing a parochialistic rivalry with humanoid water-breathers. The mermen or <a href="/wiki/Merfolk_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merfolk (Dungeons & Dragons)">merfolk</a> also appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> game.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three mermen are featured in the music video for <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>'s 1989 song "<a href="/wiki/Cherish_(Madonna_song)" title="Cherish (Madonna song)">Cherish</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Mako:_Island_of_Secrets" title="Mako: Island of Secrets">Mako: Island of Secrets</a></i> (2013–2016), a spin-off of <i><a href="/wiki/H2O:_Just_Add_Water" title="H2O: Just Add Water">H<sub>2</sub>O: Just Add Water</a></i>, includes a teenage boy named Zac (played by <a href="/wiki/Chai_Hansen" title="Chai Hansen">Chai Hansen</a>) who turns into a merman. The 2006 CG-animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Barbie:_Mermaidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbie: Mermaidia">Barbie: Mermaidia</a></i> features a merman character named Prince Nalu. </p><p>The monster known as the <a href="/wiki/Gill-man" title="Gill-man">Gill-man</a> from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon" title="Creature from the Black Lagoon">Creature from the Black Lagoon</a></i> could be seen as a modern adaptation of the merman myth.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mermen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mermen">Merman</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piscine_and_amphibian_humanoids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of piscine and amphibian humanoids">List of piscine and amphibian humanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_creatures_in_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hybrid creatures in mythology">List of hybrid creatures in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish-man" title="Fish-man">Fish-man</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, Spain</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/1983..._(A_Merman_I_Should_Turn_to_Be)" title="1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)">1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezin_Nan_Dlo" title="Tezin Nan Dlo">Tezin Nan Dlo</a> (Haitian folktale)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berrosus, as preserved by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor" title="Alexander Polyhistor">Alexander Polyhistor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It also occurs in <a href="#CITEREFGesner1558">Gesner (1558)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The settler was Grímr Ingjaldsson whose family hails from Haddingjadalr (<a href="/wiki/Hallingdal" title="Hallingdal">Hallingdal</a>), Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-craigie_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craigie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This boy is identifiable as Þórir<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (anglicized as Thore<sup id="cite_ref-vigfusson&powell_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigfusson&powell-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is replicated in the Vincenzio Formaleoni map of 1783 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCBMAPS~1~1~3272~101552:Planisferio-antico-di-Andrea-Bianco">Planisferio antico di Andrea Bianco Che si conserva in Venezia nella Biblioteca di S. Marc</a>", LUNA, JCB Map Collection. The figure occurs at the far right.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-tr-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr-tr_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr-tr_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation of Gesner's Latin passage given in: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenito_Cereno" class="citation web cs1">Benito Cereno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benito-cereno.tumblr.com/post/44594372256/okay-since-a-few-people-asked-more-info-on-this/amp">"Burgeoning Lads of Science"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burgeoning+Lads+of+Science&rft.au=Benito+Cereno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenito-cereno.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F44594372256%2Fokay-since-a-few-people-asked-more-info-on-this%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gesner's artist told him "he had received a drawing of a skeleton of such an animal in Antwerp. Also, another man brought back this monster dried from Norway to lower Germany, male and female".<sup id="cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr-tr_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-tr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An illustration similar to Gesner's <i>monstrum marinum</i> was later printed by <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Schott" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspar Schott">Kaspar Schott</a> in <i>Physica-Curiosa</i> and labeled as "Triton".<sup id="cite_ref-BHL-constantino_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHL-constantino-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Jewitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Llewellyn Jewitt">Llewellyn Jewitt</a> has also reproduced an illustration quite similar to Schott's, claiming it came from <a href="/wiki/Rondelet" title="Rondelet">Rondelet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewitt_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewitt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halldor specifies <i>Tíðfordríf</i> and commentary on the Snorra Edda</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pontpoddian had included a section on the latest sightings. One <i>havmand</i> allegedly seen in 1719 of particularly large size, measuring 3 fathoms (5.5 m), was dark-grey in colour; it had paws like the seal-calf (seal) but might be counted among the whale-kind, according to the commentator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755190–191_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755190–191-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another seen in 1723 (taken from the writing of Andreas Bussæus 1679–1735) was like an old man, with curled black hair and black beard, coarse-skinned but shaggy. One witness noticed its body was taper-ended like a fish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755194–195_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755194–195-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, it should be remembered that a polling of the folklore of the "British Isles" would include Irish folklore, and the story of the male merrow Coomara was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Thomas Keightley</a>'s invention.<sup id="cite_ref-markey_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-markey-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:須">須</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AC%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:鬚">鬚</a></span> or "beard". But had to be released back to sea, upon which it was seen "clapping its hands and laughing loudly".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">女人</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text reads <i>paofu</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袍服</span></span>, which is a somewhat specific type of formal attire, even though Mangani translated it as "non-removable cloth".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">And eyebrows, and webbed skin between the fingers and toes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gudger notes as corroborating circumstantial evidence the fact that <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rondelet" title="Guillaume Rondelet">Guillaume Rondelet</a>'s source received description of the bishopfish from some informant in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (and the Dutch were the importers of the mermaid mummies).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh196073–74_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spence-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spence_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Spence" title="Lewis Spence">Spence, Lewis</a> (1920) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO9eyEA7XHgC&pg=PA87"><i>Myths & Legends of Babylonia & Assyria</i></a>. G. Harrap. pp. 87, 93, 111, 216217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+%26+Legends+of+Babylonia+%26+Assyria&rft.pages=87%2C+93%2C+111%2C+216217&rft.pub=G.+Harrap&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyO9eyEA7XHgC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaugh1960">Waugh (1960)</a>, p. 73: "the first merman in recorded history is the sea-god Ea, or in Greek, Oannes"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breucker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-breucker_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breucker_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breucker_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breucker_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreucker2021" class="citation cs2">Breucker, Geert de (2021), Hokwerda, Hero (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hlREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">"Berossos and the Construction off a Near Eastern Cultural History in Response to the Greeks"</a>, <i>Constructions of Greek Past: Identity and Historical Consciousness from Antiquity to the Present</i>, BRILL, pp. 28–29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004495463" title="Special:BookSources/9789004495463"><bdi>9789004495463</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constructions+of+Greek+Past%3A+Identity+and+Historical+Consciousness+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.atitle=Berossos+and+the+Construction+off+a+Near+Eastern+Cultural+History+in+Response+to+the+Greeks&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004495463&rft.aulast=Breucker&rft.aufirst=Geert+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hlREAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worthington-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worthington_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Worthington_(academic)" title="Martin Worthington (academic)">Worthington, Martin</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5uG5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213">"Chapter 8 The fish:puzur nūnī"</a>. <i>Ea's Duplicity in the Gilgamesh Flood Story</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429754500" title="Special:BookSources/9780429754500"><bdi>9780429754500</bdi></a>. <q>The earliest example is probably an unpublished "tutelary figure of Ea" made of lead and wearing a fish cloak, excavated at Nineveh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8+The+fish%3Apuzur+n%C5%ABn%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Ea%27s+Duplicity+in+the+Gilgamesh+Flood+Story&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780429754500&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5uG5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-triton-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-handbook-triton_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2004" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, William F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z-LIKN0Ap0C&pg=PA316"><i>Deities, Themes and Concepts: Waters</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781-5760-7226-4" title="Special:BookSources/9-781-5760-7226-4"><bdi>9-781-5760-7226-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deities%2C+Themes+and+Concepts%3A+Waters&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9-781-5760-7226-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z-LIKN0Ap0C%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1976" class="citation book cs1">Lattimore, Steven (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPo2AQAAIAAJ"><i>The Marine Thiasos in Greek Sculpture</i></a>. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780917956027" title="Special:BookSources/9780917956027"><bdi>9780917956027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marine+Thiasos+in+Greek+Sculpture&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780917956027&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPo2AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-classical-dict-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford-classical-dict_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArafat2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arafat, Karim (KWA) (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TwhfvU08UcC&pg=PA236">"Triton"</a>. <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-54556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-54556-8"><bdi>978-0-199-54556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Triton&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-199-54556-8&rft.aulast=Arafat&rft.aufirst=Karim+%28KWA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TwhfvU08UcC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nizolius-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nizolius_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNizolius1551" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Nizolius" title="Marius Nizolius">Nizolius, Marius</a> (1551) [1535], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QehRAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA39-PA10">"Triton"</a>, <i>Dictionarium Seu Thesaurus Latinae Linguae</i>, Ex Sirenis Officina, p. 507</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionarium+Seu+Thesaurus+Latinae+Linguae&rft.atitle=Triton&rft.pages=507&rft.date=1551&rft.aulast=Nizolius&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQehRAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA39-PA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brooks-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brooks_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Covington_Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Covington Brooks">Brooks, Nathan Covington</a>, ed. (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TFKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78"><i>The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso</i></a>. p. 79, n94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metamorphoses+of+Publius+Ovidius+Naso&rft.pages=79%2C+n94&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TFKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Triton his trompet shirll", <i><a href="/wiki/Faerie_Queene" class="mw-redirect" title="Faerie Queene">Faerie Queene</a></i>, 3.11.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-craigie-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-craigie_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-craigie_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-craigie_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigie1893" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Craigie" title="William Craigie">Craigie, W. A.</a> (June 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UUKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA228">"The Oldest Icelandic Folk-Lore"</a>. <i>Folklore</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 228, 232. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1253453">1253453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Icelandic+Folk-Lore&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228%2C+232&rft.date=1893-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1253453%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Craigie&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UUKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraigie1924" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0BcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73">"46 Grím and the Merman"</a>. <i>Easy Readings in Old Icelandic</i> (in Icelandic). Edinburgh: I. B. Hutchen. pp. 73–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=46+Gr%C3%ADm+and+the+Merman&rft.btitle=Easy+Readings+in+Old+Icelandic&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=I.+B.+Hutchen&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Craigie&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0BcAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vigfusson&powell-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vigfusson&powell_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigfusson&powell_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigfusson&powell_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigfússonPowell1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_Vigf%C3%BAsson" title="Guðbrandur Vigfússon">Vigfússon, Guðbrandur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_York_Powell" title="Frederick York Powell">Powell, Frederick York</a>, eds. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahtIGHFZT-kC&pg=PA54">"Landnáma-bóc II. 5. 2."</a>. <i>Origines Islandicae: A Collection of the More Important Sagas and Other Native Writings Relating to the Settlement and Early History of Iceland</i> (in Icelandic). Vol. 1. Clarendon Press, 1905. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Landn%C3%A1ma-b%C3%B3c+II.+5.+2.&rft.btitle=Origines+Islandicae%3A+A+Collection+of+the+More+Important+Sagas+and+Other+Native+Writings+Relating+to+the+Settlement+and+Early+History+of+Iceland&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%2C+1905&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahtIGHFZT-kC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cochrane-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cochrane_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cochrane_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2008" class="citation book cs1">Cochrane, Jamie A. (2008). McKinnell, John; Ashurst, David; Kick, Donata (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSriAAAAMAAJ&q=margmelli"><i>Land-Spirits and Iceland's Fantastic Pre-Conversion Landscape</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 188–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955333507" title="Special:BookSources/9780955333507"><bdi>9780955333507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land-Spirits+and+Iceland%27s+Fantastic+Pre-Conversion+Landscape&rft.pages=188-190&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780955333507&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Jamie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSriAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmargmelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sturlubók version gives <i>marmennill</i>, while the <a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a> gives <i>margmelli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cochrane_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cochrane-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mitchell_(translator)" title="Stephen Mitchell (translator)">Mitchell, Stephen A.</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/John_Miles_Foley" title="John Miles Foley">Foley, John Miles</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFzYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C3%9E%C3%B3rir"><i>The Sagaman and Oral Literature: The Icelandic Traditions of Hjorleifr inn kvensami and Geirmundr heljarskinn</i></a>. Slavica Publishers. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893571733" title="Special:BookSources/9780893571733"><bdi>9780893571733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sagaman+and+Oral+Literature%3A+The+Icelandic+Traditions+of+Hjorleifr+inn+kvensami+and+Geirmundr+heljarskinn&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Slavica+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780893571733&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFzYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522%25C3%259E%25C3%25B3rir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palsson1988-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palsson1988_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPálsson1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%A1lsson" title="Hermann Pálsson">Pálsson, Hermann</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBNkAAAAIAAJ&q=Gr%C3%ADmr">"A Foundation Myth in Landnámabók"</a>. <i>Mediaeval Scandinavia</i>. <b>12</b>: 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediaeval+Scandinavia&rft.atitle=A+Foundation+Myth+in+Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1lsson&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBNkAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DGr%25C3%25ADmr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehn&schroeder-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lehn&schroeder_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lehn&schroeder_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehnZierau2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lehn, Waldemar H.; Zierau, Wolfgang (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~lehn/_Papers_for_Download/PolarRecord-merman.pdf">"The hafstramb and margygr of the King's Mirror: an analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Polar Record</i>. <b>40</b> (213): 228, 121–134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PoRec..40..121L">2004PoRec..40..121L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247403003255">10.1017/S0032247403003255</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55448486">55448486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=The+hafstramb+and+margygr+of+the+King%27s+Mirror%3A+an+analysis&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=213&rft.pages=228%2C+121-134&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55448486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247403003255&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PoRec..40..121L&rft.aulast=Lehn&rft.aufirst=Waldemar+H.&rft.au=Zierau%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cc.umanitoba.ca%2F~lehn%2F_Papers_for_Download%2FPolarRecord-merman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nansen-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nansen_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNansen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen, Fridtjof</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb1kAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244"><i>In Northern Mists</i></a>. Translated by Chater, Arthur G. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108071697" title="Special:BookSources/9781108071697"><bdi>9781108071697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Northern+Mists&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781108071697&rft.aulast=Nansen&rft.aufirst=Fridtjof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwb1kAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordgaard-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nordgaard_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNizolius1916" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Nordgaard" class="extiw" title="no:Ole Nordgaard">Nizolius, Marius</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Norwegian]</span> (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cowRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA217">"Triton"</a>, <i>Festskrift til professor Amund Helland paahans 70 aars fødselsdag, 11. oktober 1916</i>, Kristiania: Aschehoug, pp. 217, 221</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Festskrift+til+professor+Amund+Helland+paahans+70+aars+f%C3%B8dselsdag%2C+11.+oktober+1916&rft.atitle=Triton&rft.pages=217%2C+221&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Nizolius&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcowRAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finnur-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finnur_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finnur Jónsson ed. (1920) <i>Konungs skuggsjá: Speculum regale</i>, <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmtIAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA115">p. 115</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GhM-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GhM_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GhM_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnussenRafn1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Finn_Magnussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Finn Magnussen">Magnussen, Finn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn" title="Carl Christian Rafn">Rafn, C. C.</a>, eds. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brtQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA373">"Ch. XXIX. §10. Udtog af Konúngs skuggsjó angaaende Grönlands Beliggenhed og physiske Mærkværdigheder"</a>. <i>Grönlands historiske Mindesmaerker, udgivne af det kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskab</i>. Vol. 3. Kjøbenhavn: Brünnich. p. 373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+XXIX.+%C2%A710.+Udtog+af+Kon%C3%BAngs+skuggsj%C3%B3+angaaende+Gr%C3%B6nlands+Beliggenhed+og+physiske+M%C3%A6rkv%C3%A6rdigheder&rft.btitle=Gr%C3%B6nlands+historiske+Mindesmaerker%2C+udgivne+af+det+kongelige+nordiske+oldskrift-selskab&rft.place=Kj%C3%B8benhavn&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Br%C3%BCnnich&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbrtQAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gundersen-KLNM-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gundersen-KLNM_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundersen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dag_Gundersen" title="Dag Gundersen">Gundersen, Dag</a> (2008). Bandle, Oscar; Braunmüller, Kurt; <a href="/wiki/Ernst_H%C3%A5kon_Jahr" title="Ernst Håkon Jahr">Jahr, Ernst Håkon</a>; Karker, Allan; <a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Naumann" title="Hans-Peter Naumann">Naumann, Hans-Peter</a>; Telemann, Ulf; Elmevik, Lennart; Widmark, Gun (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBKxhq2p0PgC&pg=PA436"><i>Nordic language history and natural and technical sciences</i></a>. Vol. 1. Kjartan Gudjónsson (illustr.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110197051" title="Special:BookSources/9783110197051"><bdi>9783110197051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+language+history+and+natural+and+technical+sciences&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783110197051&rft.aulast=Gundersen&rft.aufirst=Dag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBKxhq2p0PgC%26pg%3DPA436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>, citing <i>KLNM</i>= <i>Kulturhistorisk lexikon för nordisk medeltid/for nordisk middelalder</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cleasby-vigfusson-haf-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cleasby-vigfusson-haf_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleasby & Vigfusson (1874), <i>An Icelandic-English Dictionary</i>, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ne9fAAAAcAAJ&q=haf&pg=PA228">haf</a>", viz. <i>haf-strambr</i> ".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watts-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watts_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2006" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Linda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dce6_CA76MC&pg=PA266"><i>The World Map, 1300-1492: The Persistence of Tradition and Transformation</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-88589-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-801-88589-2"><bdi>0-801-88589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Map%2C+1300-1492%3A+The+Persistence+of+Tradition+and+Transformation&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-801-88589-2&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dce6_CA76MC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siebold-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siebold_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebold2015" class="citation web cs1">Siebold, Jim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myoldmaps.com/late-medieval-maps-1300/241-andrea-bianco-world-map/">"#241 Andrea Bianco World Map"</a>. <i>myoldmaps.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myoldmaps.com&rft.atitle=%23241+Andrea+Bianco+World+Map&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Siebold&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myoldmaps.com%2Flate-medieval-maps-1300%2F241-andrea-bianco-world-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myoldmaps.com/late-medieval-maps-1300/241-andrea-bianco-world-map/241-bianco.pdf">pdf</a> text gives close-up of siren.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terkla-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-terkla_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerkla2013" class="citation cs2">Terkla, David P. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC&pg=PA56">"Behaim, Martin (c. 1459–1507)"</a>, in Friedman, John Block Friedman; Figg, Kristen Mossler (eds.), <i>Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia</i>, Routledge, pp. 55–56, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59094-9"><bdi>978-1-135-59094-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Behaim%2C+Martin+%28c.+1459%E2%80%931507%29&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Travel%2C+and+Exploration+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-59094-9&rft.aulast=Terkla&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OmCfNI_SxAC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gesner-sea-satyr-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gesner-sea-satyr_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGesner1558">Gesner (1558)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN472755935?tify={%22pages%22:%5B1237%5D,%22view%22:%22info%22}">1197</a>; (1604 ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AA0NvxYDpDQC&pg=PA1001">p. 1001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hendrikx-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hendrikx_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrikx2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hendrikx, Sophia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/anthropozoologica/53/11">"Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters"</a>. <i>Anthropozoologica</i>. <b>53</b> (11): 132–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5252%2Fanthropozoologica2018v53a11">10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a11</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F67726">1887/67726</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropozoologica&rft.atitle=Monstrosities+from+the+Sea.+Taxonomy+and+tradition+in+Conrad+Gessner%27s+%281516-1565%29+discussion+of+cetaceans+and+sea-monsters&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=132-135&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F67726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5252%2Fanthropozoologica2018v53a11&rft.aulast=Hendrikx&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencepress.mnhn.fr%2Fen%2Fperiodiques%2Fanthropozoologica%2F53%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wehner&zierau&arditti-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wehner&zierau&arditti_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wehner&zierau&arditti_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehnerZierauArditti2013" class="citation book cs1">Wehner, Ursula; Zierau, Wolfgang; Arditti, Joseph (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kyLtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Germanicus and Plinius Indicus: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Descriptions and Illustrations of Orchid "Trash Baskets", Resupination, Seeds, Floral Segments and Flower Senescence in the European Botanical Literature in Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 42–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-401-72500-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-401-72500-2"><bdi>978-9-401-72500-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanicus+and+Plinius+Indicus%3A+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Century+Descriptions+and+Illustrations+of+Orchid+%22Trash+Baskets%22%2C+Resupination%2C+Seeds%2C+Floral+Segments+and+Flower+Senescence+in+the+European+Botanical+Literature+in+Orchid+Biology%3A+Reviews+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=42-44&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-401-72500-2&rft.aulast=Wehner&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft.au=Zierau%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Arditti%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkyLtCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suutala-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suutala_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuutala1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suutala, Maria (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcQAQAAIAAJ&q=Meerteuful"><i>Tier und Mensch im Denken der deutschen Renaissance</i></a>, Studia Historica 36 (in German), Helsinki: Societas Historica Finlandiae, p. 262, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789518915341" title="Special:BookSources/9789518915341"><bdi>9789518915341</bdi></a>, <q>..der Meerteufel, Daemon marinus, der den Unterkörper eines Fisch und den Oberkörper eines Menschen hat, der Kopf und Hörner hat wie ein Bock oder wie der Teufel und die Brust ist wie bei einer Frau</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tier+und+Mensch+im+Denken+der+deutschen+Renaissance&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=Studia+Historica+36&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Societas+Historica+Finlandiae&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789518915341&rft.aulast=Suutala&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxcQAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DMeerteuful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0545.tlg001.perseus-grc1:16.18"><i>De Natura Animalium</i></a></span> 16.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holder-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holder_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holder_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holder_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolder" class="citation book cs1">Holder, Charles Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdUqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Fish Stories Alleged and Experienced: With a Little History Natural and Unnatural</i></a>. American nature series. Group V. Diversions from nature. <a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">David Starr Jordan</a>. 1909. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish+Stories+Alleged+and+Experienced%3A+With+a+Little+History+Natural+and+Unnatural&rft.series=American+nature+series.+Group+V.+Diversions+from+nature&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=1909&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=Charles+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdUqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGesner1558">Gesner (1558)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN472755935?tify={%22pages%22:%5B562%5D,%22view%22:%22info%22}">522</a>; (1604 ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AA0NvxYDpDQC&pg=PA441">p. 441</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHL-constantino-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BHL-constantino_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace_Constantino2014" class="citation web cs1">Grace Constantino (31 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2014/10/the-beautiful-monster-mermaids.html">"The Beautiful Monster: Mermaids"</a>. <i>Biodiversity Heritage Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+Heritage+Library&rft.atitle=The+Beautiful+Monster%3A+Mermaids&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft.au=Grace+Constantino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.biodiversitylibrary.org%2F2014%2F10%2Fthe-beautiful-monster-mermaids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewitt-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewitt_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewitt1880" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Llewellynn_Jewitt" title="Llewellynn Jewitt">Jewitt, Llewellyn</a> (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJs1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8-IA4">"The Mermaid, and the Symbolism of the Fish, in Art, Literature, and Legendary Lore"</a>, <i>The Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist</i>, <b>20</b>: 9–16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reliquary+and+Illustrated+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=The+Mermaid%2C+and+the+Symbolism+of+the+Fish%2C+in+Art%2C+Literature%2C+and+Legendary+Lore&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Jewitt&rft.aufirst=Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJs1AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA8-IA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGudger1934">Gudger (1934)</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014101-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014101_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014101_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014">Viscardi et al. (2014)</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenser1866" class="citation cs2">Spenser (1866), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPQTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134">"Faerie Queene, 2.12.27"</a>, <i>British Poets 2</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis J. Child">Francis J. Child</a>, Boston: Little, Brown & Company, p. 134</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Poets+2&rft.atitle=Faerie+Queene%2C+2.12.27&rft.pages=134&rft.date=1866&rft.au=Spenser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPQTAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2002-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrmann_Jakobsson2002_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrmann_Jakobsson2002">Ármann Jakobsson (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">marbendil</i></span></i> is attested in <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1lfs_saga_ok_H%C3%A1lfsrekka" title="Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka">Hálfs saga</a></i> (early 14th cent.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-EB1891-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-webster-EB1891_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Alexander_Webster" title="Hugh Alexander Webster">Webster, Hugh Alexander</a> (1891). "Mermaids and Mermen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Oloj5zFGzgC&pg=PA443"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature</i></a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Vol. 16 (9 ed.). pp. 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pages=44-45&rft.edition=9&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Oloj5zFGzgC%26pg%3DPA443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macculloch_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1930" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, John Arnott (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1zXAAAAMAAJ&q=marbendill"><i>Eddic Mythlogyo</i></a>. The Mythology of All Races 2. Boston: Marshall Jones Company. p. 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eddic+Mythlogyo&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=The+Mythology+of+All+Races+2&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Marshall+Jones+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=John+Arnott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1zXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmarbendill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halldor1924-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halldor1924_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalldór_Hermannsson1924" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Hermannsson" class="extiw" title="is:Halldór Hermannsson">Halldór Hermannsson</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Icelandic]</span> (1924), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IslandicaAnnual15/page/n31/mode/2up">"Jón Guðmundsson and his natural history of Iceland"</a>, <i>Islandica</i>, <b>15</b>: xix, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8G5LAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PR19">the original</a> on 2017-08-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islandica&rft.atitle=J%C3%B3n+Gu%C3%B0mundsson+and+his+natural+history+of+Iceland&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=xix&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Halld%C3%B3r+Hermannsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8G5LAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA3-PR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol2-intro_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJón_ÁrnasonPowell_(tr.)Magnússon_(tr.)1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_7jDsJPQUC&pg=PR56"><i>Icelandic Legends</i></a>. Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_John_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ernest John Powell">George E. J. Powell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_Magn%C3%BAsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiríkr Magnússon">Eiríkr Magnússon</a>. London: Longman, Green, and Co. pp. lvi–lvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Legends&rft.place=London&rft.pages=lvi-lvii&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1866&rft.au=J%C3%B3n+%C3%81rnason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ_7jDsJPQUC%26pg%3DPR56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jon_arnason-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJón_Árnason1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xgxyGmV62ywC&pg=PA132"><i>Þá hló marbendill</i></a>. Vol. I. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. pp. 132–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9E%C3%A1+hl%C3%B3+marbendill&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=J.+C.+Hinrichs&rft.date=1862&rft.au=J%C3%B3n+%C3%81rnason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxgxyGmV62ywC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baekur.is/bok/000197672/1/172/Islenzkar_thjodsogur_og#page/n171/mode/2up">baekur.is</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in Icelandic)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jon_arnason-eng-vol1-merman-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol1-merman_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-eng-vol1-merman_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJón_ÁrnasonPowell_(tr.)Magnússon_(tr.)1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2UAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103">"The Merman"</a>. <i>Icelandic Legends</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_John_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="George Ernest John Powell">George E. J. Powell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_Magn%C3%BAsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiríkr Magnússon">Eiríkr Magnússon</a>. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 103–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Merman&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Legends&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1864&rft.au=J%C3%B3n+%C3%81rnason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2UAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jon_arnason-iceland_review-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-iceland_review_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-iceland_review_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJón_Árnason1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_%C3%81rnason_(author)" title="Jón Árnason (author)">Jón Árnason</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_7jDsJPQUC&pg=PR56">"Of Marbendill"</a>. In May Hallmundsson; Eiríkr Magnússon (eds.). <i>Icelandic Folk and Fairy Tales</i>. Kjartan Gudjónsson (illustr.) (2 ed.). Iceland Review. pp. lvi–lvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789979510444" title="Special:BookSources/9789979510444"><bdi>9789979510444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+Marbendill&rft.btitle=Icelandic+Folk+and+Fairy+Tales&rft.pages=lvi-lvii&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Iceland+Review&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789979510444&rft.au=J%C3%B3n+%C3%81rnason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ_7jDsJPQUC%26pg%3DPR56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jon_arnason-saebuar-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jon_arnason-saebuar_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJón_Árnason1862">Jón Árnason 1862</a> "Saebúar og vatna", p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olina_thorvardardottir-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olina_thorvardardottir_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓlína_Þorvarðardóttir1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%ADna_%C3%9Eorvar%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Ólína Þorvarðardóttir">Ólína Þorvarðardóttir</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffjZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22haffr%C3%BA%22">"Sæbúar, vatnaverur og dísir"</a>. <i>Íslenskar þjóðsögur: álfar og tröll</i> (in Icelandic). Bóka- og blaðaútgáfan. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789979921004" title="Special:BookSources/9789979921004"><bdi>9789979921004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%A6b%C3%BAar%2C+vatnaverur+og+d%C3%ADsir&rft.btitle=%C3%8Dslenskar+%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0s%C3%B6gur%3A+%C3%A1lfar+og+tr%C3%B6ll&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=B%C3%B3ka-+og+bla%C3%B0a%C3%BAtg%C3%A1fan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789979921004&rft.au=%C3%93l%C3%ADna+%C3%9Eorvar%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffjZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522haffr%25C3%25BA%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pontoppidan-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pontoppidan_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontoppidan1753a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Pontoppidan, Erich</a> (1753a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVuF_HQlnYcC&pg=PA302">"Kap. 8. §2. Havmand –§4. Meer-minne – §5. Marmæte"</a>. <i>Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie</i> (in Danish). Vol. 2. Copenhagen: Berlingske Arvingers Bogtrykkerie. pp. 302–317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kap.+8.+%C2%A72.+Havmand+%E2%80%93%C2%A74.+Meer-minne+%E2%80%93+%C2%A75.+Marm%C3%A6te&rft.btitle=Det+f%C3%B8rste+Fors%C3%B8g+paa+Norges+naturlige+Historie&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=302-317&rft.pub=Berlingske+Arvingers+Bogtrykkerie&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Pontoppidan&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVuF_HQlnYcC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/34de0f4d96b2dd8914eeb75b5b49d484#393">digital copy</a>@National Library Norway</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pontoppidan-eng-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pontoppidan-eng_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontoppidan1755" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Pontoppidan" title="Erik Pontoppidan">Pontoppidan, Erich</a> (1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OglUqRf_soC&pg=RA1-PA186">"Ch. 8. Sect. 3. Hav-Mand, Mer-man – Sect. 4. Meerminne – Sect. 5. Marmæte"</a>. <i>The Natural History of Norway...: Translated from the Danish Original</i>. Vol. 2. London: A. Linde. pp. 186–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+8.+Sect.+3.+Hav-Mand%2C+Mer-man+%E2%80%93+Sect.+4.+Meerminne+%E2%80%93+Sect.+5.+Marm%C3%A6te&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Norway...%3A+Translated+from+the+Danish+Original&rft.place=London&rft.pages=186-195&rft.pub=A.+Linde&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Pontoppidan&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OglUqRf_soC%26pg%3DRA1-PA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thorpe2-p027-norw_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA27">"I. Norwegian Traditions: §The Merman (Marmennill) and Mermaid (Margygr)"</a>. <i>Northern Mythology, Comprising the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany and the Netherlands: Compiled from Original and Other Sources</i>. Vol. 2. London: Edward Lumley. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+Norwegian+Traditions%3A+%C2%A7The+Merman+%28Marmennill%29+and+Mermaid+%28Margygr%29&rft.btitle=Northern+Mythology%2C+Comprising+the+Principal+Popular+Traditions+and+Superstitions+of+Scandinavia%2C+North+Germany+and+the+Netherlands%3A+Compiled+from+Original+and+Other+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Edward+Lumley&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-lAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorpe<sup id="cite_ref-thorpe2-p027-norw_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorpe2-p027-norw-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who cites Faye as general source (p. 9, note 2), and translates <a href="#CITEREFFaye1833">Faye (1833)</a>'s description in Danish: "mørkladne, have langt Skiæg, sort Haar og ligne oventil et Menneste; men nedentil en Fisk" (pp. 58–59). Faye cites Pontoppidan as a source (p. 62).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755190–191-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755190–191_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1755">Pontoppidan (1755)</a>, pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755194–195-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPontoppidan1755194–195_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPontoppidan1755">Pontoppidan (1755)</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bassett-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bassett_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_S._Bassett" title="Fletcher S. Bassett">Bassett, Fletcher S.</a> (1892) [1885]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcYsAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148">"Chapter IV. Water-Sprites and Mermaids"</a>. <i>Sea Phantoms: Or, Legends and Superstitions of the Sea and of Sailors in All Lands and at All Times</i> (Rev. ed.). Chicago: Rinehart & Company, Inc. pp. 148–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV.+Water-Sprites+and+Mermaids&rft.btitle=Sea+Phantoms%3A+Or%2C+Legends+and+Superstitions+of+the+Sea+and+of+Sailors+in+All+Lands+and+at+All+Times&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=148-201&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Rinehart+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Fletcher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcYsAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grafstroem&forssell-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grafstroem&forssell_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafströmForssell1827" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grafström, Anders (text); Forssell, Christian (ed.) <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Forssell" class="extiw" title="sv:Christian Forssell">Forssell, Christian</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Swedish]</span> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rANdAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52">"Helsingland"</a>. <i>Ett år i Sverge: Taflor af Svenska almogens Klädedrägt, lefnadssätt och hemseder, samt de för Landets Historia märkvärdigaste Orter</i> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gustaf_Sandberg" title="Johan Gustaf Sandberg">Johan Gustaf Sandberg</a> (illustr.). J. Hörberg. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helsingland&rft.btitle=Ett+%C3%A5r+i+Sverge%3A+Taflor+af+Svenska+almogens+Kl%C3%A4dedr%C3%A4gt%2C+lefnadss%C3%A4tt+och+hemseder%2C+samt+de+f%C3%B6r+Landets+Historia+m%C3%A4rkv%C3%A4rdigaste+Orter&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=J.+H%C3%B6rberg&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Grafstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Forssell%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrANdAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Y.1873" class="citation journal cs1">J. Y. (27 December 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9A3EaAdVpIC&pg=PA315">"Swedish Anitquities: translated and abridged from Forssell's Année en Suede"</a>. <i>The Antiquary</i>. <b>IV</b> (95): 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquary&rft.atitle=Swedish+Anitquities%3A+translated+and+abridged+from+Forssell%27s+Ann%C3%A9e+en+Suede&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=95&rft.pages=315&rft.date=1873-12-27&rft.au=J.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9A3EaAdVpIC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goedecke-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goedecke_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGödecke1871" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_August_G%C3%B6decke" class="extiw" title="sv:Peter August Gödecke">Gödecke, P. A.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Swedish]</span> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEIQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA325">"Studier öfver våra folkvisor från medeltiden"</a>. <i>Framtiden: Tidskrift för fosterländsk odling</i> (in Swedish). <b>5</b>: 325–326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Framtiden%3A+Tidskrift+f%C3%B6r+fosterl%C3%A4ndsk+odling&rft.atitle=Studier+%C3%B6fver+v%C3%A5ra+folkvisor+fr%C3%A5n+medeltiden&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=325-326&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6decke&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEIQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-child_ballad-rosmer-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-child_ballad-rosmer_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChild1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Francis_James_Child" title="Francis James Child">Child, Francis James</a>, ed. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020124109/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA1EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253#page/253/mode/2up">"Rosmer Havmand, or The Mer-man Rosmer"</a>. <i>The English and Scottish Popular Ballads</i>. Vol. 1, Part2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. pp. 253–257. Archived from the original on 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rosmer+Havmand%2C+or+The+Mer-man+Rosmer&rft.btitle=The+English+and+Scottish+Popular+Ballads&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=253-257&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwA1EAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kramer-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kramer_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2014" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Nathaniel (2014). Nun, Katalin; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart_(philosopher)" title="Jon Stewart (philosopher)">Stewart, Jon</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuRIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Agnes and the Merman: Abraham as Monster</i></a>. Ashgate. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-472-44136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-472-44136-2"><bdi>978-1-472-44136-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agnes+and+the+Merman%3A+Abraham+as+Monster&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-472-44136-2&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYuRIBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simpson&roud-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simpson&roud_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson&roud_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonRoud2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Simpson, Jacqueline</a>; Roud, Stephen (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTcdvd1iRXsC&pg=PT639">"mermaid, merman"</a>, <i>A Dictionary of English Folklore</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 639–640, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-192-10019-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-192-10019-X"><bdi>0-192-10019-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Folklore&rft.atitle=mermaid%2C+merman&rft.pages=639-640&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-192-10019-X&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Roud%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTcdvd1iRXsC%26pg%3DPT639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-briggs-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-briggs_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Mary_Briggs" title="Katharine Mary Briggs">Briggs, Katharine Mary</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vanishingpeople00brig"><i>The vanishing people: a study of traditional fairy beliefs</i></a></span>. Batsford. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-88589-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-801-88589-2"><bdi>0-801-88589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vanishing+people%3A+a+study+of+traditional+fairy+beliefs&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-801-88589-2&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvanishingpeople00brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-markey-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-markey_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-markey_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Markey, Anne (2006). "The Discovery of Irish Folklore". <i>New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review+%2F+Iris+%C3%89ireannach+Nua&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Irish+Folklore&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20558106">20558106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2006" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Linda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dce6_CA76MC&pg=PA266"><i>Encyclopedia of American Folklore</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438129793" title="Special:BookSources/1438129793"><bdi>1438129793</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>Mermen do appear within folklore, but are relatively uncommon in American lore. They are also said to be much less visually appealing than mermaids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Folklore&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1438129793&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dce6_CA76MC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traditional Cornish Stories and Rhymes, Lodenek Press, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassberg2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">"125. Human-fish (Renyu)" <bdi lang="zh">人魚</bdi></a>. <i>A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the </i>Guideways Through Mountains and Seas<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4"><bdi>978-0-52029-851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=125.+Human-fish+%28Renyu%29+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=A+Chinese+Bestiary%3A+Strange+Creatures+from+the+Guideways+Through+Mountains+and+Seas&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-52029-851-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnpFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aomori_museum-otokoningyo-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aomori_museum-otokoningyo_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAomori_Prefectural_Museum2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%A3%AE%E7%9C%8C%E7%AB%8B%E9%83%B7%E5%9C%9F%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:青森県立郷土館">Aomori Prefectural Museum</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.komakino.jp/youkai-duroku-mihon.pdf">"58 Onga otokoningyo kinsei" <bdi lang="ja">58 御画男人魚（おんがおとこにんぎょ）近世</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Yōkaiten: Kami, mononoke, inori</i> <bdi lang="ja">妖怪展：神・もののけ・祈り</bdi> (in Japanese), Introduction by Oyama, Takahide, To-o Nippo Press, p. 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Y%C5%8Dkaiten%3A+Kami%2C+mononoke%2C+inori&rft.atitle=58+Onga+otokoningyo+kinsei+58+%E5%BE%A1%E7%94%BB+%E7%94%B7%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%EF%BC%88%E3%81%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%8C+%E3%81%8A%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%81%AB%E3%82%93%E3%81%8E%E3%82%87%EF%BC%89%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Aomori+Prefectural+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.komakino.jp%2Fyoukai-duroku-mihon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nishimaki-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nishimaki_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishimaki1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nishimaki, Kōzaburō, ed. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIIzAQAAIAAJ&q=阿蘭陀+人魚+蛇"><i>Kawaraban shinbun: Ōsaka natsu no jin kara gōshō Zeniya Gohei no saigo</i> <bdi lang="ja">かわら版新聞: 大阪夏の陣から豪商銭屋五兵衛の最期</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Heibonsha. pp. 23, 85. <q>面光女のごとく頭紅毛有両手猿にて又水かき有其形蛇の如く四尺五寸あり</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kawaraban+shinbun%3A+%C5%8Csaka+natsu+no+jin+kara+g%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D+Zeniya+Gohei+no+saigo+%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%82%89%E7%89%88%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%3A+%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%A4%8F%E3%81%AE%E9%99%A3%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E8%B1%AA%E5%95%86%E9%8A%AD%E5%B1%8B%E4%BA%94%E5%85%B5%E8%A1%9B%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%80%E6%9C%9F&rft.pages=23%2C+85&rft.pub=Heibonsha&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIIzAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%80%2B%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%2B%E8%9B%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fukushima_museum-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fukushima_museum_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://general-museum.fcs.ed.jp/wysiwyg/file/download/1/1493">"Awai no kuni, ayakashi no kuni" <bdi lang="ja">あはひのくにあやかしのくに</bdi></a>, <i>Najona</i>, <b>7</b>, Fukushima Museum, July–August 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Najona&rft.atitle=Awai+no+kuni%2C+ayakashi+no+kuni+%E3%81%82%E3%81%AF%E3%81%B2%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AB+%E3%81%82%E3%82%84%E3%81%8B%E3%81%97%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AB&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2021-07%2F2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeneral-museum.fcs.ed.jp%2Fwysiwyg%2Ffile%2Fdownload%2F1%2F1493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kushida-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kushida_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushida" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kushida, Kimizō 櫛田公造. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://satana-aka.la.coocan.jp/akasatana6.html">"Shi wa shinbun shinshi no shi" <bdi lang="ja">“し”は新聞・新志のシ</bdi></a>. <i>Tokyo ningyō manhitsu club: akasatana manpitsu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+ningy%C5%8D+manhitsu+club%3A+akasatana+manpitsu&rft.atitle=Shi+wa+shinbun+shinshi+no+shi+%E2%80%9C%E3%81%97%E2%80%9D%E3%81%AF%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%BB%E6%96%B0%E5%BF%97%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7&rft.aulast=Kushida&rft.aufirst=Kimiz%C5%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsatana-aka.la.coocan.jp%2Fakasatana6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abe&chiba-map-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abe&chiba-map_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeChiba1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Abe, Masamichi; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E8%91%89%E5%B9%B9%E5%A4%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:千葉幹夫">Chiba, Mikio</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (1996). <i>にっぽん妖怪地図</i>. 角川書店. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4048511149" title="Special:BookSources/4048511149"><bdi>4048511149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A3%E3%81%BD%E3%82%93%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B3&rft.pub=%E8%A7%92%E5%B7%9D%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=4048511149&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Masamichi&rft.au=Chiba%2C+Mikio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This newsprint was also featured in the manga <i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dzuki_no_Reitetsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōzuki no Reitetsu">Hōzuki no Reitetsu</a></i> Vol. 12, p. 101, with a facsimile sketch of the print, and was offered as an example of a male ningyo. The comic cited <a href="#CITEREFAbeChiba1996">Abe & Chiba (1996)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-abe&chiba-map_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abe&chiba-map-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without indication of page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202297_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnani2022">Magnani (2022)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhifang_waiji1843-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhifang_waiji1843_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhifang_waiji1843_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAi_Rulüe1843" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Aleni" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Aleni">Ai Rulüe 艾儒略</a> (1843) [1623], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYQqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP182">"Sihai zonghuo: haizu" <bdi lang="zh">四海総説: 海族</bdi></a> [General theory of the Four Seas: mer-folk], <i>Zhifang waiji</i> <bdi lang="zh">職方外紀</bdi>, vol. 5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sihai+zonghuo%3A+haizu+%E5%9B%9B%E6%B5%B7%E7%B7%8F%E8%AA%AC%3A+%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%8F&rft.btitle=Zhifang+waiji+%E8%81%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%96%E7%B4%80&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Ai+Rul%C3%BCe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYQqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirokawa-nukigaki-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hirokawa-nukigaki_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirokawa_Kai1797" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Hirokawa Kai (1797). "Kaijin, kaijo" <bdi lang="ja">海人・海女</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2536412/1/36"><i>Nagasaki kenbunroku nukigaki</i> <bdi lang="ja">長崎見聞録抜書（ぬきがき）</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F2536412">10.11501/2536412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaijin%2C+kaijo+%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E3%83%BB%E6%B5%B7%E5%A5%B3&rft.btitle=Nagasaki+kenbunroku+nukigaki+%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E8%A6%8B%E8%81%9E%E9%8C%B2%E6%8A%9C%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E3%81%AC%E3%81%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%81%8D%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F2536412&rft.au=Hirokawa+Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F2536412%2F1%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fujisawa1925-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fujisawa1925_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujisawa1922–1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%BE%A4%E8%A1%9B%E5%BD%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:藤澤衛彦">Fujisawa, Morihiko</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (1922–1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/972232/1/36">"Ningyo densetsu kō" <bdi lang="ja">人魚傳説考</bdi></a>. <i>Nihon densetsu kenkyū 2</i> <bdi lang="ja">日本伝説研究二</bdi>. Daitōkaku. p. 30, Fig. 8, Fig. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ningyo+densetsu+k%C5%8D+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AC%E8%80%83&rft.btitle=Nihon+densetsu+kenky%C5%AB+2+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BA%8C&rft.pages=p.+30%2C+Fig.+8%2C+Fig.+14.&rft.pub=Dait%C5%8Dkaku&rft.date=1922%2F1925&rft.aulast=Fujisawa&rft.aufirst=Morihiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F972232%2F1%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caomuzi-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caomuzi_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe_Ziqi" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script">[[:zh:葉子奇 (明朝)|Ye Ziqi 叶子奇 (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%AD%90%E5%A5%87_(%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:葉子奇 (明朝)">葉子奇</a>)]] <span class="cs1-format">[in Chinese]</span>. "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%90/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B/Juan_1,_second_part,_Guanwu_pi%C4%81n" class="extiw" title="s:zh:草木子/草木子卷之一下/Juan 1, second part, Guanwu piān">Juan 1, second part, Guanwu piān</a>" <bdi lang="zh">卷之一下「观物篇」</bdi>. <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%90/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B" class="extiw" title="s:zh:草木子/草木子卷之一下">Caomuzi</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">草木子</bdi> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>邵子曰。...尝闻海贾云。南海时有海人出。形如僧。人颇小。登舟而坐。至则戒舟人寂然不动。少顷复沈水。否则大风翻舟。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juan+1%2C+second+part%2C+Guanwu+pi%C4%81n+%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B%E3%80%8C%E8%A7%82%E7%89%A9%E7%AF%87%E3%80%8D&rft.btitle=Caomuzi+%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%AD%90&rft.au=Ye+Ziqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ikeda_shiroujirou-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ikeda_shiroujirou_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ikeda_shiroujirou_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkeda1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Ikeda, Shirōjirō (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DdPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP447">"Kaijin" <bdi lang="ja">海人（カイジン）</bdi></a>. <i>Koji jukugo daijiten</i> <bdi lang="ja">故事熟語大辭典</bdi>. Hōbunkan. p. 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaijin+%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%88%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%89&rft.btitle=Koji+jukugo+daijiten+%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E7%86%9F%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=H%C5%8Dbunkan&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ikeda&rft.aufirst=Shir%C5%8Djir%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DdPAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovey2007" class="citation book cs1">Covey, Jacob, ed. (2007). "Pictorial Schedule of Traditional Hidden Creatures from the Interest of 90 Modern Artistans". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U9eeDgAAQBAJ"><i>Beasts! Book 1</i></a>. Fantagraphics Books. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5609-7768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5609-7768-1"><bdi>978-1-5609-7768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pictorial+Schedule+of+Traditional+Hidden+Creatures+from+the+Interest+of+90+Modern+Artistans&rft.btitle=Beasts%21+Book+1&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Fantagraphics+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-5609-7768-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU9eeDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calvino-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calvino_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvino1980" class="citation book cs1">Calvino, Italo (1980). <i>Italian Folktales</i>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. p. 746.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Folktales&rft.pages=746&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Calvino&rft.aufirst=Italo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2018" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Juliette (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48tjDwAAQBAJ"><i>Fantastic Creatures in Mythology and Folklore: From Medieval Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3060-0"><bdi>978-1-4411-3060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Creatures+in+Mythology+and+Folklore%3A+From+Medieval+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-3060-0&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48tjDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyCrowley2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" title="Vivianne Crowley">Crowley, Vivianne</a>; Crowley, Christopher (2001). <i>Ancient Wisdom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Publishing Group">Carlton Books</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858689876" title="Special:BookSources/9781858689876"><bdi>9781858689876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Wisdom&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781858689876&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Vivianne&rft.au=Crowley%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fox-Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft"><i>A Complete Guide to Heraldry</i></a>. London: T.C. and E.C. Jack. pp. 227–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=227-228&rft.pub=T.C.+and+E.C.+Jack&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteguidetoh00foxduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondeson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Bondeson" title="Jan Bondeson">Bondeson, Jan</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4dXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">"The Feejee mermaid"</a>. <i>The Feejee mermaid and other essays in natural and unnatural history</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. x, 38–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-43609-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-801-43609-5"><bdi>0-801-43609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Feejee+mermaid&rft.btitle=The+Feejee+mermaid+and+other+essays+in+natural+and+unnatural+history&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=x%2C+38-40&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-801-43609-5&rft.aulast=Bondeson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4dXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabin2012" class="citation news cs1">Babin, Tom (28 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908061002/http://www.calgaryherald.com/close+personal+with+Banff+Merman+Banff+Indian+Trading+Post/7316708/story.html">"Up close and personal with the Banff Merman at the Banff Indian Trading Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calgaryherald.com/close+personal+with+Banff+Merman+Banff+Indian+Trading+Post/7316708/story.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Up+close+and+personal+with+the+Banff+Merman+at+the+Banff+Indian+Trading+Post&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft.aulast=Babin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calgaryherald.com%2Fclose%2Bpersonal%2Bwith%2BBanff%2BMerman%2BBanff%2BIndian%2BTrading%2BPost%2F7316708%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBondeson199958–59-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBondeson199958–59_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBondeson1999">Bondeson (1999)</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-viscardi-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-viscardi_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-viscardi_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViscardi2014" class="citation news cs1">Viscardi, Paolo (16 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/animal-magic/2014/apr/16/mermaid-stripped-naked">"Mysterious mermaid stripped naked"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mysterious+mermaid+stripped+naked&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft.aulast=Viscardi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Fanimal-magic%2F2014%2Fapr%2F16%2Fmermaid-stripped-naked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat201498-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat201498_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014">Viscardi et al. (2014)</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014103-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014103_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViscardiHollinsheadMacFarlaneMoffat2014">Viscardi et al. (2014)</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabin2007" class="citation web cs1">Babin, Tom (2007-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013071356/http://canada.com/calgaryherald/news/entertainment/story.html?id=ff50fd08-c286-4c09-9870-a7d1e48e806c&k=44963">"Banff's oldest celebrity resident"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/entertainment/story.html?id=ff50fd08-c286-4c09-9870-a7d1e48e806c&k=44963">the original</a> on 2007-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banff%27s+oldest+celebrity+resident&rft.pub=Calgary+Herald&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft.aulast=Babin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fcalgaryherald%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dff50fd08-c286-4c09-9870-a7d1e48e806c%26k%3D44963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImms2016" class="citation news cs1">Imms, Adrian (24 Mar 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/14380809.Could_this_be_the_most_gruesome_creature_in_Brighton_/">"Could this be the most gruesome creature in Brighton?"</a>. <i>The Argus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=Could+this+be+the+most+gruesome+creature+in+Brighton%3F&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Imms&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theargus.co.uk%2Fnews%2F14380809.Could_this_be_the_most_gruesome_creature_in_Brighton_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512–515-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934512–515_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGudger1934">Gudger (1934)</a>, pp. 512–515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudger1934514–515-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudger1934514–515_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGudger1934">Gudger (1934)</a>, pp. 514–515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/43589">"The Forsaken Merman"</a>. <i>The Poetry Foundation</i>. March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Forsaken+Merman&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoems-and-poets%2Fpoems%2Fdetail%2F43589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Forsaken-Merman">"The Forsaken Merman: Poem by Arnold"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Forsaken+Merman%3A+Poem+by+Arnold&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Forsaken-Merman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toshi-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toshi_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toshi_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._T._Joshi2007" class="citation book cs1">S. T. Joshi, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrT1SlwhfsIC&pg=PA452"><i>Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: An Encyclopedia of Our Worst Nightmares, Volume 2</i></a>. Greenwood Press. pp. 452–455. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313337826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313337826"><bdi>978-0313337826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Horror+and+the+Supernatural%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Our+Worst+Nightmares%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=452-455&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313337826&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrT1SlwhfsIC%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Andrew_Weinstock2016" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, ed. 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Routledge. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317044260" title="Special:BookSources/9781317044260"><bdi>9781317044260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Encyclopedia+of+Literary+and+Cinematic+Monsters&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04&rft.isbn=9781317044260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHbeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gygax, Gary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Arneson" title="Dave Arneson">Dave Arneson</a>. <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i> (3-Volume Set) (TSR, 1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernallis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Vernallis, Carol (May 1998). 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<ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fairies_in_folklore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;;background: #F2C1D1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairies" title="Template:Fairies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fairies" title="Template talk:Fairies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fairies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fairies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fairies_in_folklore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairies</a> in folklore</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div><a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_fairies" title="Classifications of fairies">Classifications of fairies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_sacred_trees" title="Celtic sacred trees">Celtic sacred trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfshot" title="Elfshot">Elfshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy-lock" title="Fairy-lock">Fairy-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_riding" title="Fairy riding">Fairy riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tale_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy Tale (color)">Fairy Tale (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">Genius loci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">Household deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_grass" title="Hungry grass">Hungry grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature spirit">Nature spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">Water spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Abodes and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_fort" title="Fairy fort">Fairy fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">Fairyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_path" title="Fairy path">Fairy path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_ring" title="Fairy ring">Fairy ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Attested_fairies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Attested fairies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhene" title="Adhene">Adhene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp-luachra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp-luachra">Alp Luachra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjana_(Cantabrian_mythology)" title="Anjana (Cantabrian mythology)">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkan_Sonney" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkan Sonney">Arkan Sonney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrai" title="Asrai">Asrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baobhan_sith" title="Baobhan sith">Baobhan sith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshee" title="Banshee">Banshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghest" title="Barghest">Barghest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_nighe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean nighe">Bean nighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blind" title="Billy Blind">Billy Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%B3g" title="Biróg">Biróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bones" title="Bloody Bones">Bloody Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluecap" title="Bluecap">Bluecap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_men_of_the_Minch" title="Blue men of the Minch">Blue men of the Minch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodach" title="Bodach">Bodach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boggart" title="Boggart">Boggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogle" title="Bogle">Bogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boobrie" title="Boobrie">Boobrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brag_(folklore)" title="Brag (folklore)">Brag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Man_of_the_Muirs" title="Brown Man of the Muirs">Brown Man of the Muirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucca_(mythological_creature)" title="Bucca (mythological creature)">Bucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggane" title="Buggane">Buggane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugbear" title="Bugbear">Bugbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugul_Noz" title="Bugul Noz">Bugul Noz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caoineag" title="Caoineag">Caoineag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_s%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat sìth">Cat sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B9_S%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cù Sìth">Cù Sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Clíodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clurichaun" title="Clurichaun">Clurichaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">Coblynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_pixie" title="Colt pixie">Colt pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duende_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duende (mythology)">Duende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonside_Dwarfs" title="Simonside Dwarfs">Duergar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullahan" title="Dullahan">Dullahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnie" title="Dunnie">Dunnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each-uisge" title="Each-uisge">Each-uisge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegast" title="Elegast">Elegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">Huldufólk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Elphame" title="Queen of Elphame">Queen of Elphame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fachan" title="Fachan">Fachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Queen" title="Fairy Queen">Fairy Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_darrig" title="Far darrig">Fear dearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_gorta" title="Fear gorta">Fear gorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenodyree" title="Fenodyree">Fenodyree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finfolk" title="Finfolk">Finfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvarra" title="Finvarra">Finvarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuath" title="Fuath">Fuath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gancanagh" title="Gancanagh">Gancanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_Dhu" title="Ghillie Dhu">Ghillie Dhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaistig" title="Glaistig">Glaistig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glashtyn" title="Glashtyn">Glashtyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groac%27h" title="Groac'h">Groac'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindylow" title="Grindylow">Grindylow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habetrot" title="Habetrot">Habetrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hedley_Kow" title="The Hedley Kow">The Hedley Kow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">Hob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbididance" title="Hobbididance">Hobbididance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannic-ann-%C3%B4d" title="Iannic-ann-ôd">Iannic-ann-ôd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">Jack-o'-lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Greenteeth" title="Jenny Greenteeth">Jenny Greenteeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Wad" title="Joan the Wad">Joan the Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-eater" title="Joint-eater">Joint-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelpie" title="Kelpie">Kelpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmoulis" title="Kilmoulis">Kilmoulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocker_(folklore)" title="Knocker (folklore)">Knocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knucker" title="Knucker">Knucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korrigan" title="Korrigan">Korrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_Laurence" title="Lazy Laurence">Lazy Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanan_s%C3%ADdhe" title="Leanan sídhe">Leanan sídhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubber_fiend" title="Lubber fiend">Lubber fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">Lutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Erg" title="Ly Erg">Ly Erg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">M–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_the_fairy" title="Margot the fairy">Margot the fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggy_Moulach" title="Maggy Moulach">Meg Mullach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrow" title="Merrow">Merrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooinjer_veggey" title="Mooinjer veggey">Mooinjer veggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgen_(mythological_creature)" title="Morgen (mythological creature)">Morgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvarc%27h" title="Morvarc'h">Morvarc'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_people" title="Moss people">Moss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain_Rouge" title="Nain Rouge">Nain Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Longarms" title="Nelly Longarms">Nelly Longarms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckelavee" title="Nuckelavee">Nuckelavee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuggle" title="Nuggle">Nuggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Powler" title="Peg Powler">Peg Powler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillywiggin" title="Pillywiggin">Pillywiggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAca" title="Púca">Púca/Pwca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">Puck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergsr%C3%A5" title="Bergsrå">Bergsrå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radande" class="mw-redirect" title="Radande">Radande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">Skogsrå</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcap" title="Redcap">Redcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonaidh" title="Seonaidh">Seonaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellycoat" title="Shellycoat">Shellycoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleih_beggey" title="Sleih beggey">Sleih beggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluagh" title="Sluagh">Sluagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spriggan" title="Spriggan">Spriggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">Sprite/Water sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">Sylph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_fairy" title="Tooth fairy">Tooth fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trow_(folklore)" title="Trow (folklore)">Trow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">Undine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bull" title="Water bull">Water bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_horse" title="Water horse">Water horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_fairy_(Sleeping_Beauty)" title="Wicked fairy (Sleeping Beauty)">Wicked fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirry-cow" title="Wirry-cow">Wirry-cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xana" title="Xana">Xana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yallery_Brown" title="Yallery Brown">Yallery Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan-gant-y-tan" title="Yan-gant-y-tan">Yan-gant-y-tan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Fairy-like_beings_worldwide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fairy-like beings worldwide</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Merman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abatwa">Abatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanbosam" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanbosam">Asanbosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziza_(African_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziza (African mythology)">Aziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werehyena" title="Werehyena">Bultungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloko" title="Eloko">Eloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jengu" title="Jengu">Jengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_(folklore)" title="Kishi (folklore)">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rompo" title="Rompo">Rompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikoloshe" title="Tikoloshe">Tikoloshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumboes" title="Yumboes">Yumboes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alux" title="Alux">Alux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchimayen" title="Anchimayen">Anchimayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipora" title="Caipora">Caipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canotila" title="Canotila">Canotila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaneque" title="Chaneque">Chaneque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encantado_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encantado (mythology)">Encantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearsome_critters" title="Fearsome critters">Fearsome critters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Hopkinsville Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Ishigaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogah" title="Jogah">Jogah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muki_(mythology)" title="Muki (mythology)">Muki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimerigar" title="Nimerigar">Nimerigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_alien" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic alien">Nordic alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombero" title="Pombero">Pombero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saci_(Brazilian_folklore)" title="Saci (Brazilian folklore)">Saci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauco" title="Trauco">Trauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Yunwi Tsunsdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokkaebi" title="Dokkaebi">Dokkaebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_ly_tinh" title="Hồ ly tinh">Hồ ly tinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli jing">Huli jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxian" title="Huxian">Huxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari Ōkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">Kitsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumiho" title="Kumiho">Kumiho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irshi" title="Irshi">Irshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kijimuna" title="Kijimuna">Kijimuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpokkur" title="Korpokkur">Korpokkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)" title="Mogwai (Chinese culture)">Mogwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrenh_kongveal" title="Mrenh kongveal">Mrenh kongveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_bunian" title="Orang bunian">Orang bunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennin" title="Tennin">Tennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zashiki-warashi" title="Zashiki-warashi">Zashiki warashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaia_(mythological_creature)" title="Manaia (mythological creature)">Manaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_(folklore)" title="Mimi (folklore)">Mimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawao" title="Nawao">Nawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patupaiarehe" title="Patupaiarehe">Patupaiarehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniwha" title="Taniwha">Taniwha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipua" title="Tipua">Tipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandjina" title="Wandjina">Wandjina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yara-ma-yha-who" title="Yara-ma-yha-who">Yara-ma-yha-who</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83pc%C4%83un" title="Căpcăun">Căpcăun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iele" title="Iele">Iele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid%C3%A9rc" title="Lidérc">Lidérc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li>Psotnik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nzian%C4%83" title="Sânziană">Sânziană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiridu%C8%99" title="Spiriduș">Spiriduș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursitory" title="Ursitory">Ursitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadleany" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadleany">Vadleany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lv%C4%83" title="Vâlvă">Vâlvă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2ntoase" title="Vântoase">Vântoase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Zână">Zână</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitvaras" title="Aitvaras">Aitvaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajatar" title="Ajatar">Ajatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabija" title="Gabija">Gabija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Squarefoot" title="Jimmy Squarefoot">Jimmy Squarefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauma" title="Lauma">Lauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennink%C3%A4inen" title="Menninkäinen">Menninkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Le_Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Le Fay">Morgan Le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_Beast" title="Pictish Beast">Pictish Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basajaun" title="Basajaun">Basajaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donas_de_fuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Donas de fuera">Doñas de fuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfadet" title="Farfadet">Farfadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(Basque_mythology)" title="Lamia (Basque mythology)">Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairu" title="Mairu">Mairu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouros" title="Mouros">Mouro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Moura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nymph#List" title="Nymph">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squasc" title="Squasc">Squasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenti" title="Trenti">Trenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dames_blanches" title="Dames blanches">Dames blanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusios" title="Dusios">Dusios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorelei#Original_folklore_and_modern_myth" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusberg_(mythology)" title="Venusberg (mythology)">Venus in German legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittra_(folklore)" title="Vittra (folklore)">Vittra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wieven" title="Witte Wieven">Witte Wieven</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Cross-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Christmas gift-bringer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elemental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fates" title="Fates">Fates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_salamanders" title="Cultural depictions of salamanders">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandman" title="Sandman">Sandman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_creatures_in_folklore" title="List of hybrid creatures in folklore">List of hybrid creatures in folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beings_referred_to_as_fairies" title="List of beings referred to as fairies">List of beings referred to as fairies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fairies" title="Category:Fairies">Category</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4189224-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mermen in art"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97002282">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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