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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disease cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disease_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disease cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disease_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infection_and_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_and_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Infection and transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection_and_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Replication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Host and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treatment and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_and_environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_and_environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Scientific and environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_and_environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tobacco mosaic virus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%BA" title="فيروس تبرقش التبغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيروس تبرقش التبغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_mozaikas%C4%B1" title="Tütün mozaikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tütün mozaikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="টোবাকো মোজাইক ভাইরাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোবাকো মোজাইক ভাইরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Вірус табачнай мазаікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вірус табачнай мазаікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вирус на тютюневата мозайка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вирус на тютюневата мозайка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_del_mosaic_del_tabac" title="Virus del mosaic del tabac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virus del mosaic del tabac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_tab%C3%A1kov%C3%A9_mozaiky" title="Virus tabákové mozaiky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Virus tabákové mozaiky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmosaikvirus" title="Tabakmosaikvirus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tabakmosaikvirus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_del_mosaico_del_tabaco" title="Virus del mosaico del tabaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virus del mosaico del tabaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakmozaikviruso" title="Tabakmozaikviruso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tabakmozaikviruso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabako_mosaikoaren_birusa" title="Tabako mosaikoaren birusa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tabako mosaikoaren birusa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ویروس موزائیک تنباکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویروس موزائیک تنباکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_mosa%C3%AFque_du_tabac" title="Virus de la mosaïque du tabac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus de la mosaïque du tabac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_do_mosaico_do_tabaco" title="Virus do mosaico do tabaco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virus do mosaico do tabaco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B4%EB%B0%B0%EB%AA%A8%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="담배모자이크바이러스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="담배모자이크바이러스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Ծխախոտի խճանկարի վիրուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծխախոտի խճանկարի վիրուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="टोबेको मोजेक वाइरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोबेको मोजेक वाइरस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_mozaika_duhana" title="Virus mozaika duhana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Virus mozaika duhana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_mosaik_tembakau" title="Virus mosaik tembakau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Virus mosaik tembakau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_del_mosaico_del_tabacco" title="Virus del mosaico del tabacco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virus del mosaico del tabacco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A7" title="מוזאיקת הטבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזאיקת הטבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabako_mozaikos_virusas" title="Tabako mozaikos virusas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tabako mozaikos virusas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doh%C3%A1nymozaikv%C3%ADrus" title="Dohánymozaikvírus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dohánymozaikvírus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тутунски мозаичен вирус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тутунски мозаичен вирус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റ്റുബാക്കോ മൊസൈക്ക് വൈറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റ്റുബാക്കോ മൊസൈക്ക് വൈറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%BA" title="فيروس تبرقش التبغ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيروس تبرقش التبغ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_mozek_tembakau" title="Virus mozek tembakau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Virus mozek tembakau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaksmoza%C3%AFekvirus" title="Tabaksmozaïekvirus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tabaksmozaïekvirus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%90%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="タバコモザイクウイルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タバコモザイクウイルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobakksmosaikkvirus" title="Tobakksmosaikkvirus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tobakksmosaikkvirus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirus_mozaiki_tytoniu" title="Wirus mozaiki tytoniu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wirus mozaiki tytoniu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus_do_mosaico_do_tabaco" title="Vírus do mosaico do tabaco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírus do mosaico do tabaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вирус табачной мозаики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вирус табачной мозаики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_a_mos%C3%A0icu_d%C3%B4_tabbaccu" title="Virus a mosàicu dô tabbaccu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Virus a mosàicu dô tabbaccu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tobacco mosaic virus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrus_tabakovej_mozaiky" title="Vírus tabakovej mozaiky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vírus tabakovej mozaiky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_mozaika_duvana" title="Virus mozaika duvana – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Virus mozaika duvana" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_mozaika_duvana" title="Virus mozaika duvana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Virus mozaika duvana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupakan_mosaiikkivirus" title="Tupakan mosaiikkivirus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tupakan mosaiikkivirus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaksmosaikvirus" title="Tobaksmosaikvirus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tobaksmosaikvirus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_mozaik_vir%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Tütün mozaik virüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tütün mozaik virüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Virus affecting plants of the Solanaceae family</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Tobamovirus tabaci</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Transmission electron micrograph of TMV particles negative stained to enhance visibility at 160,000× magnification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg/220px-TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg/330px-TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg/440px-TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron micrograph">Transmission electron micrograph</a> of TMV particles <a href="/wiki/Negative_stain" title="Negative stain">negative stained</a> to enhance visibility at 160,000× magnification </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tobamovirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae"><i>Orthornavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitrinoviricota" title="Kitrinoviricota"><i>Kitrinoviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alsuviricetes" title="Alsuviricetes"><i>Alsuviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martellivirales" title="Martellivirales"><i>Martellivirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgaviridae" title="Virgaviridae"><i>Virgaviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobamovirus" title="Tobamovirus"><i>Tobamovirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Tobamovirus tabaci</b></i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Tobacco mosaic virus</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>TMV</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Positive-sense_single-stranded_RNA_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus">positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus</a> species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tobamovirus" title="Tobamovirus">Tobamovirus</a></i> that infects a wide range of plants, especially <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and other members of the family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> causes characteristic patterns, such as "<a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>"-like <a href="/wiki/Mottling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mottling">mottling</a> and discoloration on the <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> (hence the name). TMV was the first <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was <a href="/wiki/Virus_crystallisation" title="Virus crystallisation">crystallised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1886, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Mayer" title="Adolf Mayer">Adolf Mayer</a> first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> infections.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zaitlin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaitlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanovsky" title="Dmitri Ivanovsky">Dmitri Ivanovsky</a> gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent, showing that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through the finest <a href="/wiki/Chamberland_filter" title="Chamberland filter">Chamberland filters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zaitlin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaitlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1903, Ivanovsky published a paper describing abnormal crystal intracellular inclusions in the host cells of the affected tobacco plants and argued the connection between these inclusions and the infectious agent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ivanovsky remained rather convinced, despite repeated failures to produce evidence, that the causal agent was an unculturable bacterium, too small to be retained on the employed Chamberland filters and to be detected in the light microscope. In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a> independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant.<sup id="cite_ref-zaitlin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaitlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beijerinck adopted the term of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virus#Etymology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:virus">virus</a>" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature. <i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> was the first virus to be <a href="/wiki/Protein_crystallization" title="Protein crystallization">crystallized</a>. It was achieved by <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a> in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization.<sup id="cite_ref-zaitlin_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaitlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his work, he was awarded 1/4 of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it was later shown some of his conclusions (in particular, that the crystals were pure protein, and assembled by <a href="/wiki/Autocatalysis" title="Autocatalysis">autocatalysis</a>) were incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Kausche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Kausche (page does not exist)">Gustav Kausche</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Pfankuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Pfankuch (page does not exist)">Edgar Pfankuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Ruska" title="Helmut Ruska">Helmut Ruska</a> – the brother of Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Fraenkel-Conrat" title="Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat">Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robley_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Robley Williams">Robley Williams</a> showed that purified TMV RNA and its <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a> (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy). The <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">crystallographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> worked for Stanley for about a month at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the <a href="/wiki/1958_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 World's Fair">1958 World's Fair</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> of TMV is single-stranded.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conjecture was proven to be correct after her death and is now known to be the + strand.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zaitlin_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaitlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMV_structure_full.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/TMV_structure_full.png/220px-TMV_structure_full.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/TMV_structure_full.png/330px-TMV_structure_full.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/TMV_structure_full.png/440px-TMV_structure_full.png 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Schematic model of TMV: 1. nucleic acid (<a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>), 2. capsomer protein (<a href="/wiki/Protomer_(structural_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protomer (structural biology)">protomer</a>), 3. <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a></figcaption></figure><p><i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> has a rod-like appearance. Its <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid</a> is made from 2130 <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> of coat protein and one molecule of genomic single strand RNA, 6400 bases long. The coat protein self-assembles into the rod-like helical structure (16.3 proteins per helix turn) around the RNA, which forms a hairpin loop structure (see the <a href="/wiki/Electron_Microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron Microscope">electron micrograph</a> above). The structural organization of the virus gives stability.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protein monomer consists of 158 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> which are assembled into four main alpha-helices, which are joined by a prominent loop proximal to the axis of the virion. Virions are ~300 nm in length and ~18 nm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-7167-1843-X_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-7167-1843-X-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negatively stained electron microphotographs show a distinct inner channel of radius ~2 nm. The RNA is located at a radius of ~4 nm and is protected from the action of cellular enzymes by the coat protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10212932_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10212932-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> X-ray <a href="/wiki/Fiber_diffraction" title="Fiber diffraction">fiber diffraction</a> structure of the intact virus was studied based on an <a href="/wiki/Electron_density" title="Electron density">electron density</a> map at 3.6 Å resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3952490_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3952490-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside the capsid helix, near the core, is the coiled RNA molecule, which is made up of 6,395 ±10 nucleotides.<sup id="cite_ref-PNA-Goelet_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNA-Goelet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMBL-EBI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMBL-EBI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of the virus plays an important role in the recognition of the viral DNA. This happens due to the formation of an obligatory intermediate produced from a protein allows the virus to recognize a specific RNA hairpin structure.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intermediate induces the nucleation of TMV self-assembly by binding with the hairpin structure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OPSR.Virga.Fig17.v4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/OPSR.Virga.Fig17.v4.png/220px-OPSR.Virga.Fig17.v4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/OPSR.Virga.Fig17.v4.png/330px-OPSR.Virga.Fig17.v4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/OPSR.Virga.Fig17.v4.png/440px-OPSR.Virga.Fig17.v4.png 2x" data-file-width="3717" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption>Genome of tobacco mosaic virus</figcaption></figure> <p>The TMV genome consists of a 6.3–6.5 kbp single-stranded (ss) <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. The 3’-terminus has a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">tRNA</a>-like structure, and the 5’-terminus has a <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylated</a> nucleotide cap. (m7G5’pppG).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genome encodes 4 <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frames</a> (ORFs), two of which produce a single protein due to <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomal</a> readthrough of a leaky UAG <a href="/wiki/Stop_codon" title="Stop codon">stop codon</a>. The 4 genes encode a <a href="/wiki/Replicase" class="mw-redirect" title="Replicase">replicase</a> (with methyltransferase [MT] and <a href="/wiki/RNA_helicase" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA helicase">RNA helicase</a> [Hel] domains), an RNA-dependent <a href="/wiki/RNA_polymerase" title="RNA polymerase">RNA polymerase</a>, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Movement_protein" title="Movement protein">movement protein</a> (MP) and a <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">capsid protein</a> (CP).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coding sequence starts with the first reading frame, which is 69 nucleotides away from the 5' end of the RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noncoding region at the 5' end can be varied in different individual virions, but there hasn't been any variation found between virions in the noncoding region at the 3' end.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physicochemical_properties">Physicochemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physicochemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TMV is a <a href="/wiki/Thermostable" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermostable">thermostable</a> virus. On a dried leaf, it can withstand up to 50 °C (120 degree Fahrenheit) for 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TMV has an <a href="/wiki/Index_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of refraction">index of refraction</a> of about 1.57.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_cycle">Disease cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disease cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TMV does not have a distinct <a href="/wiki/Overwintering" title="Overwintering">overwintering</a> structure. Rather, it will over-winter in infected tobacco stalks and leaves in the soil, on the surface of contaminated seed (TMV can even survive in contaminated tobacco products for many years, so smokers can accidentally transmit it by touch, although not in the smoke itself).<sup id="cite_ref-OSU-smoking_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSU-smoking-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penn-smoking_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penn-smoking-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the direct contact with host plants through its vectors (normally insects such as <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leafhopper" title="Leafhopper">leafhoppers</a>), TMV will go through the infection process and then the replication process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection_and_transmission">Infection and transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infection and transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After its multiplication, it enters the neighboring cells through <a href="/wiki/Plasmodesmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmodesmata">plasmodesmata</a>. The infection does not spread through contact with insects,<sup id="cite_ref-:06_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but instead spreads by direct contact to the neighboring cells<b>.</b> For its smooth entry, TMV produces a 30 k<a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">Da</a> <a href="/wiki/Movement_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement proteins">movement protein</a> called P30 which enlarges the plasmodesmata. TMV most likely moves from cell-to-cell as a complex of the RNA, P30, and replicate proteins. </p><p>It can also spread through <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> for longer distance movement within the plant. Moreover, TMV can be transmitted from one plant to another by direct contact. Although TMV does not have defined transmission vectors, the virus can be easily transmitted from the infected hosts to the healthy plants by human handling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replication">Replication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Replication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following entry into its host via mechanical inoculation, TMV uncoats itself to release its viral [+]RNA strand. As uncoating occurs, the MetHel:Pol gene is translated to make the capping enzyme MetHel and the RNA Polymerase. Then the viral genome will further replicate to produce multiple mRNAs via a [-]RNA intermediate primed by the tRNA<sub>HIS</sub> at the [+]RNA 3' end. The resulting mRNAs encode several proteins, including the <a href="/wiki/Capsid" title="Capsid">coat protein</a> and an <a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</a> (RdRp), as well as the movement protein. Thus TMV can replicate its own genome. </p><p>After the coat protein and RNA genome of TMV have been synthesized, they spontaneously assemble into complete TMV virions in a highly organized process. The protomers come together to form disks or <a href="/wiki/Lockwasher#Spring_and_locking_washers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockwasher">'lockwashers'</a> composed of two layers of protomers arranged in a helix. The helical capsid grows by the addition of protomers to the end of the rod. As the rod lengthens, the RNA passes through a channel in its center and forms a loop at the growing end. In this way the RNA can easily fit as a spiral into the interior of the helical capsid.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Host_and_symptoms">Host and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Host and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg/220px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg/330px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg/440px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_tobacco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> symptoms on tobacco</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_orchid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_orchid.jpg/220px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_orchid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_orchid.jpg/330px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_orchid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_orchid.jpg/440px-Tobacco_mosaic_virus_symptoms_orchid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> symptoms on orchid</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other plant pathogenic viruses, TMV has a very wide host range and has different effects depending on the host being infected. <i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> has been known to cause a production loss for flue cured tobacco of up to two percent in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known to infect members of nine plant families, and at least 125 individual species, including tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">pepper</a> (all members of the <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental flowers">ornamental flowers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and beans including <i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">Phaseolus vulgaris</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vigna_unguiculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigna unguiculata">Vigna unguiculata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayhew-Ford-1971_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayhew-Ford-1971-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many different strains. The first symptom of this virus disease is a light green coloration between the veins of young <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>. This is followed quickly by the development of a "mosaic" or mottled pattern of light and dark green areas in the leaves. <a href="/wiki/Rugosity" title="Rugosity">Rugosity</a> may also be seen where the infected plant leaves display small localized random wrinkles. These symptoms develop quickly and are more pronounced on younger leaves. Its infection does not result in plant death, but if infection occurs early in the season, plants are stunted. Lower leaves are subjected to "mosaic burn" especially during periods of hot and dry weather. In these cases, large dead areas develop in the leaves. This constitutes one of the most destructive phases of <i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> infection. Infected leaves may be crinkled, puckered, or elongated. However, if TMV infects crops like <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, it is almost symptomless. TMV is able to infect and complete its replication cycle in a plant pathogenic fungus,TMV is able to enter and replicate in cells of C. acutatum, C. clavatum, and C. theobromicola, which may not be an exception, although it has neither been found nor probably searched for in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Gene_silencing_and_gene_expression_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gene_silencing_and_gene_expression-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TMV is one of the most stable viruses and has a wide survival range. As long as the surrounding temperature remains below approximately 40 degrees <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>, TMV can sustain its stable form. All it needs is a host to infect. If necessary, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical gardens</a> would provide the most favorable condition for TMV to spread out, due to the high population density of possible hosts and the constant temperature throughout the year. It also could be useful to culture TMV in vitro in sap because it can survive up to 3000 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_and_management">Treatment and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the common control methods for TMV is <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, which includes removing infected plants and washing hands in between each planting. <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Crop rotation</a> should also be employed to avoid infected soil/<a href="/wiki/Seedbed" title="Seedbed">seed beds</a> for at least two years. As for any plant disease, looking for resistant strains against TMV may also be advised. Furthermore, the cross protection method can be administered, where the stronger strain of TMV infection is inhibited by infecting the host plant with a mild strain of TMV, similar to the effect of a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a>. </p><p>In the past ten years, the application of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> on a host plant <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> has been developed to allow the host plant to produce the TMV coat protein within their cells. It was hypothesized that the TMV genome will be re-coated rapidly upon entering the host cell, thus it prevents the initiation of TMV replication. Later it was found that the mechanism that protects the host from viral genome insertion is through <a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">gene silencing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TMV is inhibited by a product of the <a href="/wiki/Myxomycete" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxomycete">myxomycete</a> <a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">slime mold</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Physarum_polycephalum" title="Physarum polycephalum">Physarum polycephalum</a></i>. Both tobacco and the beans <i>P. vulgaris</i> and <i>V. sinensis</i> suffered almost no <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesioning</a> <i>in vitro</i> from TMV when treated with a <i>P. polycephalum</i> extract.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayhew-Ford-1971_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayhew-Ford-1971-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has shown that <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis"><i>Bacillus</i> spp</a>. can be used to reduce the severity of symptoms from TMV in tobacco plants. In the study, treated tobacco plants had more growth and less build-up of TMV virions than tobacco plants that hadn't been treated.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A research has been conducted by H.Fraenkel-Conrat to show the influence of acetic acid on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus. According to the research, 67% acetic acid resulted as degradation of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible source of prevention for TMV is the use of salicylic acid. A study completed by a research team at the University of Cambridge found that treating plants with salicylic acid reduced the amount of TMV viral RNAs and viral coat protein present in the tobacco plants. Their research showed that salicylic acid most likely was disrupting replication and transcription and more specifically, the RdRp complex.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A research was conducted and revealed that humans have antibodies against Tobacco Mosaic Virus.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_and_environmental_impact">Scientific and environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scientific and environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMV_virus_super_resolution_microscopy_Christoph_Cremer_Christina_Wege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/TMV_virus_super_resolution_microscopy_Christoph_Cremer_Christina_Wege.jpg/220px-TMV_virus_super_resolution_microscopy_Christoph_Cremer_Christina_Wege.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/TMV_virus_super_resolution_microscopy_Christoph_Cremer_Christina_Wege.jpg/330px-TMV_virus_super_resolution_microscopy_Christoph_Cremer_Christina_Wege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/TMV_virus_super_resolution_microscopy_Christoph_Cremer_Christina_Wege.jpg/440px-TMV_virus_super_resolution_microscopy_Christoph_Cremer_Christina_Wege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>TMV virus: super resolution light microscopy</figcaption></figure><p>The large amount of literature about TMV and its choice for many pioneering investigations in <a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">structural biology</a> (including <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>), virus assembly and disassembly, and so on, are fundamentally due to the large quantities that can be obtained, plus the fact that it does not infect animals. After growing several hundred infected tobacco plants in a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>, followed by a few simple laboratory procedures, a scientist can produce several grams of the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, tobacco mosaic virus is so proliferate that the inclusion bodies can be seen with only a light microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a>, in his memoir <i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix" title="The Double Helix">The Double Helix</a></i>, cites his x-ray investigation of TMV's helical structure as an important step in deducing the nature of the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plant viruses can be used to engineer <a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">viral vectors</a>, tools commonly used by molecular <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologists</a> to deliver <a href="/wiki/Genetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic material">genetic material</a> into plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viral vectors based on TMV include those of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icongenetics.com/technology/">magnICON</a> and TRBO plant expression technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its cylindrical shape, high aspect ratio, self-assembling nature, and ability to incorporate metal coatings (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>) into its shell, TMV is an ideal candidate to be incorporated into battery <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mems_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mems-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addition of TMV to a battery electrode increases the reactive surface area by an order of magnitude, resulting in an increase in the battery's capacity by up to six times compared to a planar electrode geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-mems_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mems-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TMV-based vector also enabled C. acutatum to transiently express exogenous GFP up to six subcultures and for at least 2 mo after infection, without the need to develop transformation technology, RNAi can be expressed in the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum by VIGS using a recombinant vector based on TMV in which the ORF of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was transcribed in fungal cells from a duplicate of the TMV coat protein (CP) subgenomic mRNA promoter and demonstrated that the approach could be used to obtain foreign protein expression in fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-Gene_silencing_and_gene_expression_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gene_silencing_and_gene_expression-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taxonomical species names were updated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a> in June 2024, with <i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i> being renamed <i><b>Tobamovirus tabaci</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202205447">"Taxon Details | ICTV"</a>. <i>ictv.global</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ictv.global&rft.atitle=Taxon+Details+%7C+ICTV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fictv.global%2Ftaxonomy%2Ftaxondetails%3Ftaxnode_id%3D202205447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1886" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayer A (1886). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit des Tabaks". <i>Die Landwirtschaftliche Versuchs-stationen</i> (in German). <b>32</b>: 451–467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Landwirtschaftliche+Versuchs-stationen&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Mosaikkrankheit+des+Tabaks.&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=451-467&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span> Translated into English in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1942" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson J, ed. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/apsnetfeatures/Documents/2008/Mayer1886.pdf">"Concerning the mosaic disease of tobacco"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phytopathological Classics</i>. <b>7</b>. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 11–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytopathological+Classics&rft.atitle=Concerning+the+mosaic+disease+of+tobacco&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=11-24&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsnet.org%2Fedcenter%2Fapsnetfeatures%2FDocuments%2F2008%2FMayer1886.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaitlin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaitlin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaitlin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaitlin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaitlin_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaitlin_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaitlin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Zaitlin" title="Milton Zaitlin">Zaitlin M</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/apsnetfeatures/Documents/1998/ZaitlinDiscoveryCausalAgentTobaccoMosaicVirus.pdf">"The Discovery of the Causal Agent of the Tobacco Mosaic Disease"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Kung SD, Yang SF (eds.). <i>Discoveries in Plant Biology</i>. Hong Kong: World Publishing Co. pp. 105–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-1313-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-1313-8"><bdi>978-981-02-1313-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Causal+Agent+of+the+Tobacco+Mosaic+Disease&rft.btitle=Discoveries+in+Plant+Biology&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=105-110&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-981-02-1313-8&rft.aulast=Zaitlin&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsnet.org%2Fedcenter%2Fapsnetfeatures%2FDocuments%2F1998%2FZaitlinDiscoveryCausalAgentTobaccoMosaicVirus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwanowski1892" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iwanowski D (1892). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze". <i>Bulletin Scientifique Publié Par l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg / Nouvelle Serie III</i> (in German and Russian). <b>35</b>: 67–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Scientifique+Publi%C3%A9+Par+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp%C3%A9riale+des+Sciences+de+Saint-P%C3%A9tersbourg+%2F+Nouvelle+Serie+III&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Mosaikkrankheit+der+Tabakspflanze&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Iwanowski&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span> Translated into English in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1942" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson J, ed. (1942). "Concerning the mosaic disease of the tobacco plant". <i>Phytopathological Classics</i>. <b>7</b>. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 27–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytopathological+Classics&rft.atitle=Concerning+the+mosaic+disease+of+the+tobacco+plant&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwanowski1903" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iwanowski D (1903). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze". <i>Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz</i> (in German). <b>13</b> (1): 1–41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43221892">43221892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Pflanzenkrankheiten+und+Pflanzenschutz&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Mosaikkrankheit+der+Tabakspflanze&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43221892%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Iwanowski&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeijerinck1898" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beijerinck MW (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00011860.pdf">"Über ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam</i> (in German). <b>65</b>: 1–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verhandelingen+der+Koninklijke+Akademie+van+Wetenschappen+te+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+ein+Contagium+vivum+fluidum+als+Ursache+der+Fleckenkrankheit+der+Tabaksbl%C3%A4tter&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Beijerinck&rft.aufirst=MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2FDL%2Fpublications%2FPU00011860.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span> Translated into English in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1942" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson J, ed. (1942). "Contagium vivum fluidum as the cause of spot disease in tobacco leaves". <i>Phytopathological Classics</i>. <b>7</b>. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 33–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytopathological+Classics&rft.atitle=Contagium+vivum+fluidum+as+the+cause+of+spot+disease+in+tobacco+leaves&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=33-52&rft.date=1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/stanley-bio.html">"Wendell M. Stanley – Biographical"</a>. <i>nobelprize.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Wendell+M.+Stanley+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1946%2Fstanley-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1946/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1946%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kay LE (September 1986). "W. M. Stanley's crystallization of the tobacco mosaic virus, 1930–1940". <i>Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences</i>. <b>77</b> (288): 450–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F354205">10.1086/354205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/231608">231608</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3533840">3533840</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37003363">37003363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis%3B+an+International+Review+Devoted+to+the+History+of+Science+and+Its+Cultural+Influences&rft.atitle=W.+M.+Stanley%27s+crystallization+of+the+tobacco+mosaic+virus%2C+1930%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=288&rft.pages=450-72&rft.date=1986-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3533840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37003363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F231608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F354205&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=LE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauschePfankuchRuska1939" class="citation journal cs1">Kausche GA, Pfankuch E, Ruska H (May 1939). "Die Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop". <i>Naturwissenschaften</i>. <b>27</b> (18): 292–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939NW.....27..292K">1939NW.....27..292K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01493353">10.1007/BF01493353</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206795712">206795712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Die+Sichtbarmachung+von+pflanzlichem+Virus+im+%C3%9Cbermikroskop&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=292-9&rft.date=1939-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206795712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01493353&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939NW.....27..292K&rft.aulast=Kausche&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Pfankuch%2C+E&rft.au=Ruska%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddox2002" class="citation book cs1">Maddox B (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosalindfranklin00madd"><i>Rosalind Franklin, the Dark Lady of DNA</i></a></span>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018407-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018407-0"><bdi>978-0-06-018407-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosalind+Franklin%2C+the+Dark+Lady+of+DNA&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-06-018407-0&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosalindfranklin00madd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaitlin1984" class="citation web cs1">Zaitlin M (1984). 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindbo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lindbo JA (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151719">"TRBO: a high-efficiency tobacco mosaic virus RNA-based overexpression vector"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. <b>145</b> (4): 1232–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.107.106377">10.1104/pp.107.106377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151719">2151719</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17720752">17720752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=TRBO%3A+a+high-efficiency+tobacco+mosaic+virus+RNA-based+overexpression+vector&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1232-40&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151719%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17720752&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.107.106377&rft.aulast=Lindbo&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mems-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mems_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mems_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerasopoulosMcCarthyRoystonCulver2008" class="citation book cs1">Gerasopoulos K, McCarthy M, Royston E, Culver JN, Ghodssi R (January 13–17, 2008). "Microbatteries with tobacco mosaic virus templated electrodes". <i>2008 IEEE 21st International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems</i>. pp. 960–963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMEMSYS.2008.4443817">10.1109/MEMSYS.2008.4443817</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-1792-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-1792-6"><bdi>978-1-4244-1792-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Microbatteries+with+tobacco+mosaic+virus+templated+electrodes&rft.btitle=2008+IEEE+21st+International+Conference+on+Micro+Electro+Mechanical+Systems&rft.pages=960-963&rft.date=2008-01-13%2F2008-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMEMSYS.2008.4443817&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-1792-6&rft.aulast=Gerasopoulos&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+M&rft.au=Royston%2C+E&rft.au=Culver%2C+JN&rft.au=Ghodssi%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtanasovaRothensteinSchneiderHoffmann2011" class="citation journal cs1">Atanasova P, Rothenstein D, Schneider JJ, Hoffmann RC, Dilfer S, Eiben S, et al. (November 2011). "Virus-templated synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and formation of field-effect transistors". <i>Advanced Materials</i>. <b>23</b> (42): 4918–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AdM....23.4918A">2011AdM....23.4918A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.201102900">10.1002/adma.201102900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21959928">21959928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205242233">205242233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials&rft.atitle=Virus-templated+synthesis+of+ZnO+nanostructures+and+formation+of+field-effect+transistors&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=4918-22&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadma.201102900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205242233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21959928&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AdM....23.4918A&rft.aulast=Atanasova&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Rothenstein%2C+D&rft.au=Schneider%2C+JJ&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+RC&rft.au=Dilfer%2C+S&rft.au=Eiben%2C+S&rft.au=Wege%2C+C&rft.au=Jeske%2C+H&rft.au=Bill%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/28px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/42px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/56px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreager2002" class="citation book cs1">Creager AN (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226120263"><i>The life of a virus: tobacco mosaic virus as an experimental model, 1930–1965</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-12026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-12026-3"><bdi>978-0-226-12026-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+a+virus%3A+tobacco+mosaic+virus+as+an+experimental+model%2C+1930%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-12026-3&rft.aulast=Creager&rft.aufirst=AN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780226120263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Flue-cured tobacco field manual</i>. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flue-cured+tobacco+field+manual&rft.place=Winston-Salem%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=R.J.+Reynolds+Tobacco+Company&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+mosaic+virus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tobacco_mosaic_virus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tobacco mosaic virus">Tobacco mosaic virus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=370">Description of plant viruses – TMV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231154/http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=370">Archived</a> 2007-09-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – contains information on symptoms, hosts species, purification etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614075040/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg1168.html">Further information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/data-hub/taxonomy/12242/">Electron microscope image of TM</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tobacco mosaic virus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332874" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q332874">Q332874</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tobacco mosaic virus">Tobacco mosaic virus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7CFYV">7CFYV</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8615186">8615186</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TMV000">TMV000</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/10438482">10438482</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11460968">11460968</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=12242">12242</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332874#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1151977/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tabakmosaikvirus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4184299-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12380501b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12380501b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX541543">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538926705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&oldid=1257110430">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_mosaic_virus&oldid=1257110430</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viruses_described_in_1892" title="Category:Viruses described in 1892">Viruses described in 1892</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tobamovirus" 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