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id="toc-Popular_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popular forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circus_juggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circus_juggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Circus juggling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circus_juggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy_juggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy_juggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Comedy juggling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy_juggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gentleman_juggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gentleman_juggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Gentleman juggling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gentleman_juggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themed_juggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themed_juggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Themed juggling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themed_juggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Venues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Venues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Venues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Circus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variety_theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variety_theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Variety theatres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variety_theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casinos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casinos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Casinos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casinos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_fairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_fairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Festivals and fairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_fairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historically_themed_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historically_themed_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Historically themed events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historically_themed_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Street performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_jugglers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_jugglers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable jugglers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_jugglers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mathematics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Juggling_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juggling_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Juggling notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juggling_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Juggling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A9" title="ألعاب الخفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألعاب الخفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabarismu" title="Malabarismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Malabarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janqlyorluq" title="Janqlyorluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Janqlyorluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Juggling" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жангліраванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жангліраванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жангляваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жангляваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жонглиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жонглиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabarisme" title="Malabarisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malabarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDonglov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Žonglování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žonglování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyglo" title="Jyglo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jyglo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonglering" title="Jonglering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jonglering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonglieren" title="Jonglieren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jonglieren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDongleerimine" title="Žongleerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Žongleerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Ζογκλερικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζογκλερικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabarismo" title="Malabarismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Malabarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4onglado" title="Ĵonglado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵonglado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskujoko" title="Eskujoko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskujoko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ژانگوله‌بازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژانگوله‌بازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonglerie" title="Jonglerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jonglerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabarismo" title="Malabarismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Malabarismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EA%B8%80%EB%A7%81" title="저글링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저글링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menambul" title="Menambul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menambul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dj%C3%B6gl" title="Djögl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Djögl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giocoleria" title="Giocoleria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giocoleria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="להטוטנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="להטוטנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жонглерлік өнер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жонглерлік өнер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Жонглёрлоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жонглёрлоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praestigiae" title="Praestigiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praestigiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongl%C3%A9ieren" title="Jongléieren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jongléieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDongliravimas" title="Žongliravimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žongliravimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsongl%C5%91rk%C3%B6d%C3%A9s" title="Zsonglőrködés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsonglőrködés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongleren" title="Jongleren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jongleren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ジャグリング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャグリング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjonglering" title="Sjonglering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjonglering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjonglering" title="Sjonglering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjonglering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBonglerka" title="Żonglerka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żonglerka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Juggling%22">"Juggling"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Juggling%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Juggling%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Juggling%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Juggling%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Juggling%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Circus skill manipulating objects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the novel by Barbara Trapido, see <a href="/wiki/Juggling_(novel)" title="Juggling (novel)">Juggling (novel)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Juggler" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Juggler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Juggler (disambiguation)">The Juggler</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_circus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Afghan_circus.jpg/220px-Afghan_circus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Afghan_circus.jpg/330px-Afghan_circus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Afghan_circus.jpg/440px-Afghan_circus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Children performing juggling as part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Jugglers%27_Association" title="International Jugglers' Association">International Jugglers' Association</a> supported Mobile Mini Circus for Children</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Juggling</b> is a physical skill, performed by a <b>juggler</b>, involving the <a href="/wiki/Object_manipulation" title="Object manipulation">manipulation of objects</a> for recreation, entertainment, art or sport. The most recognizable form of juggling is <a href="/wiki/Toss_juggling" title="Toss juggling">toss juggling</a>. Juggling can be the manipulation of one object or many objects at the same time, most often using one or two hands but other body parts as well, like feet or head. Jugglers often refer to the objects they juggle as <i><b>props</b></i>. The most common props are <a href="/wiki/Juggling_ball" title="Juggling ball">balls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juggling_club" title="Juggling club">clubs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Juggling_ring" title="Juggling ring">rings</a>. Some jugglers use more dramatic objects such as <a href="/wiki/Knives_(juggling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knives (juggling)">knives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torch_(juggling)" title="Torch (juggling)">fire torches</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">chainsaws</a>. The term <i>juggling</i> can also commonly refer to other prop-based manipulation skills, such as <a href="/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo">diabolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plate_spinning" title="Plate spinning">plate spinning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devil_sticks" title="Devil sticks">devil sticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poi_(juggling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poi (juggling)">poi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigar_box_(juggling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigar box (juggling)">cigar boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contact_juggling" title="Contact juggling">contact juggling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooping" title="Hooping">hooping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yo-yo" title="Yo-yo">yo-yo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hat_manipulation" title="Hat manipulation">hat manipulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">kick-ups</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-ball_cascade_movie.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/3-ball_cascade_movie.gif/220px-3-ball_cascade_movie.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/3-ball_cascade_movie.gif/330px-3-ball_cascade_movie.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/3-ball_cascade_movie.gif 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <a href="/wiki/Cascade_(juggling)" title="Cascade (juggling)">3 ball cascade</a> (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Siteswap" title="Siteswap">Siteswap</a> 3)</figcaption></figure> <p>The words <i>juggling</i> and <i>juggler</i> derive from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>jogelen</i> ("to entertain by <a href="/wiki/Legerdemain" class="mw-redirect" title="Legerdemain">performing tricks</a>"), which in turn is from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jangler" class="extiw" title="wikt:jangler">jangler</a></i>. There is also the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> form <i>joculare</i> of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>joculari</i>, meaning "to jest".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the etymology of the terms <i>juggler</i> and <i>juggling</i> in the sense of manipulating objects for entertainment originates as far back as the 11th century, the current sense of <i>to juggle</i>, meaning "to continually toss objects in the air and catch them", originates from the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 12th to the 17th century, <i>juggling</i> and <i>juggler</i> were the terms most consistently used to describe acts of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic</a>, though some have called the term <i>juggling</i> a <a href="/wiki/Lexicographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographic">lexicographical</a> nightmare, stating that it is one of the least understood relating to magic. In the 21st century, the term <i>juggling</i> usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Toss_juggling" title="Toss juggling">toss juggling</a>, where objects are continuously thrown into the air and caught again, repeating in a rhythmical pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to James Ernest in his book <i>Contact Juggling</i>, most people will describe juggling as "throwing and catching things"; however, a juggler might describe the act as "a visually complex or physically challenging feat using one or more objects".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Levinson and Karen Christensen describe juggling as "the sport of tossing and catching or manipulating objects [...] keeping them in constant motion".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Juggling, like <a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">music</a>, combines abstract patterns and <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body coordination">mind-body coordination</a> in a pleasing way."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_juggling" title="History of juggling">History of juggling</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_to_20th_century">Ancient to 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient to 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Egyptian_juggling_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Egyptian_juggling_art.jpg/220px-Early_Egyptian_juggling_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Egyptian_juggling_art.jpg/330px-Early_Egyptian_juggling_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Early_Egyptian_juggling_art.jpg/440px-Early_Egyptian_juggling_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>This ancient wall painting appears to depict jugglers. It was found in the 15th tomb of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karyssa_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karyssa I (page does not exist)">Karyssa I</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. According to Dr. Bianchi, associate curator of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> "In tomb 15, the prince is looking on to things he enjoyed in life that he wishes to take to the next world. The fact that jugglers are represented in a tomb suggests religious significance." ... "round things were used to represent large solar objects, birth, and death."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest record of juggling is suggested in a panel from the 15th (1994 to 1781 B.C.) <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a> tomb of an unknown Egyptian prince, showing female dancers and acrobats throwing balls.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juggling has been recorded in many early cultures including <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">Aztec</a> (Mexico) and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juggling_in_ancient_China" title="Juggling in ancient China">Juggling in ancient China</a> was an art performed by some warriors. One such warrior was Xiong Yiliao, whose juggling of nine balls in front of troops on a battlefield reportedly caused the opposing troops to flee without fighting, resulting in a complete victory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, juggling was an acceptable diversion until the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decline of the Roman Empire</a>, after which the activity fell into disgrace. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, most histories were written by religious clerics who frowned upon the type of performers who juggled, called <a href="/wiki/Gleeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleeman">gleemen</a>, accusing them of base morals or even practicing <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. Jugglers in this era would only perform in <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplaces</a>, streets, fairs, or drinking houses. They would perform short, humorous and bawdy acts and pass a <a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">hat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">bag</a> among the audience for tips. Some kings' and noblemen's <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">fools, or jesters</a> would have been able to juggle or perform <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a>, though their main skills would have been oral (<a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>). </p><p>In 1768, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Astley" title="Philip Astley">Philip Astley</a> opened the first modern <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>. A few years later, he employed jugglers to perform acts along with the horse and <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clown</a> acts. Since then, jugglers have been associated with circuses. </p><p>In the early 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> troupes from Asia, such as the famous "Indian Jugglers"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to by <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">William Hazlitt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived to tour Britain, Europe and parts of America.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> theatres became more popular, and jugglers were in demand to fill time between music acts, performing in front of the curtain while sets were changed. Performers started specializing in juggling, separating it from other kinds of performance such as <a href="/wiki/Sword_swallowing" title="Sword swallowing">sword swallowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic</a>. The <a href="#Gentleman_juggling">Gentleman Juggler</a> style was established by German jugglers such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salerno_(juggler)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salerno (juggler) (page does not exist)">Salerno</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_(juggler)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara (juggler) (page does not exist)">Kara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">Rubber</a> processing developed, and jugglers started using rubber balls. Previously, juggling balls were made from balls of <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a>, stuffed leather bags, wooden spheres, or various metals. Solid or inflatable rubber balls meant that bounce juggling was possible. Inflated rubber balls made <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_spinning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball spinning (page does not exist)">ball spinning</a> easier and more readily accessible. Soon in North America, <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> theatres employed jugglers, often hiring European performers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeeter_Reece_carrying_Albert_Alter_juggling_while_on_unicycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Skeeter_Reece_carrying_Albert_Alter_juggling_while_on_unicycle.jpg/220px-Skeeter_Reece_carrying_Albert_Alter_juggling_while_on_unicycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Skeeter_Reece_carrying_Albert_Alter_juggling_while_on_unicycle.jpg/330px-Skeeter_Reece_carrying_Albert_Alter_juggling_while_on_unicycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Skeeter_Reece_carrying_Albert_Alter_juggling_while_on_unicycle.jpg/440px-Skeeter_Reece_carrying_Albert_Alter_juggling_while_on_unicycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="3067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Alter" title="Albert Alter">Albert Alter</a> juggling on a unicycling <a href="/wiki/Skeeter_Reece" title="Skeeter Reece">Skeeter Reece</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modern_juggling_culture" title="Modern juggling culture">Modern juggling culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juggling_convention" title="Juggling convention">Juggling convention</a></div> <p>In the early to mid-20th century, variety and vaudeville shows decreased in popularity due to competition from <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a> theatres, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, and juggling suffered as a result. Music and comedy transferred very easily to radio, but juggling could not. In the early years of TV, when variety-style programming was popular, jugglers were often featured; but developing a new act for each new show, week after week, was more difficult for jugglers than other types of entertainers; comedians and musicians can pay others to write their material, but jugglers cannot get other people to learn new skills on their behalf. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Jugglers%27_Association" title="International Jugglers' Association">International Jugglers' Association</a>, founded in 1947, began as an association for professional vaudeville jugglers, but restrictions for membership were eventually changed, and non-performers were permitted to join and attend the annual conventions. The IJA continues to hold an annual convention each summer and runs a number of other programs dedicated to advance the art of juggling worldwide. </p><p>World Juggling Day was created as an annual day of recognition for the hobby, with the intent to teach people how to juggle, to promote juggling and to get jugglers together and celebrate. It is held on the Saturday in June closest to the 17th, the founding date of the International Jugglers' Association.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cities and large towns now have juggling clubs. These are often based within, or connected to, universities and colleges. There are also community circus groups that teach young people and put on shows. The Juggling Edge<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintains a searchable database of most juggling clubs. </p><p>Since the 1980s, a juggling culture has developed. The scene revolves around local clubs and organizations, special events, shows, magazines, web sites, internet forums and, possibly most importantly, <a href="/wiki/Juggling_convention" title="Juggling convention">juggling conventions</a>. In recent years, there has also been a growing focus on <a href="/wiki/Juggling_competition" title="Juggling competition">juggling competitions</a>. Juggling today has evolved and branched out to the point where it is synonymous with all prop manipulation. The wide variety of the juggling scene can be seen at any juggling convention. </p><p>Juggling conventions or festivals form the backbone of the juggling scene. The focus of most of these conventions is the main space used for open juggling. There will also be more formal workshops in which expert jugglers will work with small groups on specific skills and techniques. Most juggling conventions also include a main show (open to the general public), competitions, and juggling games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_forms">Popular forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Popular forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_juggling" title="Forms of juggling">Forms of juggling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv/220px--Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv/Firejuggling_2009_ubt.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Pair of street jugglers with torches</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_Pferdmenges_juggling_7_rings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Luca_Pferdmenges_juggling_7_rings.jpg/220px-Luca_Pferdmenges_juggling_7_rings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Luca_Pferdmenges_juggling_7_rings.jpg/330px-Luca_Pferdmenges_juggling_7_rings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Luca_Pferdmenges_juggling_7_rings.jpg/440px-Luca_Pferdmenges_juggling_7_rings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="2558" /></a><figcaption>Juggling seven rings, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pferdmenges" title="Luca Pferdmenges">Luca Pferdmenges</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Hochsteiner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Daniel_Hochsteiner.jpg/170px-Daniel_Hochsteiner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Daniel_Hochsteiner.jpg/255px-Daniel_Hochsteiner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Daniel_Hochsteiner.jpg/340px-Daniel_Hochsteiner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Juggling four <a href="/wiki/Racquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquet">racquets</a>, Daniel Hochsteiner</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_juggles_ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Man_juggles_ball.jpg/170px-Man_juggles_ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Man_juggles_ball.jpg/255px-Man_juggles_ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Man_juggles_ball.jpg/340px-Man_juggles_ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Juggling a Football</figcaption></figure> <p>Juggling can be categorised by various criteria: </p> <ul><li>Professional or amateur</li></ul> <dl><dd>Juggling up until the latter half of the 20th century has been principally practised as a profession. Since the 1960s, and even more so from the 1980s, juggling has also been practiced as a hobby. The popularity of juggling acts performing outside the circus has meant an increase in the number of professional jugglers in the last thirty years. Festivals, fairs, retail promotions and corporate events have all booked juggling acts. The increase in hobby juggling has resulted in juggling stores opening and numerous juggling conventions being run to fulfill the needs of an increasingly popular pastime.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Objects juggled</li></ul> <dl><dd>Balls, clubs, rings, diabolos, devil sticks, shaker cups, and cigar boxes are several types of objects that are commonly juggled. Other objects, such as scarves, knives, fruits and vegetables, flaming torches, chainsaws, and toilet plungers, have also been used.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Method of juggling</li></ul> <dl><dd>The best known type of juggling is toss juggling, which is <a href="/wiki/Throwing" title="Throwing">throwing</a> and catching objects in the air without the objects touching the ground. Bounce juggling is bouncing objects (usually balls) off the ground. Contact juggling is manipulating the object in constant contact with the body. One division of juggling by method is into toss, balancing (equilibristics), gyroscopic (spin), and contact juggling.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>Trick juggling</li></ul> <dl><dd>This type of juggling involves performing tricks of varying levels of difficulty. The tricks can use the basic patterns of toss juggling but add more difficult levels of object manipulation. Other tricks can be independent of these basic patterns and involve other variations of object manipulation. Many patterns and tricks can be described using <a href="/wiki/Siteswap" title="Siteswap">Siteswap Notation</a> and is commonly used to share patterns between Jugglers.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Number of objects juggled</li></ul> <dl><dd>Numbers juggling is the goal of juggling as many objects as possible. This is often the initial goal of beginner jugglers, as it is commonly seen in the circus and stage juggling acts. <a href="/wiki/Numbers_juggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers juggling">Numbers juggling</a> records are noted by a number of organisations.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Number of jugglers</li></ul> <dl><dd>Juggling is most commonly performed by an individual. However, multiple-person juggling is also popular and is performed by two or more people. Various methods of <a href="/wiki/Passing_(juggling)" title="Passing (juggling)">passing</a> the objects between the jugglers is used — this can be through the air (as in toss juggling), bounced off the ground, simply handed over, or a number of other ways depending on the objects and the style of juggling. For example, one variation is where two club jugglers stand facing each other, each juggling a three-club pattern themselves, but then simultaneously passing between each other. Another variation is where the jugglers are back-to-back, and (usually) any passes to the other person travel over their heads.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Sport (competitive) juggling</li></ul> <dl><dd>Juggling has more recently developed as a competitive <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Juggling_Federation" title="World Juggling Federation">World Juggling Federation</a>. Sport juggling competitions reward pure technical ability and give no extra credit for <a href="/wiki/Showmanship_(performing)" title="Showmanship (performing)">showmanship</a> or for juggling with props such as knives or torches. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lucas_(juggler)" title="Albert Lucas (juggler)">Albert Lucas</a> created the first sport juggling organization in the early nineties − the International Sport Juggling Federation,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which promotes <a href="/wiki/Joggling" title="Joggling">joggling</a> and other athletic forms of juggling.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_records">World records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juggling_world_records" title="Juggling world records">Juggling world records</a></div> <p>There is no organisation that tracks all juggling world records. </p><p>Toss juggling and club passing world records used to be tracked by the Juggling Information Service Committee on Numbers Juggling (JISCON) (now defunct).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some records are tracked by <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jugglers_Circus_Amok_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jugglers_Circus_Amok_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Jugglers_Circus_Amok_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jugglers_Circus_Amok_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Jugglers_Circus_Amok_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Jugglers_Circus_Amok_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Jugglers_Circus_Amok_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Juggling is often used in <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> arts, such as in <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Miller" title="Jennifer Miller">Jennifer Miller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Circus_Amok" title="Circus Amok">Circus Amok</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexington_Barbecue_Festival_-_Juggler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lexington_Barbecue_Festival_-_Juggler.jpg/220px-Lexington_Barbecue_Festival_-_Juggler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lexington_Barbecue_Festival_-_Juggler.jpg/330px-Lexington_Barbecue_Festival_-_Juggler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lexington_Barbecue_Festival_-_Juggler.jpg/440px-Lexington_Barbecue_Festival_-_Juggler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Street juggler Mark Lippard on stilts at the <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Barbecue_Festival" title="Lexington Barbecue Festival">Lexington Barbecue Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jongl%C3%B6%C3%B6ripoika_IMG_7718_C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jongl%C3%B6%C3%B6ripoika_IMG_7718_C.JPG/220px-Jongl%C3%B6%C3%B6ripoika_IMG_7718_C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jongl%C3%B6%C3%B6ripoika_IMG_7718_C.JPG/330px-Jongl%C3%B6%C3%B6ripoika_IMG_7718_C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jongl%C3%B6%C3%B6ripoika_IMG_7718_C.JPG/440px-Jongl%C3%B6%C3%B6ripoika_IMG_7718_C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Young juggler performing during the 2009 Circus Festival in <a href="/wiki/Kerava" title="Kerava">Kerava</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional jugglers perform in a number of different styles, which are not mutually exclusive. These juggling styles have developed or been introduced over time with some becoming more popular at some times than others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circus_juggling">Circus juggling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Circus juggling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional circus-style juggling emphasises high levels of skill and sometimes large-scale props to enable the act to "fill" the circus ring. The juggling act may involve some comedy or other circus skills such as acrobatics, but the principal focus is the technical skill of the jugglers. Costumes are usually colourful with sequins. Variations within this style include the traditions from Chinese and Russian circus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comedy_juggling">Comedy juggling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comedy juggling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comedy juggling acts vary greatly in their skill level, prop use and costuming. However, they all share the fact that the focus of the performance is comedic rather than a demonstration of technical juggling skill. Comedy juggling acts are most commonly seen in street performance, festivals and fairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gentleman_juggling">Gentleman juggling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gentleman juggling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentleman_Juggler,_Thom_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gentleman_Juggler%2C_Thom_Wall.jpg/220px-Gentleman_Juggler%2C_Thom_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gentleman_Juggler%2C_Thom_Wall.jpg/330px-Gentleman_Juggler%2C_Thom_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gentleman_Juggler%2C_Thom_Wall.jpg/440px-Gentleman_Juggler%2C_Thom_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4474" data-file-height="2983" /></a><figcaption>Gentleman juggler <a href="/wiki/Thom_Wall" title="Thom Wall">Thom Wall</a> demonstrates a trick using a teacup, saucer, and tray in his show <i>On the Topic of Juggling</i> at the Emerald Room in St Louis, Missouri.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gentleman juggling was popular in variety theatres and usually involves juggling some of the elements of a gentleman's attire, namely hats, canes, gloves, cigars, and other everyday items<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as plates and <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">wine bottles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style is often sophisticated and visual rather than comedic, though it has been interpreted in many different styles. French juggler <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaston Palmer (page does not exist)">Gaston Palmer</a>, for example, gained a kind of notoriety for his comedic execution of gentleman juggling tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Themed_juggling">Themed juggling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Themed juggling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jugglers perform themed acts, sometimes with specifically themed props and usually in themed costumes. Examples include jesters, pirates, sports, Victorians and chefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venues">Venues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circus">Circus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Circus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jugglers commonly feature in circuses, with many performers having enjoyed a star billing. Circus jugglers come from many countries and include those from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and other Eastern European countries, China, Latin America and other European countries. Some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years are from Eastern Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Sergej_Ignatov" title="Sergej Ignatov">Sergej Ignatov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrii_Kolesnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrii Kolesnikov (page does not exist)">Andrii Kolesnikov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evgenij_Biljauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evgenij Biljauer (page does not exist)">Evgenij Biljauer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Popovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Popovich">Gregory Popovich</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variety_theatres">Variety theatres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Variety theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Variety theatres have a long history of including juggling acts on their billing. Vaudeville in the USA and Music halls in the UK regularly featured jugglers during the heyday of variety theatre in the first half of 20th century. Variety theatre has declined in popularity but is still present in many European countries, particularly Germany. Television talent shows have introduced juggling acts to a wider audience with the newest examples being Britain's Got Talent and America's Got Talent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casinos">Casinos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Casinos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North America jugglers have often performed in <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casinos</a>, in places like Las Vegas. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the United States have produced some of the greatest jugglers from the past 50 years, most notably <a href="/wiki/Francis_Brunn" title="Francis Brunn">Francis Brunn</a> from Germany and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gatto" title="Anthony Gatto">Anthony Gatto</a> from the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_fairs">Festivals and fairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Festivals and fairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a wide variety of festivals and fairs where juggling acts are sometimes booked to perform. Music, food and arts festivals have all booked professional performers. The festivals can range from very large scale events such as <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a> to small town or village fairs. The acts may differ from year to year or a one-act may become a regular feature at these yearly events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historically_themed_events">Historically themed events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historically themed events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renaissance fairs in North America and medieval fairs in Europe often book professional jugglers. Other historically themed events such as Victorian, maritime, and large-scale festivals of history such as the one organised by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> regularly employ juggling acts as part of the event. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_performance">Street performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Street performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juggler_in_devizes_england_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Juggler_in_devizes_england_arp.jpg/170px-Juggler_in_devizes_england_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Juggler_in_devizes_england_arp.jpg/255px-Juggler_in_devizes_england_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Juggler_in_devizes_england_arp.jpg/340px-Juggler_in_devizes_england_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>A street performer juggling <a href="/wiki/Torch_(juggling)" title="Torch (juggling)">torches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devizes" title="Devizes">Devizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In many countries such as the UK, USA, Australia, Spain, France jugglers perform on the street (<a href="/wiki/Busking" class="mw-redirect" title="Busking">busking</a>). Street juggling acts usually perform what is known as a circle show and collect money at the end of the performance in a hat or <a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">bottle</a>. Most street jugglers perform comedy juggling acts. Well known locations for this kind of street performance include Covent Garden in London, Faneuil Hall in Boston, Outside the Pump Rooms in Bath, Prince's Street in Edinburgh, outside the Pompidou Centre in Paris, Circular Quay in Sydney, and Pearl Street in Boulder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juggling has been performed in space despite the fact that the micro-gravity environment of orbit deprives the juggled objects of the essential ability to fall. This was accomplished initially by <a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Williams" title="Donald E. Williams">Don Williams</a>, as part of a Houston scientist's "Toys In Space" project, with apples and oranges.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two person juggling passing multiple objects between them was first accomplished in space by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Chamitoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Chamitoff">Greg Chamitoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Garriott was visiting the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_Participant" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceflight Participant">Spaceflight Participant</a> in October 2008. Their juggling of objects while in orbit was featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Apogee_of_Fear" title="Apogee of Fear">Apogee of Fear</a></i>, the first science fiction movie made in space by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Garriott</a> and 'Zero-G Magic', a magic show also recorded in space by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Chamitoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Chamitoff">Chamitoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Garriott</a> at that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> study, juggling improves <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebral</a> connectivity performance.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_jugglers">Notable jugglers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable jugglers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_jugglers" title="List of jugglers">List of jugglers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gatto" title="Anthony Gatto">Anthony Gatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lucas_(juggler)" title="Albert Lucas (juggler)">Albert Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Barron_(juggler)" title="Alex Barron (juggler)">Alex Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergej_Ignatov" title="Sergej Ignatov">Sergej Ignatov</a></li> <li>Air Jazz<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Brunn" title="Francis Brunn">Francis Brunn</a> & Lotti Brunn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_May" title="Bobby May">Bobby May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Rastelli" title="Enrico Rastelli">Enrico Rastelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cinquevalli" title="Paul Cinquevalli">Paul Cinquevalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moschen" title="Michael Moschen">Michael Moschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Garfield" title="Jason Garfield">Jason Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonglissimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonglissimo">Jonglissimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Burrage" title="Luke Burrage">Luke Burrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pferdmenges" title="Luca Pferdmenges">Luca Pferdmenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vova_Galchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Vova Galchenko">Vova Galchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dietz_(juggler)" title="Thomas Dietz (juggler)">Thomas Dietz</a></li> <li>Rudy Cardenas<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Wall" title="Thom Wall">Thom Wall</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juggling_Shannon%27s_theorem_Cascade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Juggling_Shannon%27s_theorem_Cascade.png/220px-Juggling_Shannon%27s_theorem_Cascade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Juggling_Shannon%27s_theorem_Cascade.png/330px-Juggling_Shannon%27s_theorem_Cascade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Juggling_Shannon%27s_theorem_Cascade.png/440px-Juggling_Shannon%27s_theorem_Cascade.png 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Shannon's juggling theorem for the cascade juggling pattern, note that the hand making the toss reverses each time through the pattern (1st time: RLR, 2nd time: LRL), meaning the tosses alternate between hands</figcaption></figure> <p>Mathematics has been used to understand juggling as juggling has been used to test mathematics. The number of possible patterns <i>n</i> digits long using <i>b</i> or fewer balls is <i>b</i><sup><i>n</i></sup> and the average of the numbers in a siteswap pattern equal the number of balls required for the pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the number of three digit three ball patterns is 3<sup>3</sup> = 27, and the box, (4,2x)(2x,4), requires (4+2+4+2)/4 = 3 balls. </p><p>"The time that a ball spends in flight is proportional to the square root of the height of the throw," meaning that the number of balls used greatly increases the amount of speed or height required, which increases the need for accuracy between the direction and synchronization of throws.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coupled_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupled oscillation">Coupled oscillation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronization</a> ("the tendency of two limbs to move at the same <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Science_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) appear to be easier in all patterns and also required by certain patterns. For example, "the fountain pattern...can be stably performed in two ways...one can perform the fountain with different frequencies for the two hands, but that coordination is difficult because of the tendency of the limbs to synchronize," while "in the cascade...the crossing of the balls between the hands demands that one hand catches at the same rate that the other hand throws."<sup id="cite_ref-Science_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Juggling ladder diagrams</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_(3)_ladder_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram.svg/200px-Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram.svg/300px-Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram.svg/400px-Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cascade ladder diagram minimum required by siteswap (siteswap: 3)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_(3)_ladder_diagram_Shannon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram_Shannon.svg/200px-Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram_Shannon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram_Shannon.svg/300px-Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram_Shannon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram_Shannon.svg/400px-Juggling_-_3-ball_cascade_%283%29_ladder_diagram_Shannon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cascade ladder suggested by Shannon's formula (siteswap: 3)</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>, builder of the first <a href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">juggling robot</a>, developed a <b>juggling theorem</b>, relating the time balls spend in the air and in the hands: <i>(F+D)H=(V+D)N</i>, where <i>F</i> = time a ball spends in the air, <i>D</i> = time a ball spends in a hand/time a hand is full, <i>V</i> = time a hand is vacant, <i>N</i> = number of balls, and <i>H</i> = number of hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a hand's and a ball's perspectives in the two-hand (<i>H</i>) three-ball (<i>N</i>) cascade pattern: </p> <pre>toss: 1st 2nd 3rd hand: D--VD—VD—V ball: D--F--D--F-- R L R L R L </pre> <dl><dd>(F+D)H=(V+D)N</dd> <dd>(3+3)2=(1+3)3</dd> <dd>6×2=4×3</dd> <dd>12=12</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juggling_notation">Juggling notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Juggling notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juggle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Juggle.gif" decoding="async" width="78" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>With a few more balls: 10 siteswap</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juggling_notation" title="Juggling notation">Juggling notation</a></div> <p>Juggling tricks and patterns can become very complex, and hence can be difficult to communicate to others. Therefore, notation systems have been developed for specifying patterns, as well as for discovering new patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diagram-based notations are the clearest way to show juggling patterns on paper, but as they are based on images, their use is limited in text-based communication. Ladder diagrams track the path of all the props through time, where the less complicated <a href="/wiki/Causal_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal diagram">causal diagrams</a> only track the props that are in the air, and assumes that a juggler has a prop in each hand. Numeric notation systems are more popular and standardized than diagram-based notations. They are used extensively in both a written form and in normal conversations among jugglers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Siteswap" title="Siteswap">Siteswap</a> is by far the most common juggling notation. Various heights of throw, considered to take specific "beats" of time to complete, are assigned a relative number. From those, a pattern is conveyed as a sequence of numbers, such as "3", "744", or "97531". Those examples are for two hands making alternating or "asynchronous" throws, and often called <i>vanilla siteswap</i>. For showing patterns in which both hands throw at the same time, there are other notating conventions for synchronous siteswap. There is also <i>multiplex siteswap</i> for patterns where one hand holds or throws two or more balls on the same beat. Other extensions to siteswap have been developed, including passing siteswap, Multi-Hand Notation (MHN), and General Siteswap (GS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jugglers" title="Category:Jugglers">Jugglers</a> (category)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flair_bartending" title="Flair bartending">Flair bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(juggling)" title="Passing (juggling)">Passing (juggling)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989: <i>juggling</i> entry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116190433/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/juggle">Juggle</a>", <i>OxfordDictionaries.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRid1612" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rid" title="Samuel Rid">Rid, Samuel</a> (1612). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12343"><i>The Art of Iugling or Legerdemaine</i></a>. Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Iugling+or+Legerdemaine&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1612&rft.aulast=Rid&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F12343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggle">Juggle</a>", <i>Merriam-Webster.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1983). <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i>. Cited in Ernest (2011), p.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest, James (2011). <i>Contact Juggling</i>, p.1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591000273" title="Special:BookSources/9781591000273">9781591000273</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crego, Robert (2003). <i>Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries</i>, p.16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313316104" title="Special:BookSources/9780313316104">9780313316104</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borwein, Jonathan M.; ed. (1997). <i>Organic Mathematics</i>, p.134. American Mathematical Soc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821806685" title="Special:BookSources/9780821806685">9780821806685</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillen, Billy (1986). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggling.org/jw/86/2/egypt.html">Remember the Force Hassan!</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Juggling.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Juggling.org">Juggling.org</a></i>. <i>Juggler's World</i>: Vol. 38, No. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beek, Peter J. and Lewbel, Arthur (1995). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/jugweb/sciamjug.pdf">The Science of Juggling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104003/https://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/jugweb/sciamjug.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Scientific American</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217090129/https://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/jugweb/history-1.html">"Prof. Arthur Lewbel's Research in Juggling History"</a>. .bc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/jugweb/history-1.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Arthur+Lewbel%27s+Research+in+Juggling+History&rft.pub=.bc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.bc.edu%2F~lewbel%2Fjugweb%2Fhistory-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggling.org/museum/ethnography/">"The JIS Museum of Juggling's Ethnography section"</a>. Juggling.org. 1995-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+JIS+Museum+of+Juggling%27s+Ethnography+section&rft.pub=Juggling.org&rft.date=1995-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juggling.org%2Fmuseum%2Fethnography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane2001" class="citation book cs1">Jane, Taylor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC"><i>Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans</i></a>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860645082" title="Special:BookSources/9781860645082"><bdi>9781860645082</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petra+and+the+Lost+Kingdom+of+the+Nabataeans&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781860645082&rft.aulast=Jane&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcAoBq4_EnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20120804050209/http://www.juggle.org/history/archives/jugmags/39-1/39-1,p42.htm">[1]</a> Chinese Acrobatics Through the Ages, by Fu Qifeng</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (London, England), 27 July 1813, p.2:'The exhibition of the Indian Jugglers, at No. 87, Pall-mall, has been attended by nearly all the Families of distinction in town; and is becoming extremely popular.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientalism-in-art.org/The-Indian-Jugglers.html">J. Green: The Indian Jugglers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814121250/http://www.orientalism-in-art.org/The-Indian-Jugglers.html">Archived</a> 2016-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Orientalism-in-Art.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.juggling.org/papers/hazlitt/">[2]</a> In his <i>Table Talk</i> (1821) Hazlitt recalled the opening routine: '... the chief of the Indian Jugglers begins with tossing up two brass balls, which is what any of us could do, and concludes with keeping up four at the same time, which is what none of us could do to save our lives... to make them revolve round him at certain intervals, like the planets in their spheres, to make them chase one another like sparkles of fire, or shoot up like flowers or meteors, to throw them behind his back and twine them round his neck like ribbons or like serpents...with all the ease, the grace, the carelessness imaginable... is skill surmounting difficulty, and beauty triumphing over skill.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aboutfacesentertainment.com/pages/about-juggling.html">[3]</a> An appearance by the leader of the Indian Jugglers troupe, Ramo Samee, is described in the <i>Salem Gazette</i>, 5 October 1819</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggle.org/ija/wjd/wjd-archive/">World Juggling Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630074314/http://www.juggle.org/ija/wjd/wjd-archive/">Archived</a> 2015-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>IJA</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jugglingedge.com/clublistings.php">"Juggling Edge - Global Juggling Clubs"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Sport+Juggling+Federation&rft.pub=isjf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isjf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggling.org/records/records.html">"JIS Numbers Juggling Records"</a>. Juggling.org. 2011-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JIS+Numbers+Juggling+Records&rft.pub=Juggling.org&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juggling.org%2Frecords%2Frecords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031718/http://objectepisodes.com/t/meaning-and-expression-in-juggling/357">"Meaning and expression in juggling"</a>. <i>Object Episodes</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Object+Episodes&rft.atitle=Meaning+and+expression+in+juggling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobjectepisodes.com%2Ft%2Fmeaning-and-expression-in-juggling%2F357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisenby" class="citation news cs1">Lisenby, Ashley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/st-louisan-juggles-his-way-into-spot-with-cirque-du/article_4d8740ed-5903-575e-a2c0-c1fce93fd119.html">"St. Louisan juggles his way into spot with Cirque du Soleil show"</a>. <i>stltoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=stltoday.com&rft.atitle=St.+Louisan+juggles+his+way+into+spot+with+Cirque+du+Soleil+show&rft.aulast=Lisenby&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stltoday.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmetro%2Fst-louisan-juggles-his-way-into-spot-with-cirque-du%2Farticle_4d8740ed-5903-575e-a2c0-c1fce93fd119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juggle.org/gaston-palmer/">"Gaston Palmer - IJA"</a>. <i>www.juggle.org</i>. 7 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.juggle.org&rft.atitle=Gaston+Palmer+-+IJA&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juggle.org%2Fgaston-palmer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiduz1985" class="citation journal cs1">Giduz, Bill (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.juggle.org/history/archives/jugmags/37-2/37-2,p4.htm">"The Joy of Zero-G Juggling"</a>. <i>Juggler's World</i>. <b>37–2</b>: 4–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Juggler%27s+World&rft.atitle=The+Joy+of+Zero-G+Juggling&rft.volume=37-2&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Giduz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.juggle.org%2Fhistory%2Farchives%2Fjugmags%2F37-2%2F37-2%2Cp4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamitoff" class="citation web cs1">Chamitoff, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition17/journal_greg_chamitoff_6_prt.htm">"Greg Chamitoff's Journal"</a>. <i>Nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Greg+Chamitoff%27s+Journal&rft.aulast=Chamitoff&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fexpeditions%2Fexpedition17%2Fjournal_greg_chamitoff_6_prt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2009-10-12-juggling-enhances-connections-brain">"Juggling enhances connections in the brain | University of Oxford"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juggling+enhances+connections+in+the+brain+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2009-10-12-juggling-enhances-connections-brain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8297764.stm">"Juggling increases brain power"</a>. 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Juggling+increases+brain+power&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F8297764.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiethen2003" class="citation book cs1">Ziethen, Karl-Heinz (2003). <i>Virtuosos of Juggling</i>. Santa Cruz: Renegade Juggling. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0974184802" title="Special:BookSources/0974184802"><bdi>0974184802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtuosos+of+Juggling&rft.place=Santa+Cruz&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=Renegade+Juggling&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0974184802&rft.aulast=Ziethen&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juggle.org/rudy-cardenas-a-living-legend/">"Rudy Cardenas - A Living Legend · IJA"</a>. 20 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rudy+Cardenas+-+A+Living+Legend+%C2%B7+IJA&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juggle.org%2Frudy-cardenas-a-living-legend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomwall.com/siteswap-fundamentals">"Siteswap Fundamentals ⋆ Thom Wall"</a>. <i>Thom Wall</i>. 2017-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thom+Wall&rft.atitle=Siteswap+Fundamentals+%E2%8B%86+Thom+Wall&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomwall.com%2Fsiteswap-fundamentals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dancey, Charlie 1995 <i>Compendium of Club Juggling</i> Butterfingers, Bath <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B898591%2B14%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/1+898591+14+8">1 898591 14 8</a>.</li> <li>Dancey, Charlie 2001 <i>Encyclopedia of Ball Juggling</i>, Butterfingers, Devon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B898591%2B13%2BX" title="Special:BookSources/1+898591+13+X">1 898591 13 X</a>.</li> <li>Finnigan, Dave 1987 <i>The Complete Juggler</i>, Vintage Books, New York <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B394%2B74678%2B3" title="Special:BookSources/0+394+74678+3">0 394 74678 3</a>.</li> <li>Summers, Kit 1987 <i>Juggling with Finesse</i>, Finesse Press, San Diego <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B938981%2B00%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/0+938981+00+5">0 938981 00 5</a>.</li> <li>Ziethen, Karl-Heinz & Serena, Alessandro 2003 <i>Virtuosos of Juggling</i>, Renegade Juggling, Santa Cruz <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9741848%2B0%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/0+9741848+0+2">0 9741848 0 2</a>.</li> <li>Ziethen, Karl-Heinz & Allen, Andrew 1985 <i>Juggling: The Art and its Artists</i>, Werner Rausch & Werner Luft Inc, Berlin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3%2B9801140%2B1%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/3+9801140+1+5">3 9801140 1 5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juggling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Learning_to_juggle" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Learning to juggle">Learning to juggle</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Juggling" class="extiw" title="commons:Juggling"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Juggling</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Juggler" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Juggler">Juggler</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Organizations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggle.org">The International Jugglers' Association (IJA)</a> — worldwide community of jugglers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eja.net">The European Jugglers' Association (EJA)</a> — European community of jugglers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewjf.com/">The World Juggling Federation (WJF)</a> — private company aimed at promoting competition-style juggling</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xjuggling.com/">Extreme juggling</a> — hosts yearly competitions and releases DVDs of the competitors</li></ul> <p><b>Resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_Information_Service" title="Juggling Information Service">Juggling Information Service</a> - dated but has a huge amount of information (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggling.org/">website</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jugglingedge.com/">The Juggling Edge</a> - up to date events and club listings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/juggling">r/juggling</a> - juggling subreddit; active community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraryofjuggling.com/">Library of Juggling</a> - detailed collection of toss juggling patterns</li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twjc.jugglingedge.com/glossary.html">A glossary of juggling terms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juggling.org/records/records.html">JIS Numbers Juggling Records</a> - list of world juggling records</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Juggling" title="Template:Juggling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Juggling" title="Template talk:Juggling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Juggling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Juggling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Juggling_and_object_manipulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juggling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_manipulation" title="Object manipulation">object manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Juggling_pattern" title="Juggling pattern">Patterns</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_juggling" title="Forms of juggling">forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_(juggling)" title="Box (juggling)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_(juggling)" title="Cascade (juggling)">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claw_(juggling)" title="Claw (juggling)">Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columns_(juggling)" title="Columns (juggling)">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(juggling)" title="Flash (juggling)">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(juggling)" title="Fountain (juggling)">Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_(juggling)" title="Havana (juggling)">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joggling" title="Joggling">Joggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jollyball" title="Jollyball">Jollyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills%27_Mess" title="Mills' Mess">Mills' Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(juggling)" title="Multiplex (juggling)">Multiplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_notation" title="Juggling notation">Notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siteswap" title="Siteswap">Siteswap</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_siteswaps" title="List of siteswaps">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(juggling)" title="Passing (juggling)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubenstein%27s_Revenge" title="Rubenstein's Revenge">Rubenstein's Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower_(juggling)" title="Shower (juggling)">Shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toss_juggling" title="Toss juggling">Toss</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indian_club" title="Indian club"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indian_clubs.jpg/60px-Indian_clubs.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indian_clubs.jpg/90px-Indian_clubs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Indian_clubs.jpg/120px-Indian_clubs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_skill_toys" title="List of skill toys">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_ball" title="Juggling ball">Ball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean_bag" title="Bean bag">Bean bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_ball" title="Bouncy ball">Bouncy ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacky_sack" title="Hacky sack">Hacky sack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigar_box_(juggling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigar box (juggling)">Cigar box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_club" title="Juggling club">Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_club" title="Indian club">Indian club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup-and-ball" title="Cup-and-ball">Cup-and-ball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendama" title="Kendama">Kendama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_dance" title="Fan dance">Fan dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard_(skateboard)" title="Fingerboard (skateboard)">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagging_dance" title="Flagging dance">Flagging dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_throwing" title="Flag throwing">Flag throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_manipulation" title="Hat manipulation">Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzi" title="Jianzi">Jianzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_juggling" title="Knife juggling">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_spinning" title="Plate spinning">Plate spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_ring" title="Juggling ring">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(juggling)" title="Torch (juggling)">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_roping" title="Trick roping">Trick roping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups<br />and <a href="/wiki/Juggling_convention" title="Juggling convention">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_convention" title="Juggling convention">Juggling Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Circus_Arts_Festival" title="Bay Area Circus Arts Festival">BACAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Juggling_Convention" title="British Juggling Convention">BJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Juggling_Convention" title="European Juggling Convention">EJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Juggling_Convention" title="Israeli Juggling Convention">IJC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_competition" title="Juggling competition">Competitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(juggling)" title="Combat (juggling)">Combat juggling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jugglers%27_Association" title="International Jugglers' Association">IJA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_Information_Service" title="Juggling Information Service">JIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_world_records" title="Juggling world records">JISCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_show" title="Renegade show">Renegade show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Juggling_Federation" title="World Juggling Federation">WJF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">Balance</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Twirling" title="Twirling">twirling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrojax" title="Astrojax">Astrojax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_yo-yo" title="Eskimo yo-yo">Alaskan yo-yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_twirling" title="Baton twirling">Baton twirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo">Chinese yo-yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo-copter" title="Bamboo-copter">Chinese top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_manipulation" title="Coin manipulation">Coin manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_juggling" title="Contact juggling">Contact juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_sticks" title="Devil sticks">Devil sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_fan" title="Fire fan">Fire fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_staff" title="Fire staff">Fire staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flair_bartending" title="Flair bartending">Flair bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooping" title="Hooping">Hooping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_rolling" title="Hoop rolling">Hoop rolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemari" title="Kemari">Kemari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(juggling)" title="Meteor (juggling)">Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">Keepie uppie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_spinning" title="Pen spinning">Pen spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">Poi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poi_definitions" title="Poi definitions">tricks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_top" title="Spinning top">Top</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rattleback" title="Rattleback">Rattleback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-yo" title="Yo-yo">Yo-yo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_juggling_culture" title="Modern juggling culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_juggling" title="History of juggling">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_in_ancient_China" title="Juggling in ancient China">Ancient China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jugglers" title="List of jugglers">Jugglers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Juggling terminology">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_world_records" title="Juggling world records">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Circus_skills" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Circus_skills" title="Template:Circus skills"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Circus_skills" title="Template talk:Circus skills"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Circus_skills" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Circus skills"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Circus_skills" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">balance</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Contortion" title="Contortion">contortion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobalance" title="Acrobalance">Acrobalance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adagio_(acrobatics)" title="Adagio (acrobatics)">Adagio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_hoop" title="Aerial hoop">Aerial hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_silk" title="Aerial silk">Aerial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_straps" title="Aerial straps">Aerial straps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_board" title="Balance board">Balance board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chair_acrobatics" title="Chair acrobatics">Chair acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pole" title="Chinese pole">Chinese pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_swing" title="Cloud swing">Cloud swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contortion" title="Contortion">Contortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corde_lisse" title="Corde lisse">Corde lisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_(circus_act)" title="Cradle (circus act)">Cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyr_wheel" title="Cyr wheel">Cyr wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_hang" title="Hair hang">Hair hang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_to_hand_acrobatics" title="Hand to hand acrobatics">Hand to hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_pyramid" title="Human pyramid">Human pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch_(equilibristic)" title="Perch (equilibristic)">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risley_(circus_act)" title="Risley (circus act)">Risley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_globe" title="Rolling globe">Rolling globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ladders" title="Roman ladders">Roman ladders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bar" title="Russian bar">Russian bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_swing" title="Russian swing">Russian swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slackwire" title="Slackwire">Slackwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_web" title="Spanish web">Spanish web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tightrope_walking" title="Tightrope walking">Tightrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapeze" title="Trapeze">Trapeze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_trapeze" title="Flying trapeze">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_trapeze" title="Static trapeze">Static</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_riding" title="Trick riding">Trick riding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juggling</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Object_manipulation" title="Object manipulation">object<br />manipulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullwhip" title="Bullwhip">Bullwhip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigar_box_(juggling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigar box (juggling)">Cigar box manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_juggling" title="Contact juggling">Contact juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo">Diabolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_manipulation" title="Hat manipulation">Hat manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twirling" title="Twirling">Twirling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baton_twirling" title="Baton twirling">Baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooping" title="Hooping">Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_spinning" title="Plate spinning">Plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">Fire performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)" title="Fire breathing (circus act)">Fire breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_eating" title="Fire eating">Fire eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toss_juggling" title="Toss juggling">Toss juggling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vault_(gymnastics)" title="Vault (gymnastics)">Vaulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">Equestrian vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannonball" title="Human cannonball">Human cannonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeterboard" title="Teeterboard">Teeterboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampoline" title="Trampoline">Trampoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal trainer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lion_taming" title="Lion taming">Lion taming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_clown" title="Circus clown">Circus clown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_of_death" title="Globe of death">Globe of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_firecracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Human firecracker">Human firecracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">Puppeteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringmaster_(circus)" title="Ringmaster (circus)">Ringmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (strength athlete)">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_girl" title="Target girl">Target girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Death_(Space_Wheel)" title="Wheel of Death (Space Wheel)">Wheel of Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carny" title="Carny">Carny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_school" title="Circus school">Circus school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustabout" title="Roustabout">Roustabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showman" title="Showman">Showman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">Sideshow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Circuses" title="Category:Circuses">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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