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Based on written and archeological sources, as well as with reference to modern experiments, the author attempts to reconstruct this weapon and verify in practice its range, accuracy and penetration ability.The conducted experiments allowed (among other things) to demonstrate the increase in coverage by using a leather thong (amentum) and its real impact on accuracy, as well as the impact of bad weather on, the effectiveness of javelin-armed light troops.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Grzegorz Klejnowski"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-08-23","dateModified":"2020-04-15","datePublished":"2015-01-01","headline":"Hasta Velitaris - The first edge of the Roman army, „Res Militaris. 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to 2nd centuries BC. Based on written and archeological sources, as well as with reference to modern experiments, the author attempts to reconstruct this weapon and verify in practice its range, accuracy and penetration ability.The conducted experiments allowed (among other things) to demonstrate the increase in coverage by using a leather thong (amentum) and its real impact on accuracy, as well as the impact of bad weather on, the effectiveness of javelin-armed light troops.","page_numbers":"69-91","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Res Militaris. Studia nad wojskowością antyczną tom II (2015), s. 69-91, ISBN 978-83-63374-37-2"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Hasta Velitaris - The first edge of the Roman army, „Res Militaris. 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Studia nad wojskowością antyczną tom II” (2015), s. 69-91, ISBN 978-83-63374-37-2</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960723" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GrzegorzKlejnowski"><img alt="Profile image of Grzegorz Klejnowski" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1960723/112015566/101275437/s65_grzegorz.klejnowski.jpeg" />Grzegorz Klejnowski</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Res Militaris. Studia nad wojskowością antyczną tom II (2015), s. 69-91, ISBN 978-83-63374-37-2</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">24 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 27962186; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=27962186"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The purpose of this article is to describe the construction and capabilities of javelin used by Roman light-armed troops (velites) in the period from 3rd to 2nd centuries BC. Based on written and archeological sources, as well as with reference to modern experiments, the author attempts to reconstruct this weapon and verify in practice its range, accuracy and penetration ability.The conducted experiments allowed (among other things) to demonstrate the increase in coverage by using a leather thong (amentum) and its real impact on accuracy, as well as the impact of bad weather on, the effectiveness of javelin-armed light troops.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":48263855,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/27962186/Hasta_Velitaris_The_first_edge_of_the_Roman_army_Res_Militaris_Studia_nad_wojskowo%C5%9Bci%C4%85_antyczn%C4%85_tom_II_2015_s_69_91_ISBN_978_83_63374_37_2"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":48263855,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/27962186/Hasta_Velitaris_The_first_edge_of_the_Roman_army_Res_Militaris_Studia_nad_wojskowo%C5%9Bci%C4%85_antyczn%C4%85_tom_II_2015_s_69_91_ISBN_978_83_63374_37_2"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="48263855" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/27962186/Hasta_Velitaris_The_first_edge_of_the_Roman_army_Res_Militaris_Studia_nad_wojskowo%C5%9Bci%C4%85_antyczn%C4%85_tom_II_2015_s_69_91_ISBN_978_83_63374_37_2" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="28024251" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28024251/Roman_military_equipment_in_the_4th_Century_BC_pilum_scutum_and_the_introduction_of_manipular_tactics_Folia_Archeologica_29_2013_s_38_65">Roman military equipment in the 4th Century BC: pilum, scutum and the introduction of manipular tactics, “Folia Archeologica” 29 (2013), s. 38-65</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960095" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuliuszTomczak">Juliusz Tomczak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Roman military equipment in the 4 th century BC: pilum, scutum and the introduction of manipular tactics Słowa kluczowe: wojskowość starożytnego Rzymu, pilum, scutum, taktyka manewrowa W eapons and tactics of the Roman army in the era of the great wars with Carthage, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire, as well as in campaigns against the Celts and the tribes of Iberian Peninsula , waged in the years 264–133 BC, are the subject of many publications. Earlier periods in the development of Roman weapons and fighting techniques have been comparatively neglected. The main reason for this is the low reliability of literary sources (Small 2000, p. 230) and almost complete lack of archaeological finds, the context and dating of which can be linked with the army of Rome in the period of the Early Republic (Rawlings 2007, p. 54), as well as the scarcity of iconographic sources. However, this period was crucial for the emergence of a particular method of fighting of the army, which was to conquer the whole Mediterranean world. The aim of this text is to explain and interpret different types of sources and, as a result, to offer a reconstruction of major elements in the evolution of weapons and tactics of heavy infantry, which formed the backbone of the Roman army in the period when these changes occurred, with a special emphasis placed on the widespread use of oblong shield and heavy javelin in the 4 th century BC. Authors of principal publications concerning the subject of development of Roman arms and armour such as Michael C. Bishop and Jonathan Ch.N. Coulston (2006) as well as Michel Feugère (2002) begin their narrative from the First Punic War. There is no consensus among researchers as to the dating of the transformation of Roman weaponry and tactics in this period. 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Cvetko, A new attempt at interpreting arrowheads from the Roman legionary fortresses Burnum and Tilurium in Dalmatia, in: D. Breeze et al. (eds.), Limes XXIIII. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Belgrade 2023, 593-606.","attachmentId":119541415,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125511718/M_Sanader_J_Zaninovic_M_Cvetko_A_new_attempt_at_interpreting_arrowheads_from_the_Roman_legionary_fortresses_Burnum_and_Tilurium_in_Dalmatia_in_D_Breeze_et_al_eds_Limes_XXIIII_Proceedings_of_the_24th_International_Congress_of_Roman_Frontier_Studies_Belgrade_2023_593_606","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125511718/M_Sanader_J_Zaninovic_M_Cvetko_A_new_attempt_at_interpreting_arrowheads_from_the_Roman_legionary_fortresses_Burnum_and_Tilurium_in_Dalmatia_in_D_Breeze_et_al_eds_Limes_XXIIII_Proceedings_of_the_24th_International_Congress_of_Roman_Frontier_Studies_Belgrade_2023_593_606"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="108837061" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108837061/Roman_cavalry_equipment_and_other_militaria_from_the_2010_and_2011_excavations_at_Ptuj_Slovenia_">Roman cavalry equipment and other militaria from the 2010 and 2011 excavations at Ptuj (Slovenia)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="437089" href="https://nms-si.academia.edu/istenicjanka">Istenič Janka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cavalry in the Roman world, Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Roman Military Equipment Conference held in St Andrews, Scotland, 6th-11th June 2016 (Journal of Roman military equipment studies 19, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roman cavalry equipment and other militaria from the 2010 and 2011 excavations at Ptuj (Slovenia)","attachmentId":107122460,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108837061/Roman_cavalry_equipment_and_other_militaria_from_the_2010_and_2011_excavations_at_Ptuj_Slovenia_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108837061/Roman_cavalry_equipment_and_other_militaria_from_the_2010_and_2011_excavations_at_Ptuj_Slovenia_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="43447474" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43447474/Throwing_Artillery_from_Apsaros_Roman_Fortress_Analyze_and_Interpretation_of_Stone_Projectiles_for_Ballista">Throwing Artillery from Apsaros Roman Fortress. Analyze and Interpretation of Stone Projectiles for Ballista</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14418009" href="https://uw.academia.edu/OskarKubrak">Oskar Kubrak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Throwing Artillery from Apsaros Roman Fortress. Analyze and Interpretation of Stone Projectiles for Ballista, with a contribution by Lasha Aslanishvili, ProGeorgia 28, Warsaw 2018, pp. 109-128., 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Stone balls are commonly found at archaeological sites associated with the Roman army. They represent a great variety of sizes and were used for siege engines, as projectiles for slingshots and large metal arrowheads. During the archaeological research conducted in the Roman fort of Apsaros 115 stone balls of a variety of sizes and weights were found. This collection has been analyzed and organized according to their diameter and weight. The results were compared with the published research of stone balls from other places where the Roman army had been stationed. The stone balls from Apsaros were compared to the information about the ballista and their projectiles contained in Vitruvius’s text (Vit. De Arch. X,11.3). All the stone balls found in Apsaros have been arranged in a chart. The coordinate system shows the relation between the mass and the diameter of the individual bullets. By using this method, we have established a better distribution of the collection of stone balls, dividing them into fi ve groups as opposed to the three groups previously introduced. In all cases for which it was possible, the place where the projectiles in the fortress were found has also been provided. The localization of the fi ndings was compared with the probable localization of the Roman fort of Apsaros from the fi rst centuries of our era. The research of stone balls from the Roman fort Apsaros was possible thanks to the cooperation between Polish and Georgians archaeologists during the Gonio-Apsaros expedition. The joint expedition consists of researchers from the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, the Polish Center of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw and the Cultural Heritage Preservation Agency of Adjara.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Throwing Artillery from Apsaros Roman Fortress. Analyze and Interpretation of Stone Projectiles for Ballista","attachmentId":63753916,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43447474/Throwing_Artillery_from_Apsaros_Roman_Fortress_Analyze_and_Interpretation_of_Stone_Projectiles_for_Ballista","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43447474/Throwing_Artillery_from_Apsaros_Roman_Fortress_Analyze_and_Interpretation_of_Stone_Projectiles_for_Ballista"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="123650416" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123650416/Reconstructing_Roman_Infantry_Sword_and_Shield_Use_Antiquity_to_1204_CE">Reconstructing Roman Infantry Sword and Shield Use: Antiquity to 1204 CE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="214641689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PetrouNicholas">Nicholas Petrou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article will seek to reconstruct Roman sword and shield fighting through its existence from antiquity to the medieval period. It will utilise a number of written and depicted sources, showing that not only did the Roman way of fighting change through time but also, especially during the medieval period, holds a level comparison with other systems such as furusiyya in the Abbasid and post-Abbasid world. Additionally, the use of hopping/jumping may have been a form of footwork that was common to the region.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reconstructing Roman Infantry Sword and Shield Use: Antiquity to 1204 CE","attachmentId":119938344,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123650416/Reconstructing_Roman_Infantry_Sword_and_Shield_Use_Antiquity_to_1204_CE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123650416/Reconstructing_Roman_Infantry_Sword_and_Shield_Use_Antiquity_to_1204_CE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="37602683" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37602683/THE_SLINGS_AND_ARROWS_OF_OUTRAGEOUS_FORTUNE_LONG_RANGE_FIGHTING_UNITS_ON_THE_ROMAN_LIMES_IN_SERBIA">THE SLINGS AND ARROWS OF OUTRAGEOUS FORTUNE: LONG-RANGE FIGHTING UNITS ON THE ROMAN LIMES IN SERBIA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="693381" href="https://bg.academia.edu/MiroslavVujovic">Miroslav Vujovic</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32459190" href="https://bg.academia.edu/JCvijetic">Jelena Cvijetic</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">M. Korać, S. Golubović, N. Mrđić (eds), VIVERE MILITARE EST: From Populus to Emperors - Living on the Frontier, Belgrade:Institute of Archaeology., 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper is dedicated to the problem of the presence and distribution of Roman archers and slingers in this part of the Roman Empire.Engagement of the units specialized in archery are confirmed by written sources, epigraphic data and archaeological military equipment. The mention of Roman archers can be found, however rarely, and mostly in later texts describing historical events in the Balkans during the turbulent late Roman period, but epigraphy, military diplomas at first place, shed further light on the distribution on Roman archery during the Principate. On the other hand, the slingers do not occur at all in sources, but the slingshots from Serbia are exceptional proof of their employment in this part of the Roman Empire. Remarkable number of clay and lead slingshots recovered during archaeological excavation, primarily from Iron Gate’s fortifications situated at the strategically important sites but also from fortress built for the control and protection of silver and lead mines.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE SLINGS AND ARROWS OF OUTRAGEOUS FORTUNE: LONG-RANGE FIGHTING UNITS ON THE ROMAN LIMES IN SERBIA","attachmentId":57584354,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37602683/THE_SLINGS_AND_ARROWS_OF_OUTRAGEOUS_FORTUNE_LONG_RANGE_FIGHTING_UNITS_ON_THE_ROMAN_LIMES_IN_SERBIA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37602683/THE_SLINGS_AND_ARROWS_OF_OUTRAGEOUS_FORTUNE_LONG_RANGE_FIGHTING_UNITS_ON_THE_ROMAN_LIMES_IN_SERBIA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="31125981" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31125981/Long_Spears_and_Tactics_of_the_Western_Germans_in_the_1st_Century_A_D_according_to_Tacitus_Description_in_Gladius_Vol_36_Madrid_2016_P_49_58">Long Spears and Tactics of the Western Germans in the 1st Century A.D. (according to Tacitus’ Description), in Gladius. Vol. 36. Madrid, 2016. P. 49–58.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24655269" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlexanderNefedkin">Alexander Nefedkin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract: In the battle array the German warriors with large shields stood at the front since their shields were of no use within the ranks. The size of the shields provided good protection against enemy weapons and therefore armor was not very necessary for the warriors. On the other hand, the lack of armor encourages the development of good coverage by a large shield. Behind the shield-bearers stood a large body of warriors armed with missiles: the Germans were armed with spears and javelins. During close combat the shield-bearers covered their throwers from enemy attack. Extending their long spears forward, they did not allow the enemy to approach closely, striking him from a distance. Large shields protected well against missiles both the shield-bearers and the throwers standing behind them. The elementary tactics of the Germans gives us the key to understanding the interaction on the battlefield of throwers and warriors armed with long spears and shields.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long Spears and Tactics of the Western Germans in the 1st Century A.D. (according to Tacitus’ Description), in Gladius. Vol. 36. Madrid, 2016. P. 49–58.","attachmentId":51573681,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31125981/Long_Spears_and_Tactics_of_the_Western_Germans_in_the_1st_Century_A_D_according_to_Tacitus_Description_in_Gladius_Vol_36_Madrid_2016_P_49_58","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31125981/Long_Spears_and_Tactics_of_the_Western_Germans_in_the_1st_Century_A_D_according_to_Tacitus_Description_in_Gladius_Vol_36_Madrid_2016_P_49_58"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="4107834" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4107834/Early_Roman_military_equipment_from_the_fortified_settlements_in_the_Notranjska_region_SW_Slovenia_">Early Roman military equipment from the fortified settlements in the Notranjska region (SW Slovenia)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2447895" href="https://nms-si.academia.edu/BO%C5%A0TJANLAHARNAR">BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Early Roman military equipment from the fortified settlements in the Notranjska region (SW Slovenia)","attachmentId":31628273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4107834/Early_Roman_military_equipment_from_the_fortified_settlements_in_the_Notranjska_region_SW_Slovenia_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4107834/Early_Roman_military_equipment_from_the_fortified_settlements_in_the_Notranjska_region_SW_Slovenia_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="37733225" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37733225/THE_EQUIPEMENT_OF_THE_ROMAN_ARMY_IN_THE_FIRST_TWO_CENTURIES_OF_THE_SECOND_MILLENNIUM_ESSAY_Coordinator_Professor_Auxiliar_Departamento_de_Hist%C3%B3ria">THE EQUIPEMENT OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM ESSAY Coordinator: Professor Auxiliar (Departamento de História</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46462852" href="https://ulbsibiu.academia.edu/TudorUrea">Tudor Urea</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE EQUIPEMENT OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM ESSAY Coordinator: Professor Auxiliar (Departamento de História","attachmentId":57727640,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37733225/THE_EQUIPEMENT_OF_THE_ROMAN_ARMY_IN_THE_FIRST_TWO_CENTURIES_OF_THE_SECOND_MILLENNIUM_ESSAY_Coordinator_Professor_Auxiliar_Departamento_de_Hist%C3%B3ria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37733225/THE_EQUIPEMENT_OF_THE_ROMAN_ARMY_IN_THE_FIRST_TWO_CENTURIES_OF_THE_SECOND_MILLENNIUM_ESSAY_Coordinator_Professor_Auxiliar_Departamento_de_Hist%C3%B3ria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="123605727" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123605727/Roman_and_germanic_weapons_in_Wei%C3%9Fenburg_Considerations_about_distribution_types_and_usage_of_militaria_in_the_3_rd_century_destruction_layer_in_fort_and_vicus_of_Wei%C3%9Fenburg">Roman and germanic weapons in Weißenburg. Considerations about distribution, types and usage of militaria in the 3 rd century destruction layer in fort and vicus of Weißenburg</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20139019" href="https://denkmalpflege-bw.academia.edu/FrederikSebastianKirch">Frederik-Sebastian Kirch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Limes XXIIII. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Serbia 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With the research concerning the big scale excavations of the Bavarian office for heritage conservation in the 1980s in the area of the western vicus recently completed, Weißenburg offers three different areas of already undertaken archaeological research. These are the areas of the inner fort published in the ORL, the excavations at the northern Gate of the fort, published by Grönke and Weinlich (1991), and the areas of the western Vicus, researched by the Author (2017). Though different in size, number of documented archaeological features, scientific possibilities of research and last but not least time of excavation, all areas offer a range of offensive and defensive weapons. As these are in most cases linked to the 3rd century and an often documented destruction layer, it is most likely to attribute them to the final destruction event of vicus and fort. Therefor it should be possible to draw a more or less detailed picture of the martial equipment of the roman troops during this event. Although not revolutionizing existing general observations concerning the roman army in the 3rd century, it might offer further hard data of weapon sizes and uses, in a very limited area and timeframe and therefor serving as basis for further studies. Additionally, several finds of most likely Germanic provenance in the afore mentioned destruction layer are attributed to the opponents of the stationed roman troops, who likely caused the fall of fort and vicus. A comparison between weapons and by that, possibly types of usage and tactics of these foes, might offer a way to learn more about the material and martial aspects of the downfall of the roman troops in the area of the raetian transdanubian limes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roman and germanic weapons in Weißenburg. Considerations about distribution, types and usage of militaria in the 3 rd century destruction layer in fort and vicus of Weißenburg","attachmentId":117999057,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123605727/Roman_and_germanic_weapons_in_Wei%C3%9Fenburg_Considerations_about_distribution_types_and_usage_of_militaria_in_the_3_rd_century_destruction_layer_in_fort_and_vicus_of_Wei%C3%9Fenburg","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123605727/Roman_and_germanic_weapons_in_Wei%C3%9Fenburg_Considerations_about_distribution_types_and_usage_of_militaria_in_the_3_rd_century_destruction_layer_in_fort_and_vicus_of_Wei%C3%9Fenburg"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48263855,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48263855,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_48263855" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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Belgrade – Viminacium: Abstracts, Belgrade: Institute of Archaeology, p. 58, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roman military cingulum details of an Early Principate from a sanctuary Gurzufskoe Sedlo at Mountain Taurica. 2018","attachmentId":64279158,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43953044/Roman_military_cingulum_details_of_an_Early_Principate_from_a_sanctuary_Gurzufskoe_Sedlo_at_Mountain_Taurica_2018","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43953044/Roman_military_cingulum_details_of_an_Early_Principate_from_a_sanctuary_Gurzufskoe_Sedlo_at_Mountain_Taurica_2018"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="20370288" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20370288/The_Hoard_of_Roman_Republican_Weapons_from_Grad_near_%C5%A0mihel_Zaklad_rimskega_republikanskega_oro%C5%BEja_z_Gradu_pri_%C5%A0mihelu_pod_Nanosom">The Hoard of Roman Republican Weapons from Grad near Šmihel / Zaklad rimskega republikanskega orožja z Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4610831" href="https://zrc-sazu.academia.edu/JanaHorvat">Jana Horvat</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Arheološki vestnik 53, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Hoard of Roman Republican Weapons from Grad near Šmihel / Zaklad rimskega republikanskega orožja z Gradu pri Šmihelu pod Nanosom","attachmentId":41320357,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20370288/The_Hoard_of_Roman_Republican_Weapons_from_Grad_near_%C5%A0mihel_Zaklad_rimskega_republikanskega_oro%C5%BEja_z_Gradu_pri_%C5%A0mihelu_pod_Nanosom","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20370288/The_Hoard_of_Roman_Republican_Weapons_from_Grad_near_%C5%A0mihel_Zaklad_rimskega_republikanskega_oro%C5%BEja_z_Gradu_pri_%C5%A0mihelu_pod_Nanosom"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="5274154" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5274154/First_Century_Military_Daggers_and_the_Manufacture_and_Supply_of_Weapons_for_the_Roman_Army">First Century Military Daggers and the Manufacture and Supply of Weapons for the Roman Army</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2715201" href="https://thehumanjourney.academia.edu/IanScott">Ian Scott</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">M C Bishop (ed.), The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment. Proceedings of the Second Roman Military Equipment Research Seminar, BAR, International Series 275, Oxford, 1985</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"First Century Military Daggers and the Manufacture and Supply of Weapons for the Roman Army","attachmentId":34581609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5274154/First_Century_Military_Daggers_and_the_Manufacture_and_Supply_of_Weapons_for_the_Roman_Army","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5274154/First_Century_Military_Daggers_and_the_Manufacture_and_Supply_of_Weapons_for_the_Roman_Army"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="14301917" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14301917/Late_Roman_military_equipment_culture_in_Sarantis_A_and_Christie_N_ed_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Leiden_Boston_2013_463_92">'Late Roman military equipment culture', in Sarantis, A. and Christie, N. (ed.), War and Warfare in Late Antiquity, Leiden-Boston, 2013, 463-92</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3348332" href="https://st-andrews.academia.edu/JonCoulston">Jon Coulston</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'Late Roman military equipment culture', in Sarantis, A. and Christie, N. 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Gogâltan, V. Sava, A Violent End. An Attack with Clay Sling Projectiles against the Late Bronze Age Fortification in Sântana, South-Western Romania. In: S. Hansen, R. Krause (Hrsg.), Bronzezeitliche Burgen</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1444874" href="https://museumarad.academia.edu/victorsava">Victor Sava</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="941796" href="https://institutarheologie-istoriaarteicj.academia.edu/GogaltanFlorin">Gogaltan Florin</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fl. Gogâltan, V. Sava, A Violent End. An Attack with Clay Sling Projectiles against the Late Bronze Age Fortification in Sântana, South-Western Romania. In: S. Hansen, R. 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