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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Federal politics (1984–1998)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federal_politics_(1984–1998)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Federal politics (1984–1998) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics_(1984–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister_of_state_(1986–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_state_(1986–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Minister of state (1986–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_state_(1986–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Meech_Lake_Accord_(1990–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Meech_Lake_Accord_(1990–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Role in Meech Lake Accord (1990–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Meech_Lake_Accord_(1990–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_the_environment_(1991–1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_the_environment_(1991–1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Minister of the environment (1991–1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_the_environment_(1991–1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993_PC_leadership_bid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_PC_leadership_bid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1993 PC leadership bid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_PC_leadership_bid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PC_Party_leader_(1993–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PC_Party_leader_(1993–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>PC Party leader (1993–1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PC_Party_leader_(1993–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_provincial_political_career_(1998–2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_provincial_political_career_(1998–2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early provincial political career (1998–2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_provincial_political_career_(1998–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premier_of_Quebec_(2003–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier_of_Quebec_(2003–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Premier of Quebec (2003–2012)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premier_of_Quebec_(2003–2012)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Premier of Quebec (2003–2012) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premier_of_Quebec_(2003–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plan_Nord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_Nord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Plan Nord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_Nord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environmental policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_student_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_student_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>2012 student protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_student_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2007_Quebec_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_Quebec_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>2007 Quebec election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_Quebec_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Quebec_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Quebec_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>2008 Quebec election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Quebec_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_Quebec_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_Quebec_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>2012 Quebec election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_Quebec_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-premiership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-premiership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-premiership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-premiership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-premiership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-premiership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2022_Conservative_leadership_bid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Conservative_leadership_bid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>2022 Conservative leadership bid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Conservative_leadership_bid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electoral record</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral record subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaderships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaderships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Leaderships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaderships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Provincial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جان شاريه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان شاريه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Жан Шарэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан Шарэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Жан Шарэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жан Шарэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD" title="Ζαν Σαρέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαν Σαρέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="جین چرست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جین چرست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Charest" title="Ioannes Charest – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Charest" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جان شاريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان شاريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шаре, Жан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шаре, Жан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean Charest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Жан Шаре – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жан Шаре" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E7%A4%BE%E7%90%86" title="庄社理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庄社理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48966#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jean_Charest" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jean Charest</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Agriculture_Secretary_Perdue_Visit_to_Canada_20170605-OSEC-RV-0003_(34337316314)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Charest in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier of Quebec</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 29, 2003 – September 19, 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style 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href="/wiki/Monique_Gagnon-Tremblay" title="Monique Gagnon-Tremblay">Monique Gagnon-Tremblay</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dupuis_(politician)" title="Jacques Dupuis (politician)">Jacques Dupuis</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Normandeau" title="Nathalie Normandeau">Nathalie Normandeau</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Line_Beauchamp" title="Line Beauchamp">Line Beauchamp</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Courchesne" title="Michelle Courchesne">Michelle Courchesne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Bernard Landry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Pauline Marois</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 25, 1993 – November 4, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Leadership positions </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Quebec)">Leader of the Opposition in Quebec</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 30, 1998 – April 29, 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Monique Gagnon-Tremblay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Bernard Landry</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 30, 1998 – September 5, 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monique_Gagnon-Tremblay" title="Monique Gagnon-Tremblay">Monique Gagnon-Tremblay</a> (interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Fournier" title="Jean-Marc Fournier">Jean-Marc Fournier</a> (interim)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 14, 1993 – April 2, 1998<br /><a href="/wiki/Interim_leader_(Canada)" title="Interim leader (Canada)">Interim</a>: December 14, 1993 – April 29, 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Elsie Wayne</a> (interim)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Canadian cabinet </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Innovation,_Science_and_Industry#Preceding_offices" title="Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry">Minister of Industry</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 25, 1993 – November 4, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kim Campbell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Pierre H. Vincent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Consumer_and_Corporate_Affairs" title="Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs">Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_of_Canada" title="Registrar General of Canada">Registrar General of Canada</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Industry,_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Industry, Science and Technology">Minister of Industry, Science and Technology</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Minister of the Environment</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 21, 1991 – June 24, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Robert de Cotret</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Pierre H. Vincent</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Sport_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Sport (Canada)">Minister of State (Fitness and Amateur Sport)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 31, 1988 – January 23, 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jake_Epp" title="Jake Epp">Jake Epp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Perrin Beatty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Otto Jelinek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danis" title="Marcel Danis">Marcel Danis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (Canada)">Minister of State (Youth)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 30, 1986 – January 23, 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Brian Mulroney</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">David Crombie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Gerry Weiner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Champagne" title="Andrée Champagne">Andrée Champagne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Marcel Danis</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">House of Commons roles </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_whole#Canada" title="Committee of the whole">Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons<br />Assistant Deputy Chair of the Committees of the Whole</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 31, 1984 – June 29, 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Speaker</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Bosley_(politician)" title="John Bosley (politician)">John Bosley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Guilbault" title="Jacques Guilbault">Jacques Guilbault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Champagne" title="Andrée Champagne">Andrée Champagne</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary constituencies </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Assembly_(Quebec)" title="Member of the National Assembly (Quebec)">Member</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> <br /> for <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 30, 1998 – September 4, 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Malavoy" title="Marie Malavoy">Marie Malavoy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Cardin" title="Serge Cardin">Serge Cardin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (federal electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 4, 1984 – April 30, 1998</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_Pelletier" title="Irénée Pelletier">Irénée Pelletier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Cardin" title="Serge Cardin">Serge Cardin</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John James Charest</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1958-06-24</span>) </span>June 24, 1958<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 66)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (federal)<br /><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal</a> (provincial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (before 2003)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Michèle Dionne</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1980)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westmount,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Westmount, Quebec">Westmount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Université de Sherbrooke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeancharest.ca/">www<wbr />.jeancharest<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John James</b> "<b>Jean</b>" <b>Charest</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɑʁɛ]</a></span>; born June 24, 1958) is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 29th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">premier of Quebec</a> from 2003 to 2012. Prior to that, he was a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">member of Parliament</a> (MP) between 1984 and 1998. After holding several Cabinet posts from 1986 to 1990 and from 1991 to 1993, he was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a> from 1993 to 1998. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Charest worked as a lawyer before becoming an MP following the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 federal election</a>. In 1986 he joined <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>'s government as a <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (Canada)">minister of state</a>, but resigned from cabinet in 1990 after improperly speaking to a judge about an active court case. He returned to cabinet in 1991 as the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_and_Climate_Change_(Finland)" title="Minister of the Environment and Climate Change (Finland)">minister of the environment</a>. Charest ran to succeed Mulroney as party leader and prime minister in the PCs' <a href="/wiki/1993_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election" title="1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election">1993 leadership election</a>, but placed second to <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>. Charest served as Campbell's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Industry_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Industry (Canada)">industry minister</a> and deputy prime minister. After the PCs' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 election</a>, Charest succeeded Campbell as party leader. He led the PCs to a minor recovery in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 election</a>. </p><p>Charest left federal politics in 1998 and was elected to lead the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a>, the province's main <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Quebec" title="Federalism in Quebec">federalist</a> political party. He became premier of Quebec after the Liberals won the <a href="/wiki/2003_Quebec_general_election" title="2003 Quebec general election">2003 provincial election</a>. He won two more elections until he lost the <a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_general_election" title="2012 Quebec general election">2012 election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">sovereigntist</a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Quebecois</a> (PQ) and resigned as premier. After politics, Charest worked as a consultant, including for <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> case and for its <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> network plans in Canada, and joined <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_T%C3%A9trault" title="McCarthy Tétrault">McCarthy Tétrault LLP</a> as a partner. Charest was a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election</a>, finishing a distant second to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charest was born on June 24, 1958, in <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, in Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JC's_life_in_politics_-_CBC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC's_life_in_politics_-_CBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents are Rita (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Leonard</span>), an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Quebecer">Irish Quebecer</a>, and Claude "Red" Charest, a <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained a law degree from the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Université de Sherbrooke</a> and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec" title="Bar of Quebec">Barreau du Québec</a> in 1981. He is married to Michèle Dionne (since June 21, 1980), and they have three children, Amélie, Antoine, and Alexandra.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charest is fully bilingual in French and English. In the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 Quebec referendum</a>, he failed to vote because he was getting married.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_politics_(1984–1998)"><span id="Federal_politics_.281984.E2.80.931998.29"></span>Federal politics (1984–1998)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Federal politics (1984–1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charest worked as a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Charest_|_McCarthy_LLP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Charest_|_McCarthy_LLP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until he was elected Progressive Conservative member of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a> (electoral district) of Sherbrooke in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 election</a>. From 1984 to 1986, Charest served as Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_state_(1986–1990)"><span id="Minister_of_state_.281986.E2.80.931990.29"></span>Minister of state (1986–1990)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minister of state (1986–1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, at age 28, Charest was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Cabinet">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (Canada)">minister of state</a> (youth).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest cabinet minister in Canadian history.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charest was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Sport_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Sport (Canada)">minister of state (fitness and amateur sport)</a> in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but had to resign from cabinet in 1990 after improperly speaking to a judge about a case regarding the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_Canada" title="Athletics Canada">Canadian Track and Field Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Meech_Lake_Accord_(1990–1991)"><span id="Role_in_Meech_Lake_Accord_.281990.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Role in Meech Lake Accord (1990–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in Meech Lake Accord (1990–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charest was involved in the proposal of the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> (which failed to be ratified in June 1990<sup id="cite_ref-MeechLakeEncyclopedia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeechLakeEncyclopedia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which would have given the province of Quebec the status of a "<a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">distinct society</a>", extend provincial powers, and extensively change the constitution. In 1990, he led a commission that recommended a companion accord that would address the concerns of other provinces, assert that the distinct society clause would be subject to the <i>Charter</i>, and would feature greater protections for minority language rights in the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recommendations caused Mulroney's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">environment minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>, to view the companion accord as a betrayal of Meech.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bouchard later resigned from Cabinet and founded the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>, a pro-sovereigntist party.<sup id="cite_ref-CBCAug2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBCAug2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_the_environment_(1991–1993)"><span id="Minister_of_the_environment_.281991.E2.80.931993.29"></span>Minister of the environment (1991–1993)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minister of the environment (1991–1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charest returned to cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the environment">minister of the environment</a> in 1991. In that role, he led the Canadian delegation at the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_PC_leadership_bid">1993 PC leadership bid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1993 PC leadership bid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Mulroney announced his retirement as PC leader and prime minister, Charest was a candidate for the leadership of the party at the <a href="/wiki/1993_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Progressive Conservative leadership convention">1993 Progressive Conservative leadership convention</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Schreiber" title="Karlheinz Schreiber">Karlheinz Schreiber</a> alleged he gave $30,000 in cash to Charest's campaign for the Tory leadership in 1993. However Charest himself says it was only $10,000 although federal leadership election rules permitted such cash donations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, rules against such donations for provincial party leadership campaigns still do not exist in Québec.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charest placed a strong second to Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, who had held a large lead going into the convention. Charest served as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister (Canada)">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and Minister of Industry, Science and Technology in Campbell's short-lived cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PC_Party_leader_(1993–1998)"><span id="PC_Party_leader_.281993.E2.80.931998.29"></span>PC Party leader (1993–1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: PC Party leader (1993–1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 election</a>, the PCs suffered the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level. Only two of the party's 295 candidates were elected, Charest and <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Elsie Wayne</a>. Charest himself was re-elected fairly handily in Sherbrooke, taking 56 per cent of the vote. As the only surviving member of what turned out to be the last PC Cabinet, Charest was appointed interim party leader and confirmed in the post in April 1995. Charest, therefore, became the first person of <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> descent to lead the Progressive Conservative Party.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charest participated in the 1994 class of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Young_Global_Leaders" title="Young Global Leaders">Global Leaders for Tomorrow</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 referendum on Quebec's sovereignty</a>, Charest was vice-president of the "No" campaign (Comité national des Québécoises et des Québécois pour le NON). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 federal election</a>, Charest campaigned on securing national unity in Canada by recognizing Quebec as being a distinct society within Canada, along with the proposal of a "New Covenant" for Canadian confederation to be negotiated between the federal and provincial governments.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charest and the PCs benefited from rapidly rising in popularity amongst all language groups in Quebec, where voters were found to have preferred Charest over <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>, the leader of the Bloc Québécois.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the election, the Tories received 18.8 per cent of the popular vote and won 20 seats, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>. Although the party's seat count had recovered (as they won only two seats in 1993), Charest considered the result a disappointment. While the Tories finished only half a point behind <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> in terms of the popular vote, their support was too dispersed west of Quebec to translate into seats. They were also hampered by vote-splitting with Reform in rural central Ontario, a traditional Tory stronghold where Reform had made significant inroads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_provincial_political_career_(1998–2003)"><span id="Early_provincial_political_career_.281998.E2.80.932003.29"></span>Early provincial political career (1998–2003)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early provincial political career (1998–2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1998, Charest gave in to considerable public and political pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially among business circles, to leave federal politics and become leader of the Quebec Liberal Party. Charest was considered by many to be the best hope for the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec federalism">federalist</a> QLP to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">sovereigntist</a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> government. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1998_Quebec_general_election" title="1998 Quebec general election">1998 election</a>, the Quebec Liberals received more votes than the PQ, but because the Liberal vote was concentrated in fewer ridings, the PQ won enough seats to form another majority government. Charest won his own riding of Sherbrooke with a majority of 907 votes. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2003_Quebec_general_election" title="2003 Quebec general election">April 2003 election</a>, Charest led the Quebec Liberals to a majority, ending nine years of PQ rule. He declared he had a mandate to reform health care, cut taxes, reduce spending and reduce the size of government.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charest's Liberals won 76 seats, forming a majority government, and won his own riding of Sherbrooke with a majority of 2,597 votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premier_of_Quebec_(2003–2012)"><span id="Premier_of_Quebec_.282003.E2.80.932012.29"></span>Premier of Quebec (2003–2012)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Premier of Quebec (2003–2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charest increased the <a href="/wiki/Sales_taxes_in_Canada#Provincial_sales_taxes" title="Sales taxes in Canada">Quebec sales tax</a> (QST) thrice. In 2011, his government raised the rate from 7.5 per cent to 8.5 per cent before raising it to 9.5 per cent in 2012. The third and last hike came into effect in 2013, with the rate rising to 9.975 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2007, Quebec became the first province in Canada to implement a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Canada" title="Carbon pricing in Canada">carbon tax</a>. At the time it was implemented, the tax amounted to 0.8 cents per litre of gas and 0.9 cents per litre of diesel fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_Premier_Jean_Charest_visits_US_Consulate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Quebec_Premier_Jean_Charest_visits_US_Consulate.jpg/220px-Quebec_Premier_Jean_Charest_visits_US_Consulate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Quebec_Premier_Jean_Charest_visits_US_Consulate.jpg/330px-Quebec_Premier_Jean_Charest_visits_US_Consulate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Quebec_Premier_Jean_Charest_visits_US_Consulate.jpg/440px-Quebec_Premier_Jean_Charest_visits_US_Consulate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Charest with <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul General</a> Peter O'Donohue in November 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> of the Charest government was based upon the expectation that new revenues could be obtained from a resolution of the fiscal imbalance believed to exist between the federal and provincial governments. The <a href="/wiki/Harper_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper government">Harper government</a> was widely expected to address this issue through increased <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payment" class="mw-redirect" title="Equalization payment">equalization payments</a>, while falling short of Quebec's overall demands.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plan_Nord">Plan Nord</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plan Nord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2011, Charest's government launched the <a href="/wiki/Plan_Nord" title="Plan Nord">Plan Nord</a>, an economic development strategy to develop the natural resources extraction sector in the part of Quebec to the north of the 49th parallel. The plan, to be carried out over 25 years, would foster over C$80 billion in energy, mining, and forestry investments and create or consolidate 20,000 jobs a year for the duration.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed plan, described as "a potential centrepiece" of Charest's political legacy, received the full support of the mining industry, the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Crees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> representatives but was met with scepticism and downright opposition by the <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innus</a> and most environmentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labeaume,_Harper_et_Charest_FMLF2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Labeaume%2C_Harper_et_Charest_FMLF2012.JPG/220px-Labeaume%2C_Harper_et_Charest_FMLF2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Labeaume%2C_Harper_et_Charest_FMLF2012.JPG/330px-Labeaume%2C_Harper_et_Charest_FMLF2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Labeaume%2C_Harper_et_Charest_FMLF2012.JPG/440px-Labeaume%2C_Harper_et_Charest_FMLF2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Labeaume" title="Régis Labeaume">Régis Labeaume</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> (centre) and Jean Charest at the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_mondial_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Forum mondial de la langue française">Forum mondial de la langue française</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> on July 2, 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charest also attempted to distinguish himself on the issue of the environment. His vocal opposition to the federal decision to opt out of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto Accord">Kyoto Accord</a>, and his insistence that Quebec would seek to meet its own Kyoto targets has earned him considerable support. His government set ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets, petroleum royalties, and a 2011-2020 Action Plan for Electric Vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also established the Sustainable Development Act, which adds to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms the right for every person to live in a healthful environment in which biodiversity is preserved. In 2012, Charest was awarded the Fray International Sustainability Award for his work and advocacy towards sustainable development in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_policy">Other policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2003 election, Charest had promised to allow the cities that had been forcibly merged by the Parti Québécois government to hold referendums which would allow to <a href="/wiki/Demerger" title="Demerger">demerge</a> and return to their previous situation. This promise was seen as key to his victory in many ridings, such as those in the suburbs around <a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> and the continued support of the Anglophone community in the West Island of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. In office, however, Charest retreated from his promise. Municipalities were allowed to hold demerger referendums if at least 10 per cent of the electorate signed a petition calling for them, and only if more than 35 per cent participated in the voting process.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some former municipalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent,_Quebec" title="Saint-Laurent, Quebec">Saint Laurent</a> on the Island of Montreal, the turnout of the vote was of 75.2 per cent in favour of a demerger, but it was invalidated because the voter turnout was just 28.6 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demerger process also resulted in the restructuring of the existing <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacities</a>, with both these and the demerged cities handing over massive powers over <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> and local services to the new "agglomeration councils". The makeup of these councils was based on the population of the municipalities involved, with the mayors having the right to unilaterally appoint all of the individuals who would represent their cities on the council. The resulting structure was seen by many to be less democratic than the one which had preceded it, as demerged <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> were denied an effective voice, and the city councils of the major cities were substantially weakened by the power of the mayors to go over the heads of opposition councillors and exercise power through their appointees to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">agglomeration</a> body. </p><p>During his mandate as Premier, Charest made some efforts to expand the place of Québec in the international community. The province was granted representation at <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, the cultural branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Charest also voiced some support for the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a> (1997), which recognized Quebec as "unique."<sup id="cite_ref-Choice_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choice-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the debate in the Parliament of Canada over <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">recognizing Quebec as a nation</a> within Canada, Charest stated that Quebec was a "nation" no matter what other parts of Canada said—that this was not up to anyone else to define. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_student_protests">2012 student protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2012 student protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_student_protests" title="2012 Quebec student protests">2012 Quebec student protests</a></div> <p>In 2011, the Charest government decided to increase the tuition fees in all Quebec universities. Three major student unions began to organise demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. In March 2012, many CEGEPs and universities voted for a student strike. The government faced major challenges when students demonstrated and went on strike by boycotting classes to protest planned tuition increases. Every month large demonstrations took place in several cities across <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. The Premier and his government were accused by some, including the students unions, the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">PQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Solidaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Solidaire">Québec Solidaire</a> of being too hard. On May 4, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> held a party conference in <a href="/wiki/Victoriaville" title="Victoriaville">Victoriaville</a> and a student demonstration was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Sûreté du Québec">Sûreté du Québec</a> police.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 14, 2012, then <a href="/wiki/Deputy_premier_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy premier of Quebec">Deputy Premier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education (Quebec)">Education minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_Beauchamp" title="Line Beauchamp">Line Beauchamp</a> resigned<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Courchesne" title="Michelle Courchesne">Michelle Courchesne</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Deputy_premier_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy premier of Quebec">Deputy Premier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education (Quebec)">Minister of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government passed <a href="/wiki/Bill_78" title="Bill 78">Bill 78</a> to impose restrictions on protests; this caused controversy, with the Barreau du Québec, among others, expressing concern about possible infringement of constitutional rights. Bill 78 was revoked by the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Pauline Marois</a> government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 6, 2007, the Opposition urged Charest to testify to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_Canada_Standing_Committee_on_Access_to_Information,_Privacy_and_Ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Commons of Canada Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics (page does not exist)">Ethics Committee</a> in its investigation of <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Schreiber" title="Karlheinz Schreiber">Karlheinz Schreiber</a>. Schreiber told the committee he paid <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">$</a>30,000 in cash to Charest's brother to help fund Charest's 1993 leadership bid for the federal <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charest's third term was marked by several allegations of questionable financing from the Quebec Liberal Party as well as a multitude of scandals in the construction sector in Quebec, the loss of $39.8 billion from the <a href="/wiki/Caisse_de_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_et_placement_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec">Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bellemare" title="Marc Bellemare">Marc Bellemare</a> (Charest's former justice minister) affair. Bellemare alleged in 2010 that he had been pressured by Quebec Liberal fundraisers during the appointment of judges in 2003. In response, the Charest government created the Bastarache commission, where Charest testified in defence.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charest however refused to launch a public inquiry into the collusion and financing of political parties and corruption in the construction industry, despite a 2011 survey indicating that 77 per cent of Quebecers demanded such an inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charest finally launched an inquiry in 2012 through the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Charbonneau_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Charbonneau commission">Charbonneau commission</a> in response to rising discontent within the Quebec Liberal caucus.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007_Quebec_election">2007 Quebec election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2007 Quebec election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_Quebec_general_election" title="2007 Quebec general election">2007 Quebec general election</a></div> <p>The Charest government was deeply unpopular during its first years in office, enjoying a public approval rating of below 50 per cent in most opinion polls and falling to the low twenties in voter support. In the first few weeks after <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boisclair" title="André Boisclair">André Boisclair</a> was elected leader of the PQ, polls showed that Charest and the Liberals would be roundly defeated in the next election. Boisclair did not perform well as Leader of the Opposition, and Charest's numbers recovered somewhat. A poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ger_Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Léger Marketing">Léger Marketing</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i> placed the Liberals at 34 per cent against 32 per cent for the PQ and 24 per cent for the <a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">ADQ</a>, with Charest obtaining a higher personal approval rating than the PQ leader. Liberal support, however remained heavily concentrated in <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecker" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking Quebecker">Anglophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allophone_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophone (Quebec)">Allophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">ridings</a> in the west of Montreal, meaning that the increase in support would not necessarily translate into seats. </p><p>On February 21, 2007, Charest asked the Lieutenant-Governor to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly</a> and call an <a href="/wiki/2007_Quebec_general_election" title="2007 Quebec general election">election</a> on March 26, 2007. Charest conducted an extraordinary session the day before with Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Michel_Audet" title="Michel Audet">Michel Audet</a> delivering the 2007 budget. </p><p>Prior to his call for an election, Charest revealed his platform which included income tax cuts of about $250 million. In the last week of the campaign, Charest promised an additional $700 million in tax cuts—some of it coming for the additional equalization money from the 2007 federal budget;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduction of hospital wait times; improvement and increase of French courses at school; an increase of the number of daycare spaces; and an increase in tuition fees for university students ($50 per semester until 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last measure was met with criticism from students' associations, and a more-radical student association, the Association pour une solidarité syndicale étudiante (formerly known as the CASSEE) had also considered a strike.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charest won a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> in the election, and held onto his own seat. On election night, early numbers had shown Charest losing his seat of <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a> to his PQ opponent; however, this situation was reversed once it became apparent that the advanced poll ballot boxes which heavily favoured Charest had not yet been counted.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting minority government was the first since 1878 when <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boucher_de_Boucherville" title="Charles Boucher de Boucherville">Charles Boucher de Boucherville</a> was Premier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_Quebec_election">2008 Quebec election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2008 Quebec election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Quebec_general_election" title="2008 Quebec general election">2008 Quebec general election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Charest_27_ao%C3%BBt_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jean_Charest_27_ao%C3%BBt_2012.jpg/220px-Jean_Charest_27_ao%C3%BBt_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jean_Charest_27_ao%C3%BBt_2012.jpg/330px-Jean_Charest_27_ao%C3%BBt_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jean_Charest_27_ao%C3%BBt_2012.jpg/440px-Jean_Charest_27_ao%C3%BBt_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Charest in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 2008, arguing that Quebecers needed a majority government during difficult economic times, Charest called a <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> for December 8.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His party captured a historic third consecutive term as he brought the Liberals back to majority governance. It was the first time a party had won a third consecutive term in Quebec since the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012_Quebec_election">2012 Quebec election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2012 Quebec election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 1, 2012, Charest launched his electoral campaign for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_general_election" title="2012 Quebec general election">2012 Quebec general election</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Quebec-Jean_Lesage_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec-Jean Lesage International Airport">Quebec Jean-Lesage International Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the slogan <i>For Quebec</i>. The QLP focused its campaign on the issues of respect of the law and civil order, referencing the demonstrations of the previous months. They claimed to be the party of the silent majority who did not support the student protest movement. It was the first provincial election in Quebec to feature the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">CAQ</a> party led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a> on the ballot. On the night of September 4, Charest and his party lost the general election. The result was a hung parliament, with the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Pauline Marois</a> being the party with the most seats (54). The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> became the official opposition with 50 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charest lost his own seat of <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a>, a seat that he had held since 1984, both in the federal and provincial legislatures. Charest announced on September 5 in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> that he would resign as Quebec Liberal Party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-premiership">Post-premiership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post-premiership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charest was formerly a consultant for <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> and helped support and advise <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> for its participation for <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> network plans in Canada and to be a partner with <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_T%C3%A9trault" title="McCarthy Tétrault">McCarthy Tétrault LLP</a>. Charest also claims he helped with the <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> case.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After turning 65 in June 2023, Charest reached the mandatory retirement age for equity partners at McCarthy Tétrault. While the law firm offered to keep him on a counsel role, Charest refused. In January 2024, Charest decided to leave McCarthy Tétrault and joined the Therrien Couture Joli-Cœur group.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Conservative_leadership_bid">2022 Conservative leadership bid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2022 Conservative leadership bid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 9, 2022, Charest announced that he would be a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election</a>. He had previously considered running in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">2020 leadership election</a>, though he ultimately decided not to.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With 16 per cent of the points, Charest finished a distant second to winner <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a>, who took 68 per cent of points on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Electoral record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaderships">Leaderships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Leaderships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership results by ballot <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">First round (points allocated)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Poilievre</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:68.15%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">68.15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Charest</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:16.07%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16.07%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Lewis</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:9.69%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.69%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Baber</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:5.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.03%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Aitchison</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:1.06%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.06%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">First round (votes cast)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Poilievre</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:70.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">70.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Charest</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:11.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Lewis</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:11.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Baber</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:5.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Aitchison</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#6495ED; width:1.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.2%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </caption><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party_leadership_elections#1998_leadership_convention" title="Quebec Liberal Party leadership elections">1998 Quebec Liberal leadership convention</a> results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th>Votes cast </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Charest_de_face_(Novembre_2010).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png/50px-Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png/75px-Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png/100px-Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="331" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Jean Charest</b> </td> <td colspan="2" align="right"><i>Acclaimed</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th colspan="4">N/A </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_elections#1995_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_convention" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership elections">1995 Progressive Conservative leadership convention</a> results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Yes </th> <th colspan="2">No </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes cast </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes cast </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Charest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jean_Charest.jpg/50px-Jean_Charest.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jean_Charest.jpg/75px-Jean_Charest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jean_Charest.jpg/100px-Jean_Charest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1698" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>Jean Charest</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>1,187</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>96.04%</b> </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">3.96% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th colspan="4">1,236 </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1993_Progressive_Conservative_leadership_election" title="1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election">1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election</a> results by ballot<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">1st ballot </th> <th colspan="2">2nd ballot </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes cast </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes cast </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KimCampbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KimCampbell.jpg/50px-KimCampbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KimCampbell.jpg/75px-KimCampbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KimCampbell.jpg/100px-KimCampbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="401" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></b> </td> <td align="right">1,664 </td> <td align="right">48.0% </td> <td align="right"><b>1,817</b> </td> <td align="right"><b>52.7%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Charest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jean_Charest.jpg/50px-Jean_Charest.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jean_Charest.jpg/75px-Jean_Charest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jean_Charest.jpg/100px-Jean_Charest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1698" /></a></span> </td> <td>Jean Charest </td> <td align="right">1,369 </td> <td align="right">39.5% </td> <td align="right">1,630 </td> <td align="right">47.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="width:100%; vertical-align:center; text-align:center; color:#9999FF; font-size:40px;"> <b>JE</b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Edwards_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jim Edwards (Canadian politician)">Jim Edwards</a> </td> <td align="right">307 </td> <td align="right">8.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="2">Endorsed Campbell </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garth_Turner_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Garth_Turner_%28cropped%29.jpg/50px-Garth_Turner_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Garth_Turner_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Garth_Turner_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Garth_Turner_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Garth_Turner_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1630" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garth_Turner" title="Garth Turner">Garth Turner</a> </td> <td align="right">76 </td> <td align="right">2.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="2">Withdrew; Did not endorse </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="width:100%; vertical-align:center; text-align:center; color:#9999FF; font-size:35px;"> <b>PB</b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Boyer" title="Patrick Boyer">Patrick Boyer</a> </td> <td align="right">53 </td> <td align="right">1.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:pink;" colspan="2">Endorsed Charest </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th align="right">3,469 </th> <th align="right">100.0% </th> <th align="right">3,447 </th> <th align="right">100.0% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial">Provincial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Provincial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_general_election" title="2012 Quebec general election">2012 Quebec general election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serge_Cardin" title="Serge Cardin">Serge Cardin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,909</td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberal</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,267</td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.13</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-10.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #1E90FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a></td> <td>Philippe Girard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,457</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.80</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.95* </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF8040; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire" title="Québec solidaire">Québec solidaire</a></td> <td>Christian Bibeau</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,586</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.85</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #4683C4; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Option_nationale" title="Option nationale">Option nationale</a></td> <td>Évelyne Beaudin</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,069</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.83</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #99C955; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Quebec" title="Green Party of Quebec">Green</a></td> <td>Suzanne Richer</td> <td style="text-align:right;">407</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.08</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-2.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #00BFFF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Ind%C3%A9pendantiste" title="Parti Indépendantiste">Parti indépendantiste</a></td> <td>Christian Clavet</td> <td style="text-align:right;">73</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.19</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">37,768</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">99.10</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">344</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">0.90</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> 38,112</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> 78.10</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">+15.49</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Electors on the lists </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap"> 48,799</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2008_Quebec_general_election" title="2008 Quebec general election">2008 Quebec general election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberal</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,694</td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.24</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+8.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a></td> <td>Laurent-Paul Maheux</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,380</td> <td style="text-align:right;">37.59</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #B0C4DE; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique</a></td> <td>Jacques Joly</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,074</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.85</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-10.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF8040; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire" title="Québec solidaire">Québec solidaire</a></td> <td>Christian Bibeau</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,948</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.44</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #99C955; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Quebec" title="Green Party of Quebec">Green</a></td> <td>Steve Dubois</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,016</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.36</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-2.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Hubert Richard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">158</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.52</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.20 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">30,270</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">98.68</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">405</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">1.32</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">30,675</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">62.61</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">-11.62</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Electors on the lists </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">48,995</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2007_Quebec_general_election" title="2007 Quebec general election">2007 Quebec general election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberal</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,136</td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.56</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-10.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a></td> <td>Claude Forgues</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,804</td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.85</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-6.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #B0C4DE; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique</a></td> <td>Michel Dumont</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,409</td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.84</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+5.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF8040; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire" title="Québec solidaire">Québec solidaire</a></td> <td>Christian Bibeau</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,263</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.30</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.88* </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #99C955; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Quebec" title="Green Party of Quebec">Green</a></td> <td>Steve Dubois</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,203</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.13</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Hubert Richard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">115</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.32</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">35,930 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">99.13 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total rejected ballots </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">316 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">8.87 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Turnout </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">36,246 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">74.23 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">+0.74</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Electors on the lists </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">48,831 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">–</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/2003_Quebec_general_election" title="2003 Quebec general election">2003 Quebec general election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberal</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,403</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.95</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-0.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Malavoy" title="Marie Malavoy">Marie Malavoy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,806</td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.52</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-5.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #B0C4DE; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique</a></td> <td>Peter Downey</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,169</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.93</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+5.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FFA500; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Union_des_forces_progressistes_(Quebec)" title="Union des forces progressistes (Quebec)">UFP</a></td> <td>Normand Gilbert</td> <td style="text-align:right;">496</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.42</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #CD5C5C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;">People's Front</td> <td>Serge Lachapelle</td> <td style="text-align:right;">64</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.18</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/1998_Quebec_general_election" title="1998 Quebec general election">1998 Quebec general election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (provincial electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberal</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,093</td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.41</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+4.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a></td> <td>Marie Malavoy</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,186</td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.56</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-2.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #B0C4DE; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique</a></td> <td>Patrick C. Rouillard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,171</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.82</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-1.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Normand Gilbert</td> <td style="text-align:right;">169</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.53</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #D2B48C; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_pot" title="Bloc pot">Bloc Pot</a></td> <td>Christian Meunier</td> <td style="text-align:right;">166</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.52</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #E6E6FA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a></td> <td>Christian Simard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">53</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.17</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-0.88 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;color:black; border-top:1px solid darkgray;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberal</a> <b>gain</b> from <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">+3.66 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (federal electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,228</td> <td style="text-align:right;">59.5%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+7.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>Jacques Blanchette</td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,086</td> <td style="text-align:right;">29.7%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-8.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td>Martin Bureau</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,720</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.7%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Tom Vouloumanos</td> <td style="text-align:right;">628</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.2%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #E6E6FA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a></td> <td>Christian Simard</td> <td style="text-align:right;">477</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">54,139 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0%</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (federal electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,740</td> <td style="text-align:right;">52.3%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−11.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></td> <td>Guy Boutin</td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,559</td> <td style="text-align:right;">37.9%</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td>Jean Paul Pelletier</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,462</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.9%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-14.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #E6E6FA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a></td> <td>Serge Trépanier</td> <td style="text-align:right;">516</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9%</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Martine Caouette</td> <td style="text-align:right;">445</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">−10.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FFFACD; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada">Abolitionist</a></td> <td>Jean-Guy Trépanier</td> <td style="text-align:right;">91</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2%</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">56,813 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0%</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (federal electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,538</td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.3%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+11.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td>Dennis Wood</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,314</td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.6%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-11.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Alain Poirier</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,373</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.7%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #D8BFD8; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_(1963%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–93)">Rhinoceros</a></td> <td>Bébé Sept Heures Pierre Granger</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,040</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.9%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td> <td>Normand Guy</td> <td style="text-align:right;">148</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3%</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF6347; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a></td> <td>Yves Lawler</td> <td style="text-align:right;">143</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.0% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">54,556 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0%</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:668px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 Canadian federal election</a>: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Sherbrooke (federal electoral district)">Sherbrooke</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">%</th> <th width="52px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a></td> <td>Jean Charest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,232</td> <td style="text-align:right;">51.5%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">+42.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_Pelletier" title="Irénée Pelletier">Irénée Pelletier</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,607</td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.8%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-38.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #F4A460; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a></td> <td>Daniel Berthold</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,230</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.8%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #D8BFD8; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_(1963%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–93)">Rhinoceros</a></td> <td>Gilbert Peupa Ash</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,054</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #87CEFA; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_nationaliste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Parti nationaliste du Québec">Parti nationaliste</a></td> <td>Lorraine Déry</td> <td style="text-align:right;">687</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6%</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #90EE90; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit</a></td> <td>Fernand Bourret</td> <td style="text-align:right;">197</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">-3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FF6347; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist</a></td> <td>Yves Lawler</td> <td style="text-align:right;">92</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2%</td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #FFA07A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Canada" title="Party for the Commonwealth of Canada">Commonwealth of Canada</a></td> <td>Françoise Chanteau</td> <td style="text-align:right;">72</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2%</td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">43,171 </span></td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;"><span class="nowrap">100.0%</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal" title="125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal">125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Order_of_Merit" title="Bavarian Order of Merit">Bavarian Order of Merit</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (February 2, 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background:white; border: 1px #0047AB solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="white"> <th colspan="4" align="center"><span style="color:black;">Ribbon bars of The Honourable Jean Charest</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:125canada_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/106px-125canada_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/159px-125canada_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/212px-125canada_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/106px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/159px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/212px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Quebec" title="List of premiers of Quebec">List of premiers of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics of Quebec</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JC's_life_in_politics_-_CBC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JC's_life_in_politics_-_CBC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/jean-charest-s-life-in-politics-1.1135453">"Jean Charest's life in politics"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Jean+Charest%27s+life+in+politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fjean-charest-s-life-in-politics-1.1135453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2007" class="citation web cs1">James, Yolande (June 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120154604/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=101f91bb-d3e2-437e-90f0-10d8584db64e&k=62495">"Minister breaks age, colour and language barriers"</a>. <i>The Gazette (Montreal)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=101f91bb-d3e2-437e-90f0-10d8584db64e&k=62495">the original</a> on November 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette+%28Montreal%29&rft.atitle=Minister+breaks+age%2C+colour+and+language+barriers&rft.date=2007-06-17&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Yolande&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fmontrealgazette%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D101f91bb-d3e2-437e-90f0-10d8584db64e%26k%3D62495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharest2019" class="citation news cs1">Charest, Antoine Dionne (July 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapresse.ca/debats/opinions/201907/10/01-5233452-taxe-sur-le-carbone-quest-ce-qui-ne-tourne-pas-rond-avec-le-gouvernement-legault-.php">"Taxe sur le carbone : Qu'est-ce qui ne tourne pas rond avec le gouvernement Legault ?"</a>. <i>La Presse</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Presse&rft.atitle=Taxe+sur+le+carbone+%3A+Qu%27est-ce+qui+ne+tourne+pas+rond+avec+le+gouvernement+Legault+%3F&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Charest&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Dionne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapresse.ca%2Fdebats%2Fopinions%2F201907%2F10%2F01-5233452-taxe-sur-le-carbone-quest-ce-qui-ne-tourne-pas-rond-avec-le-gouvernement-legault-.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-remembers-1st-referendum-1.944455">"Quebec remembers 1st referendum"</a>. Cbc.ca. May 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quebec+remembers+1st+referendum&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fquebec-remembers-1st-referendum-1.944455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean_Charest_|_McCarthy_LLP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Charest_|_McCarthy_LLP_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharest" class="citation web cs1">Charest, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mccarthy.ca/en/people/jean-charest">"Jean Charest"</a>. <i>McCarthy LLP</i>. McCarthy Tétrault<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McCarthy+LLP&rft.atitle=Jean+Charest&rft.aulast=Charest&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mccarthy.ca%2Fen%2Fpeople%2Fjean-charest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Government of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guide-ministries.canada.ca/dtail.php?lang=en&min=24&id=6">"Twenty-Fourth Ministry - Ministers of State - Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation"</a>. <i>guide-ministries.canada.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guide-ministries.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Twenty-Fourth+Ministry+-+Ministers+of+State+-+Guide+to+Canadian+Ministries+since+Confederation&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Government+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguide-ministries.canada.ca%2Fdtail.php%3Flang%3Den%26min%3D24%26id%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeme Hamilton, "Charest's bumpy ride to the top", <i>Times-Colonist</i>, Victoria, B.C.: April 20, 2003, pg. D.1.Fro.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Political scandal: a chronology", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a></i>, September 24, 1993, pg. A.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeechLakeEncyclopedia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeechLakeEncyclopedia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGall2006" class="citation web cs1">Gall, Gerald (February 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/meech-lake-accord">"Meech Lake Accord"</a>. <i>Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624201231/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/meech-lake-accord">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfmm429.qc.ca/Defusion/ProjetLoi9.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=03-f009s.pm6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfmm429.qc.ca%2FDefusion%2FProjetLoi9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930212519/http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/dossiers/defusions/referendums/resultats/regions.asp?region=1">"Fusion, défusion. À l'heure des référendums"</a>. <i>Radio-Canada.ca</i>. August 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/dossiers/defusions/referendums/resultats/regions.asp?region=1">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada.ca&rft.atitle=Fusion%2C+d%C3%A9fusion.+%C3%80+l%27heure+des+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendums&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelles%2Fdossiers%2Fdefusions%2Freferendums%2Fresultats%2Fregions.asp%3Fregion%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choice-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Choice_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/quebecers-should-have-a-choice-chevrette-says-1.163208">"Quebecers should have a choice, Chevrette says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. April 8, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebecers+should+have+a+choice%2C+Chevrette+says&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=1998-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fquebecers-should-have-a-choice-chevrette-says-1.163208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/712840/valade-maxence-poursuite-sq-manifestation-perte-oeil-victoriaville">"Une victime de la manifestation de Victoriaville en 2012 poursuit la SQ"</a>. <i>Radio-Canada.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada.ca&rft.atitle=Une+victime+de+la+manifestation+de+Victoriaville+en+2012+poursuit+la+SQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F712840%2Fvalade-maxence-poursuite-sq-manifestation-perte-oeil-victoriaville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/quebecs-education-minister-line-beauchamp-resigns-amid-student-crisis">"Quebec Liberals' majority narrows as Education Minister Line Beauchamp resigns amid student crisis"</a>. <i>nationalpost</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nationalpost&rft.atitle=Quebec+Liberals%27+majority+narrows+as+Education+Minister+Line+Beauchamp+resigns+amid+student+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fquebecs-education-minister-line-beauchamp-resigns-amid-student-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latribune.ca/actualites/michelle-courchesne-redevient-ministre-de-leducation-a999bb5d1da10a51b312f019a36565f2">"Michelle Courchesne redevient ministre de l'Éducation"</a>. <i>La Tribune</i>. May 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Tribune&rft.atitle=Michelle+Courchesne+redevient+ministre+de+l%27%C3%89ducation&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latribune.ca%2Factualites%2Fmichelle-courchesne-redevient-ministre-de-leducation-a999bb5d1da10a51b312f019a36565f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/north-bay-nugget-quebec-opposition-parti/139414165/">"Quebec opposition parties want Charest to testify on Schreiber link"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_Nugget" title="North Bay Nugget">North Bay Nugget</a></i>. Quebec City, Quebec. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. December 6, 2007. p. A8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2024</span> – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Bay+Nugget&rft.atitle=Quebec+opposition+parties+want+Charest+to+testify+on+Schreiber+link&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fnorth-bay-nugget-quebec-opposition-parti%2F139414165%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/quebec/evenements/23913">"Témoignage du premier ministre Jean Charest devant la Commission Bastarache"</a>. September 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%A9moignage+du+premier+ministre+Jean+Charest+devant+la+Commission+Bastarache&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperspective.usherbrooke.ca%2Fbilan%2Fquebec%2Fevenements%2F23913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2011/09/16/les-quebecois-exigent-une-commission">"Les Québécois exigent une commission"</a>. September 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+exigent+une+commission&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvanouvelles.ca%2F2011%2F09%2F16%2Fles-quebecois-exigent-une-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/350483/apres-la-controverse-la-commission-charbonneau">"Après la controverse, la commission Charbonneau"</a>. <i>Le Devoir</i>. May 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Apr%C3%A8s+la+controverse%2C+la+commission+Charbonneau&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fpolitique%2Fquebec%2F350483%2Fapres-la-controverse-la-commission-charbonneau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcn.canoe.com/lcn/infos/national/quebec2007/archives/2007/03/20070320-133306.html">"Jean Charest promet 700 M$ en baisses d'impôt"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323110553/http://lcn.canoe.com/lcn/infos/national/quebec2007/archives/2007/03/20070320-133306.html">Archived</a> March 23, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Canal_Nouvelles" title="Le Canal Nouvelles">LCN</a>, March 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcn.canoe.com/infos/national/archives/2007/02/20070216-134433.html">"Le PLQ présente ses grandes orientations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712122649/http://lcn.canoe.com/infos/national/archives/2007/02/20070216-134433.html">Archived</a> July 12, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Canal_Nouvelles" title="Le Canal Nouvelles">LCN</a>, February 16, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcn.canoe.com/infos/national/archives/2007/02/20070219-160907.html">"Les étudiants menacent de déclencher une grève"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710012036/http://lcn.canoe.com/infos/national/archives/2007/02/20070219-160907.html">Archived</a> July 10, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Canal_Nouvelles" title="Le Canal Nouvelles">LCN</a>, February 19, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/charest-keeps-seat-as-liberals-cling-to-power-in-quebec-1.676570">"Charest keeps seat as Liberals cling to power in Quebec"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. March 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charest+keeps+seat+as+Liberals+cling+to+power+in+Quebec&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fcharest-keeps-seat-as-liberals-cling-to-power-in-quebec-1.676570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-premier-seeks-clear-mandate-in-calling-dec-8-election-1.702750">"Quebec premier seeks 'clear mandate' in calling Dec. 8 election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. Montreal, Quebec. November 5, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205193944/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-premier-seeks-clear-mandate-in-calling-dec-8-election-1.702750">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Quebec+premier+seeks+%27clear+mandate%27+in+calling+Dec.+8+election&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fquebec-premier-seeks-clear-mandate-in-calling-dec-8-election-1.702750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Macpherson_(journalist)" title="Don Macpherson (journalist)">Macpherson, Don</a> (December 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-just-enough-voters-turned-up/139415630/">"Just enough voters turned up for Liberal win"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Just+enough+voters+turned+up+for+Liberal+win&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-gazette-just-enough-voters-turned-up%2F139415630%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-charest-first-to-win-three-i/139415709/">"Charest first to win three in a row since Duplessis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)" title="The Gazette (Montreal)">The Gazette</a></i>. Montreal, Quebec. pp. <span class="nowrap">A1 –</span> <span class="nowrap">A2</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Huawei+says+Charest+focused+on+5G+issues+when+working+with+the+Chinese+telecom&rft.aulast=Boutilier&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8684870%2Fhuawei-says-charest-focused-on-5g-issues-when-doing-work-for-the-chinese-telecom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFifeChase2020" class="citation news cs1">Fife, Robert; Chase, Steven (January 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-charest-advising-huawei-in-meng-wanzhou-case-and-on-5g-networks/">"Charest advising Huawei in Meng Wanzhou case and on 5G networks"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Jean+Charest+says+he%27s+not+afraid+of+a+tough+battle+for+Conservative+leadership&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Fife&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-jean-charest-says-he-ready-for-a-tough-battle-for-conservative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoolittle2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Doolittle" title="Robyn Doolittle">Doolittle, Robyn</a> (January 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-jean-charest-leaves-law-firm-mccarthy-tetrault-to-join-montreals-tcj/">"Jean Charest leaves law firm McCarthy Tetrault to join Quebec-based TCJ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. Toronto, Ontario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123131841/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-jean-charest-leaves-law-firm-mccarthy-tetrault-to-join-montreals-tcj/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Jean+Charest+confirms+he%27s+running+to+lead+the+Conservative+Party&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjean-charest-conservative-leadership-1.6378920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpac.ca/en/1993-progressive-conservative-leadership">"1993 Progressive Conservative Leadership Convention"</a>. <i>CPAC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CPAC&rft.atitle=1993+Progressive+Conservative+Leadership+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpac.ca%2Fen%2F1993-progressive-conservative-leadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718010112/http://www.baviere-quebec.org/archives/2007/20.en.php">"The Prime Minister of Quebec Jean Charest receives the Bavarian Order of Merit"</a>. <i>Baviere-quebec.org</i>. July 12, 2007. 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Charest"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. The Historica-Dominion Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0011432">the original</a> on August 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+J.+Charest&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=The+Historica-Dominion+Institute&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Tabitha&rft.au=Hillmer%2C+Norman&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Lorraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DA1ARTA0011432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Charest&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jean_Charest" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/charest-jean-525/biographie.html">"Biography"</a>. <i>Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionnaire+des+parlementaires+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+de+1792+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.qc.ca%2Fen%2Fdeputes%2Fcharest-jean-525%2Fbiographie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Charest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=3480">Jean Charest – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #9999FF" colspan="3"><b>25th Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (3) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister of Canada</a></b><br />June 25 – November 4, 1993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Industry,_Science_and_Technology_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Industry, Science and Technology (Canada)">Minister of Industry, Science and Technology</a></b><br />June 25 – November 4, 1993<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">styled as Minister of Industry</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Pierre H. Vincent</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Consumer_and_Corporate_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs</a></b><br />June 25 – November 4, 1993<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">styled as Minister of Industry</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">John Manley</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Special Cabinet Responsibilities </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:110px">Predecessor </th> <th style="width:290px">Title </th> <th style="width:110px">Successor </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><i><b>position created</b></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_responsible_for_the_Federal_Office_of_Regional_Development_-_Quebec_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister responsible for the Federal Office of Regional Development - Quebec (Canada)">Minister responsible for the Federal Office<br />of Regional Development - Quebec</a></b><br />1993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; border-top: 5px solid #9999FF" colspan="3"><b>24th Ministry – Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th colspan="3">Cabinet posts (3) </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Predecessor </th> <th scope="col" style="width:290px;text-align:center;">Office </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;text-align:center;">Successor </th></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Robert de Cotret</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Minister of the Environment</a></b><br />1991–1993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Pierre H. Vincent</a></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Otto Jelinek</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Minister of State (Fitness and Amateur Sport)</b><br />1988–1990 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danis" title="Marcel Danis">Marcel Danis</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><small>as Minister of State (Youth)(Fitness and Amateur Sport)</small></span></b> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint"> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Champagne" title="Andrée Champagne">Andrée Champagne</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Minister of State (Youth)</b><br />1986–1990 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danis" title="Marcel Danis">Marcel Danis</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><small>as Minister of State (Youth)(Fitness and Amateur Sport)</small></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1995–1998 <br /><small>Interim<br />1993–1995</small> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Elsie Wayne</a> <br /><small>Interim</small></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" 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href="/wiki/John_Jones_Ross" title="John Jones Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Olivier_Taillon" title="Louis-Olivier Taillon">Taillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mercier" title="Honoré Mercier">Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boucher_de_Boucherville" title="Charles Boucher de Boucherville">Boucher de Boucherville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Olivier_Taillon" title="Louis-Olivier Taillon">Taillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_James_Flynn" title="Edmund James Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Gabriel_Marchand" title="Félix-Gabriel Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon-Napol%C3%A9on_Parent" title="Simon-Napoléon Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Taschereau" title="Louis-Alexandre Taschereau">Taschereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lard_Godbout" title="Adélard Godbout">Godbout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lard_Godbout" title="Adélard Godbout">Godbout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Paul Sauvé">Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Barrette" title="Antonio Barrette">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lesage" title="Jean Lesage">Lesage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Sr." title="Daniel Johnson Sr.">D. Johnson Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Bertrand" title="Jean-Jacques Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Bourassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Marc Johnson">P.-M. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Bourassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Jr." title="Daniel Johnson Jr.">D. Johnson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Parizeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Landry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Marois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couillard" title="Philippe Couillard">Couillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">Legault</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Quebec"><img alt="Flag of Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/50px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/75px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/100px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Quebec" title="Category:Premiers of Quebec">Category:Premiers of Quebec</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Quebec_Jean_Charest_(2003–2012)99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charest_Ministry" title="Template:Charest Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charest_Ministry" title="Template talk:Charest Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charest_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charest Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Raymond_Bernier" title="Raymond Bernier">Raymond Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bergman" title="Lawrence Bergman">Lawrence Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Blais" title="Marguerite Blais">Marguerite Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bolduc" title="Yves Bolduc">Yves Bolduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Boulet" title="Julie Boulet">Julie Boulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chagnon" title="Jacques Chagnon">Jacques Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucie_Charlebois" title="Lucie Charlebois">Lucie Charlebois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corbeil" title="Pierre Corbeil">Pierre Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couillard" title="Philippe Couillard">Philippe Couillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Courchesne" title="Michelle Courchesne">Michelle Courchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Delisle" title="Margaret Delisle">Margaret Delisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dupuis_(politician)" title="Jacques Dupuis (politician)">Jacques Dupuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dutil" title="Robert Dutil">Robert Dutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Fournier" title="Jean-Marc Fournier">Jean-Marc Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Gagnon-Tremblay" title="Monique Gagnon-Tremblay">Monique Gagnon-Tremblay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Gauthier" title="Françoise Gauthier">Françoise Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautrin" title="Henri-François Gautrin">Henri-François Gautrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Gignac" title="Clément Gignac">Clément Gignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hamad" title="Sam Hamad">Sam Hamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_James" title="Yolande James">Yolande James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me-Forget" title="Monique Jérôme-Forget">Monique Jérôme-Forget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kelley" title="Geoffrey Kelley">Geoffrey Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Lessard" title="Laurent Lessard">Laurent Lessard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_MacMillan_(politician)" title="Norman MacMillan (politician)">Norman MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Marcoux" title="Yvon Marcoux">Yvon Marcoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Moreau" title="Pierre Moreau">Pierre Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Tom Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Normandeau" title="Nathalie Normandeau">Nathalie Normandeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Paquet" title="Alain Paquet">Alain Paquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Pelletier" title="Benoît Pelletier">Benoît Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Reid" title="Pierre Reid">Pierre Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_S%C3%A9guin" title="Yves Séguin">Yves Séguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Simard" title="Serge Simard">Serge Simard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_St-Pierre" title="Christine St-Pierre">Christine St-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Th%C3%A9berge" title="Carole Théberge">Carole Théberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Th%C3%A9riault" title="Lise Thériault">Lise Thériault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tomassi" title="Tony Tomassi">Tony Tomassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Valli%C3%A8res" title="Yvon Vallières">Yvon Vallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Vien" title="Dominique Vien">Dominique Vien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Weil" title="Kathleen Weil">Kathleen Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whissell" title="David Whissell">David Whissell</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Charest_de_face_(Novembre_2010).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jean Charest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png/75px-Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png/113px-Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png/150px-Jean_Charest_de_face_%28Novembre_2010%29.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_(1984–93)113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mulroney_Ministry" title="Template:Mulroney Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mulroney_Ministry" title="Template talk:Mulroney Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mulroney_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mulroney Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_(1984–93)113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/24th_Canadian_Ministry" title="24th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> (1984–93)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvie_Andre" title="Harvie Andre">Harvie Andre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Perrin Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bissonnette" title="André Bissonnette">André Bissonnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Pierre Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Blais-Grenier" title="Suzanne Blais-Grenier">Suzanne Blais-Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Benoît Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Browes" title="Pauline Browes">Pauline Browes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cadieux" title="Pierre Cadieux">Pierre Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Carney" title="Pat Carney">Pat Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Champagne" title="Andrée Champagne">Andrée Champagne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coates_(politician)" title="Robert Coates (politician)">Robert Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Collins_(politician)" title="Mary Collins (politician)">Mary Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corbeil" title="Jean Corbeil">Jean Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_(MP)" title="Michel Côté (MP)">Michel Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">David Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">John Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danis" title="Marcel Danis">Marcel Danis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Robert de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Paul Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Epp" title="Jake Epp">Jake Epp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Fraser" title="John Allen Fraser">John Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hees" title="George Hees">George Hees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Ray Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hockin" title="Tom Hockin">Tom Hockin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Otto Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kelleher" title="James Kelleher">James Kelleher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_La_Salle" title="Roch La Salle">Roch La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Landry" title="Monique Landry">Monique Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(politician)" title="Robert Layton (politician)">Robert Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Doug Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Gilles Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">Flora MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">Elmer MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Martin" title="Shirley Martin">Shirley Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Masse" title="Marcel Masse">Marcel Masse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mayer_(politician)" title="Charles Mayer (politician)">Charles Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDermid" title="John McDermid">John McDermid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">Barbara McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_McInnes" title="Stewart McInnes">Stewart McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McKnight" title="Bill McKnight">Bill McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_McLean" title="Walter McLean">Walter McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMillan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas McMillan (Canadian politician)">Thomas McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Merrithew" title="Gerald Merrithew">Gerald Merrithew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Murray" title="Lowell Murray">Lowell Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Murta" title="Jack Murta">Jack Murta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Erik Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oberle,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Oberle, Sr.">Frank Oberle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Redway" title="Alan Redway">Alan Redway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufferin_Roblin" title="Dufferin Roblin">Dufferin Roblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Siddon" title="Tom Siddon">Tom Siddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_St._Germain" title="Gerry St. Germain">Gerry St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Stevens" title="Sinclair Stevens">Sinclair Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Bernard Valcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_V%C3%A9zina" title="Monique Vézina">Monique Vézina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Pierre H. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Gerry Weiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Winegard" title="William Winegard">William Winegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wise_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Wise (Canadian politician)">John Wise</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Kim_Campbell_(1993)106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kim_Campbell_Ministry" title="Template:Kim Campbell Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kim_Campbell_Ministry" title="Template talk:Kim Campbell Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kim_Campbell_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kim Campbell Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Kim_Campbell_(1993)106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/25th_Canadian_Ministry" title="25th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> (1993)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Perrin Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Pierre Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Browes" title="Pauline Browes">Pauline Browes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Collins_(politician)" title="Mary Collins (politician)">Mary Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corbeil" title="Jean Corbeil">Jean Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Paul Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Edwards_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jim Edwards (Canadian politician)">Jim Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hockin" title="Tom Hockin">Tom Hockin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Landry" title="Monique Landry">Monique Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Doug Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Gilles Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McCreath" title="Peter McCreath">Peter McCreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mayer_(politician)" title="Charles Mayer (politician)">Charles Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Murray" title="Lowell Murray">Lowell Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Rob Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Reid_(politician)" title="Ross Reid (politician)">Ross Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schneider_(politician)" title="Larry Schneider (politician)">Larry Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Siddon" title="Tom Siddon">Tom Siddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobbie_Sparrow" title="Bobbie Sparrow">Bobbie Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Turner" title="Garth Turner">Garth Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Bernard Valcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Pierre H. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Gerry Weiner</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada</a> and its <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">antecedents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a> (1867–1873)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> (1873–1942)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Wayne</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch-Staunton" title="John Lynch-Staunton">Lynch-Staunton</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Deputy prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Deputy prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deputy prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deputy_prime_ministers_of_Canada68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_the_environment_of_Canada437" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA_ministers_of_the_environment" title="Template:CA ministers of the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA_ministers_of_the_environment" title="Template talk:CA ministers of the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA_ministers_of_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA ministers of the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_the_environment_of_Canada437" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers of the environment of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Environment</a> (1971–76)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Davis_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Davis (Canadian politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">J. Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries and the environment (1976–79)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State (environment) (1977–79)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">L. Marchand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Environment</a> (1979–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">L. Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Fraser" title="John Allen Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Blais-Grenier" title="Suzanne Blais-Grenier">Blais-Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMillan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas McMillan (Canadian politician)">McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oberle_Sr." title="Frank Oberle Sr.">Oberle</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">de Cotret</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stewart" title="Christine Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kent" title="Peter Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Aglukkaq" title="Leona Aglukkaq">Aglukkaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Environment and climate change</a> (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McKenna" title="Catherine McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkinson" title="Jonathan Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault" title="Steven Guilbeault">Guilbeault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>From 1971 to 1976 the minister of the environment was also the minister of fisheries.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Quebec_Liberal_Party94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DC241F; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quebec_Liberal_Leaders" title="Template:Quebec Liberal Leaders"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quebec_Liberal_Leaders" title="Template talk:Quebec Liberal Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec_Liberal_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec Liberal Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Quebec_Liberal_Party94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party"><span style="color:white;">Leaders of the Quebec Liberal Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">Joly de Lotbinière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mercier" title="Honoré Mercier">Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Gabriel_Marchand" title="Félix-Gabriel Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon-Napol%C3%A9on_Parent" title="Simon-Napoléon Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Taschereau" title="Louis-Alexandre Taschereau">Taschereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lard_Godbout" title="Adélard Godbout">Godbout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlyle_Marler" title="George Carlyle Marler">Marler</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-%C3%89mile_Lapalme" title="Georges-Émile Lapalme">Lapalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lesage" title="Jean Lesage">Lesage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Bourassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_D._Levesque" title="Gérard D. Levesque">Levesque</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ryan" title="Claude Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_D._Levesque" title="Gérard D. Levesque">Levesque</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Bourassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Johnson, Jr.">Johnson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Fournier" title="Jean-Marc Fournier">Fournier</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couillard" title="Philippe Couillard">Couillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Arcand" title="Pierre Arcand">Arcand</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Anglade" title="Dominique Anglade">Anglade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Tanguay" title="Marc Tanguay">Tanguay</a> (interim)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1997_Canadian_federal_election1082" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1997A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 1997A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_1997A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 1997A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1997A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 1997A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1997_Canadian_federal_election1082" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="35th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li> <li>Result: <a href="/wiki/36th_Canadian_Parliament" title="36th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party" title="Canadian Action Party">Canadian Action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Action_Party_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Canadian Action Party candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> (Ron Gray, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_Russow" title="Joan Russow">Joan Russow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Green Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">Independent candidates</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a> (Neil Paterson, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Natural Law Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexa_McDonough" title="Alexa McDonough">Alexa McDonough</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean Charest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Reform Party of Canada candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_Party_of_Canada_(1963%E2%80%9393)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros Party of Canada (1963–93)">Rhinoceros</a> (de-registered, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Rhinoceros_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent Rhinoceros candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Bold</b> indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>.</span> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 1997 Canadian federal election">Results overview</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Results of the 1997 Canadian federal election by riding (page does not exist)">Results by riding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election_by_student&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Results of the 1997 Canadian federal election by student (page does not exist)">Results by student</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of MPs who stood down at the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">MPs who stood down</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of MPs who lost their seat in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">MPs who lost their seat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endorsements_from_individuals_and_organizations_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endorsements from individuals and organizations in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Other endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 1997 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinion_polling_for_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election,_by_constituency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinion polling for the 1997 Canadian federal election, by constituency (page does not exist)">by constituency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Candidate_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Star Candidate in the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Star candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of the 1997 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1096" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1096" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48966#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000007870261X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14085743">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/419020/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh7PDmyVhg8hG9FdkxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129312274">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98054259">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35820919">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p185990150">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/191251038">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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