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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consensus at Meech Lake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consensus_at_Meech_Lake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Initial reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Final agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Procedural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Growing opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charest_Commission_and_Bouchard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charest_Commission_and_Bouchard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Charest Commission and Bouchard</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meech-Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Meech-Lake.jpg/225px-Meech-Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Meech-Lake.jpg/338px-Meech-Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Meech-Lake.jpg/450px-Meech-Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake" title="Meech Lake">Meech Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Meech Lake Accord</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Accord du lac Meech</i>) was a series of proposed amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> negotiated in 1987 by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> and all 10 Canadian provincial <a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">premiers</a>. It was intended to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">government of Quebec</a> to symbolically endorse the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">1982 constitutional amendments</a> by providing for some decentralization of the Canadian federation. </p><p>The proposed amendments were initially popular and backed by nearly all political leaders. However, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, feminist activists, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> groups raised concerns about the lack of citizen involvement in the Accord's drafting and its future effects on Canadian federalism, and support for the Accord began to decline. Changes in government in <a href="/wiki/1987_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="1987 New Brunswick general election">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Manitoba_general_election" title="1988 Manitoba general election">Manitoba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1989_Newfoundland_general_election" title="1989 Newfoundland general election">Newfoundland</a> brought ministries to power that declined to accept the Accord. Further negotiations were conducted but tension increased between Quebec and the predominantly English-speaking provinces. A dramatic final meeting among first ministers a month before the Accord's constitutionally-mandated ratification deadline seemed to show renewed agreement on a second series of amendments that would address the concerns raised in the intervening debates. Despite this, the original accord would not gain acceptance in the Manitoba or Newfoundland legislatures in time for ratification. </p><p>Failure to pass the Accord greatly increased tensions between Quebec and the remainder of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> gained renewed support for a time. The general aims of the Accord would be addressed in the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>, which failed to gain a majority vote in a referendum. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert-Bourassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert-Bourassa.jpg/150px-Robert-Bourassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert-Bourassa.jpg/225px-Robert-Bourassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Robert-Bourassa.jpg/300px-Robert-Bourassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>, Premier of Quebec</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1981, negotiations between the federal and provincial governments to <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriate</a> the constitution, led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, resulted in an agreement that formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>. <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Quebec Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec National Assembly">Quebec National Assembly</a> refused to approve the amendments and announced it would use a <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">constitutional veto</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled in the <i><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Veto_Reference" title="Quebec Veto Reference">Quebec Veto Reference</a></i> that Quebec did not have a veto, and the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i> was operative in Quebec. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 federal election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, committed to eventually allowing the National Assembly to accept the amendments "with honour and enthusiasm," won a majority government. The apparent lessening of tension prompted Lévesque to attempt the "<i><a href="/wiki/Beau_risque" title="Beau risque">beau risque</a></i>" of federal cooperation. His government split, leading to his resignation and the ultimate defeat of his <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">sovereigntist</a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> by the federalist <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1985_Quebec_general_election" title="1985 Quebec general election">1985 provincial election</a>. </p><p>In his election platform, Bourassa outlined five conditions that would have to be met for Quebec to "sign on" to the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were recognition of Quebec's distinct character (as primarily Catholic and French-speaking), a veto for Quebec in constitutional matters, input from Quebec into the appointment of Supreme Court justices, co-determination of the number and selection of immigrants arriving in Quebec, <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a limit on the federal spending power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bourassa considered the demands practical, as all elements of the conditions had previously been offered by the federal government to Quebec on different occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bourassa and Mulroney, both pragmatic pro-business figures, had a far more congenial relationship than Trudeau and Lévesque had. Mulroney tasked <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Murray" title="Lowell Murray">Lowell Murray</a> with coordinating a possible agreement with the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bourassa announced that talks could proceed based on the five conditions, adding only the provision that "recognition of Quebec's distinct character" had to be an interpretive clause rather than a symbolic note in a revised <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a meeting of the first ministers (the Prime Minister and provincial premiers) in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> in August 1986, the ministers agreed to the "Edmonton Declaration". It stated that a "Quebec Round" of constitutional talks based on the five conditions would occur before further reforms would be undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251–252_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251–252-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consensus_at_Meech_Lake">Consensus at Meech Lake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consensus at Meech Lake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulroney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mulroney.jpg/170px-Mulroney.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mulroney.jpg/255px-Mulroney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mulroney.jpg/340px-Mulroney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Brian Mulroney</figcaption></figure> <p>Believing that a constitutional agreement was possible, Mulroney called a conference with provincial premiers for April 30, 1987 at Willson House, located on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake" title="Meech Lake">Meech Lake</a>, Quebec, in the <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Hills" title="Gatineau Hills">Gatineau Hills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald253_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald253-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to previous constitutional conferences, which tended to feature a multitude of bureaucrats and advisors, the 11 first ministers were the only participants at the bargaining table. Other officials were kept downstairs and the media was locked out of the negotiation process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald254_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald254-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mulroney chaired the meeting, and agreement came quickly on the Supreme Court and immigration conditions, both of which were significantly an entrenchment of the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only agenda item added besides Quebec's conditions was <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> reform. After initially proposing abolition, Mulroney agreed to allow appointment from lists created by the provinces while awaiting further reform, which the provinces accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes to the amending formula and recognition of Quebec as a "<a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">distinct society</a>" were the most contentious issues. Changes to the wording of the "distinct society clause" that also preserved rights for English and French minorities in other provinces gained acceptance by all representatives at the table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald256-7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald256-7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After nine hours, the Premiers and Mulroney announced a consensus for constitutional reform had been reached amongst the first ministers. The consensus would encompass five main modifications to the Canadian constitution:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Quebec was recognized as a "distinct society" in Section 2 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>. This would operate as an interpretive clause for the entire constitution;</li> <li>More prospective constitutional amendments were now subject to s. 41 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>, which meant they required the approval of every province and the Federal government, including Senate reform, proportionate representation in the House of Commons, and the addition of new provinces;</li> <li>Provincial powers with respect to <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> were increased;</li> <li>Provinces were granted the right for reasonable financial compensation from the federal government if that province chose to <a href="/wiki/Opting_out" title="Opting out">opt out</a> of any future federal programs in areas of exclusive provincial jurisdiction;</li> <li>The appointment of senators and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a> justices, traditionally a prerogative of the Prime Minister, would be drawn from a selection of names provided by the provincial governments.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_reaction">Initial reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/150px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/225px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/300px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Trudeau was the Accord's first, and most prominent, opponent.</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial reaction of the public was shock. Interest groups that had been involved in the constitutional debate, unaware that an agreement was practicable, had not thought to begin agitating for consultation. They were caught off balance by the accepted Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald252_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald252-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only province to have public hearings after the Accord stage and before the legal text was drafted was Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss293-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National public opinion polls initially showed that a majority of Canadians supported the proposed agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-empireclubfoundation.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empireclubfoundation.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a> announced their agreement with the consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss293-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first prominent opposition, as reported by the media, was from former Prime Minister Trudeau. In an open letter published in both the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)" title="La Presse (Canadian newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> on May 27, 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau attacked the Accord as a capitulation to provincialism and the end of any dream of "One Canada". Portraying "patriation" as the equalization of the bargaining power of federal and provincial governments that would allow Canada to survive indefinitely, Trudeau wrote that the new agreement made further devolution of powers inevitable. He referred to Mulroney as a "weakling," the Premiers as "snivelers," and invoked Bourassa's previous reneging of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a> as suggesting that the Accord would be the beginning of concessions to Quebec and provincial interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald270_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald270-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trudeau's well-known position as an ardent federalist and a prominent <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_(word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Québécois (word)">Québécois</a> helped express the opposition to the Accord for many of its opponents. He generated concerns with the Accord in other groups that had embraced the <i>Charter</i>, such as Indigenous peoples, ethnic communities, and women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald271_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald271-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His position created turmoil in the federal and provincial Liberal parties, with the federal party split largely on linguistic lines, shaking John Turner's already fragile leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_agreement">Final agreement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Final agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the final agreement was to be drawn together in Ottawa on June 2, 1987, Trudeau's intervention had made him, in the words of Mulroney advisor <a href="/wiki/L._Ian_MacDonald" title="L. Ian MacDonald">L. Ian MacDonald</a>, a "twelfth participant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald277_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald277-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting, seen as a formality to precede a signing ceremony the next day, instead lasted 19 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald275_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald275-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_New_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba New Democratic Party">Manitoba NDP</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pawley" title="Howard Pawley">Howard Pawley</a>, faced with left-wing opposition to the consensus in his home province, insisted on more limited language regarding limits on the federal spending power in the final agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontario Premier <a href="/wiki/David_Peterson" title="David Peterson">David Peterson</a>, as the sole Liberal at the table (Bourassa's Quebec Liberal Party having severed ties with the Liberal Party of Canada in 1955), did not have support for it by most of his caucus (including his main adviser, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Scott_(Ontario_politician)" title="Ian Scott (Ontario politician)">Ian Scott</a>). They opposed the consensus, and proposed a variety of amendments to the "federal spending power" and "distinct society" clauses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pawley and Peterson agreed to follow each other's lead or back out together, to avoid either being seen as the cause of the collapse of talks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald278_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald278-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They asked Mulroney to take a harder line on federal powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss293-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trudeau's intervention had also created a separate backlash: Mulroney and the other eight Premiers, insulted by what they saw as undue interference, aggressively embraced the previous consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss293-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bourassa in particular refused to move away from any of the Accord's major provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276-7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276-7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations went on through the night. They ultimately agreed on a clause promising that "the distinct society clause" would not derogate the <i>Charter</i>, providing protections for multicultural and aboriginal rights, and tighter language regarding restrictions on the federal spending power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a final roll call at 4:45 a.m. June 3, 1987, hours before the signing ceremony, Mulroney knowingly breached convention by taking the vote in reverse order around the table instead of the traditional order of a province's entry into confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pawley, after pressure from federal NDP leader Ed Broadbent, conceded and approved the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald279–280_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald279–280-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peterson, the last to vote in this improvised formula, approved the final agreement on behalf of Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the symbolic signing ceremony, the Premiers signed the Accord. Bourassa declared that Quebec had become reintegrated in Canada to a standing ovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald281_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald281-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supporters of the Accord argued that it would provide a generation of constitutional peace and do so in a simple and understandable way without major structural changes to the Federal government or the Canadian federation. Bourassa described Quebec's exclusion from the 1982 agreement as a "hole in the heart" that had to be mended before Quebec could become a normalized participant in constitutional matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman123_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman123-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulroney and others, acknowledging that the agreement focused on primarily Quebec concerns, described the agreement as a "bridge" that, once accepted, would allow for further negotiations with other groups to proceed with Quebec's full participation. </p><p>Mulroney argued that the Senate and Supreme Court reforms would allow for greater involvement of other parties in what was generally a unilateral decision from the Prime Minister. It was an attempt to reduce what was seen as an overly powerful <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Prime Minister's Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulroney would tell the <i>Toronto Star</i>, "You can have the old style of warring federalism, or you can have genuine co-operative federalism, on which we're trying to build a new country."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents such as constitutional expert <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hogg" title="Peter Hogg">Peter Hogg</a> said that the "distinct society" clause was merely an "affirmation of a sociological fact".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen121_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen121-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dickson" title="Brian Dickson">Brian Dickson</a> noted that court decisions had for decades taken Quebec's "character" into consideration on a standard basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald270_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald270-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opponents of the Accord took issue with both the process and ultimate results of the negotiations. Process objections focused on the agreement being negotiated in circumstances considered to be opaque and undemocratic: the amendments were effectively drafted and agreed to by the Prime Minister and ten Premiers themselves in two meetings and were presented to their legislatures as a <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_and_phrases_used_by_English_speakers#F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French words and phrases used by English speakers">fait accompli</a></i>. Some academics described the Accord as resulting from an exercise in "elite accommodation" not compatible with a more democratic Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen271_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen271-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from Quebec, no province held public hearings on the Accord until opposition began to sprout. </p><p>Some critics said that "distinct society" focus unbalanced the federation, creating a "special status" for Quebec that would lead to <a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetrical federalism">asymmetrical federalism</a> and the possible decline of the English-speaking community in Quebec and Francophones elsewhere in Canada. Aboriginal, feminist, and minority groups worried that courts could interpret the clause to allow the Quebec government to disregard sections of the <i>Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i> and of other constitutional protections in the name of preserving the province's culture. </p><p>Aboriginal groups were opposed to the amendments that involved constitutional change, as they had not had any representation in negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Prime Minister Trudeau and similar critics argued that the further devolution of powers was unnecessary and did not result in any "trade-off" with the federal government. Rather, the Accord reduced its ability to speak for all Canadians on matters of national interest. </p><p>Western and Atlantic Canada particularly objected to the lack of more substantive reforms in how the Senate membership was chosen, especially as the Accord required further Senate reform to be subject to unanimous approval by the provinces. </p><p>On the other hand, activists seeking sovereignty for Quebec were also unhappy; they generally opposed the agreement, believing that "recognition of Quebec as a distinct society" would be only moderately useful. They thought acceptance of the agreement would forestall devolution of further powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedural">Procedural</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Procedural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_McKenna2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Frank_McKenna2.jpg/170px-Frank_McKenna2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Frank_McKenna2.jpg/255px-Frank_McKenna2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Frank_McKenna2.jpg/340px-Frank_McKenna2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>New Brunswick Premier Frank McKenna was the first to oppose the Accord, but would later become an advocate for its passage after his concerns were met.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the agreement would have changed the <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">constitution's amending formula</a>, it needed to obtain the consent of all provincial legislatures and the federal Parliament within three years. The signatory Premiers undertook to have the Accord approved as soon as possible. Quebec passed the Accord on June 23, 1987, triggering the three-year time limit provided for by the Section 39(2) of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>; this meant that June 22, 1990, would be the last possible day the Accord could pass. Saskatchewan ratified the Accord on September 23, 1987, and Alberta did likewise on December 7, 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen287_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen287-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conclusion of public hearings, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> premier <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hatfield" title="Richard Hatfield">Richard Hatfield</a> was unable to put the Accord to the floor of the provincial legislature, despite significant pressure from Mulroney.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatfield's government lost every seat in the <a href="/wiki/1987_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="1987 New Brunswick general election">October 1987 New Brunswick election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Frank_McKenna" title="Frank McKenna">Frank McKenna</a>-led <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Liberal_Association" title="New Brunswick Liberal Association">Liberals</a>. McKenna had campaigned on requesting changes to the Accord, especially protections for New Brunswick's linguistic duality, and demanded the changes before passing the Accord in New Brunswick. The unanimous provincial consensus was now gone, and with it much of the Accord's political momentum. </p><p>More surprising was the unexpected defeat of Howard Pawley's NDP majority government in Manitoba after a disgruntled backbencher voted against the government, prompting an <a href="/wiki/1988_Manitoba_general_election" title="1988 Manitoba general election">election in April 1988</a>. The result was a PC minority government under <a href="/wiki/Gary_Filmon" title="Gary Filmon">Gary Filmon</a> that was tacitly supported by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Doer" title="Gary Doer">Gary Doer</a>'s NDP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen193_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen193-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the opposition, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Liberal_Party" title="Manitoba Liberal Party">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Carstairs" title="Sharon Carstairs">Sharon Carstairs</a>, was a fervent opponent of the Accord, and believed some dissident PC and NDP members could be convinced to vote it down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen191_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen191-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unstable confidence situation meant that all three leaders would have to negotiate on Manitoba's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307-8_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307-8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trudeau was invited to both the Commons and Senate committee hearings to discuss the Accord, with his later Senate appearance lasting several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate, the majority of whose members Trudeau had appointed, rejected the Accord, prompting the House of Commons to use s.47 of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>, to pass the amendment without the Senate's consent. </p><p>The Accord played very little role in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 federal election</a>, as all three parties supported the Accord and the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> was the dominant issue. Bourassa's Liberals, who supported free trade, lent tacit support to the federal Progressive Conservatives and their campaign in favour of the agreement. This support was later speculated to have been a cause of a disconnect between left-wing intellectuals and support for the Accord,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald297_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald297-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was cited by the Manitoba NDP for their more lukewarm attitude toward the amendments after Pawley's retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen193_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen193-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growing_opposition">Growing opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Growing opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the election, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled on <i><a href="/wiki/Ford_v_Quebec_(AG)" title="Ford v Quebec (AG)">Ford v. Quebec</a></i>, a compendium of cases regarding sign restrictions in the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a>. While acknowledging the protection of Quebec's French identity as a <a href="/wiki/Section_One_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section One of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">pressing and substantial objective</a>, the Court ruled that the outright ban on English-language signs was a violation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> and ordered the language restrictions be struck down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald294_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald294-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision reignited the long-simmering debate over language use in Quebec. While English-language groups celebrated the decision, the Parti Québécois and nationalist groups demanded Bourassa use the <a href="/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">notwithstanding clause</a> to uphold the <i>Charter of the French Language</i> against the court ruling. Both Mulroney and Peterson pressured Bourassa not to use the notwithstanding clause,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while prominent Quebec cabinet minister and nationalist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Ryan" title="Claude Ryan">Claude Ryan</a> threatened to resign if the clause was not used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bourassa opted to not only use the notwithstanding clause but also propose Bill 178, which continued the ban on outdoor signs, causing four of his English-speaking ministers to resign and sparking general outrage in English Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296–297_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296–297-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manitoba Premier Gary Filmon, calling the move a violation of the "spirit of Meech Lake," immediately ordered that public hearings regarding the Accord be ended and that it be withdrawn from consideration pending a new constitutional conference, officially joining New Brunswick in opposing the Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Turner and the federal Liberals, who had gained little traction in Quebec from their pro-Meech stance in the previous election, attacked Mulroney for what was seen as federal acquiescence to and, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Plamondon" title="Louis Plamondon">Louis Plamondon</a>, approval of Bill 178.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Accord would gain a third opponent after the <a href="/wiki/1989_Newfoundland_general_election" title="1989 Newfoundland general election">1989 Newfoundland election</a>, which saw the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Liberals</a> under <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Wells_(politician)" title="Clyde Wells (politician)">Clyde Wells</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">PC</a> government of premier <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rideout" title="Tom Rideout">Tom Rideout</a>. Wells had campaigned against the Accord, as he was opposed to changing the amending formula before Senate reform, the restrictions on the federal spending power, and felt that Quebec would use the "distinct society" provision to gain special status in Confederation. Wells demanded a re-opening of the Accord. A conference held in November 1989 failed to break the logjam, and featured a bitter argument on national television between Wells and Mulroney.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen210-13_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen210-13-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the political discourse moved from the contents of the Accord to the possible results of its demise, palpable tension arose between English and French speakers throughout Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen223_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using Bourassa's use of the notwithstanding clause as justification, groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Preservation_of_English_in_Canada" title="Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada">Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada</a> convinced municipalities such as <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie_language_resolution" title="Sault Ste. Marie language resolution">Sault Ste. Marie</a> to pass bylaws outlawing the provision of French language services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen222_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen222-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A video clip of protesters stomping a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Quebec flag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brockville,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brockville, Ontario">Brockville, Ontario</a> was replayed frequently on Quebec television to symbolize English Canada's opposition to the Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen223_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charest_Commission_and_Bouchard">Charest Commission and Bouchard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Charest Commission and Bouchard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouchardimg229us-signed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bouchardimg229us-signed.jpg/220px-Bouchardimg229us-signed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bouchardimg229us-signed.jpg/330px-Bouchardimg229us-signed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bouchardimg229us-signed.jpg/440px-Bouchardimg229us-signed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Lucien Bouchard's dramatic opposition to the supplemental accord raised his profile and resulted in the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1990, Wells invoked section 46(2) of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i> to revoke Newfoundland's previous assent to the Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the Accord now required passage in three provinces: Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. </p><p>Hope for the Accord gained momentum after New Brunswick proposed a series of alternate concerns that would have to be addressed to enable passage of the original agreement. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a>, a former federal cabinet minister, was tasked with heading a commission on addressing New Brunswick's concerns on March 22, 1990, which expanded into an attempt to forge an all-party consensus on the Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his opposition, leading Liberal leadership candidate Jean Chrétien, wishing the issue to be off the table, used back channels to pressure Wells to support the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 17, 1990, the commission recommended a companion accord that would be approved by all provinces along with Meech Lake; this would permit the original accord to stay in place, saving face for Quebec and the federal government, while addressing the concerns of other provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companion Accord asserted that the distinct society clause would be subject to the <i>Charter</i> and would feature greater protections for minority language rights in the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bourassa dismissed the report the day it was released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anger at reading its contents prompted <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a>, Mulroney's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">Environment Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>, to send a telegram from Paris to a gathering in his native <a href="/wiki/Alma,_Quebec" title="Alma, Quebec">Alma</a> lavishly praising the Parti Québécois and René Lévesque, to be read by PQ leader <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Bouchard's return to Canada, Mulroney demanded he clarify the remark or resign, and Bouchard supplied a lengthy letter of resignation on May 22, 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304–305_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304–305-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men, who had been close friends since attending law school at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a> together, did not speak for several decades afterward, but reconciled shortly before Mulroney's death in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving the Cabinet and PC caucus, Bouchard sat as an independent. He made a speech in defence of the original Meech Lake Accord and stated that without it, sovereignty was the only option.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald305_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald305-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen231_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen231-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bourassa announced his support of Bouchard's action from the National Assembly, and said it provided a clear warning to English Canada of what would occur if Meech failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald305_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald305-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_Last_Supper"_and_the_Companion_Accord"><span id=".22The_Last_Supper.22_and_the_Companion_Accord"></span>"The Last Supper" and the Companion Accord</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "The Last Supper" and the Companion Accord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Conference_Centre,_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Government_Conference_Centre%2C_entrance.jpg/220px-Government_Conference_Centre%2C_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Government_Conference_Centre%2C_entrance.jpg/330px-Government_Conference_Centre%2C_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Government_Conference_Centre%2C_entrance.jpg/440px-Government_Conference_Centre%2C_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4141" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption>The Government Conference Centre in Ottawa, where all signing ceremonies with regard to the Accord (and its eventual companion) were held.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 3, 1990, after each premier met individually with the Prime Minister at <a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a>, the first ministers met at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Museum of Civilization">Canadian Museum of Civilization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hull,_Quebec" title="Hull, Quebec">Hull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald306_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald306-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scheduled as a one-day meeting, the premiers instead met for a week at the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Centre_(Ottawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaw Centre (Ottawa)">National Conference Centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_Conference_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Conference Centre">Government Conference Centre</a>. The combined media presence outside created an atmosphere of chaos and drama, with repeated intonations by Mulroney and other federal officials that acceptance of the Accord was necessary for the very survival of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald306_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald306-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen234_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen234-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the process wore on, journalists noted that the secrecy and spin began to echo the original meetings that had created problems in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen239–240_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen239–240-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bliss" title="Michael Bliss">Michael Bliss</a>, "Many found the spectacle nauseating."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss299_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss299-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an unsuccessful first day, McKenna attempted to start conversation by announcing that New Brunswick would support the Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second day saw Filmon agree to a second accord being enacted a number of months after the original passed, allowing for all sides to show more flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen238–239_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen238–239-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the meeting, Bourassa conceded that a second accord could be adopted that included a guarantee that distinct society would not weaken gender equality and give the territories involvement in the appointment of senators and Supreme Court justices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald309_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald309-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Premiers also agreed to hold future conferences on Aboriginal and minority language issues, the creation of a "Canada Clause" to guide judicial decisions in the same manner as "distinct society", a new process for how new provinces would be formed, and a new amending procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald309_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald309-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wells, however, was still not satisfied with the proposed conditions, and threatened to walk out of the conference. After being physically stopped by Alberta Premier <a href="/wiki/Don_Getty" title="Don Getty">Don Getty</a>, he was asked what his conditions were for acceptance, and Wells replied that he needed a guarantee that Senate reform would be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald311_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald311-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ontario delegation then proposed a new formula: a clause would be placed in the new accord for Senate reform negotiations to continue to 1995. If negotiations failed by 1995, Ontario would agree to give up six Senate seats, meaning that Quebec would have 24 seats, Ontario 18, Prince Edward Island 4, and the remaining provinces 8.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald311_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald311-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells immediately agreed in principle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, another signing ceremony was held, but Wells protested that the draft agreement had deleted a request that a 10-year review be conducted on the distinct society clause without informing him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clause was never seriously considered by federal negotiators who, thinking it would be a <a href="/wiki/Wrecking_amendment" title="Wrecking amendment">poison pill</a> for Quebec, had never brought it to Bourassa's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells put an asterisk next to his signature, but promised that the Accord would be put before the Newfoundland House of Assembly or to a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald313_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald313-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_days">Final days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The apparent success of the negotiations was offset by a severe public relations blunder by Mulroney the following day. When describing the negotiation process to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, the Prime Minister stated that he had intentionally scheduled the final conference until the last few days before the amendment could be passed to put pressure on the attendees, which would allow him to "roll the dice" and force the deal to go through.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss300_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss300-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman126–127_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman126–127-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Susan_Delacourt" title="Susan Delacourt">Susan Delacourt</a> and Graham Fraser reported Mulroney's remark, prompting general outrage in both the political class and the public for its apparently flippant nature, which contrasted heavily with Mulroney's sombre language and remarks about the necessity of the Accord passing during the previous conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman126–127_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman126–127-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filmon and Wells both expressed their displeasure with the remark, and Filmon declared that, while he would place the Accord in front of the Manitoba legislature, he would not exempt it from public hearing requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald315_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald315-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal leader Jean Chrétien, who had been considering endorsing the Accord, backed off after the remark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman127_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman127-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peterson and Stanley Hartt, Mulroney's chief of staff, believed that the remark killed any chance of the Accord passing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman135,127_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman135,127-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells had determined that a referendum was impractical in the short time period, and arranged for the Accord to be put to a free vote in the Newfoundland House of Assembly, with himself opposing ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald314_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald314-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a highly unusual manoeuvre, Mulroney, Peterson, and McKenna addressed the House of Assembly and urged it to accept the Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald316_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald316-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 12, Filmon attempted to introduce the Accord for debate in the Manitoba legislature. Unanimous consent was required to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Harper" title="Elijah Harper">Elijah Harper</a>, the legislature's only Indigenous member, raised an eagle feather to mark his opposition to the Accord, preventing the legislature from debating it. Filmon repeatedly attempted to introduce the Accord over the next several legislative sessions, but Harper's dissent prevented him from doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper's opposition reflected wider concerns about the Accord among Indigenous groups, who felt excluded from constitutional discussions. Meanwhile, New Brunswick ratified the accord on June 15, now leaving Manitoba and Newfoundland as the remaining holdouts.<sup id="cite_ref-manitobalaw_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manitobalaw-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filmon was finally able to introduce the Accord on June 20, and debate on the measure continued for the next two days. On June 22, 1990 – the final day ratification was possible – the Manitoba legislature reached the end of its session without having voted on the Accord. A motion was proposed to continue meeting beyond normal hours, which would require unanimous support. Harper again dissented, which resulted in the legislature adjourning without voting on the Accord. Filmon contacted Wells in Newfoundland and advised him of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald318_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald318-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Wells and opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rideout" title="Tom Rideout">Tom Rideout</a> agreed to cancel the planned free vote in the Newfoundland House of Assembly as unnecessary, believing the likely outcome would have been a rejection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald316_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald316-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government had considered asking the Supreme Court to extend the deadline if Manitoba had been the only holdout, but Wells' cancelation of the Newfoundland vote made this effort moot.<sup id="cite_ref-manitobalaw_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manitobalaw-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Manitoba and Newfoundland's failure to ratify the Meech Lake Accord, the amendments lapsed on June 23, 1990, pursuant to Section 39(2) of the <i>Constitution Act, 1982</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had received the assent of the federal government and eight provinces, totalling 96% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quebec">Quebec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></div> <p>In a speech to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> delivered the next day, Bourassa captured the nationalist sentiment of the moment: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Canada anglais doit comprendre de façon très claire que, quoi qu'on dise et quoi qu'on fasse, le Québec est, aujourd'hui et pour toujours, une société distincte, libre et capable d'assumer son destin et son développement.</i></span></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>English Canada must clearly understand that, no matter what is said or done, Quebec is, today and forever, a distinct society, free and able to assume control of its destiny and development.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a>, leader of the opposition, crossed the floor to shake Bourassa's hand and referred to him as "my Premier".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 25, an estimated 500,000 Quebecers marched in the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Day" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day</a> celebrations in Quebec City, during which actor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Duceppe" title="Jean Duceppe">Jean Duceppe</a> delivered a speech calling for independence. Polls at this time showed a majority of 61–64% in favour of sovereignty-association.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bourassa, in an attempt to constructively capture nationalist sentiment, declared he would negotiate only with the Federal government, and later passed Bill 150, which promised a referendum by October 26, 1992, on a revised constitutional agreement or sovereignty for Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321–322_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321–322-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these initiatives, Bourassa remained privately committed to federalism, believing that sovereignty, while possible, was unworkable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald322_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald322-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouchard and other alienated Quebec MPs united to form the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> under his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_provinces">Other provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ontario Premier <a href="/wiki/David_Peterson" title="David Peterson">David Peterson</a> had, reluctantly, played a prominent role in creating the accord and continued to support it in the face of growing opposition. This led to a backlash in his own province, especially regarding his promise to provide Senate seats to other provinces. He was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a>'s NDP within months in a <a href="/wiki/1990_Ontario_general_election" title="1990 Ontario general election">snap election</a>. </p><p>In response to criticism of the Accord, British Columbia and Alberta enacted legislation requiring future constitutional amendments to be put to a referendum before being approved by the legislature. </p><p>Mulroney's popularity plummeted. Many condemned his handling of the accord, and the exhaustive and interminable debates over it caused a backlash against further constitutional negotiations. In November 1990, Mulroney sought the input of Canadians on the country's constitutional future by convening the <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Forum_on_National_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Forum on National Unity">Citizen's Forum on National Unity</a>. The forum was more commonly known as the <i>Spicer Commission</i>, after its chair, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Spicer" title="Keith Spicer">Keith Spicer</a>. </p><p>A variety of constitutional conferences and the efforts of former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a>, which contained many of the same proposals, along with concrete involvement of First Nations groups. The Charlottetown Accord, unlike Meech Lake, was put to referendums (on October 26, 1992), but it was also defeated in most provinces, including Quebec. Following these attempts to make further amendments to the Constitution have been recognized as extremely difficult. No serious attempt has been made since to alter the Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Sheep_(1992_film)" title="The Black Sheep (1992 film)">The Black Sheep</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Le Mouton noir</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span>, 1992 documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Aboriginal_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples">The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distinction is that an interpretive clause must influence any interpretation of the constitution when being judicially considered, as opposed to being a statement of values.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman suggests that the remark itself wasn't even true, as a variety of foreign heads of state had visited and crowded the Prime Minister's schedule. (Newman, 128)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was necessary to circumvent Legislature rules requiring two days advanced notice before a motion is placed on the Order Paper.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald249_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Synthèse du programme libéral</i> (in French). Parti libéral du Québec. 1985. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synth%C3%A8se+du+programme+lib%C3%A9ral&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Parti+lib%C3%A9ral+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251–252-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald251–252_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald253-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald253_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald254-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald254_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald255_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald256-7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald256-7_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 256-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130628051736/http://www.originaldocuments.ca/documents/1stMinistersConfMeechCom1987Apr30">Meech Lake Communique</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald252-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald252_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss293-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss293_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBliss">Bliss</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-empireclubfoundation.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-empireclubfoundation.com_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622053142/http://www.empireclubfoundation.com/details.asp?SpeechID=1563&FT=yes">"Reid, Angus, Canada at the Crossroads: Public Opinion and the National Unity Debate"</a>. Empireclubfoundation.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.empireclubfoundation.com/details.asp?SpeechID=1563&FT=yes">the original</a> on 2011-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reid%2C+Angus%2C+Canada+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Public+Opinion+and+the+National+Unity+Debate&rft.pub=Empireclubfoundation.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.empireclubfoundation.com%2Fdetails.asp%3FSpeechID%3D1563%26FT%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toronto Star May 27, 1987, p. 1, accessed online February 14, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald270-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald270_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald270_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald271-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald271_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald274_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald277-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald277_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald275-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald275_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald278-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald278_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276-7-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald276-7_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 276-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald280_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald279–280-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald279–280_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, pp. 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald281-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald281_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman123-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman123_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman">Newman</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/back-to-tackle-meech-lake">"Pierre Trudeau comes back to tackle Meech Lake – CBC Archives"</a>. <i>cbc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124072237/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/back-to-tackle-meech-lake">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau+comes+back+to+tackle+Meech+Lake+%E2%80%93+CBC+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2Fback-to-tackle-meech-lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen121-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen121_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen271-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen271_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Elijah Harper</i>. All Our Relations. CBC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2672432466">"Elijah Harper - CBC Player"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409090221/http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2672432466">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elijah+Harper+-+CBC+Player&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fplayer%2Fplay%2F2672432466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span> accessed March 27, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen287-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen287_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen193-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen193_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen193_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen191-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen191_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307-8-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald307-8_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 307-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2188">"Meech Lake Accord (1987)"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.atitle=Meech+Lake+Accord+%281987%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiographi.ca%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Ftopic-match-list.php%3Fid%3D2188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald297-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald297_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald294-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald294_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296–297-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald296–297_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, pp. 296–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald308_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen210-13-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen210-13_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 210-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen223-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen223_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen223_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen222-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen222_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald303_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304–305-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald304–305_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiga2024" class="citation web cs1">Riga, Andy (2024-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/long-running-feud-with-brian-mulroney-ended-recently-lucien-bouchard-says">"Long-running feud with Brian Mulroney ended recently, Bouchard says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Gazette">Montreal Gazette</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long-running+feud+with+Brian+Mulroney+ended+recently%2C+Bouchard+says&rft.pub=Montreal+Gazette&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.aulast=Riga&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Flong-running-feud-with-brian-mulroney-ended-recently-lucien-bouchard-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald305-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald305_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald305_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen231-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen231_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald306-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald306_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald306_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen234-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen234_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen239–240-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen239–240_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss299-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss299_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBliss">Bliss</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen238–239-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen238–239_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald309-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald309_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald309_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald311-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald311_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald311_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald312_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald313-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald313_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBliss300-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBliss300_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBliss">Bliss</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman126–127-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman126–127_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman126–127_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman">Newman</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald315-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald315_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman127-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman127_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman">Newman</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman135,127-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman135,127_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman">Newman</a>, p. 135,127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald314-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald314_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald316-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald316_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald316_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manitobalaw-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manitobalaw_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manitobalaw_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canlii.ca/t/2cdj">"The Meech Lake Accord"</a>. <i>Manitoba Law Journal</i>. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manitoba+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Meech+Lake+Accord&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanlii.ca%2Ft%2F2cdj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald318-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald318_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321–322-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald321–322_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, pp. 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald322-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald322_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald">MacDonald</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bloc-quebecois">"Bloc Québécois"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bloc+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbloc-quebecois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliss" class="citation book cs1">Bliss, Michael (2004). <i>Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Chrétien</i>. Toronto: Harper Perennial Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-639484-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-639484-1"><bdi>0-00-639484-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right+Honourable+Men%3A+The+Descent+of+Canadian+Politics+from+Macdonald+to+Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Canada&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-00-639484-1&rft.aulast=Bliss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Andrew (1990). <i>A Deal Undone: The Making and Breaking of the Meech Lake Accord</i>. Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-704-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88894-704-6"><bdi>0-88894-704-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Deal+Undone%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Meech+Lake+Accord&rft.place=Vancouver%2FToronto&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-88894-704-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, L. Ian (2002). <i>From Bourassa to Bourassa: Wilderness to Restoration</i> (2nd ed.). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2392-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2392-8"><bdi>0-7735-2392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bourassa+to+Bourassa%3A+Wilderness+to+Restoration&rft.place=Montreal&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7735-2392-8&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=L.+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretmulroneyta00pete"><i>The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister</i></a></span>. Toronto: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-31352-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-31352-4"><bdi>0-679-31352-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Mulroney+Tapes%3A+Unguarded+Confessions+of+a+Prime+Minister&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-679-31352-4&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretmulroneyta00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastien2013" class="citation book cs1">Bastien, Frédéric Bastien (2013). <i>The Battle of London: Trudeau, Thatcher, and the Fight for Canada's Constitution</i>. Toronto: Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2329-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-2329-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+London%3A+Trudeau%2C+Thatcher%2C+and+the+Fight+for+Canada%27s+Constitution&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-2329-0&rft.aulast=Bastien&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Bastien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2009" class="citation book cs1">English, John (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenofworldth00john"><i>Just Watch Me: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume Two: 1968–2000</i></a></span>. Toronto: Knopf Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97523-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97523-9"><bdi>978-0-676-97523-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Watch+Me%3A+The+Life+of+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau+Volume+Two%3A+1968%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-676-97523-9&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenofworldth00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1984" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Graham (1984). <i>PQ: René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois in Power</i>. Toronto: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7715-9793-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7715-9793-2"><bdi>0-7715-9793-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PQ%3A+Ren%C3%A9+L%C3%A9vesque+and+the+Parti+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+in+Power&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7715-9793-2&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldenberg, Eddie (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wayitworksinside00gold"><i>The Way It Works: Inside Ottawa</i></a></span>. Toronto: McClellan and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3562-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-3562-3"><bdi>978-0-7710-3562-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+It+Works%3A+Inside+Ottawa&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClellan+and+Stewart&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-3562-3&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwayitworksinside00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeech+Lake+Accord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meech_Lake_Accord&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/Proposals/MeechLake.html">The Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312070451/http://www.rhondaparkinson.com/meech-lake-accord.htm">Explainer: Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/frum-questions-trudeau-on-his-criticism-of-the-meech-lake-accord">Barbara Frum interview with Trudeau for CBC's <i>The Journal</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.radio-canada.ca/IDCC-0-17-900-5266/politique_economie/robert_bourassa/">Video of the whole Bourassa's speech on SRC.ca</a> (French) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-1180-6498/politics_economy/meech_lake/clip10">English translation</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/the-constitution/constitutional-discord-meech-lake/topic---constitutional-discord-meech-lake.html">CBC Digital Archives – Constitutional Discord: Meech Lake</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Pre-Confederation_constitutional_documents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Pre-Confederation constitutional documents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">Iroquois constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Council (Miꞌkmaq)">Mi'kmaq constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Constitution of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act of 1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada" title="Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada">Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Report on the Affairs of British North America</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Confederation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference, 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference, 1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Quebec Resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference, 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1867" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 125</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under<br />Section 91</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(2)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Matters excepted from s. 92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under <br />Section 92</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Works and undertakings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(13)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Property and civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(14)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(14) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Fines and penalties for provincial laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_92(16)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 92(16) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (page does not exist)">Matters of a local or private nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Amendments_and_other_constitutional_documents_1867–1982" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a>, 1867–1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act,_1870" title="Manitoba Act, 1870">Manitoba Act, 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Act" title="Saskatchewan Act">Saskatchewan Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act, 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Patriation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation#The_Kitchen_Accord" title="Patriation">Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16.1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_35.1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 35.1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part III – Equalization and regional disparities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_36_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 36 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Part V – Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_38_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_39_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 39 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_40_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 40 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_41_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_42_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_43_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_44_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_45_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 45 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_46_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 46 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_47_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_48_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_49_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part VII – General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982">52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_53_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 53 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_54_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_55_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 55 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_56_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 56 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_57_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conventions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Conventions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">Implied repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">Individual ministerial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(politics)" title="Interpellation (politics)">Interpellation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">Parliamentary privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Constitutional_debate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">Constitutional debate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Other unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Interpretation_of_the_Constitution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Interpretation of the Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_and_substance" title="Pith and substance">Pith and substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Double aspect">Double aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_authenticity_rule" title="Equal authenticity rule">Equal authenticity rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramountcy_(Canada)" title="Paramountcy (Canada)">Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">Living tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity" title="Interjurisdictional immunity">Interjurisdictional immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_principle" title="Dialogue principle">Dialogue principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Provincial_constitutions_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provincial constitutions of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alberta" title="Constitution of Alberta">Constitution of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Quebec" title="Constitution of Quebec">Constitution of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_(British_Columbia)" title="Constitution Act (British Columbia)">Constitution Act (British Columbia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" 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