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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #0a150c; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#0a150c"><b>Christ died for<br /> our articles about</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity"><font size="5" color="white"><b>Christianity</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f5eaf3;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christians" title="Category:Christians"><img alt="Icon christianity.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/3/3c/Icon_christianity.svg/100px-Icon_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/3c/Icon_christianity.svg/150px-Icon_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/3c/Icon_christianity.svg/200px-Icon_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#0a150c; text-align:center;"><b>Schismatics</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f5eaf3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Western (Latin) Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern (Greek) Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#0a150c; text-align:center;"><b>Devil's in the details</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f5eaf3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addicted_to_Hate" title="Addicted to Hate">Addicted to Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Osteen" title="Joel Osteen">Joel Osteen</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity" title="Template:Christianity">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity" title="Template talk:Christianity">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Christianity&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>There is little of the true philosophic spirit in Aquinas. He does not, like the Platonic <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, set out to follow wherever the argument may lead. He is not engaged in an inquiry, the result of which it is impossible to know in advance. Before he begins to philosophize, he already knows the truth; it is declared in the Catholic faith. If he can find apparently rational arguments for some parts of the faith, so much the better; if he cannot, he need only fall back on <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>. The finding of arguments for a conclusion given in advance is not philosophy, but <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">special pleading</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <i>A History of Western Philosophy</i> (1945), Chapter XIII: Saint Thomas Aquinas</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>St. Thomas Aquinas</b> (1225–1274) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> and philosopher. </p><p>His massive <i>Summa Theologica</i> makes <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i> look like light beach reading, and it is renowned as the epitome of Christian <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> by the Catholic church. Why the essential insight it purportedly provides wasn't included in the holy scripture <i>to begin with</i> remains ignored by <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a> believers (e.g. Protestants).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[notes 1]</a></sup> </p><p>Aquinas endorsed something he called "natural theology"—knowing God by reason apart from but not contrary to divine revelation as opposed to the belief that God can only be known by divine revelation (e.g. exclusively studying the Bible)—an approach he based on earlier work by Jewish and Islamic philosophers <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" class="extiw" title="wp:Averroes" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Averroes">Averroes</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. </p><p>His philosophical legacy, known as Thomism, shifted medieval philosophy away from Plato and towards the rediscovered works of Aristotle. This was one of the developments which led to the Renaissance, during which many new philosophies developed either from or in opposition to Thomism. Thanks for that, Tom!<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>For all his (relative) logical prowess, he was constrained by the fact that no part of his reasoning could bring him into disagreement with <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scripture</a>, and often trumped opposing arguments by simply throwing a quotation from the Bible or one of the Church Fathers at the problem. Unsurprisingly, doing so rarely caused it to go away. </p><p>Another early apologist device of his was redefining certain terms by saying "X may be understood in two ways". He then <a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">used the less obvious understanding when it suited his cause</a>. </p><p>The <i>Summa</i> is his point-by-point summation about who he thought <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> was and, as such, how the universe worked. His original seed thought, of <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">God as the un-caused Cause</a>, thus explodes into multiple volumes detailing every tenet of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> upheld as dogma since then by the Roman Catholic Church. An introductory text for <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> students, it is considered "one of the classics of the history of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and one of the most influential works of Western literature."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup>, and is a foundational text for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholics</a> — and an important text among Anglo-Catholics, some Lutherans who identify as "Evangelical Catholics", and Calvinists.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[notes 2]</a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Summa</i> was written with a mind both attuned to <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologetics">Scripture</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> philosophy; it can be very difficult to understand without first understanding Aristotelian philosophical concepts, such as 'movement', 'potentiality', and 'actuality' (which, incidentally, play a major role in one of Aquinas's <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologetics">arguments for the existence of God</a>). </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Quinque_viae"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Quinque viae</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_Argument_of_the_Unmoved_Mover"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Argument of the Unmoved Mover</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Argument_of_the_First_Cause"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Argument of the First Cause</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Argument_from_Contingency"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Argument from Contingency</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Argument_from_Degree"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">The Argument from Degree</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Teleological_Argument"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Teleological Argument</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Rebuttals"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rebuttals</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Problem_of_evil"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Problem of evil</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Occam.27s_razor"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Occam's razor</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Christian_views"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Christian views</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Weddings"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Weddings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Heaven"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Heaven</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Natural_law_vs_God.27s_commandments"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Natural law vs God's commandments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Questioning_the_faith"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Questioning the faith</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Compelling_others_to_the_faith"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Compelling others to the faith</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Toleration_of_heretics"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Toleration of heretics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Who_should_we_love_more"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Who should we love more</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Scientific_errors"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific errors</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Biology"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sexuality"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sexuality</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Tommy_Made_Simple"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tommy Made Simple</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Quinque_viae">Quinque viae</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quinque viae">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Aquinas puts forth five arguments that are supposed to, together, prove the existence of God.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Swinburne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Swinburne (page does not exist)">Richard Swinburne</a> argued that these arguments are only strong when collected together: individually, each of them is weak. Even if one accepts every single one of his premises, they only manage to prove that something resembling a deity exists; Aquinas argues for the deity's possession of various attributes only later in the <i>Summa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> The arguments are presented in abbreviated form, as the <i>Summa</i> is targeted at theology students; Aquinas presents more detailed arguments in other works, such as the <i>Summa Contra Gentiles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Argument_of_the_Unmoved_Mover">The Argument of the Unmoved Mover</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Argument of the Unmoved Mover">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a></div> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological argument">cosmological argument</a> asserts that God must be the cause of all movement in the Universe. Aquinas contends that an infinite regress of movers is impossible, meaning that there must be an <i>unmoved mover</i> that initiated all motion - and that this mover is called God. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Argument_of_the_First_Cause">The Argument of the First Cause</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Argument of the First Cause">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a></div> <p>This is practically a paraphrase of the Unmoved Mover argument above: same steps, same order, same leap of logic from common sense to assumptions about the nature of the universe, same <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">special pleading</a> for God. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Argument_from_Contingency">The Argument from Contingency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Argument from Contingency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a></div> <p>This argument for the existence of God is yet another variation on the first two, this time phrased around an explanation of why something exists rather than nothing. According to Aquinas, it is conceivable for the universe not to exist (meaning that it is <i>contingent</i>); thus, it must have a cause for existing. This cause must not be something that is also contingent, but rather some thing whose existence is <i>necessary</i>. And this is what he calls God. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Argument_from_Degree">The Argument from Degree</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Argument from Degree">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a></div> <p>Aquinas argues that there must be an ultimate standard of perfection to which everything else can be compared. Therefore, perfection must have a pinnacle, which he calls God. The main problem here is that the existence of a <i>concept</i> of a maximally perfect being does not prove that the being exists for real, any more than the pinnacle of any other positive or negative quality, such as smelliness, proves the existence of a real entity embodying this pinnacle. It's similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a>, and suffers from the same basic flaw that you can't prove something's existence by defining it in a certain way (Aquinas himself rejected the ontological argument, yet it seems he didn't see the issue with his own here). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Teleological_Argument">The Teleological Argument</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Teleological Argument">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a></div> <p>This argument is based on the premises that unintelligent objects, such as rocks, act towards an end (such as falling to the ground), but that they cannot do so unless they are directed. Aquinas' conclusion was that a single being with intelligence directs everything towards its end, and he called this being God. In addition to the questionable aforementioned premises, this conclusion also rests on the unsupported assumption that each individual object cannot be guided by a unique being. Or gravity, for that matter. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rebuttals">Rebuttals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rebuttals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Aquinas attempted to counter several arguments for <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>. The format of this would consist of Aquinas offering a viewpoint that he considered erroneous, and several reasons why that view might be true, and then a rebuttal and his own point of view. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Problem_of_evil">Problem of evil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Problem of evil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></div> <p>Aquinas <a href="/wiki/Handwave" title="Handwave">dismissed</a> the problem of evil by saying:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>This is part of the infinite goodness of God, that he should allow evil to exist, and out of it produce good. </p> </blockquote> <p>If you're about to protest that infinite goodness, <i>by definition</i>, wouldn't allow evil to exist, you're not alone. </p> <h3><span id="Occam's_razor"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Occam.27s_razor">Occam's razor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Occam's razor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></div> <p>Aquinas rebutted an argument for atheism based on Occam's razor:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>Objection 2. Further, it is superfluous to suppose that what can be accounted for by a few principles has been produced by many. But it seems that everything we see in the world can be accounted for by other principles, supposing God did not exist. For all natural things can be reduced to one principle which is nature; and all voluntary things can be reduced to one principle which is human reason, or will. Therefore there is no need to suppose God's existence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Argument_by_assertion" title="Argument by assertion">On the contrary, It is said in the person of God: "I am Who am."</a> (<a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Exodus#Exodus_3:14" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Exodus">Exodus 3:14</a>) </p><p>[...] </p><p>Reply to Objection 2. Since nature works for a determinate end under the direction of a higher agent, whatever is done by nature must needs be traced back to God, as to its <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">first cause</a>. So also whatever is done voluntarily must also be traced back to some higher cause other than human reason or will, since these can change or fail; for all things that are changeable and capable of defect must be traced back to an immovable and self-necessary first principle, as was shown in the body of the Article. </p> </blockquote> <p>Aquinas argued that nature works towards some end, also known as <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a>. This would require <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> or some other related argument (such as the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">argument from beauty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">argument from design</a>) to be true. It should be borne in mind that this argument was much more compelling before we enjoyed scientific explanations for much of what goes on in the world. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Christian_views">Christian views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christian views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Weddings">Weddings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Weddings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><i>" On this account it is forbidden to celebrate marriages at those times when men ought especially to arise to spiritual things."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup> (So no weddings at the best times to have weddings. No Christmas weddings, no Spring weddings, sometimes even no summer weddings. Goodness; did they all get married and then have a Halloween masquerade? And...isn't marriage a friggin' <i>sacrament</i>?)</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Heaven">Heaven</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Heaven">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><i>"...The blessed in glory will have no pity on the damned."</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup></li> <li><i>"...That the happiness of the saints may be more delightful to them and that they may render more copious thanks to God for it, they are allowed to see perfectly the sufferings of the damned."</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup> (In other words, when the saved see unrepentant sinners—which may include <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>, people who used contraception, and all the rest—being char-broiled, you will be <a href="/wiki/Psychopath" title="Psychopath"><i>happy</i> and praise God for His justice</a>.)</li></ul> <h3><span id="Natural_law_vs_God's_commandments"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Natural_law_vs_God.27s_commandments">Natural law vs God's commandments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Natural law vs God's commandments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><i>"...Consequently, by the command of God, death can be inflicted on any man, guilty or innocent, without any injustice whatever. In like manner adultery is intercourse with another's wife; who is allotted to him by the law emanating from God. Consequently intercourse with any woman, by the command of God, is neither adultery nor fornication. The same applies to theft, which is the taking of another's property."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> (So it is OK to murder anybody, to have sex with anybody and to steal from anybody, if God commands it.)</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Questioning_the_faith">Questioning the faith</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Questioning the faith">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><i>"In disputing about the faith, two things must be observed: one on the part of the disputant; the other on the part of his hearers. On the part of the disputant, we must consider his intention. For if he were to dispute as though he had doubts about the faith, and did not hold the truth of faith for certain, and as though he intended to probe it with arguments, without doubt he would sin, as being doubtful of the faith and an unbeliever."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup> (So having doubts about the faith is a sin.)</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Compelling_others_to_the_faith">Compelling others to the faith</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Compelling others to the faith">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><i>"On the other hand, there are unbelievers who at some time have accepted the faith, and professed it, such as heretics and all apostates: such should be submitted even to bodily compulsion, that they may fulfil what they have promised, and hold what they, at one time, received."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup> (It is OK to torture heretics until they accept the faith.)</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Toleration_of_heretics">Toleration of heretics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Toleration of heretics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><i>"With regard to heretics two points must be observed: one, on their own side; the other, on the side of the Church. On their own side there is the sin, whereby they deserve not only to be separated from the Church by excommunication, but also to be severed from the world by death."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup></li> <li><i>"But when they [heretics] fall again, after having been received, this seems to prove them to be inconstant in faith, wherefore when they return again, they are admitted to Penance, but are not delivered from the pain of death."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup> (Heretics have to be put to death, especially when they relapse.)</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Who_should_we_love_more">Who should we love more</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Who should we love more">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><i>"Strictly speaking, however, the father should be loved more than the mother."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup></li> <li><i>"...a man ought to love his father more than his children, because, to wit, he loves his father as his principle, in which respect he is a more exalted good and more like God."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup> (One would expect, that if not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/women_and_children_first" class="extiw" title="wp:women and children first" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: women and children first">women and children first</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, than at least equal treatment should be in place.)</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_errors">Scientific errors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scientific errors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The <i>Summa Theologica</i> is an honest attempt by a pre-modern <a href="/wiki/Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientist">scientist</a> to explain how the world works. Unavoidably, many of his assumptions are contradicted by modern <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. Aquinas had no access to the microscope, germ theory, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, or any other tools to serve him in any form that could be called <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a>. (However, being monks never hindered <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">William of Ockham</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Bacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Bacon (page does not exist)">Roger Bacon</a> giving science a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">method</a> and logical foundation, or <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> discovering heredity.) </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biology">Biology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Aquinas believed honestly that the sperm gamete was the only one required for impregnation to occur in a woman. In his version of reality, there is simply no such thing as the egg cell. In the world of Aquinas, not only are <a href="/wiki/Kinder,_Kuche,_Kirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinder, Kuche, Kirche">women relegated to strict gender roles</a>, but in terms of who pulls the most weight in making babies happen, women are to be understood as playing the second fiddle. Given the obvious hardships endured by pregnant women on account of carrying a baby to term, this position seems needlessly spiteful. Besides, in his worldview, how are we to explain children who resemble their mother more than their father? </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sexuality">Sexuality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span> “(Divine law) forbids <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, as being against nature; it does not, however, on this account forbid lifelong <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>.”</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, A <i>History of Western Philosophy</i>, Chapter XIII: Thomas Aquinas</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aquinas formulated the idea of Natural Law, a mainstay of Roman Catholic theology which says the human body should be only used in accordance with the Laws of Nature (as according to Thomas). Obviously we quickly see where this is going. Unlike the <i>Kama Sutra</i>, whose authors knew how to throw a party, for the <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">ever-celibate</a> monk Thomas, everyone on earth is made "naturally" to be drawn to the opposite sex and engage in missionary-style procreation. Female sexuality in a heterosexual sense is missing, and Thomas quickly sends all <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Sodomites</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Other Place</a> for violating Natural Law.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> </p><p>Of course, to some modern <i>Homo sapiens</i>, this still seems like a perfectly sane way to think reality functions. </p><p>The <i>Summa Theologica</i> is an introductory text for theology students and is Aquinas' best known work. It's considered an important work both in Christianity and philosophy in general. It covers many subjects, but is perhaps best known for the five/three reasons which supposedly prove the existence of God (<i>Quinque viae</i>): <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">argument from first cause</a> (phrased in three different ways), <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">the transcendental argument</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">the argument from design</a>. </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Monty Python">King Arthur</a>, he got tripped up a little: </p> <dl><dd>"Here I offer five arguments—"</dd> <dd>"Three arguments."</dd> <dd>"Three arguments, to prove God's existence once and for all."</dd></dl> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tommy_Made_Simple">Tommy Made Simple</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tommy Made Simple">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><div class="thumb embedvideo autoResize" style="width: 648px;"><div class="embedvideo autoResize" style=""><div class="embedvideowrap" style="width: 640px;"><iframe title="Play video" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Mz_iGGGMddw?" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div></div></div></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>: Late-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>: Another Medieval theologian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a>, his exposition of traditional Christian ethics about buying and selling.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><i>A Summa of the Summa</i> by Peter Kreeft</li> <li><i>My Way of Life: The Summa Simplified for Everyone</i> by the Confraternity of the Precious Blood</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/">The <i>Summa Theologica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfS1VFdZk7o&list=PLFF9E7ADD88FBA144&index=11">Bryan Magee talks to Anthony Kenny about medieval philosophy</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Holy Spirit, allegedly responsible for inspiring the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, has been unavailable for comment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Evangelical and similar newer strains of post-19<sup>th</sup> Century Protestant and/or revivalist denominations of Christianity aren't likely to take much interest in Aquinas's work.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM9RUzYjArs">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM9RUzYjArs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, James F., "Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa theologiae</i> (ca. 1273), Christian Wisdom Explained Philosophically", in <i>The Classics of Western Philosophy: A Reader's Guide</i>, (eds.) Jorge J. E. Gracia, Gregory M. Reichberg, Bernard N. Schumacher (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), p. 165. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=6jAcwGItzssC&lpg=PA165&ots=MXldxkl9sr&dq=james%20f%20ross%20philosopher&pg=PA165#v=onepage&q&f=false">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm">Summa Theologica, Prima Pars (Part 1), Question 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[<i>Summa Theologica</i>, First Part, Questions 3-11]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Summa Contra Gentiles</i>, Book 1, Chapter 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm">ST, PP, Q2, Article 3, Reply 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1002.htm#article3"><i>Summa Theologica</i> FP Q2 A3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5064.htm#article7">ST, STP, Q64, A10, Answer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5094.htm">ST, STP, Q94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2029.htm">ST, PSP, Q29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/5094.htm">ST, STP, Q94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2094.htm#article5">ST, PSP, Q94, A5, Reply 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3010.htm#article7">ST, SSP, Q10, A7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3010.htm#article8">ST, SSP, Q10, A8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3011.htm#article8">ST, SSP, Q11, A3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3011.htm#article4">ST, SSP, Q11, A4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3026.htm#article10">ST, SSP, Q26, A10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3026.htm#article9">ST, SSP, Q26, A9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/aquinas-homo.asp">https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/aquinas-homo.asp</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apolbox" title="Template:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apolbox" title="Template talk:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apolbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics"><span id="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="color:white">apologetics and counter-apologetics</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologetics and counter-apologetics:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Question_Evolution" title="Question Evolution">Question Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_is_not_a_religion" title="Christianity is not a religion">Christianity is not a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_the_Bible_is_True" title="Fun:Proof the Bible is True">Proof the Bible is True</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_God_is_Always_Right" title="Fun:Proof God is Always Right">Proof God is Always Right</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_Teapot" title="Russell's Teapot">Russell's Teapot</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Apologetics" title="New Apologetics">New Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">Zeal of the convert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God_from_Science" title="Evidence for God from Science">Evidence for God from Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah_Philosophy" title="Torah Philosophy">Torah Philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answering_Islam" title="Answering Islam">Answering Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheist_professor_myth" title="Atheist professor myth">Atheist professor myth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minimal_facts_argument" title="Minimal facts argument">Minimal facts argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_for_the_Newly_Deconverted" title="FAQ for the Newly Deconverted">FAQ for the Newly Deconverted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuzari_principle" title="Kuzari principle">Kuzari principle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater" title="Richard Dawkins - God Hater">Richard Dawkins - God Hater</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Existence_of_gods" title="Category:Existence of gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Existence of gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Oenological_argument" title="Fun:Oenological argument">Oenological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">Evidence for God's existence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Argument_from_molarity" title="Fun:Argument from molarity">Argument from molarity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Trilemma" title="Lewis Trilemma">Lewis Trilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Magic_sandwich" title="Fun:Magic sandwich">Magic sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hank%27s_Ass" title="Kissing Hank's Ass">Kissing Hank's Ass</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Arguments against the existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Belief_in_gods" title="Category:Belief in gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Belief in gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_gods_that_theists_don%27t_believe_in" title="List of gods that theists don't believe in">List of gods that theists don't believe in</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_religion" title="Category:Science and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Science and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-Overlapping_Magisteria" title="Non-Overlapping Magisteria">Non-Overlapping Magisteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Morality_and_religion" title="Category:Morality and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Morality and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Birth_as_a_Grave_Misfortune" title="Birth as a Grave Misfortune">Birth as a Grave Misfortune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Responding_to_Sam_Burke%27s_Argument_That_Christianity_Entails_Anti-Natalism" title="Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism">Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptures" title="Category:Scriptures"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Scriptures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Book_of_Mormon" title="Fun:Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">Holy book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Avenue_Q_gospel" title="Fun:Avenue Q gospel">Avenue Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oahspe" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> • <a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price" title="Pearl of Great Price">Pearl of Great Price</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Qur%27an_analysis" title="Category:Qur'an analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Qur'an analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Qur%27an" title="List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an">List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologists_and_counter-apologists" title="Category:Apologists and counter-apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologists and counter-apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillahunty" title="Matt Dillahunty">Matt Dillahunty</a> • <a href="/wiki/TheraminTrees" title="TheraminTrees">TheraminTrees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" title="Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Current" title="Edward Current">Edward Current</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Skeptic" title="Armoured Skeptic">Armoured Skeptic</a> • <a href="/wiki/DarkMatter2525" title="DarkMatter2525">DarkMatter2525</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Christian apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Glynn" title="Patrick Glynn">Patrick Glynn</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics_Press" title="Apologetics Press">Apologetics Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Todd" title="Tim Todd">Tim Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Randal_Rauser" title="Randal Rauser">Randal Rauser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_Issues" title="Bible Issues">Bible Issues</a> • <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a> • <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Ross Douthat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wood" title="David Wood">David Wood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">Dinesh D'Souza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Computing_Forever" title="Computing Forever">Computing Forever</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Sellner" title="Brittany Sellner">Brittany Sellner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Muehlenberg" title="Bill Muehlenberg">Bill Muehlenberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_McDowell" title="Josh McDowell">Josh McDowell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Zoomer" title="Redeemed Zoomer">Redeemed Zoomer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Walter_Veith" title="Walter Veith">Walter Veith</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_apologists" title="Category:Muslim apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Muslim apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dawah_Man" title="Dawah Man">Dawah Man</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Tzortzis" title="Hamza Tzortzis">Hamza Tzortzis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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