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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Number of colours in a spectrum or a rainbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_colours_in_a_spectrum_or_a_rainbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Explanation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Explanation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Explanation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematical_derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mathematical derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double_rainbows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_rainbows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Double rainbows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_rainbows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twinned_rainbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twinned_rainbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Twinned rainbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twinned_rainbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-circle_rainbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-circle_rainbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Full-circle rainbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-circle_rainbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernumerary_rainbows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernumerary_rainbows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Supernumerary rainbows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supernumerary_rainbows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflected_rainbow,_reflection_rainbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflected_rainbow,_reflection_rainbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Reflected rainbow, reflection rainbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflected_rainbow,_reflection_rainbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monochrome_rainbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monochrome_rainbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Monochrome rainbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monochrome_rainbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher-order_rainbows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher-order_rainbows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Higher-order rainbows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher-order_rainbows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainbows_under_moonlight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainbows_under_moonlight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Rainbows under moonlight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainbows_under_moonlight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fogbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fogbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Fogbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fogbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleetbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleetbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Sleetbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleetbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumhorizontal_and_circumzenithal_arcs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumhorizontal_and_circumzenithal_arcs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Circumhorizontal and circumzenithal arcs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumhorizontal_and_circumzenithal_arcs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_rainbows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_rainbows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Extraterrestrial rainbows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_rainbows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainbows_with_different_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainbows_with_different_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Rainbows with different materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainbows_with_different_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientific history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rainbow</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%ABnboog" title="Reënboog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reënboog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93" title="ቀስተ ደመና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀስተ ደመና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%AD" title="قوس قزح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوس قزح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_de_Sant_Chuan" title="Arco de Sant Chuan – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arco de Sant Chuan" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%AB%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%A2" title="ܩܫܬܐ ܕܡܪܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܫܬܐ ܕܡܪܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcubeu" title="Curcubeu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Curcubeu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81" title="ৰামধেনু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰামধেনু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcu_la_vieya" title="Arcu la vieya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arcu la vieya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararok%C3%A1i" title="Ararokái – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ararokái" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kurmi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6y_qur%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Göy qurşağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göy qurşağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianglalah" title="Bianglalah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bianglalah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81" title="রংধনু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রংধনু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ja" title="Téja – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Téja" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C4%93ng" title="Khēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%B9%D2%93%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Йәйғор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәйғор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вясёлка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вясёлка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вясёлка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вясёлка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hablondawani" title="Hablondawani – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hablondawani" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дъга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇའ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇའ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duga" title="Duga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Duga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanevedenn" title="Kanevedenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanevedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Sant_Mart%C3%AD" title="Arc de Sant Martí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arc de Sant Martí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95" title="Асамат кĕперĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Асамат кĕперĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duha" title="Duha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Duha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murarabungu" title="Murarabungu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Murarabungu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfys" title="Enfys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enfys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnbue" title="Regnbue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regnbue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="عرس الديب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عرس الديب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggebogge" title="Reggebogge – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Reggebogge" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenbogen" title="Regenbogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regenbogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyca" title="Tyca – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tyca" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikerkaar" title="Vikerkaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vikerkaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BE%CE%BF" title="Ουράνιο τόξο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουράνιο τόξο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Пиземечирьке – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиземечирьке" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco%C3%ADris" title="Arcoíris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arcoíris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ielarko" title="Ĉielarko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉielarko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostadar" title="Ostadar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ostadar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رنگین‌کمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگین‌کمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-en-ciel" title="Arc-en-ciel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arc-en-ciel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinb%C3%B4ge" title="Reinbôge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reinbôge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_di_Sant_Marc" title="Arc di Sant Marc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Arc di Sant Marc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuar_ceatha" title="Tuar ceatha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuar ceatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_twoaie" title="Goal twoaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Goal twoaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogha-frois" title="Bogha-frois – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bogha-frois" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_da_vella" title="Arco da vella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arco da vella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="СелаӀад – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="СелаӀад" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B7" title="મેઘધનુષ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેઘધનુષ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn-ki%C3%BBng" title="Thiên-kiûng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-kiûng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%9C" title="무지개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무지개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakan_gizo" title="Bakan gizo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bakan gizo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ծիածան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծիածան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7" title="इन्द्रधनुष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इन्द्रधनुष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%8Del" title="Tučel – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tučel" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duga" title="Duga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhu_lo_butu" title="Duhu lo butu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Duhu lo butu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluv-arko" title="Pluv-arko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pluv-arko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelangi" title="Pelangi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelangi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iride" title="Iride – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iride" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigatchiaq" title="Nigatchiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nigatchiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnbogi" title="Regnbogi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Regnbogi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobaleno" title="Arcobaleno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arcobaleno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="קשת בענן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשת בענן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluwung" title="Kluwung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kluwung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%A9%C5%8Bga%C9%A3y%CA%8B_(Arc-en-ciel)" title="Tɩŋgaɣyʋ (Arc-en-ciel) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɩŋgaɣyʋ (Arc-en-ciel)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಳೆಬಿಲ್ಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಳೆಬಿಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinanari" title="Pinanari – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pinanari" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ცისარტყელა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცისარტყელა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%84%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B2%D9%8E%D9%84" title="سۄنٛزَل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۄنٛزَل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Кемпірқосақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кемпірқосақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upinde_wa_mvua" title="Upinde wa mvua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upinde wa mvua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A6%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ӧшкамӧшка – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ӧшкамӧшка" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakansy%C3%A8l" title="Lakansyèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lakansyèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskesor" title="Keskesor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keskesor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Көкжеле – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көкжеле" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%B9%D0%BB" title="Шанавӹл – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шанавӹл" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercabuan" title="Ercabuan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ercabuan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87" title="ຮຸ້ງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮຸ້ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcus_caelestis" title="Arcus caelestis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arcus caelestis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varav%C4%ABksne" title="Varavīksne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Varavīksne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaivoryk%C5%A1t%C4%97" title="Vaivorykštė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaivorykštė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86rcubalen" title="Ærcubalen – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ærcubalen" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raengerbaog" title="Raengerbaog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Raengerbaog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcobalen" title="Arcobalen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arcobalen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sziv%C3%A1rv%C3%A1ny_(optika)" title="Szivárvány (optika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szivárvány (optika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7" title="इन्द्रधनुष – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इन्द्रधनुष" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Виножито – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виножито" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avana" title="Avana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Avana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D" title="മഴവില്ല് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഴവില്ല്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dpere" title="Kōpere – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kōpere" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इंद्रधनुष्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंद्रधनुष्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%99%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8D%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ဓမၚ်သုၚ်ဍာ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဓမၚ်သုၚ်ဍာ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelangi" title="Pelangi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelangi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng" title="Kê̤ṳng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kê̤ṳng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Солонго – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Солонго" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6" title="သက်တံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်တံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozamalotl" title="Cozamalotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cozamalotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drodrolagi" title="Drodrolagi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Drodrolagi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenboog_(optica)" title="Regenboog (optica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regenboog (optica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="इन्द्रेणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्द्रेणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="लायेलामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लायेलामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%B9" title="虹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="СтелаӀад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="СтелаӀад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnbue" title="Regnbue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regnbue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnboge" title="Regnboge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regnboge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Sant_Martin" title="Arc de Sant Martin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arc de Sant Martin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Шонанпыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шонанпыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbata_Waqaa" title="Sabbata Waqaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sabbata Waqaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamalak" title="Kamalak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kamalak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%98" title="ਸਤਰੰਗੀ ਪੀਂਘ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਤਰੰਗੀ ਪੀਂਘ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talakal_ni_Idek" title="Talakal ni Idek – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Talakal ni Idek" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE" title="ست رنگی پینگھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ست رنگی پینگھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="شنه زرغونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شنه زرغونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енӧшка – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Енӧшка" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BC" title="ឥន្ទធនូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឥន្ទធនូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/quljivangraw" title="quljivangraw – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="quljivangraw" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%99cza" title="Tęcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tęcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco-%C3%ADris" title="Arco-íris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arco-íris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcubeu" title="Curcubeu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curcubeu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27uychi" title="K'uychi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'uychi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Радуга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радуга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кустук – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кустук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bihkac_ni_Edek" title="bihkac ni Edek – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bihkac ni Edek" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C" title="ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakaw_utux" title="Hakaw utux – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Hakaw utux" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rienbooge" title="Rienbooge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rienbooge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylberi" title="Ylberi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ylberi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcu_di_Nuv%C3%A8" title="Arcu di Nuvè – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arcu di Nuvè" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1" title="දේදුන්න – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේදුන්න" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rainbow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%84%D9%BA" title="انڊلٺ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انڊلٺ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAha" title="Dúha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dúha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavrica" title="Mavrica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mavrica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynga" title="Dynga – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dynga" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaansa_Roobaad" title="Qaansa Roobaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaansa Roobaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8E%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="پەلکەزێڕینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەلکەزێڕینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дуга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дуга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duga" title="Duga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwung-kuwung" title="Kuwung-kuwung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kuwung-kuwung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sateenkaari" title="Sateenkaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sateenkaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnb%C3%A5ge" title="Regnbåge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regnbåge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaghari" title="Bahaghari – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bahaghari" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானவில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானவில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tislit_n_un%E1%BA%93a%E1%B9%9B" title="Tislit n unẓaṛ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tislit n unẓaṛ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Салават күпере – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Салават күпере" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/hongu%27_utux" title="hongu' utux – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="hongu' utux" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="ఇంద్రధనుస్సు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంద్రధనుస్సు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="รุ้งกินน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รุ้งกินน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тирукамон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тирукамон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%9B" title="ᎤᏅᏉᎳᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏅᏉᎳᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಜ್ಜಬಿರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಜ್ಜಬಿರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kku%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Gökkuşağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gökkuşağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Веселка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Веселка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%A9" title="دھنک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھنک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saihoengz" title="Saihoengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saihoengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arconb%C3%A8" title="Arconbè – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Arconbè" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalanbembel%27" title="Jumalanbembel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jumalanbembel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_v%E1%BB%93ng" title="Cầu vồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu vồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikahtkaar" title="Vikahtkaar – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vikahtkaar" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdi%C3%A8" title="Airdiè – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Airdiè" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasipoluin" title="Kasipoluin – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kasipoluin" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%AE%E8%9D%80" title="螮蝀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="螮蝀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangaw" title="Balangaw – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balangaw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%9F" title="鱟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鱟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwangalatilo" title="Kwangalatilo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Kwangalatilo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9F" title="רעגנבויגן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעגנבויגן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%B9" title="虹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="虹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysa_Fatma" title="Eysa Fatma – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eysa Fatma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandar%C4%ABk%C5%A1t%C4%97" title="Vandarīkštė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vandarīkštė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彩虹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruntung" title="Beruntung – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Beruntung" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianglala" title="Bianglala – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bianglala" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endaraja" title="Endaraja – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Endaraja" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runih" title="Runih – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Runih" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1052#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rainbow (disambiguation)">Rainbow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meteorological phenomenon</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/300px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/450px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/600px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Double rainbow and supernumerary rainbows on the inside of the primary arc. The shadow of the photographer's head at the bottom of the photograph marks the centre of the rainbow circle (the <a href="/wiki/Antisolar_point" title="Antisolar point">antisolar point</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>rainbow</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Optical_phenomenon" title="Optical phenomenon">optical phenomenon</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal reflection">internal reflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a> of light in water droplets resulting in a continuous <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectrum</a> of light appearing in the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rainbow takes the form of a multicoloured circular <a href="/wiki/Arc_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc (geometry)">arc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the Sun. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a>. </p><p>Rainbows can be full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and centered on a line from the Sun to the observer's eye. </p><p>In a primary rainbow, the arc shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side. This rainbow is caused by light being <a href="/wiki/Refracted" class="mw-redirect" title="Refracted">refracted</a> when entering a droplet of water, then reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it. </p><p>In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed, with red on the inner side of the arc. This is caused by the light being reflected twice on the inside of the droplet before leaving it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visibility">Visibility</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring-billed_gull_and_a_rainbow_(52910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ring-billed_gull_and_a_rainbow_%2852910%29.jpg/220px-Ring-billed_gull_and_a_rainbow_%2852910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ring-billed_gull_and_a_rainbow_%2852910%29.jpg/330px-Ring-billed_gull_and_a_rainbow_%2852910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ring-billed_gull_and_a_rainbow_%2852910%29.jpg/440px-Ring-billed_gull_and_a_rainbow_%2852910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A colorful rainbow and <a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">ring-billed gull</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rainbows can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> shining from behind the observer at a low <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system" title="Horizontal coordinate system">altitude angle</a>. Because of this, rainbows are usually seen in the western sky during the morning and in the eastern sky during the early evening. The most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half the sky is still dark with raining <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a> and the observer is at a spot with clear sky in the direction of the Sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that contrasts with the darkened background. During such good visibility conditions, the larger but fainter secondary rainbow is often visible. It appears about 10° outside of the primary rainbow, with inverse order of colours. </p><p>The rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a <a href="/wiki/Moonbow" title="Moonbow">moonbow</a>, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As human <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> of 84°. For a <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a> camera, a <a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle lens</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for <a href="/wiki/Image_stitching" title="Image stitching">stitching</a> several images into a <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panorama</a> is available, images of the entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a series of overlapping frames. </p><p>From above the Earth such as in an aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to <a href="#Full-circle_rainbow">see a rainbow as a full circle</a>. This phenomenon can be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Glory_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Glory (optical phenomenon)">glory</a> phenomenon, but a glory is usually much smaller, covering only 5–20°. </p><p>The sky inside a primary rainbow is brighter than the sky outside of the bow. This is because each raindrop is a sphere and it scatters light over an entire circular disc in the sky. The radius of the disc depends on the wavelength of light, with red light being scattered over a larger angle than blue light. Over most of the disc, scattered light at all wavelengths overlaps, resulting in white light which brightens the sky. At the edge, the wavelength dependence of the scattering gives rise to the rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The light of a primary rainbow arc is 96% <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (physics)">polarised</a> tangential to the arc.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The light of the second arc is 90% polarised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_colours_in_a_spectrum_or_a_rainbow"><span class="anchor" id="The_seven_colours_of_the_rainbow"></span>Number of colours in a spectrum or a rainbow</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral color</a></div> <p>For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence is <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet,<sup id="cite_ref-Newton1740_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton1740-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remembered by the <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> <i>Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain,</i> or as the name of a fictional person (<a href="/wiki/ROYGBIV" title="ROYGBIV">Roy G. Biv</a>). The initialism is sometimes referred to in reverse order, as VIBGYOR. More modernly, the rainbow is often divided into red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and violet.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent discreteness of main colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice. </p><p>Newton, who admitted his eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally (1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours: <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>. Later he included <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, giving seven main colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton1740_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton1740-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a belief derived from the beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">sophists</a>, who thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes, the known objects in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, and the days of the week.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have noted that what Newton regarded at the time as "blue" would today be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>, and what Newton called "indigo" would today be considered <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencealert_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencealert-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Newton's first colours </td> <td style="background:red; color: white">Red </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:yellow;">Yellow </td> <td style="background:green; color: white">Green </td> <td style="background:#0099ff; color: white">Blue </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9900FF; color: white">Violet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newton's later colours </td> <td style="background:red; color: white">Red </td> <td style="background:orange;">Orange </td> <td style="background:yellow;">Yellow </td> <td style="background:green; color: white">Green </td> <td style="background:#0099ff; color: white">Blue </td> <td style="background:#4400FF; color: white">Indigo </td> <td style="background:#9900FF; color: white">Violet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modern reinterpretation </td> <td style="background:#ff0000; color: white">Red </td> <td style="background:#ff8000;">Orange </td> <td style="background:#ffff00;">Yellow </td> <td style="background:#00ff00; color: black">Green </td> <td style="background:#00ffff;">Cyan </td> <td style="background:#0000ff; color: white">Blue </td> <td style="background:#8000FF; color: white">Violet </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum, and the colours are less saturated. There is spectral smearing in a rainbow since, for any particular wavelength, there is a distribution of exit angles, rather than a single unvarying angle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a rainbow is a blurred version of the bow obtained from a point source, because the disk diameter of the sun (0.533°) cannot be neglected compared to the width of a rainbow (2.36°). Further red of the first supplementary rainbow overlaps the violet of the primary rainbow, so rather than the final colour being a variant of spectral violet, it is actually a purple. The number of colour bands of a rainbow may therefore be different from the number of bands in a spectrum, especially if the droplets are particularly large or small. Therefore, the number of colours of a rainbow is variable. If, however, the word <i>rainbow</i> is used inaccurately to mean <i>spectrum</i>, it is the number of main colours in the spectrum. </p><p>Moreover, rainbows have bands beyond red and violet in the respective near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> regions, however, these bands are not visible to humans. Only near frequencies of these regions to the visible spectrum are included in rainbows, since water and air become increasingly <a href="/wiki/Opaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Opaque">opaque</a> to these frequencies, scattering the light. The UV band is sometimes visible to cameras using black and white film.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">question</a> of whether everyone sees seven colours in a rainbow is related to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">linguistic relativity</a>. Suggestions have been made that there is universality in the way that a rainbow is perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent research suggests that the number of distinct colours observed and what these are called depend on the language that one uses, with people whose language has fewer colour words seeing fewer discrete colour bands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanation">Explanation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_single_reflection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rainbow_single_reflection.svg/220px-Rainbow_single_reflection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rainbow_single_reflection.svg/330px-Rainbow_single_reflection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Rainbow_single_reflection.svg/440px-Rainbow_single_reflection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Light rays enter a raindrop from one direction (typically a straight line from the Sun), reflect off the back of the raindrop, and fan out as they leave the raindrop. The light leaving the rainbow is spread over a wide angle, with a maximum intensity at the angles 40.89–42°. (Note: Between 2 and 100% of the light is reflected at each of the three surfaces encountered, depending on the angle of incidence. This diagram only shows the paths relevant to the rainbow.)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rainbow1.svg/220px-Rainbow1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rainbow1.svg/330px-Rainbow1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rainbow1.svg/440px-Rainbow1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">White light separates into different colours on entering the raindrop due to dispersion, causing red light to be refracted less than blue light.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>When sunlight encounters a raindrop, part of the light is reflected and the rest enters the raindrop. The light is <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refracted</a> at the surface of the raindrop. When this light hits the back of the raindrop, some of it is reflected off the back. When the internally reflected light reaches the surface again, once more some is internally reflected and some is refracted as it exits the drop. (The light that reflects off the drop, exits from the back, or continues to bounce around inside the drop after the second encounter with the surface, is not relevant to the formation of the primary rainbow.) The overall effect is that part of the incoming light is reflected back over the range of 0° to 42°, with the most intense light at 42°.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This angle is independent of the size of the drop, but does depend on its <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>. Seawater has a higher refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a "rainbow" in sea spray is smaller than that of a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye by a misalignment of these bows.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason the returning light is most intense at about 42° is that this is a turning point – light hitting the outermost ring of the drop gets returned at less than 42°, as does the light hitting the drop nearer to its centre. There is a circular band of light that all gets returned right around 42°. If the Sun were a laser emitting parallel, monochromatic rays, then the <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> (brightness) of the bow would tend toward infinity at this angle if interference effects are ignored <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Caustic_(optics)" title="Caustic (optics)">Caustic (optics)</a>)</span>. But since the Sun's luminance is finite and its rays are not all parallel (it covers about half a degree of the sky) the luminance does not go to infinity. Furthermore, the amount by which light is refracted depends upon its <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>, and hence its colour. This effect is called <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a>. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red light. Due to this angle, blue is seen on the inside of the arc of the primary rainbow, and red on the outside. The result of this is not only to give different colours to different parts of the rainbow, but also to diminish the brightness. (A "rainbow" formed by droplets of a liquid with no dispersion would be white, but brighter than a normal rainbow.) </p><p>The light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a>, and most of the light emerges from the back. However, light coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between the observer and the Sun because spectra emitted from the back of the raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible rainbows do, and thus the colours blend together rather than forming a rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-Zero_order_glow_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zero_order_glow-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rainbow does not exist at one particular location. Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The whole system composed by the Sun's rays, the observer's head, and the (spherical) water drops has an <a href="/wiki/Axial_symmetry" title="Axial symmetry">axial symmetry</a> around the axis through the observer's head and parallel to the Sun's rays. The rainbow is curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle between the observer, the drop, and the Sun, lie on a <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">cone</a> pointing at the sun with the observer at the tip. The base of the cone forms a circle at an angle of 40–42° to the line between the observer's head and their shadow but 50% or more of the circle is below the horizon, unless the observer is sufficiently far above the earth's surface to see it all, for example in an aeroplane (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, an observer with the right vantage point may see the full circle in a fountain or waterfall spray.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, at lower latitudes near midday (specifically, when the sun's elevation exceeds 42 degrees) a rainbow will not be visible against the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Geometry dictates this, but there is only partial mention of it in reliable literature searched to date (two incomplete/ partly wrong refs found!-https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-22-atmospheric-optics/ & https://atoptics.co.uk/blog/low-and-high-rainbows/ ) (October 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_derivation">Mathematical derivation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raindrop_optics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Raindrop_optics.jpg/220px-Raindrop_optics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Raindrop_optics.jpg/330px-Raindrop_optics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Raindrop_optics.jpg/440px-Raindrop_optics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Mathematical derivation</figcaption></figure> <p>It is possible to determine the perceived angle which the rainbow subtends as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given a spherical raindrop, and defining the perceived angle of the rainbow as <span class="texhtml">2<i>φ</i></span>, and the angle of the internal reflection as <span class="texhtml">2<i>β</i></span>, then the angle of incidence of the Sun's rays with respect to the drop's surface normal is <span class="texhtml">2<i>β</i> − <i>φ</i></span>. Since the angle of refraction is <span class="texhtml"><i>β</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Snell%27s_law" title="Snell's law">Snell's law</a> gives us </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml">sin(2<i>β </i> − <i>φ</i>) = <i>n</i> sin <i>β</i></span>,</dd></dl> <p>where <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> = 1.333</span> is the refractive index of water. Solving for <span class="texhtml"><i>φ</i></span>, we get </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml"><i>φ</i> = 2<i>β</i> − arcsin(<i>n</i> sin <i>β</i>)</span>.</dd></dl> <p>The rainbow will occur where the angle <span class="texhtml"><i>φ</i></span> is maximum with respect to the angle <span class="texhtml"><i>β</i></span>. Therefore, from <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, we can set <span class="texhtml"><i>dφ</i>/<i>dβ</i> = 0</span>, and solve for <span class="texhtml"><i>β</i></span>, which yields </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{max}}=\arccos \left({\frac {2{\sqrt {-1+n^{2}}}}{{\sqrt {3}}n}}\right)\approx 40.2^{\circ }.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>arccos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>3</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <msup> <mn>40.2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{max}}=\arccos \left({\frac {2{\sqrt {-1+n^{2}}}}{{\sqrt {3}}n}}\right)\approx 40.2^{\circ }.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b0942fe54ee726dd6af47a536221764ba5a5681" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:39.12ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{max}}=\arccos \left({\frac {2{\sqrt {-1+n^{2}}}}{{\sqrt {3}}n}}\right)\approx 40.2^{\circ }.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Substituting back into the earlier equation for <span class="texhtml"><i>φ</i></span> yields <span class="texhtml">2<i>φ</i><sub>max</sub></span> ≈ 42° as the radius angle of the rainbow. </p><p>For red light (wavelength 750nm, <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> = 1.330</span> based on <a href="/wiki/Optical_properties_of_water_and_ice" title="Optical properties of water and ice">the dispersion relation of water</a>), the radius angle is 42.5°; for blue light (wavelength 350nm, <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> = 1.343</span>), the radius angle is 40.6°. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_rainbows">Double rainbows</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Double rainbow" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Double_Rainbow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Double Rainbow (disambiguation)">Double Rainbow</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regenbogen_%C3%BCber_dem_Lipno-Stausee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Regenbogen_%C3%BCber_dem_Lipno-Stausee.JPG/220px-Regenbogen_%C3%BCber_dem_Lipno-Stausee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Regenbogen_%C3%BCber_dem_Lipno-Stausee.JPG/330px-Regenbogen_%C3%BCber_dem_Lipno-Stausee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Regenbogen_%C3%BCber_dem_Lipno-Stausee.JPG/440px-Regenbogen_%C3%BCber_dem_Lipno-Stausee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Double rainbow with <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_band" title="Alexander's band">Alexander's band</a> visible between the primary and secondary bows. Also note the pronounced <a href="#Supernumerary_rainbows">supernumerary bows</a> inside the primary bow.</figcaption></figure><p><span class="anchor" id="Secondary"></span>A secondary rainbow, at a greater angle than the primary rainbow, is often visible. The term <b>double rainbow</b> is used when both the primary and secondary rainbows are visible. In theory, all rainbows are double rainbows, but since the secondary bow is always fainter than the primary, it may be too weak to spot in practice. </p><p>Secondary rainbows are caused by a double reflection of sunlight inside the water droplets. Technically the secondary bow is centred on the sun itself, but since its angular size is more than 90° (about 127° for violet to 130° for red), it is seen on the same side of the sky as the primary rainbow, about 10° outside it at an apparent angle of 50–53°. As a result of the "inside" of the secondary bow being "up" to the observer, the colours appear reversed compared to those of the primary bow. </p><p>The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater area of the sky. Each rainbow reflects white light inside its coloured bands, but that is "down" for the primary and "up" for the secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-atopticsSecondary_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atopticsSecondary-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and secondary bows is called <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_band" title="Alexander's band">Alexander's band</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>, who first described it.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twinned_rainbow">Twinned rainbow</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander%E2%80%99s_band_will_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alexander%E2%80%99s_band_will_1.jpg/220px-Alexander%E2%80%99s_band_will_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alexander%E2%80%99s_band_will_1.jpg/330px-Alexander%E2%80%99s_band_will_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Alexander%E2%80%99s_band_will_1.jpg/440px-Alexander%E2%80%99s_band_will_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3715" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>The primary rainbow is "twinned."</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow arcs, the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that split from a single base.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colours in the second bow, rather than reversing as in a secondary rainbow, appear in the same order as the primary rainbow. A "normal" secondary rainbow may be present as well. Twinned rainbows can look similar to, but should not be confused with <a href="#Supernumerary_rainbows">supernumerary bands</a>. The two phenomena may be told apart by their difference in colour profile: supernumerary bands consist of subdued pastel hues (mainly pink, purple and green), while the twinned rainbow shows the same spectrum as a regular rainbow. The cause of a twinned rainbow is believed to be the combination of different sizes of water drops falling from the sky. Due to air resistance, raindrops flatten as they fall, and flattening is more prominent in larger water drops. When two rain showers with different-sized raindrops combine, they each produce slightly different rainbows which may combine and form a twinned rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A numerical ray tracing study showed that a twinned rainbow on a photo could be explained by a mixture of 0.40 and 0.45 mm droplets. That small difference in droplet size resulted in a small difference in flattening of the droplet shape, and a large difference in flattening of the rainbow top.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the even rarer case of a rainbow split into three branches was observed and photographed in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-circle_rainbow">Full-circle rainbow</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular_rainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Circular_rainbow.jpg/170px-Circular_rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Circular_rainbow.jpg/255px-Circular_rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Circular_rainbow.jpg/340px-Circular_rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Circular rainbow</figcaption></figure><p>In theory, every rainbow is a circle, but from the ground, usually only its upper half can be seen. Since the rainbow's centre is diametrically opposed to the Sun's position in the sky, more of the circle comes into view as the sun approaches the horizon, meaning that the largest section of the circle normally seen is about 50% during sunset or sunrise. Viewing the rainbow's lower half requires the presence of water droplets <i>below</i> the observer's horizon, as well as sunlight that is able to reach them. These requirements are not usually met when the viewer is at ground level, either because droplets are absent in the required position, or because the sunlight is obstructed by the landscape behind the observer. From a high viewpoint such as a high building or an aircraft, however, the requirements can be met and the full-circle rainbow can be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-EarthSky_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarthSky-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philip_Laven_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip_Laven-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like a partial rainbow, the circular rainbow can have a <a href="#Double_rainbows">secondary bow</a> or <a href="#Supernumerary_rainbows">supernumerary bows</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible to produce the full circle when standing on the ground, for example by spraying a water mist from a garden hose while facing away from the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A circular rainbow should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Glory_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Glory (optical phenomenon)">glory</a>, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular) rainbow or <a href="/wiki/Fog_bow" title="Fog bow">fog bow</a> can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon that may be mistaken for a "circular rainbow" is the <a href="/wiki/22%C2%B0_halo" title="22° halo">22° halo</a>, which is caused by <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> rather than liquid water droplets, and is located around the Sun (or Moon), not opposite it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supernumerary_rainbows">Supernumerary rainbows <span class="anchor" id="Supernumerary"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg/220px-Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg/330px-Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg/440px-Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4671" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dynamic-range imaging">High dynamic range</a> photograph of a rainbow with additional supernumerary bands inside the primary bow</figcaption></figure> <p>In certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. These extra bands are called <i>supernumerary rainbows</i> or <i>supernumerary bands</i>; together with the rainbow itself the phenomenon is also known as a <i>stacker rainbow</i>. The supernumerary bows are slightly detached from the main bow, become successively fainter along with their distance from it, and have pastel colours (consisting mainly of pink, purple and green hues) rather than the usual spectrum pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect becomes apparent when water droplets are involved that have a diameter of about 1 mm or less; the smaller the droplets are, the broader the supernumerary bands become, and the less saturated their colours.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their origin in small droplets, supernumerary bands tend to be particularly prominent in <a href="#Fogbow">fogbows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supernumerary rainbows cannot be explained using classical geometric <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>. The alternating faint bands are caused by <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> between rays of light following slightly different paths with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops. Some rays are in <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a>, reinforcing each other through <a href="/wiki/Constructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive interference">constructive interference</a>, creating a bright band; others are out of phase by up to half a wavelength, cancelling each other out through <a href="/wiki/Destructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Destructive interference">destructive interference</a>, and creating a gap. Given the different angles of refraction for rays of different colours, the patterns of interference are slightly different for rays of different colours, so each bright band is differentiated in colour, creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumerary rainbows are clearest when raindrops are small and of uniform size. The very existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first indication of the <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">wave</a> nature of light, and the first explanation was provided by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflected_rainbow,_reflection_rainbow"><span id="Reflected_rainbow.2C_reflection_rainbow"></span>Reflected rainbow, reflection rainbow</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Reflected_rainbow"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReflectionRainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ReflectionRainbow.jpg/170px-ReflectionRainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ReflectionRainbow.jpg/255px-ReflectionRainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ReflectionRainbow.jpg/340px-ReflectionRainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Reflection rainbow (top) and normal rainbow (bottom) at sunset</figcaption></figure> <p>When a rainbow appears above a body of water, two complementary mirror bows may be seen below and above the horizon, originating from different light paths. Their names are slightly different. </p><p>A <b>reflected rainbow</b> may appear in the water surface below the horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sunlight is first deflected by the raindrops, and then reflected off the body of water, before reaching the observer. The reflected rainbow is frequently visible, at least partially, even in small puddles. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Reflection_rainbow"></span>A <b>reflection rainbow</b> may be produced where sunlight reflects off a body of water before reaching the raindrops, if the water body is large, quiet over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain. The reflection rainbow appears above the horizon. It intersects the normal rainbow at the horizon, and its arc reaches higher in the sky, with its centre as high above the horizon as the normal rainbow's centre is below it. Reflection bows are usually brightest when the sun is low because at that time its light is most strongly reflected from water surfaces. As the sun gets lower the normal and reflection bows are drawn closer together. Due to the combination of requirements, a reflection rainbow is rarely visible. </p><p>Up to eight separate bows may be distinguished if the reflected and reflection rainbows happen to occur simultaneously: the normal (non-reflection) primary and secondary bows above the horizon (1, 2) with their reflected counterparts below it (3, 4), and the reflection primary and secondary bows above the horizon (5, 6) with their reflected counterparts below it (7, 8).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monochrome_rainbow">Monochrome rainbow</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_rainbow" title="Monochrome rainbow">Monochrome rainbow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monochrome_rainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Monochrome_rainbow.jpg/220px-Monochrome_rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Monochrome_rainbow.jpg/330px-Monochrome_rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Monochrome_rainbow.jpg/440px-Monochrome_rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Unenhanced photo of a red (monochrome) rainbow</figcaption></figure> <p>Occasionally a shower may happen at sunrise or sunset, where the shorter wavelengths like blue and green have been scattered and essentially removed from the spectrum. Further scattering may occur due to the rain, and the result can be the rare and dramatic <b>monochrome</b> or <b>red rainbow.</b><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher-order_rainbows">Higher-order rainbows</h3></div> <p>In addition to the common primary and secondary rainbows, it is also possible for rainbows of higher orders to form. The order of a rainbow is determined by the number of light reflections inside the water droplets that create it: One reflection results in the <b>first-order</b> or <i>primary</i> rainbow; two reflections create the <b>second-order</b> or <i>secondary</i> rainbow. More internal reflections cause bows of higher orders—theoretically unto infinity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As more and more light is lost with each internal reflection, however, each subsequent bow becomes progressively dimmer and therefore increasingly difficult to spot. An additional challenge in observing the <b>third-order</b> (or <i>tertiary</i>) and <b>fourth-order</b> (<i>quaternary</i>) rainbows is their location in the direction of the sun (about 40° and 45° from the sun, respectively), causing them to become drowned in its glare.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For these reasons, naturally occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the naked eye. Nevertheless, sightings of the third-order bow in nature have been reported, and in 2011 it was photographed definitively for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, the fourth-order rainbow was photographed as well,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2014 the first ever pictures of the <b>fifth-order</b> (or <i>quinary</i>) rainbow were published.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quinary rainbow lies partially in the gap between the primary and secondary rainbows and is far fainter than even the secondary. In a laboratory setting, it is possible to create bows of much higher orders. Felix Billet (1808–1882) depicted angular positions up to the 19th-order rainbow, a pattern he called a "rose of rainbows".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1977_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1977-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1980_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1980-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the laboratory, it is possible to observe higher-order rainbows by using extremely bright and well <a href="/wiki/Collimated" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimated">collimated</a> light produced by <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>. Up to the 200th-order rainbow was reported by Ng et al. in 1998 using a similar method but an argon ion laser beam.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tertiary and quaternary rainbows should not be confused with "triple" and "quadruple" rainbows—terms sometimes erroneously used to refer to the (much more common) supernumerary bows and reflection rainbows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rainbows_under_moonlight">Rainbows under moonlight</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moonbow" title="Moonbow">Moonbow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moonbow_at_lower_Yosemite_fall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Moonbow_at_lower_Yosemite_fall.jpg/220px-Moonbow_at_lower_Yosemite_fall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Moonbow_at_lower_Yosemite_fall.jpg/330px-Moonbow_at_lower_Yosemite_fall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Moonbow_at_lower_Yosemite_fall.jpg/440px-Moonbow_at_lower_Yosemite_fall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Spray moonbow at the Lower <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Falls" title="Yosemite Falls">Yosemite Fall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like most atmospheric optical phenomena, rainbows can be caused by light from the Sun, but also from the Moon. In case of the latter, the rainbow is referred to as a <b>lunar rainbow</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Moonbow" title="Moonbow">moonbow</a></b>. They are much dimmer and rarer than solar rainbows, requiring the Moon to be near-full in order for them to be seen. For the same reason, moonbows are often perceived as white and may be thought of as monochrome. The full spectrum is present, however, but the human eye is not normally sensitive enough to see the colours. Long exposure photographs will sometimes show the colour in this type of rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fogbow">Fogbow</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fog_bow" title="Fog bow">Fog bow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fogbow_spectre_and_glory_filtered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fogbow_spectre_and_glory_filtered.jpg/220px-Fogbow_spectre_and_glory_filtered.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fogbow_spectre_and_glory_filtered.jpg/330px-Fogbow_spectre_and_glory_filtered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fogbow_spectre_and_glory_filtered.jpg/440px-Fogbow_spectre_and_glory_filtered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Fogbow and glory, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Brocken_spectre" title="Brocken spectre">Brocken spectre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fogbows form in the same way as rainbows, but they are formed by much smaller cloud and fog droplets that diffract light extensively. They are almost white with faint reds on the outside and blues inside; often one or more broad <a href="#Supernumerary_rainbows">supernumerary bands</a> can be discerned inside the inner edge. The colours are dim because the bow in each colour is very broad and the colours overlap. Fogbows are commonly seen over water when air in contact with the cooler water is chilled, but they can be found anywhere if the fog is thin enough for the sun to shine through and the sun is fairly bright. They are very large—almost as big as a rainbow and much broader. They sometimes appear with a <a href="/wiki/Glory_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Glory (optical phenomenon)">glory</a> at the bow's centre.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fog bows should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Halo (optical phenomenon)">ice halos</a>, which are very common around the world and visible much more often than rainbows (of any order),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet are unrelated to rainbows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleetbow">Sleetbow</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sleetbow.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sleetbow.jpeg/220px-Sleetbow.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sleetbow.jpeg/330px-Sleetbow.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sleetbow.jpeg/440px-Sleetbow.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Monochrome sleetbow captured during the early morning on 7 January 2016 in Valparaiso, Indiana.</figcaption></figure><p> A sleetbow forms in the same way as a typical rainbow, with the exception that it occurs when light passes through falling <a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">sleet</a> (ice pellets) instead of liquid water. As light passes through the sleet, the light is refracted causing the rare phenomena. These have been documented across United States with the earliest publicly documented and photographed sleetbow being seen in Richmond, Virginia on 21 December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like regular rainbows, these can also come in various forms, with a <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_rainbow" title="Monochrome rainbow">monochrome</a> sleetbow being documented on 7 January 2016 in Valparaiso, Indiana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumhorizontal_and_circumzenithal_arcs">Circumhorizontal and circumzenithal arcs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Double_Rainbow_Halo_on_June_1,_2014,_at_1-57_PM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_Double_Rainbow_Halo_on_June_1%2C_2014%2C_at_1-57_PM.jpg/220px-A_Double_Rainbow_Halo_on_June_1%2C_2014%2C_at_1-57_PM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_Double_Rainbow_Halo_on_June_1%2C_2014%2C_at_1-57_PM.jpg/330px-A_Double_Rainbow_Halo_on_June_1%2C_2014%2C_at_1-57_PM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_Double_Rainbow_Halo_on_June_1%2C_2014%2C_at_1-57_PM.jpg/440px-A_Double_Rainbow_Halo_on_June_1%2C_2014%2C_at_1-57_PM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>A circumhorizontal arc (bottom), below a <a href="/wiki/Circumscribed_halo" title="Circumscribed halo">circumscribed halo</a></figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Circumzenithal_arc" title="Circumzenithal arc">circumzenithal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circumhorizon_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumhorizon arc">circumhorizontal arcs</a> are two related optical phenomena similar in appearance to a rainbow, but unlike the latter, their origin lies in light refraction through hexagonal <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> rather than liquid water droplets. This means that they are not rainbows, but members of the large family of <a href="/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Halo (optical phenomenon)">halos</a>. </p><p>Both arcs are brightly coloured ring segments centred on the <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a>, but in different positions in the sky: The circumzenithal arc is notably curved and located high above the Sun (or Moon) with its convex side pointing downwards (creating the impression of an "upside down rainbow"); the circumhorizontal arc runs much closer to the horizon, is more straight and located at a significant distance below the Sun (or Moon). Both arcs have their red side pointing towards the Sun and their violet part away from it, meaning the circumzenithal arc is red on the bottom, while the circumhorizontal arc is red on top.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atoptics-circumhor_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atoptics-circumhor-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Circumhorizontal_arc" title="Circumhorizontal arc">circumhorizontal arc</a> is sometimes referred to by the misnomer "fire rainbow". In order to view it, the Sun or Moon must be at least 58° above the horizon, making it a rare occurrence at higher latitudes. The circumzenithal arc, visible only at a solar or lunar elevation of less than 32°, is much more common, but often missed since it occurs almost directly overhead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraterrestrial_rainbows">Extraterrestrial rainbows</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_skies" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial skies">Extraterrestrial skies</a></div> <p>It has been suggested that rainbows might exist on <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, as it has a wet surface and humid clouds. The radius of a Titan rainbow would be about 49° instead of 42°, because the fluid in that cold environment is methane instead of water. Although visible rainbows may be rare due to <a href="/wiki/Titan%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan's atmosphere">Titan's hazy skies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> rainbows may be more common, but an observer would need infrared <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_goggles" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision goggles">night vision goggles</a> to see them.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rainbows_with_different_materials">Rainbows with different materials</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_order_rainbows_from_water_droplets_and_a_sugar_solution_droplets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/First_order_rainbows_from_water_droplets_and_a_sugar_solution_droplets.jpg/170px-First_order_rainbows_from_water_droplets_and_a_sugar_solution_droplets.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/First_order_rainbows_from_water_droplets_and_a_sugar_solution_droplets.jpg/255px-First_order_rainbows_from_water_droplets_and_a_sugar_solution_droplets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/First_order_rainbows_from_water_droplets_and_a_sugar_solution_droplets.jpg/340px-First_order_rainbows_from_water_droplets_and_a_sugar_solution_droplets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="3370" /></a><figcaption>A first order rainbow from water (left) and a sugar solution (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Droplets (or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow does not perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiny plastic or glass marbles may be used in road marking as a <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">reflectors</a> to enhance its visibility by drivers at night. Due to a much higher refractive index, rainbows observed on such marbles have a noticeably smaller radius.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can easily reproduce such phenomena by sprinkling liquids of different refractive indices in the air, as illustrated in the photo. </p><p>The displacement of the rainbow due to different refractive indices can be pushed to a peculiar limit. For a material with a refractive index larger than 2, there is no angle fulfilling the requirements for the first order rainbow. For example, the index of refraction of <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> is about 2.4, so diamond spheres would produce rainbows starting from the second order, omitting the first order. In general, as the refractive index exceeds a number <span class="texhtml"><b>n</b> + 1</span>, where <span class="texhtml"><b>n</b></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number">natural number</a>, the critical <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">incidence angle</a> for <span class="texhtml"><b>n</b></span> times internally reflected rays escapes the domain <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3608f07c68994fb2cec106391992ed4f4ddb0c97" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.658ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}"></span>. This results in a rainbow of the <span class="texhtml"><b>n</b></span>-th order shrinking to the <a href="/wiki/Antisolar_point" title="Antisolar point">antisolar point</a> and vanishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_history">Scientific history</h2></div> <p>The classical Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC) was first to devote serious attention to the rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, "Despite its many flaws and its appeal to Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries. After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to his work, although not all of this was uncritical."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Book I of <i><a href="/wiki/Naturales_Quaestiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturales Quaestiones">Naturales Quaestiones</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 65 AD</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows extensively, including those of Aristotle. He notices that rainbows appear always opposite to the Sun, that they appear in water sprayed by a rower, in the water spat by a <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fuller</a> on clothes stretched on pegs or by water sprayed through a small hole in a burst pipe. He even speaks of rainbows produced by small rods (virgulae) of glass, anticipating Newton's experiences with prisms. He takes into account two theories: one, that the rainbow is produced by the Sun reflecting in each water drop, the other, that it is produced by the Sun reflected in a cloud shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Concave_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Concave mirror">concave mirror</a>; he favours the latter. He also discusses other phenomena related to rainbows: the mysterious "virgae" (rods), halos and <a href="/wiki/Sun_dog" title="Sun dog">parhelia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, the <a href="/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics in medieval Islam">Arab physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> (965–1039 AD) attempted to provide a scientific explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. In his <i>Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah</i> (<i>On the Rainbow and Halo</i>), al-Haytham "explained the formation of rainbow as an image, which forms at a concave mirror. If the rays of light coming from a farther light source reflect to any point on axis of the concave mirror, they form concentric circles in that point. When it is supposed that the sun as a farther light source, the eye of viewer as a point on the axis of mirror and a cloud as a reflecting surface, then it can be observed the concentric circles are forming on the axis."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was not able to verify this because his theory that "light from the sun is reflected by a cloud before reaching the eye" did not allow for a possible <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimental</a> verification.<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explanation was repeated by <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and, though incorrect, provided the groundwork for the correct explanations later given by <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-F%C4%81ris%C4%AB" title="Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī">Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī</a> in 1309 and, independently, by <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a> (c. 1250–c. 1311)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>—both having studied al-Haytham's <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song dynasty China</a> (960–1279), a polymath <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrat">scholar-official</a> named <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095) hypothesised—as a certain Sun Sikong (1015–1076) did before him—that rainbows were formed by a phenomenon of sunlight encountering droplets of rain in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction" title="Atmospheric refraction">atmospheric refraction</a> "is basically in accord with modern scientific principles."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Nader El-Bizri, the <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">Persian astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a> (1236–1311), gave a fairly accurate explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. This was elaborated on by his student, <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-F%C4%81ris%C4%AB" title="Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī">Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī</a> (1267–1319), who gave a more mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. He "proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions." An experiment with a water-filled glass sphere was conducted and al-Farisi showed the additional refractions due to the glass could be ignored in his model.<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he noted in his <i>Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir</i> (<i>The Revision of the Optics</i>), al-Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deduced through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colours of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light. </p><p>In Europe, Ibn al-Haytham's <i>Book of Optics</i> was <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">translated into Latin</a> and studied by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a>. His work on light was continued by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, who wrote in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Opus_Majus" title="Opus Majus">Opus Majus</a></i></span> of 1268 about experiments with light shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colours of the rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear higher than 42° above the horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a> is known to have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting that "when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays undergo two refractions (upon ingress and egress) and one reflection (at the back of the drop) before transmission into the eye of the observer."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar analysis involving two refractions and two reflections. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descartes_Rainbow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Descartes_Rainbow.png/220px-Descartes_Rainbow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Descartes_Rainbow.png/330px-Descartes_Rainbow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Descartes_Rainbow.png/440px-Descartes_Rainbow.png 2x" data-file-width="4823" data-file-height="4251" /></a><figcaption>René Descartes's sketch of how primary and secondary rainbows are formed</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>' 1637 treatise, <i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Discourse on Method">Discourse on Method</a>,</i> further advanced this explanation. Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with a derivation of the law of <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> (subsequently to, but independently of, <a href="/wiki/Snell%27s_law" title="Snell's law">Snell</a>) and correctly calculated the angles for both bows. His explanation of the colours, however, was based on a mechanical version of the traditional theory that colours were produced by a modification of white light.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light was composed of the light of all the colours of the rainbow, which a glass <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> could separate into the full spectrum of colours, rejecting the theory that the colours were produced by a modification of white light. He also showed that red light is refracted less than blue light, which led to the first scientific explanation of the major features of the rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton's corpuscular theory of light was unable to explain supernumerary rainbows, and a satisfactory explanation was not found until <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> realised that light behaves as a wave under certain conditions, and can <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interfere</a> with itself. </p><p>Young's work was refined in the 1820s by <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a>, who explained the dependence of the strength of the colours of the rainbow on the size of the water droplets.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern physical descriptions of the rainbow are based on <a href="/wiki/Mie_scattering" title="Mie scattering">Mie scattering</a>, work published by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mie" title="Gustav Mie">Gustav Mie</a> in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in computational methods and optical theory continue to lead to a fuller understanding of rainbows. For example, <a href="/wiki/Herch_Moys%C3%A9s_Nussenzveig" title="Herch Moysés Nussenzveig">Nussenzveig</a> provides a modern overview.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experiments">Experiments</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Round_bottom_flask_rainbow_demonstration_experiment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Round_bottom_flask_rainbow_demonstration_experiment.png/220px-Round_bottom_flask_rainbow_demonstration_experiment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Round_bottom_flask_rainbow_demonstration_experiment.png/330px-Round_bottom_flask_rainbow_demonstration_experiment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Round_bottom_flask_rainbow_demonstration_experiment.png/440px-Round_bottom_flask_rainbow_demonstration_experiment.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Round bottom flask rainbow demonstration experiment - Johnson 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>Experiments on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops, i.e. water-filled spherical flasks, go back at least to <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a> in the 14th century. Later, also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a <a href="/wiki/Florence_flask" title="Florence flask">Florence flask</a>. A flask experiment known as Florence's rainbow is still often used today as an imposing and intuitively accessible demonstration experiment of the rainbow phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calvert_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvert-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists in illuminating (with parallel white light) a water-filled spherical flask through a hole in a screen. A rainbow will then appear thrown back / projected on the screen, provided the screen is large enough. Due to the finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial raindrop, several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural phenomenon,<sup id="cite_ref-SelmkeSelmkeRainbow2016_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmkeSelmkeRainbow2016-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SelmkeHomepage2016_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmkeHomepage2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including slightly changed rainbow angles and a splitting of the rainbow orders. </p><p>A very similar experiment consists in using a cylindrical glass vessel filled with water or a solid transparent cylinder and illuminated either parallel to the circular base (i.e. light rays remaining at a fixed height while they transit the cylinder)<sup id="cite_ref-Casini2012_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casini2012-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or under an angle to the base. Under these latter conditions the rainbow angles change relative to the natural phenomenon since the effective index of refraction of water changes (Bravais' index of refraction for inclined rays applies).<sup id="cite_ref-SelmkeSelmkeRainbow2016_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmkeSelmkeRainbow2016-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SelmkeHomepage2016_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SelmkeHomepage2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other experiments use small liquid drops<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1977_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1977-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1980_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1980-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see text above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_mythology">Culture and mythology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rainbows_in_culture" title="Rainbows in culture">Rainbows in culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainbows_in_mythology" title="Rainbows in mythology">Rainbows in mythology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag" title="Rainbow flag">Rainbow flag</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Anton_Koch_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Joseph_Anton_Koch_006.jpg/220px-Joseph_Anton_Koch_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Joseph_Anton_Koch_006.jpg/330px-Joseph_Anton_Koch_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Joseph_Anton_Koch_006.jpg/440px-Joseph_Anton_Koch_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>1803 depiction by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Joseph Anton Koch</a> of the rainbow in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls_-_WGA04867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls_-_WGA04867.jpg/220px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls_-_WGA04867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls_-_WGA04867.jpg/330px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls_-_WGA04867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls_-_WGA04867.jpg/440px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls_-_WGA04867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="27911" data-file-height="12955" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Niagara_(Frederic_Edwin_Church)" title="Niagara (Frederic Edwin Church)">Niagara</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a> (1857), depicts a rainbow at the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Falls" title="Horseshoe Falls">Horseshoe Falls</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rainbows occur frequently <a href="/wiki/Rainbows_in_mythology" title="Rainbows in mythology">in mythology</a>, and have been used in the arts. The first literary occurrence of a rainbow is in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> chapter 9, as part of the flood story of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, where it is a sign of God's covenant to never destroy all life on Earth with a global flood again. In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, the rainbow bridge <a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a> connects the world of men (<a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a>) and the realm of the gods (<a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cuchavira" title="Cuchavira">Cuchavira</a> was the god of the rainbow for the <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and when the regular rains on the <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a> were over the people thanked him, offering <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>. Some forms of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> reference a <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_body" title="Rainbow body">rainbow body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish <a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">leprechaun</a>'s secret hiding place for his pot of gold is usually said to be at the end of the rainbow. This place is appropriately impossible to reach, because the rainbow is an optical effect which cannot be approached. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a> is the personification of the rainbow, a messenger goddess who, like the rainbow, connects the mortal world with the gods through messages.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian folk beliefs</a> the rainbow is regarded as the belt of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a>, and oral legend has it that anyone who jumps over the rainbow changes their sex.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, the rainbow proper consists of 4 bands of colour (<a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">vert</a>) with the ends resting on clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generalised examples in coat of arms include those of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Regen" title="Regen">Regen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pfreimd" title="Pfreimd">Pfreimd</a>, both in Bavaria, Germany; of <a href="/wiki/Bouff%C3%A9mont" title="Bouffémont">Bouffémont</a>, France; and of the <a href="/wiki/69th_Infantry_Regiment_(New_York)" title="69th Infantry Regiment (New York)">69th Infantry Regiment (New York)</a> of the United States <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag" title="Rainbow flag">Rainbow flags</a> have been used for centuries. It was a symbol of the Cooperative movement in the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> in the 16th century, of peace in Italy, and of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT pride">LGBT pride</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT social movements</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">rainbow flag as a symbol of LGBT pride</a> and the June pride month since it was designed by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Baker_(artist)" title="Gilbert Baker (artist)">Gilbert Baker</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> described newly democratic post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> South Africa as the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">rainbow nation</a>. The rainbow has also been used in technology product logos, including the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple computer</a> logo. Many political alliances spanning multiple political parties have called themselves a "<a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Coalition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rainbow Coalition (disambiguation)">Rainbow Coalition</a>". </p><p>Pointing at rainbows has been considered a taboo in many cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Saudi Arabia and other similar-minded countries, authorities seize children's clothing (including hats, hair clips, pencil cases, etc.) and toys if they are rainbow-coloured, claiming that such can encourage homosexuality, and selling such items is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_optics" title="Atmospheric optics">Atmospheric optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumzenithal_arc" title="Circumzenithal arc">Circumzenithal arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumhorizontal_arc" title="Circumhorizontal arc">Circumhorizontal arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Glory (optical phenomenon)">Glory (optical phenomenon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_bubble#Colored_bubbles" title="Soap bubble">Iridescent colours in soap bubbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_dog" title="Sun dog">Sun dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_bow" title="Fog bow">Fog bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbow" title="Moonbow">Moonbow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Newton named seven colors in the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. More commonly today we only speak of six major divisions, leaving out indigo. A careful reading of Newton’s work indicates that the color he called indigo, we would normally call blue; his blue is then what we would name blue-green or cyan."<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ex quo clarissime apparet, lumina variorum colorum varia esset refrangibilitate : idque eo ordine, ut color ruber omnium minime refrangibilis sit, reliqui autem colores, aureus, flavus, viridis, cæruleus, indicus, violaceus, gradatim & ex ordine magis magisque refrangibiles."<sup id="cite_ref-Newton1740_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton1740-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"approximation obtained by his model was good enough to allow him to ignore the effects of the glass container."<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTony_Buick2010" class="citation book cs1">Tony Buick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKja1yLMLyQC&pg=PA200"><i>The Rainbow Sky: An Exploration of Colors in the Solar System and Beyond</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441910530" title="Special:BookSources/9781441910530"><bdi>9781441910530</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622005547/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKja1yLMLyQC&pg=PA200">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainbow+%E2%80%93+A+polarized+arch%3F&rft.pub=Polarization.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarization.com%2Frainbow%2Frainbow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton1740-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newton1740_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newton1740_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newton1740_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac Newton, <i>Optice: Sive de Reflexionibus, Refractionibus, Inflexionibus & Coloribus Lucis Libri Tres,</i> Propositio II, Experimentum VII, edition 1740</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldman2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman2002_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman2002_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldman1983" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Gary (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbsoAXWbnr4C&dq=%22the+color+he+called+indigo%22&pg=RA1-PA193"><i>Introduction to Light: The Physics of Light, Vision, and Color</i></a> (2002 revised ed.). Mineola, New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486421186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486421186"><bdi>978-0486421186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Light%3A+The+Physics+of+Light%2C+Vision%2C+and+Color&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=2002+revised&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0486421186&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbsoAXWbnr4C%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bcolor%2Bhe%2Bcalled%2Bindigo%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/185543/colours-rainbow">"Understand the science of appearance of different colors of the rainbow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810092113/https://www.britannica.com/video/185543/colours-rainbow">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Understand+the+science+of+appearance+of+different+colors+of+the+rainbow&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fvideo%2F185543%2Fcolours-rainbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1994" class="citation book cs1">Gage, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EU74cB7kMMsC&pg=PA140"><i>Color and Meaning</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22611-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22611-1"><bdi>978-0-520-22611-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+and+Meaning&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22611-1&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEU74cB7kMMsC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchin" class="citation web cs1">Allchin, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929225102/http://www1.umn.edu/ships/updates/newton1.htm">"Newton's Colors"</a>. <i>SHiPS Resource Center</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colour+Music&rft.atitle=Music+For+Measure%3A+On+the+300th+Anniversary+of+Newton%27s+Opticks&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colourmusic.x10host.com%2Fopticks3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1704" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton, Isaac</a> (1704). <a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks"><i>Opticks</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opticks&rft.date=1704&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencealert-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencealert_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/watch-this-is-not-a-rainbow">"WATCH: This Is Not a Rainbow"</a>. <i>ScienceAlert</i>. 29 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610230002/https://www.sciencealert.com/watch-this-is-not-a-rainbow">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eo.ucar.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130818203028/http://eo.ucar.edu/rainbows/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Optics&rft.atitle=Zero+order+glow&rft.au=Cowley%2C+Les&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Ford0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014" class="citation web cs1">Anon (7 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=2195">"Why are rainbows curved as semicircles?"</a>. <i>Ask the van</i>. The Board of Trustees at the University of Illinois. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002100400/https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=2195">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ask+the+van&rft.atitle=Why+are+rainbows+curved+as+semicircles%3F&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvan.physics.illinois.edu%2Fqa%2Flisting.php%3Fid%3D2195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthsky.org/earth/can-you-ever-see-the-whole-circle-of-a-rainbow">"How to see a whole circle rainbow – EarthSky.org"</a>. <i>earthsky.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232848/http://earthsky.org/earth/can-you-ever-see-the-whole-circle-of-a-rainbow">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthsky.org&rft.atitle=How+to+see+a+whole+circle+rainbow+%E2%80%93+EarthSky.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fearth%2Fcan-you-ever-see-the-whole-circle-of-a-rainbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/science/wonderquest/2002-03-06-rainbow.htm">"USATODAY.com – Look down on the rainbow"</a>. <i>usatoday30.usatoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012040155/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/science/wonderquest/2002-03-06-rainbow.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usatoday30.usatoday.com&rft.atitle=USATODAY.com+%E2%80%93+Look+down+on+the+rainbow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fwonderquest%2F2002-03-06-rainbow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-triton.com/2016/12/science-of-rainbows-explains-much-steals-the-magic-not-at-all/">"Science of rainbows explains much, steals the magic not at all"</a>. <i>Triton</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Triton&rft.atitle=Science+of+rainbows+explains+much%2C+steals+the+magic+not+at+all&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-triton.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fscience-of-rainbows-explains-much-steals-the-magic-not-at-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/optical-effects/rainbows">"Rainbows"</a>. <i>Met Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Met+Office&rft.atitle=Rainbows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fweather%2Flearn-about%2Fweather%2Foptical-effects%2Frainbows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=14118.0">"Does latitude affect the frequency of "double rainbows"? | Naked Science Forum see Reply #2 on: 07/05/2008"</a>. <i>www.thenakedscientists.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenakedscientists.com&rft.atitle=Does+latitude+affect+the+frequency+of+%22double+rainbows%22%3F+%7C+Naked+Science+Forum+see+Reply+%232+on%3A+07%2F05%2F2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenakedscientists.com%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Ftopic%3D14118.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2004" class="citation web cs1">Anon (29 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physics.harvard.edu/files/sol81.pdf">"Solution, Week 81, Rainbows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Harvard University Department of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008031439/https://www.physics.harvard.edu/uploads/files/undergrad/probweek/sol81.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solution%2C+Week+81%2C+Rainbows&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Department+of+Physics&rft.date=2004-03-29&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fsol81.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atopticsSecondary-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atopticsSecondary_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/ord2form.htm">"Secondary rainbow"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Secondary+rainbow&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Ford2form.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Alexander of Aphrodisias, <i>Commentary on Book IV of Aristotle's</i> Meteorology (also known as: <i>Commentary on Book IV of Aristotle's</i> De Meteorologica or <i>On Aristotle's</i> Meteorology 4), commentary 41.</li> <li>Raymond L. Lee and Alistair B. Fraser, <i>The Rainbow Bridge: Rainbows in Art, Myth, and Science</i> (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcCtT1ZeaEC&pg=PA110">pp. 110–111</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/twin1.htm">"Atmospheric Optics: Twinned rainbows"</a>. Atoptics.co.uk. 3 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Optics%3A+Twinned+rainbows&rft.pub=Atoptics.co.uk&rft.date=2002-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Ftwin1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaußmann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haußmann, Alexander (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273524022">"Observation, analysis, and reconstruction of a twinned rainbow"</a>. <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>54</b> (4): B117–B127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApOpt..54B.117H">2015ApOpt..54B.117H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.54.00B117">10.1364/AO.54.00B117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25967817">25967817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Observation%2C+analysis%2C+and+reconstruction+of+a+twinned+rainbow&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=B117-B127&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25967817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.54.00B117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApOpt..54B.117H&rft.aulast=Hau%C3%9Fmann&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273524022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120806151415.htm">"Researchers unlock secret of the rare 'twinned rainbow,' " <i>ScienceDaily.com,</i> August 6, 2012.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809012419/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120806151415.htm">Archived</a> 9 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadeghiMunozLavenJarosz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sadeghi, Iman; Munoz, Adolfo; Laven, Philip; Jarosz, Wojciech; Seron, Francisco; Gutierrez, Diego; Jensen, Henrik Wann (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphics.ucsd.edu/~henrik/papers/physically_based_simulation_of_rainbows.pdf">"Physically-based simulation of rainbows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM Transactions on Graphics</i>. <b>31</b>: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.296.3051">10.1.1.296.3051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2077341.2077344">10.1145/2077341.2077344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6774839">6774839</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312144121/http://graphics.ucsd.edu/~henrik/papers/physically_based_simulation_of_rainbows.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Transactions+on+Graphics&rft.atitle=Physically-based+simulation+of+rainbows&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.296.3051%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6774839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2077341.2077344&rft.aulast=Sadeghi&rft.aufirst=Iman&rft.au=Munoz%2C+Adolfo&rft.au=Laven%2C+Philip&rft.au=Jarosz%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Seron%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Gutierrez%2C+Diego&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Henrik+Wann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.ucsd.edu%2F~henrik%2Fpapers%2Fphysically_based_simulation_of_rainbows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atoptics.wordpress.com/2015/03/11/triple-split-rainbow-observed-and-photographed-in-japan-august-2012/">"Triple-split rainbow observed and photographed in Japan, August 2012"</a>. blog.meteoros.de. 12 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141556/https://atoptics.wordpress.com/2015/03/11/triple-split-rainbow-observed-and-photographed-in-japan-august-2012/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triple-split+rainbow+observed+and+photographed+in+Japan%2C+August+2012&rft.pub=blog.meteoros.de&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatoptics.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F03%2F11%2Ftriple-split-rainbow-observed-and-photographed-in-japan-august-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EarthSky-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EarthSky_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthsky.org/earth/can-you-ever-see-the-whole-circle-of-a-rainbow">"Can you ever see the whole circle of a rainbow? | Earth"</a>. EarthSky. 15 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232848/http://earthsky.org/earth/can-you-ever-see-the-whole-circle-of-a-rainbow">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+you+ever+see+the+whole+circle+of+a+rainbow%3F+%26%23124%3B+Earth&rft.pub=EarthSky&rft.date=2012-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fearth%2Fcan-you-ever-see-the-whole-circle-of-a-rainbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip_Laven-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philip_Laven_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Laven2012" class="citation web cs1">Philip Laven (4 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philiplaven.com/p5a.html">"Circular rainbows"</a>. Philiplaven.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003907/http://www.philiplaven.com/p5a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circular+rainbows&rft.pub=Philiplaven.com&rft.date=2012-08-04&rft.au=Philip+Laven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philiplaven.com%2Fp5a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140930.html">"APOD: 2014 September 30 – A Full Circle Rainbow over Australia"</a>. <i>apod.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125081748/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140930.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apod.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=APOD%3A+2014+September+30+%E2%80%93+A+Full+Circle+Rainbow+over+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Fap140930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/fz795.htm">"OPOD – 360° Rainbow"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=OPOD+%E2%80%93+360%C2%B0+Rainbow&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Ffz795.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/supers.htm">"Supernumerary Rainbows"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Supernumerary+Rainbows&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Fsupers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/supdrsz.htm">"Supernumerary Rainbows and drop size"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Supernumerary+Rainbows+and+drop+size&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Fsupdrsz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/droplets/fogdrpsz.htm">"Fogbow droplet size effect"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Fogbow+droplet+size+effect&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Fdroplets%2Ffogdrpsz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Thomas Young (1804) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7AZGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">"Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics,"</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i> <b>94</b>: 1–16; see especially pp. 8–11.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/supers.htm">Atmospheric Optics: Supernumerary Rainbows</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLes_Cowley_(Atmospheric_Optics)" class="citation web cs1">Les Cowley (Atmospheric Optics). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/bowim6.htm">"Bows everywhere!"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bows+everywhere%21&rft.au=Les+Cowley+%28Atmospheric+Optics%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Fbowim6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemiroffBonnell2007" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (12 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070912.html">"Six Rainbows Across Norway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Picture+of+the+Day&rft.atitle=Six+Rainbows+Across+Norway&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapod.nasa.gov%2Fapod%2Fap070912.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/reflform.htm">"Atmospheric Optics: Reflection rainbows formation"</a>. Atoptics.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180213/http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/reflform.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Optics%3A+Reflection+rainbows+formation&rft.pub=Atoptics.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Freflform.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atoptics.co.uk/fz1100.htm">"Dawn Red Rainbows Arizona – OPOD"</a>. <i>atoptics.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204163924/http://atoptics.co.uk/fz1100.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dawn+Red+Rainbows+Arizona+%E2%80%93+OPOD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatoptics.co.uk%2Ffz1100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/orders.htm">"Untitled Document"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Untitled+Document&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Forders.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/ord34.htm">"3rd & 4th order rainbows"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. 16 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=3rd+%26+4th+order+rainbows&rft.date=2023-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Ford34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroßmannSchmidt,_ElmarHaußmann,_Alexander2011" class="citation journal cs1">Großmann, Michael; Schmidt, Elmar; Haußmann, Alexander (1 October 2011). "Photographic evidence for the third-order rainbow". <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>50</b> (28): F134–F141. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApOpt..50F.134G">2011ApOpt..50F.134G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.50.00F134">10.1364/AO.50.00F134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-128X">1559-128X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22016237">22016237</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:796963">796963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Photographic+evidence+for+the+third-order+rainbow&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=F134-F141&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A796963%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ApOpt..50F.134G&rft.issn=1559-128X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.50.00F134&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22016237&rft.aulast=Gro%C3%9Fmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Elmar&rft.au=Hau%C3%9Fmann%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111005111001.htm">"<i>Triple Rainbows Exist, Photo Evidence Shows</i>, ScienceDaily.com, Oct. 5, 2011"</a>. Sciencedaily.com. 6 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213413/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111005111001.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triple+Rainbows+Exist%2C+Photo+Evidence+Shows%2C+ScienceDaily.com%2C+Oct.+5%2C+2011&rft.pub=Sciencedaily.com&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2011%2F10%2F111005111001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheusner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Theusner, Michael (1 October 2011). "Photographic observation of a natural fourth-order rainbow". <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>50</b> (28): F129–F133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApOpt..50F.129T">2011ApOpt..50F.129T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.50.00F129">10.1364/AO.50.00F129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-128X">1559-128X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22016236">22016236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20238055">20238055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Photographic+observation+of+a+natural+fourth-order+rainbow&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=F129-F133&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20238055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ApOpt..50F.129T&rft.issn=1559-128X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.50.00F129&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22016236&rft.aulast=Theusner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/10/third-and-fourth-order-rainbow.html">"Short Sharp Science: First ever image of fourth-order rainbow"</a>. <i>www.newscientist.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711065726/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/10/third-and-fourth-order-rainbow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newscientist.com&rft.atitle=Short+Sharp+Science%3A+First+ever+image+of+fourth-order+rainbow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fblogs%2Fshortsharpscience%2F2011%2F10%2Fthird-and-fourth-order-rainbow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherscapes.com/quinary/">"Observations of the quinary rainbow"</a>. <i>www.weatherscapes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103142928/http://www.weatherscapes.com/quinary/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weatherscapes.com&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+quinary+rainbow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherscapes.com%2Fquinary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillet1868" class="citation journal cs1">Billet, Felix (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24033%2Fasens.43">"Mémoire sur les Dix-neuf premiers arcs-en-ciel de l'eau"</a> [Memoir on the first nineteen rainbows]. <i>Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure</i>. <b>1</b> (5): 67–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24033%2Fasens.43">10.24033/asens.43</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Scientifiques+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Normale+Sup%C3%A9rieure&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+les+Dix-neuf+premiers+arcs-en-ciel+de+l%27eau&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=67-109&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24033%2Fasens.43&rft.aulast=Billet&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24033%252Fasens.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1977-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1977_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1977_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1977" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Jearl (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://optica.machorro.net/Optica/SciAm/Rainbow/1977-07-body.html">"How to create and observe a dozen rainbows in a single drop of water"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>237</b> (July): 138–144 + 154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SciAm.237a.138W">1977SciAm.237a.138W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0777-138">10.1038/scientificamerican0777-138</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814054045/http://optica.machorro.net/Optica/SciAm/Rainbow/1977-07-body.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=How+to+create+and+observe+a+dozen+rainbows+in+a+single+drop+of+water&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=July&rft.pages=138-144+%2B+154&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0777-138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977SciAm.237a.138W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jearl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foptica.machorro.net%2FOptica%2FSciAm%2FRainbow%2F1977-07-body.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1980-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1980_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1980_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.D. Walker, "Mysteries of rainbows, notably their rare supernumerary arcs," Sci. Am. 242(6), 174–184 (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgTseLee1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ng, P. H.; Tse, M. Y.; Lee, W. K. (1998). "Observation of high-order rainbows formed by a pendant drop". <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America B</i>. <b>15</b> (11): 2782. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JOSAB..15.2782N">1998JOSAB..15.2782N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAB.15.002782">10.1364/JOSAB.15.002782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America+B&rft.atitle=Observation+of+high-order+rainbows+formed+by+a+pendant+drop&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2782&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSAB.15.002782&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JOSAB..15.2782N&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft.au=Tse%2C+M.+Y.&rft.au=Lee%2C+W.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421035300/http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/moonbow.htm">"Moonbow – Lunar Rainbow"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/moonbow.htm">the original</a> on 21 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Moonbow+%E2%80%93+Lunar+Rainbow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Fmoonbow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/droplets/fogbow.htm">Atmospheric Optics: Fogbow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615000415/https://atoptics.co.uk/droplets/fogbow.htm">Archived</a> 15 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>James C. McConnel (1890) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA453">"The theory of fog-bows,"</a> <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, series 5, <b>29</b> (181): 453–461.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Les Cowley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atoptics.co.uk/halo/p1.htm">Observing Halos – Getting Started Atmospheric Optics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603230151/http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/p1.htm">Archived</a> 3 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 3 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johncohn.org/base/2012/12/21/friday-night-sleetbow/">"Friday Night – Sleetbow"</a>. <i>johncohn.org</i>. 22 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028151121/http://johncohn.org/base/2012/12/21/friday-night-sleetbow/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johncohn.org&rft.atitle=Friday+Night+%E2%80%93+Sleetbow&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohncohn.org%2Fbase%2F2012%2F12%2F21%2Ffriday-night-sleetbow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/cza.htm">"Circumzenithal Arc"</a>. <i>www.atoptics.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126054726/http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/cza.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.atoptics.co.uk&rft.atitle=Circumzenithal+Arc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Fhalo%2Fcza.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atoptics-circumhor-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atoptics-circumhor_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley,_Les" class="citation web cs1">Cowley, Les. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/halo/cha2.htm">"Circumhorizontal arc"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Optics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Optics&rft.atitle=Circumhorizontal+arc&rft.au=Cowley%2C+Les&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Fhalo%2Fcha2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience@NASA" class="citation web cs1">Science@NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921112813/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/25feb_titan2.htm">"Rainbows on Titan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/25feb_titan2.htm">the original</a> on 21 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainbows+on+Titan&rft.au=Science%40NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2005%2F25feb_titan2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley,_Les" class="citation web cs1">Cowley, Les. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/seabow.htm">"Sea Water Rainbow"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Optics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Optics&rft.atitle=Sea+Water+Rainbow&rft.au=Cowley%2C+Les&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Fseabow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley,_Les" class="citation web cs1">Cowley, Les. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/rainbows/beadbow.htm">"Glass Bead Bows"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Optics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Optics&rft.atitle=Glass+Bead+Bows&rft.au=Cowley%2C+Les&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Frainbows%2Fbeadbow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.3.iii.html#211">"The Internet Classics Archive – Meteorology by Aristotle"</a>. <i>classics.mit.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218151153/http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.3.iii.html#211">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classics.mit.edu&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Classics+Archive+%E2%80%93+Meteorology+by+Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fmeteorology.3.iii.html%23211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_L._LeeAlistair_B._Fraser2001" class="citation book cs1">Raymond L. Lee; Alistair B. Fraser (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcCtT1ZeaEC&pg=PA109"><i>The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01977-2"><bdi>978-0-271-01977-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rainbow+bridge%3A+rainbows+in+art%2C+myth%2C+and+science&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01977-2&rft.au=Raymond+L.+Lee&rft.au=Alistair+B.+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZcCtT1ZeaEC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneca2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Seneca, Lucius Anneus (1 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-07AwAAQBAJ&pg=PR26-IA136"><i>Delphi Complete Works of Seneca the Younger (Illustrated)</i></a>. 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(November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Farisi.html">"Kamal al-Din Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Al-Farisi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a>, University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325123238/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Farisi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kamal+al-Din+Abu%27l+Hasan+Muhammad+Al-Farisi&rft.pub=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%2C+University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=1999-11&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FAl-Farisi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader El-Bizri 'Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur', Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S. 7 (2009), pp. 201–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivin,_Nathan1995" class="citation book cs1">Sivin, Nathan (1995). <i>Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM</i>. III: Ashgate Publishing. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+Ancient+China%3A+Researches+and+Reflections+Brookfield%2C+Vermont%3A+VARIORUM&rft.place=III&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing.&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Sivin%2C+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDong,_Paul2000" class="citation book cs1">Dong, Paul (2000). <i>China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic</i>. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8351-2676-2"><bdi>978-0-8351-2676-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Major+Mysteries%3A+Paranormal+Phenomena+and+the+Unexplained+in+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=San+Francisco%3A+China+Books+and+Periodicals%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8351-2676-2&rft.au=Dong%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2003" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Michael W. (1 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bacon.html">"Roger Bacon (1214–1294)"</a>. Florida State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830075608/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bacon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Bacon+%281214%E2%80%931294%29&rft.pub=Florida+State+University&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicro.magnet.fsu.edu%2Foptics%2Ftimeline%2Fpeople%2Fbacon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_L._LeeAlistair_B._Fraser2001" class="citation book cs1">Raymond L. Lee; Alistair B. Fraser (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcCtT1ZeaEC&pg=PA155"><i>The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01977-2"><bdi>978-0-271-01977-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rainbow+bridge%3A+rainbows+in+art%2C+myth%2C+and+science&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01977-2&rft.au=Raymond+L.+Lee&rft.au=Alistair+B.+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZcCtT1ZeaEC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg,_David_C1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lindberg,_David_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindberg, David C">Lindberg, David C</a> (Summer 1966). "Roger Bacon's Theory of the Rainbow: Progress or Regress?". <i>Isis</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350116">10.1086/350116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170749000">170749000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Roger+Bacon%27s+Theory+of+the+Rainbow%3A+Progress+or+Regress%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170749000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+David+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodoric of Freiberg (c. 1304–1310) <i>De iride et radialibus impressionibus</i> (On the rainbow and the impressions of radiance).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1952" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, Carl B. (1952). "Descartes and the Radius of the Rainbow". <i>Isis</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 95–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349399">10.1086/349399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145493641">145493641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Descartes+and+the+Radius+of+the+Rainbow&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-98&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349399&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145493641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGedzelman1989" class="citation journal cs1">Gedzelman, Stanley David (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C0750%3ADKSTWI%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Did Kepler's Supplement to Witelo Inspire Descartes' Theory of the Rainbow?"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</i>. <b>70</b> (7): 750–751. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989BAMS...70..750G">1989BAMS...70..750G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C0750%3ADKSTWI%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<0750:DKSTWI>2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0477">1520-0477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Did+Kepler%27s+Supplement+to+Witelo+Inspire+Descartes%27+Theory+of+the+Rainbow%3F&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=750-751&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=1520-0477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C0750%3ADKSTWI%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989BAMS...70..750G&rft.aulast=Gedzelman&rft.aufirst=Stanley+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0477%25281989%2529070%253C0750%253ADKSTWI%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_J.J.Robertson,_E.F.2000" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Newton.html">"Sir Isaac Newton"</a>. University of St. Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610094750/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Newton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Isaac+Newton&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.date=2000-01&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+J.J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2FBiographies%2FNewton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiry1838" class="citation journal cs1">Airy, G. B. (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yI8AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA379">"On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 379–403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1838TCaPS...6..379A">1838TCaPS...6..379A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+intensity+of+light+in+the+neighbourhood+of+a+caustic&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-403&rft.date=1838&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1838TCaPS...6..379A&rft.aulast=Airy&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yI8AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>G. B. Airy (1849) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vsIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA595">"Supplement to a paper, "On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a caustic," "</a> <i>Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i> <b>8</b>: 595–600.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Mie (1908) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19083300302/pdf">"Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302035259/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19083300302/pdf">Archived</a> 2 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Contributions to the optics of turbid media, especially of colloidal metal solutions), <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, 4th series, <b>25</b> (3): 377–445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussenzveig,_H._Moyses1977" class="citation journal cs1">Nussenzveig, H. Moyses (1977). "The Theory of the Rainbow". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>236</b> (4): 116. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SciAm.236d.116N">1977SciAm.236d.116N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0477-116">10.1038/scientificamerican0477-116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+the+Rainbow&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=116&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0477-116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977SciAm.236d.116N&rft.au=Nussenzveig%2C+H.+Moyses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Florence's Rainbow”, Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/florences-rainbow">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093457/http://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/presentations/florences-rainbow">Archived</a> 8 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkeley1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berkeley1_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Rainbow: Refraction of white light by a liquid sphere.”, U.C. Berkeley Physics Lecture Demonstrations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeleyphysicsdemos.net/node/638">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108013906/http://berkeleyphysicsdemos.net/node/638">Archived</a> 8 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvert-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calvert_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“The Rainbow,”J.B. Calvert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/astro/bow.htm">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524152323/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/astro/bow.htm">Archived</a> 24 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 10 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SelmkeSelmkeRainbow2016-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SelmkeSelmkeRainbow2016_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelmkeSelmkeRainbow2016_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“Revisiting the round bottom flask rainbow experiment.”, M. Selmke and S. Selmke, arXiv, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.09563">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108002437/https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.09563">Archived</a> 8 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SelmkeHomepage2016-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SelmkeHomepage2016_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SelmkeHomepage2016_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pictures and Raytracings under "Alexander's dark band (or bright band?)", M. Selmke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photonicsdesign.jimdo.com/physics-at-home/">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108003455/https://photonicsdesign.jimdo.com/physics-at-home/">Archived</a> 8 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casini2012-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casini2012_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Casini and A. Covello, “The ”rainbow” in the drop,” Am. J. Phys. 80(11), 1027–1034 (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkeley2-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berkeley2_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Primary and Secondary Bow of a Rainbow”, U.C. Berkeley Physics Lecture Demonstrations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeleyphysicsdemos.net/node/9265">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108012939/http://berkeleyphysicsdemos.net/node/9265">Archived</a> 8 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ray" title="Reginald Ray">Ray, Reginald</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQMLAAAAYAAJ"><i>Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a>. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570627729" title="Special:BookSources/9781570627729"><bdi>9781570627729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+of+the+Vajra+World%3A+The+Tantric+Buddhism+of+Tibet&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781570627729&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQMLAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DI%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Diris-bio-1">s.v. Iris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214163300/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DI%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Diris-bio-1">Archived</a> 14 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC"><i>A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7"><bdi>1-85065-570-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Albanian+Religion%2C+Mythology+and+Folk+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85065-570-7&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_IXHrXIsYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mistholme.com/dictionary/rainbow/">"Rainbow"</a>, <i>mistholme.com</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021142301/https://mistholme.com/dictionary/rainbow/">archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mistholme.com&rft.atitle=Rainbow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmistholme.com%2Fdictionary%2Frainbow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gonzalez, Nora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-the-rainbow-flag-become-a-symbol-of-lgbt-pride">"How Did the Rainbow Flag Become a Symbol of LGBTQ Pride?"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Did+the+Rainbow+Flag+Become+a+Symbol+of+LGBTQ+Pride%3F&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fhow-did-the-rainbow-flag-become-a-symbol-of-lgbt-pride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Blust, Robert</a> (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthropos.eu/anthropos/journal/abstracts/1161/116-1-11.php">"Pointing, Rainbows, and the Archaeology of Mind"</a>. <i>Anthropos</i>. <b>116</b>: 145–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0257-9774-2021-1-145">10.5771/0257-9774-2021-1-145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236605041">236605041</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118201651/http://www.anthropos.eu/anthropos/journal/abstracts/1161/116-1-11.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=Pointing%2C+Rainbows%2C+and+the+Archaeology+of+Mind&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=145-161&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F0257-9774-2021-1-145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236605041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropos.eu%2Fanthropos%2Fjournal%2Fabstracts%2F1161%2F116-1-11.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61813390">"Saudi authorities seize rainbow toys for promoting homosexuality"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907144051/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61813390">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+authorities+seize+rainbow+toys+for+promoting+homosexuality&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-61813390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1987" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Carl B. (1987). <i>The Rainbow, From Myth to Mathematics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08457-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08457-2"><bdi>978-0-691-08457-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rainbow%2C+From+Myth+to+Mathematics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08457-2&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rico1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ul_de_Rico" title="Ul de Rico">De Rico, Ul</a> (1978). <i>The Rainbow Goblins</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27759-1"><bdi>978-0-500-27759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rainbow+Goblins&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27759-1&rft.aulast=De+Rico&rft.aufirst=Ul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1976" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lanier F., ed. (1976). <i>The Rainbow Book</i>. Berkeley, California: Shambhala Publications and The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rainbow+Book&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications+and+The+Fine+Arts+Museums+of+San+Francisco&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span> (Large format handbook for the Summer 1976 exhibition <i>The Rainbow Art Show</i> which took place primarily at the <a href="/wiki/De_Young_Museum" title="De Young Museum">De Young Museum</a> but also at other museums. The book is divided into seven sections, each coloured a different colour of the rainbow.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenler1980" class="citation book cs1">Greenler, Robert (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomyencyclo0000unse"><i>Rainbows, Halos, and Glories</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521833-6"><bdi>978-0-19-521833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rainbows%2C+Halos%2C+and+Glories&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521833-6&rft.aulast=Greenler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomyencyclo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Raymond_L.Alastair_B._Fraser2001" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Raymond L. & Alastair B. Fraser (2001). <i>The Rainbow Bridge: Rainbows in Art, Myth and Science</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/SPIE_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="SPIE Press">SPIE Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01977-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01977-2"><bdi>978-0-271-01977-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rainbow+Bridge%3A+Rainbows+in+Art%2C+Myth+and+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press+and+SPIE+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01977-2&rft.au=Lee%2C+Raymond+L.&rft.au=Alastair+B.+Fraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch,_David_K.Livingston,_William2001" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (2001). <i>Color and Light in Nature</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77504-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77504-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+and+Light+in+Nature&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77504-5&rft.au=Lynch%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnaert,_Marcel_G.J.Lynch,_David_K.Livingston,_William1993" class="citation book cs1">Minnaert, Marcel G.J.; Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (1993). <i>Light and Color in the Outdoors</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-97935-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-97935-9"><bdi>978-0-387-97935-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+and+Color+in+the+Outdoors&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-387-97935-9&rft.au=Minnaert%2C+Marcel+G.J.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnaert,_Marcel_G.J.Lynch,_David_K.Livingston,_William1973" class="citation book cs1">Minnaert, Marcel G.J.; Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureoflightc00mmin"><i>The Nature of Light and Color in the Open Air</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20196-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20196-2"><bdi>978-0-486-20196-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Light+and+Color+in+the+Open+Air&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20196-2&rft.au=Minnaert%2C+Marcel+G.J.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureoflightc00mmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor,_JohnLynch,_David_K.Livingston,_William2002" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, John; Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William (2002). <i>Out of the Blue: A 24-Hour Skywatcher's Guide</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80925-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80925-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80925-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Blue%3A+A+24-Hour+Skywatcher%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80925-2&rft.au=Naylor%2C+John&rft.au=Lynch%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Livingston%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARainbow" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718165204/http://www.grad.ucl.ac.uk/comp/2007-2008/research/gallery/index.pht?entryID=183">Rainbow seen through infrared filter and through ultraviolet filter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoptics.co.uk/bows.htm"><i>Atmospheric Optics</i> website by Les Cowley</a> – Description of multiple types of bows, including: "bows that cross, red bows, twinned bows, coloured fringes, dark bands, spokes", etc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrifield" class="citation web cs1">Merrifield, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/rainbows.htm">"Rainbows"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">Structural colouration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal colouration">Animal colouration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_of_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour of chemicals">Colour of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Colour perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">Colour blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_calibration" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour calibration">Colour calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_constancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour constancy">Colour constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_task" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour task">Colour task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour code">Colour code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour temperature">Colour temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_vision_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision test">Colour vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of colour vision">Evolution of colour vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Impossible colour">Impossible colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour psychology">Colour psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour symbolism">Colour symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour preferences">Colour preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_colour_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüscher colour test">Lüscher colour test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour reproduction">Colour reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photography">Colour photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour balance">Colour balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Colour cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mapping">Colour mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Colour<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour scheme">Colour scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Colour tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colours">Monochromatic colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary colours">Complementary colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous colours">Analogous colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colours (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Web colours">Web colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour theory">Colour theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mixing">Colour mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colour">Primary colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary colour">Secondary colour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour solid">Colour solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour wheel">Colour wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour triangle">Colour triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour analysis">Colour analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_realism_(art_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour realism (art style)">Colour realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">Colour terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_colour_naming_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colour history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour in Chinese culture">Colour in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional colours of Japan">Traditional colours of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skin colour">Human skin colour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colourfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourfulness">Colourfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Colour Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_A%E2%80%93F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: A–F">List of colours: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_G%E2%80%93M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: G–M">List of colours: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_N%E2%80%93Z" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: N–Z">List of colours: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours (compact)">List of colours (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_by_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours by shade">List of colours by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colour_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colour palettes">List of colour palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of colour spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crayola crayon colours">List of Crayola crayon colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour chart">Colour chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colours" title="List of RAL colours">List of RAL colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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