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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatian_War_of_Independence_(1991–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnian_War_(1992–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnian_War_(1992–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Bosnian War (1992–1995) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnian_War_(1992–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo_War_(1998–1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo_War_(1998–1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Kosovo War (1998–1999) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo_War_(1998–1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgency_in_the_Preševo_Valley_(1999–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency_in_the_Preševo_Valley_(1999–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgency_in_the_Preševo_Valley_(1999–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_(2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_(2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_(2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms_embargo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_embargo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Arms embargo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_embargo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_cleansing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ethnic cleansing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_cleansing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_sexual_violence_and_rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_sexual_violence_and_rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Wartime sexual violence and rape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_sexual_violence_and_rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_consequences_and_material_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_consequences_and_material_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Humanitarian consequences and material damage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Humanitarian_consequences_and_material_damage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Humanitarian consequences and material damage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_consequences_and_material_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internally_displaced_persons_and_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internally_displaced_persons_and_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Internally displaced persons and refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internally_displaced_persons_and_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Material damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_war_crimes_trials:_ICTY/IRMCT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_war_crimes_trials:_ICTY/IRMCT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 International war crimes trials: ICTY/IRMCT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_war_crimes_trials:_ICTY/IRMCT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gunrunning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunrunning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gunrunning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunrunning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Drug trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Scholarly journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.3 Other sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yugoslav Wars</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Иугославиатәи аибашьрақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Иугославиатәи аибашьрақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حروب يوغوسلافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حروب يوغوسلافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_Yugoslaves" title="Guerres Yugoslaves – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerres Yugoslaves" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqoslaviya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Yuqoslaviya müharibələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yuqoslaviya müharibələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="یوقوسلاو ساواشلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوقوسلاو ساواشلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Югаслаўскія войны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Югаслаўскія войны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Югославски войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Югославски войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratovi_u_biv%C5%A1oj_Jugoslaviji" title="Ratovi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ratovi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_de_Iugosl%C3%A0via" title="Guerres de Iugoslàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres de Iugoslàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Jugosl%C3%A1vii" title="Válka v Jugoslávii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka v Jugoslávii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krigene_i_Jugoslavien" title="Krigene i Jugoslavien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krigene i Jugoslavien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslawienkriege" title="Jugoslawienkriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jugoslawienkriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaavia_s%C3%B5jad" title="Jugoslaavia sõjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jugoslaavia sõjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_yugoslavas" title="Guerras yugoslavas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras yugoslavas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavaj_Militoj" title="Jugoslavaj Militoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jugoslavaj Militoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviako_Gerrak" title="Jugoslaviako Gerrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jugoslaviako Gerrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="جنگ‌های یوگسلاو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های یوگسلاو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_de_Yougoslavie" title="Guerres de Yougoslavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres de Yougoslavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_iugoslavas" title="Guerras iugoslavas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerras iugoslavas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="유고슬라비아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유고슬라비아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yugoslav Wars" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Yugoslavia" title="Perang Yugoslavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin_%C3%AD_J%C3%BAg%C3%B3slav%C3%ADu" title="Borgarastyrjöldin í Júgóslavíu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgarastyrjöldin í Júgóslavíu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_jugoslave" title="Guerre jugoslave – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre jugoslave" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמות יוגוסלביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמות יוגוסלביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಯುಗೊಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಯುದ್ಧಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುಗೊಸ್ಲಾವ್ ಯುದ್ಧಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" 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lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jugoslavijos karai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeg_i_Joegosjlavi%C3%AB" title="Kreeg i Joegosjlavië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kreeg i Joegosjlavië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lszl%C3%A1v_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Délszláv háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Délszláv háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војни во Југославија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војни во Југославија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Yugoslavia" title="Perang Yugoslavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joegoslavische_oorlogen" title="Joegoslavische oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joegoslavische oorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89" title="ユーゴスラビア紛争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーゴスラビア紛争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviakrigene" title="Jugoslaviakrigene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jugoslaviakrigene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Iugoslava" title="Guerra Civil Iugoslava – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil Iugoslava" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_Iugoslave" title="Războaiele Iugoslave – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războaiele Iugoslave" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Югославские войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Югославские войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yugoslav Wars" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luft%C3%ABrat_n%C3%AB_Jugosllavi" title="Luftërat në Jugosllavi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luftërat në Jugosllavi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yugoslav Wars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna_v_Juhosl%C3%A1vii" title="Občianska vojna v Juhoslávii – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Občianska vojna v Juhoslávii" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojne_v_nekdanji_Jugoslaviji" title="Vojne v nekdanji Jugoslaviji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojne v nekdanji Jugoslaviji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Ратови у Југославији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ратови у Југославији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratovi_u_biv%C5%A1oj_Jugoslaviji" title="Ratovi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ratovi u bivšoj Jugoslaviji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavian_hajoamissodat" title="Jugoslavian hajoamissodat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jugoslavian hajoamissodat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviska_krigen" title="Jugoslaviska krigen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jugoslaviska krigen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามยูโกสลาเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามยูโกสลาเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Yugoslav Savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yugoslav Savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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href="/w/index.php?title=War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1991–2001 series of wars in the Balkans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yugoslav wars" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Yugoslavia" title="List of wars involving Yugoslavia">List of wars involving Yugoslavia</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Yugoslav Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_Yugoslav_wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Collage_Yugoslav_wars.jpg/290px-Collage_Yugoslav_wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Collage_Yugoslav_wars.jpg/435px-Collage_Yugoslav_wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Collage_Yugoslav_wars.jpg/580px-Collage_Yugoslav_wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1024" /></a> Clockwise from top-left: Officers of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Police_Force" title="Slovenian National Police Force">Slovenian National Police Force</a> escort captured soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> back to their unit during the <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence</a>; a destroyed <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a>; anti-tank missile installations of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a>-controlled Yugoslav People's Army during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">siege of Dubrovnik</a>; reburial of victims of the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">1995 Srebrenica massacre</a> in 2010; an armoured vehicle of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force</a> near <a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Friendship_Building" title="Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building">the Assembly building</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 March 1991 – 13 August 2001 (10 years, 5 months, 1 week and 5 days) <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a>: 27 June – 7 July 1991 (1 week and 3 days) <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a>: 31 March 1991 – 12 November 1995<a href="#cite_note-5">[A 1]</a> (4 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days) <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>: 6 April 1992 – 14 December 1995 (3 years, 8 months, 1 week and 6 days) <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo</a>: 27 May 1995 – 27 February 1998 (2 years and 9 months) <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>: 28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999 (1 year, 3 months and 2 weeks) <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a>: 12 June 1999 – 1 June 2001<a href="#cite_note-Mine_kills_Serb_police-6">[5]</a> (1 year, 11 months, 2 weeks and 6 days) <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Insurgency in Macedonia</a>: 22 January – 13 August 2001 (6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> and the formation of independent successor states</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Total deaths: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130,000–140,000+<a href="#cite_note-ictj-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-HLC-8">[7]</a> </div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Displaced: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4,000,000+<a href="#cite_note-ICTJ-9">[8]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslav_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Bosnia" title="1992 Yugoslav campaign in Bosnia">JNA campaign in Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat-Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Bosniak_conflict_in_Bosanska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina">Inter-Bosniak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Preševo, Bujanovac and Medveđa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but related<a href="#cite_note-Judah-BBC-2011-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naimark-Case-2003-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflicts</a>, wars of independence, and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgencies</a> that took place from 1991 to 2001<a href="#cite_note-14">[A 2]</a> in what had been the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (SFR Yugoslavia). The conflicts both led up to and resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, which began in mid-1991, into six independent countries matching the six <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of Yugoslavia">entities known as republics</a> that had previously constituted Yugoslavia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">called North Macedonia</a>). SFR Yugoslavia's constituent republics declared independence due to unresolved tensions between ethnic minorities in the new countries, which fueled the wars. While most of the conflicts ended through peace accords that involved full international recognition of new states, they resulted in a massive number of deaths as well as severe economic damage to the region. During the initial stages of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA) sought to preserve the unity of the Yugoslav nation by eradicating all republic governments. However, it increasingly came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, whose government invoked <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a> as an ideological replacement for the weakening <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist system</a>. As a result, the JNA began to lose <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovar Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, and effectively became a fighting force of only <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> According to a 1994 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), the Serb side did not aim to restore Yugoslavia; instead, it aimed to create a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a>" from parts of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a> movements have also been brought into connection with the Yugoslav Wars, such as "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a>" (from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, idea abandoned following international diplomacy)<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a>" (from parts of <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, abandoned in 1994 with the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Agreement (1994)">Washington Agreement</a>).<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Often described as one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">Europe's deadliest armed conflicts</a> since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Yugoslav Wars were marked by many <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">mass wartime rape</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> was the first European wartime event to be formally classified as genocidal in character since the military campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and many of the key individuals who perpetrated it were subsequently charged with war crimes;<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) was established by the UN in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague, Netherlands</a>, to prosecute all individuals who had committed war crimes during the conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Transitional_Justice" title="International Center for Transitional Justice">International Center for Transitional Justice</a>, the Yugoslav Wars resulted in the deaths of 140,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-ictj-7">[6]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Center" title="Humanitarian Law Center">Humanitarian Law Center</a> estimates at least 130,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-HLC-8">[7]</a> Over their decade-long duration, the conflicts resulted in major refugee and humanitarian crises.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> In 2006 the Central European free trade agreement (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a>) was expanded to include many of the previous Yugoslav republics. In order to show that despite the political conflicts economic cooperation was still possible. CEFTA went into full effect by the end of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> The Yugoslav Wars have alternatively been referred to as: <ul><li>"Wars in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>"</li> <li>"Wars/conflicts in the former Yugoslavia"<a href="#cite_note-ictj-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></li> <li>"Wars of Yugoslav Secession/Succession"</li> <li>"Third Balkan War": a term which is contained in the title of a book by the British journalist <a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Misha Glenny</a>, the term alludes to the two previous <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> which were waged from 1912 to 1913.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> However, some contemporary historians have previously applied this term to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, because they believe it to be a direct sequel to the 1912–13 wars.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></li> <li>"Yugoslav/Yugoslavia/Yugoslavian Civil War", "Civil War in Yugoslavia"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yugoslav_republics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yugoslav_republics.png/220px-Yugoslav_republics.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yugoslav_republics.png/330px-Yugoslav_republics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yugoslav_republics.png/440px-Yugoslav_republics.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>The flag map of the six Yugoslav republics (without the two autonomous provinces) between 1945 and 1992<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> The state of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> was created in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>, and its population was mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, though the nation also had a substantial <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> minority. Clear ethnic conflict between the Yugoslav peoples only became prominent in the 20th century, beginning with tensions over the constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats,_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a> in the early 1920s and escalating into violence between Serbs and Croats in the late 1920s after the assassination of Croatian politician <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Radić">Stjepan Radić</a>. This nation lasted from 1918 to 1941, when it was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded by the Axis powers</a> during World War II, which provided support to the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> (founded in 1929), whose <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">regime</a> carried out the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">genocide of Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Romani_people_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Romani people in the Independent State of Croatia">Roma</a> by <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia">executing people in concentration camps</a> and committing other systematic and mass crimes inside its territory.<a href="#cite_note-Judah-BBC-2011-10">[9]</a> The predominantly Serb <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, a Yugoslav Royalist and Serbian nationalist movement and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla force</a>, committed <a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">mass crimes</a> against Muslims and Croats that are considered a genocide by several authors, and they also supported the instatement of a Serbian monarchy and the establishment of a Yugoslav federation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> were able to appeal to all groups, including Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, and also engaged in mass killings.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> In 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_People%27s_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (FPRY) was established under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Judah-BBC-2011-10">[9]</a> who maintained a strongly authoritarian leadership that suppressed <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Tito's death</a> in 1980, relations between the six republics of the federation deteriorated. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> desired greater autonomy within the Yugoslav confederation, while Serbia sought to strengthen federal authority. As it became clear that there was no solution that was agreeable to all parties, Slovenia and Croatia moved towards <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. Although tensions in Yugoslavia had been mounting since the early 1980s, events in 1990 proved to be decisive. In the midst of economic hardship and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a> in eastern Europe in 1989, Yugoslavia was facing rising nationalism among its various ethnic groups. By the early 1990s, there was no effective authority at the federal level. The Federal Presidency consisted of the representatives of the six republics, two provinces and the Yugoslav People's Army, and the communist leadership was divided along national lines.<a href="#cite_note-Prelude-41">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Serbs.png/220px-Serbs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Serbs.png/330px-Serbs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Serbs.png/440px-Serbs.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of ethnic Serbs in Croatia, Bosnia, and Serbia in 1981 (delineated with the Serbian tricolor)</figcaption></figure> The representatives of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Kosovo and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> were replaced with loyalists of the President of Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>. Serbia secured four out of eight federal presidency votes<a href="#cite_note-Brown116-42">[40]</a> and was able to heavily influence decision-making at the federal level, since all the other Yugoslav republics only had one vote. While Slovenia and Croatia wanted to allow a multi-party system, Serbia, led by Milošević, demanded an even more centralized federation and Serbia's dominant role in it.<a href="#cite_note-Prelude-41">[39]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> in January 1990, the <a href="/wiki/SR_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Serbia">Serbian</a>-dominated assembly agreed to abolish the single-party system. However, Slobodan Milošević, the head of the Serbian Party branch (<a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">League of Communists of Serbia</a>) used his influence to block and vote down all other proposals from the <a href="/wiki/SR_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Croatia">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/SR_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Slovenia">Slovene</a> party delegates. This prompted the Croatian and Slovene delegations to walk out and thus the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">break-up</a> of the party,<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> a symbolic event representing the end of "<a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">brotherhood and unity</a>". The survey of Yugoslav citizens that was conducted in 1990 showed that ethnic animosity existed on a small scale.<a href="#cite_note-Perunovic_2015-44">[42]</a> Compared to the results from 25 years before, there was a significant increase in ethnic distance among <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-Perunovic_2015-44">[42]</a> Upon Croatia and Slovenia's declarations of independence in 1991, the Yugoslav federal government attempted to forcibly halt the impending <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of the country</a>, with Yugoslav Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a> declaring that the secessions of Slovenia and Croatia were both illegal and contrary to the constitution of Yugoslavia, and he also expressed his support for the Yugoslav People's Army in order to secure the integral unity of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> The Slovenes (represented by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lojze_Peterle" title="Lojze Peterle">Lojze Peterle</a>)<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> and Croats[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] argued that the act was not secession but disassociation (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: razdruževanje, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: razdruživanje) from Yugoslavia as the federation was originally established as a <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary union</a> of peoples.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Badinter_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinter Commission">Badinter Commission</a> ruled in November 1991 that the act was not secession but a separation as provided for by the constitution of the second Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> According to Stephen A. Hart, author of Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941–1945, the ethnically mixed region of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> held close and amicable relations between the Croats and Serbs who lived there in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many early proponents of a united Yugoslavia came from this region, such as <a href="/wiki/Ante_Trumbi%C4%87" title="Ante Trumbić">Ante Trumbić</a>, a Croat from Dalmatia. However, by the time of the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars, any hospitable relations between Croats and Serbs in Dalmatia had broken down, with Dalmatian Serbs fighting on the side of the self-declared <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a>. Even though the policies throughout the entire socialist period of Yugoslavia seemed to have been the same (namely that all Serbs should live in one state), political scientist Dejan Guzina argues that "different contexts in each of the subperiods of socialist Serbia and Yugoslavia yielded entirely different results (e.g., in favour of Yugoslavia, or in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a>)". He assumes that the Serbian policy changed from conservative–socialist at the beginning to <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> nationalist in the late 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuzina200391-50">[48]</a> In Serbia and Serb-dominated territories, violent confrontations occurred, particularly between nationalists and non-nationalists who criticized the Serbian government and the Serb political entities in Bosnia and Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-Gagnon-2004-51">[49]</a> Serbs who publicly opposed the nationalist political climate during the Yugoslav wars were reportedly harassed, threatened, or killed.<a href="#cite_note-Gagnon-2004-51">[49]</a> However, following Milošević's rise to power and the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars, numerous <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war movements</a> developed in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_anti-war_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991–1992 anti-war protests in Belgrade">Protests</a> were held against the actions of the Yugoslav People's Army, while protesters demanded the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on a declaration of war and disruption of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military conscription</a>, resulting in numerous <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertions</a> and emigrations.<a href="#cite_note-Vreme-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> With the escalation of the Yugoslav crisis, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">JNA</a> became heavily dominated by Serbs. According to the former commander of the fifth army in Zagreb <a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0pegelj" title="Martin Špegelj">Martin Špegelj</a>, 50% of the command positions were previously held by Croats, while a few years later at the beginning of the war all key positions were held by Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenian_War_of_Independence_(1991)">Slovenian War of Independence (1991)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slovenian War of Independence (1991)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teritorialci_so_z_armbrustom_zadeli_tank_v_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8Du_pred_MMP_Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="damaged JNA tanks on the road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Teritorialci_so_z_armbrustom_zadeli_tank_v_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8Du_pred_MMP_Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina..jpg/220px-Teritorialci_so_z_armbrustom_zadeli_tank_v_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8Du_pred_MMP_Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Teritorialci_so_z_armbrustom_zadeli_tank_v_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8Du_pred_MMP_Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina..jpg/330px-Teritorialci_so_z_armbrustom_zadeli_tank_v_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8Du_pred_MMP_Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Teritorialci_so_z_armbrustom_zadeli_tank_v_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8Du_pred_MMP_Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina..jpg/440px-Teritorialci_so_z_armbrustom_zadeli_tank_v_kri%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8Du_pred_MMP_Ro%C5%BEna_Dolina..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Ambushed JNA tanks near <a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a>, on the border with Italy</figcaption></figure> The first of the conflicts, known as the Ten-Day War, was initiated by the JNA (Yugoslav People's Army) on 26 June 1991 after the separation of Slovenia from the federation on 25 June 1991.<a href="#cite_note-Race-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prunk-59">[57]</a> Initially, the federal government ordered the Yugoslav People's Army to secure border crossings in Slovenia. Slovenian police and <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defence" title="Slovenian Territorial Defence">Slovenian Territorial Defence</a> blockaded barracks and roads, leading to stand-offs and limited skirmishes around the republic. After several dozen casualties, the limited conflict was stopped through negotiation at <a href="/wiki/Brijuni" title="Brijuni">Brioni</a> on 7 July 1991, when Slovenia and Croatia <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">agreed</a> to a three-month moratorium on separation. The Federal Army completely withdrew from Slovenia by 26 October 1991. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatian_War_of_Independence_(1991–1995)">Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_War_1991,_Dubrovnik_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Balkans_War_1991%2C_Dubrovnik_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB_%281%29.jpg/220px-Balkans_War_1991%2C_Dubrovnik_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Balkans_War_1991%2C_Dubrovnik_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB_%281%29.jpg/330px-Balkans_War_1991%2C_Dubrovnik_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Balkans_War_1991%2C_Dubrovnik_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB_%281%29.jpg/440px-Balkans_War_1991%2C_Dubrovnik_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Damage after the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatian_War_1991_Vukovar_destroyed_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Croatian_War_1991_Vukovar_destroyed_tank.jpg/220px-Croatian_War_1991_Vukovar_destroyed_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Croatian_War_1991_Vukovar_destroyed_tank.jpg/330px-Croatian_War_1991_Vukovar_destroyed_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Croatian_War_1991_Vukovar_destroyed_tank.jpg/440px-Croatian_War_1991_Vukovar_destroyed_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>A JNA <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84 tank</a> disabled by a mine laid by Croat soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a>, November 1991</figcaption></figure> Fighting in Croatia had begun weeks prior to the Ten-Day War in Slovenia. The Croatian War of Independence began when <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a>, who were opposed to <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Croatian independence</a>, announced their secession from Croatia. In the <a href="/wiki/1990_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Croatian parliamentary election">1990 parliamentary elections</a> in Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President of Croatia</a>. He promoted nationalist policies and had a primary goal of the establishment of an independent Croatia. The new government proposed <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">constitutional changes</a>, reinstated the traditional <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Croatia" title="Flag of Croatia">Croatian flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia">coat of arms</a>, and removed the term "Socialist" from the title of the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001229-60">[58]</a> The new Croatian government implemented policies that were openly nationalistic and anti-Serbian in nature, such as the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic script">Serbian Cyrillic script</a> from correspondence in public offices.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In an attempt to counter changes made to the constitution, local Serb politicians organized a referendum on "sovereignty and autonomy of Serbian people in Croatia" on 17 August 1990. Their boycott escalated into an insurrection in areas populated by ethnic Serbs, mostly around Knin, known as the <a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001233-63">[61]</a> Local police in Knin sided with the growing Serbian insurgency, while many government employees, mostly police where commanding positions were mainly held by Serbs, lost their jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010262-64">[62]</a> The new Croatian constitution was ratified in December 1990, and the Serb National Council formed <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a>, a self-proclaimed Serbian autonomous region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999222-65">[63]</a> Ethnic tensions rose, fueled by <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars">propaganda</a> in both Croatia and Serbia. On 2 May 1991, one of the first armed clashes between Serb paramilitaries and Croatian police occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010119-66">[64]</a> On 19 May an <a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">independence referendum</a> was held, which was largely boycotted by <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Serbs">Croatian Serbs</a>, and the majority voted in favour of the independence of Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999222-65">[63]</a> Croatia declared independence and dissolved its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a>, a three-month moratorium was placed on the implementation of the decision that ended on 8 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999226-68">[66]</a> The armed incidents of early 1991 escalated into an all-out war during the summer, with fronts being formed around the areas of the breakaway SAO Krajina. The JNA had disarmed the Territorial Units of Slovenia and Croatia prior to the declaration of independence, at the behest of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70">[68]</a> This was greatly aggravated by an arms embargo, imposed by the UN on Yugoslavia. The JNA was ostensibly ideologically unitarian, but its officer corps was predominantly staffed by Serbs or Montenegrins (70 percent).<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> As a result, the JNA opposed Croatian independence and sided with the Croatian Serb rebels. The Croatian Serb rebels were unaffected by the embargo because they were supported and supplied by the JNA. By mid-July 1991, the JNA moved an estimated 70,000 troops to Croatia. The fighting rapidly escalated, eventually spanning hundreds of square kilometers from western Slavonia through <a href="/wiki/Banija" class="mw-redirect" title="Banija">Banija</a> to Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Border regions faced direct attacks from forces within Serbia and Montenegro. In August 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a> began, where fierce fighting took place with around 1,800 Croat fighters blocking the JNA's advance into Slavonia. By the end of October, the town was almost completely devastated as a result of land shelling and air bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001256-73">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a> started in October with the shelling of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, where the international press was criticised for focusing on the city's architectural heritage, instead of reporting the destruction of Vukovar in which many civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2010-74">[72]</a> On 18 November 1991, the battle of Vukovar ended after the city ran out of ammunition. The <a href="/wiki/Vukovar_massacre" title="Vukovar massacre">Ovčara massacre</a> occurred shortly after Vukovar's capture by the JNA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010263-75">[73]</a> Meanwhile, control over central Croatia was seized by Croatian Serb forces in conjunction with the JNA Corps from Bosnia and Herzegovina, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCProfile-76">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunja_(Croatia).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sunja_%28Croatia%29.JPG/220px-Sunja_%28Croatia%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sunja_%28Croatia%29.JPG/330px-Sunja_%28Croatia%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sunja_%28Croatia%29.JPG/440px-Sunja_%28Croatia%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Croatia">Serbian</a> house in <a href="/wiki/Sunja,_Sisak-Moslavina_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunja, Sisak-Moslavina County">Sunja</a>, Croatia. Most Serbs fled during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a> in 1995.</figcaption></figure> In January 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Vance_plan" title="Vance plan">Vance Plan</a> established UN controlled (UNPA) zones for <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> in the territory which was claimed by the Serbian rebels as the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (RSK) and brought an end to major military operations, but sporadic artillery attacks on Croatian cities and occasional intrusions into UNPA zones by Croatian forces continued until 1995. The majority of Croatian population in RSK suffered heavily, fleeing or evicted with numerous killings, leading to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICTY_evidence-77">[75]</a> The fighting in Croatia ended in mid-1995, after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a>. At the end of these operations, Croatia had reclaimed all of its territory except the UNPA Sector East portion of Slavonia, bordering Serbia. During and after theses offensives, around 150,000–200,000 Serbs of the area formerly held by the ARSK were ethically cleansed and a variety of crimes were committed against some of the remaining civilians by Croatian forces.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The Croatian Serbs became the largest refugee population in Europe prior to the 2022 Ukraine war.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The areas of "Sector East", unaffected by the Croatian military operations, came under UN administration (<a href="/wiki/UNTAES" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAES">UNTAES</a>), and were reintegrated to Croatia in 1998 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USIP-Erdut-Agreement-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnian_War_(1992–1995)">Bosnian War (1992–1995)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bosnian War (1992–1995)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div> On 2 April 1992, a conflict engulfed <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> as it also declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump</a> Yugoslavia. The war was predominantly a territorial conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, who wanted to preserve the territorial integrity of the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serb">Bosnian Serb</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a> and the self-proclaimed Croat <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a>, which were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia respectively, reportedly with a goal of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Bosnia">partition of Bosnia</a>, which would leave only a small part of land for the Bosniaks.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> On 18 December 1992, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> issued resolution 47/121 in which it condemned Serbian and Montenegrin forces for trying to acquire more territories by force.<a href="#cite_note-Resolution-82">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>People queueing to gather water during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a>, 1992</figcaption></figure> The Yugoslav armed forces had disintegrated into a largely Serb-dominated military force. The JNA opposed the Bosnian-majority led government's agenda for independence, and along with other armed nationalist Serb militant forces attempted to prevent Bosnian citizens from voting in the 1992 referendum on independence.<a href="#cite_note-Meštrović_1996_p._36-83">[81]</a> They failed to persuade people not to vote, and instead the intimidating atmosphere combined with a Serb boycott of the vote resulted in a resounding 99% vote in support for independence.<a href="#cite_note-Meštrović_1996_p._36-83">[81]</a> On 19 June 1992, the war in Bosnia broke out, though the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a> had already begun in April after Bosnia and Herzegovina had declared independence. The conflict, typified by the years-long Sarajevo siege and the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Srebrenica genocide">Srebrenica genocide</a>, was by far the bloodiest and most widely covered of the Yugoslav wars. The Bosnian Serb faction led by ultra-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> promised independence for all Serb areas of Bosnia from the majority-Bosniak government of Bosnia. To link the disjointed parts of territories populated by Serbs and areas claimed by Serbs, Karadžić pursued an agenda of systematic ethnic cleansing primarily against Bosnians through massacre and forced removal of Bosniak populations.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prijedor_ethnic_cleansing" title="Prijedor ethnic cleansing">Prijedor ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad_massacres" title="Višegrad massacres">Višegrad massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_ethnic_cleansing" title="Foča ethnic cleansing">Foča ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doboj_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Doboj massacre">Doboj massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvornik_massacre" title="Zvornik massacre">Zvornik massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">siege of Goražde</a> and others were reported. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Yugoslavia_during_war_front_lines_in_1992.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Former_Yugoslavia_during_war_front_lines_in_1992.png/220px-Former_Yugoslavia_during_war_front_lines_in_1992.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Former_Yugoslavia_during_war_front_lines_in_1992.png/330px-Former_Yugoslavia_during_war_front_lines_in_1992.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Former_Yugoslavia_during_war_front_lines_in_1992.png/440px-Former_Yugoslavia_during_war_front_lines_in_1992.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Former Yugoslavia during war front lines in 1992 - Flag map of yugoslav wars</figcaption></figure> At the end of 1992, tensions between <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Croats</a> and Bosniaks rose and their collaboration fell apart. In January 1993, the two former allies engaged in open conflict, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat–Bosniak War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In 1994 the US brokered peace between Croatian forces and the Bosnian <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a>. After the successful Flash and Storm operations, the Croatian Army and the combined Bosnian and Croat forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina conducted an operation codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral</a> in September 1995 to push back Bosnian Serb military gains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA2002379-86">[84]</a> The advances on the ground along with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">NATO air strikes</a> put pressure on the Bosnian Serbs to come to the negotiating table. Pressure was put on all sides to stick to the cease-fire and <a href="/wiki/Peace_plans_offered_before_and_during_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace plans offered before and during the Bosnian War">negotiate an end</a> to the war in Bosnia. The war ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> on 14 December 1995, with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> as an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Along with ending the war, the Dayton Agreement also established the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The constitution is consociational in nature and describes Bosniacs, Croats and Serbs as "constituent peoples," giving each ethnic group far reaching veto powers in government.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In 2000, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina required the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska to recognize all "constituent peoples" as entitled to full equality throughout the nation.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Similarly, Article X of the constitution declares that the rights and freedoms defined in Article II may not be altered.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Features like these are common throughout the constitution in order to assuage feelings of mistrust between the different ethnic groups and maintain lasting stability.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) in the United States reported in April 1995 (three months before <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>) that nearly 90 percent of all the atrocities in the Yugoslav wars up to that point had been perpetrated by Serb militants.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Most of these atrocities occurred in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)</a></div> After September 1990 when the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a> had been unilaterally repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a>, Kosovo's autonomy suffered and so the region was faced with state-organized oppression: from the early 1990s, Albanian language radio and television were restricted and newspapers shut down. Kosovar Albanians were fired in large numbers from public enterprises and institutions, including banks, hospitals, the post office and schools.<a href="#cite_note-milutnovic88-93">[91]</a> In June 1991, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Priština">University of Priština</a> assembly and several faculty councils were dissolved and replaced by Serbs. Kosovar Albanian teachers were prevented from entering school premises for the new school year beginning in September 1991, forcing students to study at home.<a href="#cite_note-milutnovic88-93">[91]</a> In the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (KLA) was formed. They started carrying out attacks on Serb civilians. By the early 1990s, there were attacks on Serbian police forces and secret-service officials in retaliation for the abuse and murder of Albanian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Perritt2010-94">[92]</a> A Serbian policeman was killed in 1995, allegedly by the KLA.<a href="#cite_note-RadanPavkovic2013-95">[93]</a> The KLA sought to destabilize the region, hoping the United States and NATO would intervene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden2000-96">[94]</a> Serbian patrols were ambushed and policemen were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden2000-96">[94]</a> It was only in the next year that the KLA organization took responsibility for these attacks.<a href="#cite_note-RadanPavkovic2013-95">[93]</a> The KLA, originally composed of a few hundred Albanians, attacked several police stations and wounded many police officers in 1996–1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner2002206-97">[95]</a> In February 1996 the KLA undertook a series of attacks against police stations and Yugoslav government employees, saying that the Yugoslav authorities had killed Albanian civilians as part of an ethnic cleansing campaign.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> On 22 April 1996, four attacks on Serbian security personnel were carried out almost simultaneously in several parts of Kosovo. In January 1997, Serbian security forces assassinated KLA commander <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Pajaziti" title="Zahir Pajaziti">Zahir Pajaziti</a> and two other leaders in a highway attack between Pristina and Mitrovica, and arrested more than 100 Albanian militants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerritt200844,_56-99">[97]</a> Adem Jashari, as one of the founders and leaders of the KLA, was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a> by a Yugoslav court on 11 July 1997. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> subsequently described the trial, in which fourteen other Kosovo Albanians were also convicted, as "[failing] to conform to international standards".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199827-100">[98]</a> The NATO <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> claimed the KLA was "the main initiator of the violence" and that it had "launched what appears to be a deliberate campaign of provocation".<a href="#cite_note-allan-101">[99]</a> Pursuing Jashari for the murder of a Serb policeman, the Serbian forces again attempted to assault the Jashari compound in Prekaz on 22 January 1998.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2011142-102">[100]</a> Between 1991 and 1997, mostly in 1996–97, 39 persons were killed by the KLA.<a href="#cite_note-Ron2003-103">[101]</a> Attacks between 1996 and February 1998 led to the deaths of 10 policemen and 24 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-RadanPavkovic2013-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kosovo_War_(1998–1999)">Kosovo War (1998–1999)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kosovo War (1998–1999)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomahawk-launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomahawk-launch.jpg/220px-Tomahawk-launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomahawk-launch.jpg/330px-Tomahawk-launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tomahawk-launch.jpg/440px-Tomahawk-launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk cruise missile</a> launches from the aft missile deck of the US warship <a href="/wiki/USS_Gonzalez_(DDG-66)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Gonzalez (DDG-66)">USS Gonzalez</a> on March 31, 1999</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Smoke rising in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Serbia after NATO bombardment in 1999</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-facilitated ceasefire between the KLA and Yugoslav forces was signed on 15 October 1998, but both sides broke it two months later and fighting resumed. When the killing of 45 Kosovar Albanians in the <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a> was reported in January 1999, NATO decided that the conflict could only be settled by introducing a military peacekeeping force to forcibly restrain the two sides.<a href="#cite_note-Milutinovic_p._416-104">[102]</a> Yugoslavia refused to sign the <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambouillet Accords">Rambouillet Accords</a>, which among other things called for 30,000 NATO peacekeeping troops in Kosovo; an unhindered right of passage for NATO troops on Yugoslav territory; immunity for NATO and its agents to Yugoslav law; and the right to use local roads, ports, railways, and airports without payment and requisition public facilities for its use free of cost.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeidenSuy-106">[104]</a> NATO then prepared to install the peacekeepers by force, using this refusal to justify the bombings. The <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> followed, an intervention against Serbian forces with a mainly bombing campaign, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">General Wesley Clark</a>. Hostilities ended <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 months later with the <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a>. Kosovo was placed under the governmental control of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a> and the military protection of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> (KFOR). The 15-month war had left thousands of civilians killed on both sides and over a million displaced.<a href="#cite_note-Milutinovic_p._416-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insurgency_in_the_Preševo_Valley_(1999–2001)">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a></div> The Insurgency in the Preševo Valley was an armed conflict between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and ethnic-Albanian insurgents<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac</a> (UÇPMB), beginning in June 1999.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> There were instances during the conflict in which the Yugoslav government requested KFOR support in suppressing UÇPMB attacks, since the government could only use lightly armed military forces as part of the Kumanovo Agreement, which created a buffer zone so the bulk of the Yugoslav armed forces could not enter.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Yugoslav president <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a> warned that fresh fighting would erupt if KFOR units did not act to prevent the attacks that were coming from the UÇPMB.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_(2001)">Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency in Macedonia</a></div> The insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia was an armed conflict in the northwestern part of the country which began when the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Army (Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> (NLA) militant group began attacking the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">security forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> at the end of January 2001, and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2001)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2001)">Ohrid Agreement</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The goal of the NLA was to give greater rights and autonomy to the country's Albanian minority, who made up 25.2% of the population of the Republic of Macedonia (54.7% in Tetovo).<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-stat.gov.mk-114">[112]</a> There were also claims that the group ultimately wished to see Albanian-majority areas secede from the country,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> although high-ranking NLA members have denied this.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms_embargo">Arms embargo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arms embargo">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> had imposed an arms embargo in September 1991.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Nevertheless, various states had been engaged in, or facilitated, arms sales to the warring factions.<a href="#cite_note-ZgagaSurc_2011-117">[115]</a> In 2012, Chile convicted nine people, including two retired generals, for their part in arms sales.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_20.01.2012-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Croatian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocide">Genocide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genocide">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srebrenica_Massacre_-_Massacre_Victim_2_-_Potocari_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srebrenica_Massacre_-_Massacre_Victim_2_-_Potocari_2007.jpg/220px-Srebrenica_Massacre_-_Massacre_Victim_2_-_Potocari_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srebrenica_Massacre_-_Massacre_Victim_2_-_Potocari_2007.jpg/330px-Srebrenica_Massacre_-_Massacre_Victim_2_-_Potocari_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srebrenica_Massacre_-_Massacre_Victim_2_-_Potocari_2007.jpg/440px-Srebrenica_Massacre_-_Massacre_Victim_2_-_Potocari_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The skull of a victim of the July 1995 <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> in an exhumed mass grave outside <a href="/wiki/Donji_Poto%C4%8Dari" title="Donji Potočari">Potočari</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> It is widely believed that <a href="/wiki/Mass_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass murders">mass murders</a> against Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina escalated into genocide. On 18 December 1992, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> issued resolution 47/121 condemning "aggressive acts by the Serbian and Montenegrin forces to acquire more territories by force" and called such ethnic cleansing "a form of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Resolution-82">[80]</a> Genocide scholars consider the term "ethnic cleansing" itself a euphemism for genocide denial created by Slobodan Milošević and Serbian propagandists.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In its report published on 1 January 1993, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Watch" title="Helsinki Watch">Helsinki Watch</a> was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights organization">civil rights organisations</a> that warned that "the extent of the violence and its selective nature along ethnic and religious lines suggest crimes of genocidal character against Muslim and, to a lesser extent, Croatian populations in Bosnia-Hercegovina".<a href="#cite_note-Helsinki_Watch_Report-122">[120]</a> A telegram sent to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on 8 February 1994 by U.S. Ambassador to Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Galbraith" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Galbraith">Peter W. Galbraith</a>, stated that genocide was occurring. The telegram cited "constant and indiscriminate shelling and gunfire" of Sarajevo by Karadzic's Yugoslav People Army; the harassment of minority groups in Northern Bosnia "in an attempt to force them to leave"; and the use of detainees "to do dangerous work on the front lines" as evidence that genocide was being committed.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed a resolution declaring that "the Serbian policies of aggression and ethnic cleansing meet the terms defining genocide".<a href="#cite_note-thomas.loc.gov-124">[122]</a> A trial took place before the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, following a <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Genocide_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Genocide Case">1993 suit</a> by Bosnia and Herzegovina against Serbia and Montenegro alleging <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. The ICJ ruling of 26 February 2007 indirectly determined the war's nature to be international, though clearing Serbia of direct responsibility for the genocide committed by the forces of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Republika_Srpska#1991–1995" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica</a>. The ICJ concluded, however, that Serbia failed to prevent genocide committed by Serb forces in Srebrenica and failed to punish those responsible, and bring them to justice.<a href="#cite_note-Court_Declares_Bosnia_Killings_Were_Genocide-125">[123]</a> War crimes were conducted simultaneously by different Serb forces in different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in <a href="/wiki/Bijeljina_massacre" title="Bijeljina massacre">Bijeljina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prijedor_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Prijedor massacre">Prijedor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvornik_massacre" title="Zvornik massacre">Zvornik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad_massacres" title="Višegrad massacres">Višegrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Foča massacre">Foča</a>. The judges however ruled that the criteria for genocide with the specific intent (<a href="/wiki/Dolus_specialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolus specialis">dolus specialis</a>) to destroy Bosnian Muslims were met only in Srebrenica in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Court_Declares_Bosnia_Killings_Were_Genocide-125">[123]</a> The court concluded that other crimes, outside Srebrenica, committed during the 1992–1995 war, may amount to <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> according to the international law, but that these acts did not, in themselves, constitute genocide per se.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The crime of genocide in the Srebrenica enclave was confirmed in several guilty verdicts handed down by the ICTY, most notably in the conviction of the Bosnian Serb leader <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radovan_Karadzic_guilty_of_genocide_over_Srebrenica_massacre_in_Bosnia-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnic cleansing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_percentage_of_refugees_and_IDs_during_Yugoslav_Wars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_percentage_of_refugees_and_IDs_during_Yugoslav_Wars.png/220px-Map_of_percentage_of_refugees_and_IDs_during_Yugoslav_Wars.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_percentage_of_refugees_and_IDs_during_Yugoslav_Wars.png/330px-Map_of_percentage_of_refugees_and_IDs_during_Yugoslav_Wars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_percentage_of_refugees_and_IDs_during_Yugoslav_Wars.png/440px-Map_of_percentage_of_refugees_and_IDs_during_Yugoslav_Wars.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Map of refugees and IDs as percentage of total population per republic during the Yugoslav Wars</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manja%C4%8Da_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manja%C4%8Da_Camp.jpg/220px-Manja%C4%8Da_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manja%C4%8Da_Camp.jpg/330px-Manja%C4%8Da_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manja%C4%8Da_Camp.jpg/440px-Manja%C4%8Da_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Detainees in the <a href="/wiki/Manja%C4%8Da_camp" title="Manjača camp">Manjača camp</a>, near Banja Luka, 1992</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a> was a common phenomenon in the wars in Croatia, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. This entailed intimidation, <a href="/wiki/Forced_expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced expulsion">forced expulsion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">killing</a> of the unwanted ethnic group as well as the destruction of the places of worship, cemeteries and cultural and historical buildings of that ethnic group in order to alter the population composition of an area in the favour of another ethnic group which would become the majority. These examples of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">territorial nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">territorial aspirations</a> are part of the goal of an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethno-state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200157–75-128">[126]</a> Detention camps such as <a href="/wiki/Omarska_camp" title="Omarska camp">Omarska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trnopolje_camp" title="Trnopolje camp">Trnopolje</a> were also designated as an integral part of the overall ethnic cleansing strategy of the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20021-129">[127]</a> According to numerous ICTY verdicts and indictments, Serb<a href="#cite_note-Prosecutor_v._Vujadin_Popovic,_Ljubisa_Beara,_Drago_Nikolic,_Ljubomir_Borovcanin,_Radivoje_Miletic,_Milan_Gvero,_and_Vinko_Pandurevic-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICTY:_Radoslav_Brđanin_judgement-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tadic_Case:_The_Verdict-132">[130]</a> and Croat<a href="#cite_note-Prosecuter_v._Jadranko_Prlic,_Bruno_Stojic,_Slobodan_Praljak,_Milivoj_Petkovic_and_Valentin_Coric_and_Berislav_Pusic-133">[131]</a> forces performed <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of their territories planned by their political leadership to create ethnically pure states (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Republika_Srpska#1991–1995" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> by the Serbs; and <a href="/wiki/Herzeg-Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a> by the Croats). According to the ICTY, Serb forces from the SAO Krajina deported at least 80–100,000 Croats and other non-Serb civilians in 1991–92.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The total number of exiled Croats and other non-Serbs range from 170,000 (<a href="/wiki/ICTY" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTY">ICTY</a>),<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> to a quarter of a million people (<a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>).<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> The number of Croats in Serb-occupied <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> dropped from 203,656 (37% of population) in 1991<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> to 4,000 by early 1995.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Also, at least 700,000 to as many as 863,000 Albanians were deported from Kosovo in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> More than 80% of the total population of Kosovo was displaced by June 1999.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Further hundreds of thousands of Muslims were forced out of their homes by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200158-142">[140]</a> By one estimate, the Serb forces drove at least 700,000 Bosnian Muslims from the area of Bosnia under their control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeldenhuys200434-143">[141]</a> According to a 1994 U.N. report, Croatian forces also engaged in ethnic cleansing against Serbs in <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">eastern</a> and western Slavonia and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Krajina" title="Krajina">Krajina</a> region, though on a more restricted scale and in lesser numbers.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Survivors of the ethnic cleansing were left severely traumatized as a consequence of this campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeineBeckerVojvodaHodzic1998147-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_sexual_violence_and_rape">Wartime sexual violence and rape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wartime sexual violence and rape">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape in the Bosnian War">Rape in the Bosnian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence#Former_Yugoslavia" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence § Former Yugoslavia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">War rape</a> occurred as a matter of official orders as part of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, to displace the targeted ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-de_Brouwer_2005_10-146">[144]</a> According to the Trešnjevka Women's Group, more than 35,000 women and children were held in such Serb-run "rape camps".<a href="#cite_note-debrouwer9-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_Kunarac" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoljub Kunarac">Dragoljub Kunarac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Kova%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Radomir Kovač">Radomir Kovač</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Vukovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Vuković">Zoran Vuković</a> were convicted of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> for rape, torture, and enslavement committed during the <a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Foča massacres">Foča massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The evidence of the magnitude of rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina prompted the ICTY to openly deal with these abuses.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Reports of sexual violence during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995) and Kosovo War (1998–1999) perpetrated by the Serbian regular and irregular forces have been described as "especially alarming".<a href="#cite_note-debrouwer9-147">[145]</a> The NATO-led Kosovo Force documented rapes of Albanian, Roma and Serbian women by both Serbs and members of the Kosovo Liberation Army.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Others have estimated that during the Bosnian War, between 20,000 and 50,000 women, mostly Bosniak, were raped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalzman1998348–378-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent2006-154">[152]</a> There are few reports of rape and sexual assault between members of the same ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-Bassiouni-155">[153]</a> War rape in the Yugoslav Wars has often been characterized as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>. Rapes which were perpetrated by Serb forces served to destroy the cultural and social ties which existed between the victims and their communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECard19965–18-156">[154]</a> Serbian policies allegedly urged soldiers to rape Bosniak women until they became pregnant as an attempt towards ethnic cleansing. Serbian soldiers hoped to force Bosniak women to carry Serbian children through repeated rape.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Often Bosniak women were held in captivity for an extended period of time and only released slightly before the birth of a child conceived of rape. The systematic rape of Bosniak women may have carried further-reaching repercussions than the initial displacement of rape victims. Stress, caused by the trauma of rape, coupled with the lack of access to reproductive health care often experienced by displaced peoples, led to serious health risks for victimized women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinn2000174–180-158">[156]</a> During the Kosovo War, thousands of Kosovo Albanian women and girls became victims of sexual violence. War rape was used as a weapon of war and it was also used as an instrument of systematic <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>; rape was used to terrorize the civilian population, extort money from families, and force people to flee their homes. According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> group in 2000, rape in the Kosovo War can generally be subdivided into three categories: rapes in women's homes, rapes during flight, and rapes in detention.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW2-160">[158]</a> The majority of the perpetrators were Serbian paramilitaries, but also included Serbian special police or Yugoslav army soldiers. Virtually all of the sexual assaults Human Rights Watch documented were gang rapes involving at least two perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW2-160">[158]</a> Since the end of the war, rapes of Serbian, Albanian, and Roma women by ethnic Albanians – sometimes by members of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) – have been documented, but they have not occurred on a similar scale.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW2-160">[158]</a> Rapes frequently occurred in the presence, and with the acquiescence, of military officers. Soldiers, police, and paramilitaries often raped their victims in the full view of numerous witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-de_Brouwer_2005_10-146">[144]</a> A 2013 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> (UNDP) in Croatia entitled 'Assessment of the Number of Sexual Violence Victims during the Homeland War on the Territory of the Republic of Croatia and Optimal Forms of Compensation and Support of Victims', determined the estimated victims (male and female) of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> on both sides to number between approximately 1,470 and 2,205 or 1,501 and 2,437 victims.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Sexual_Violence-161">[159]</a> Most victims were non-Serbs assaulted by Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Sexual_Violence-161">[159]</a> By region, the largest number of rapes and acts of sexual violence occurred in Eastern Slavonia, with an estimated 380–570 victims.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Sexual_Violence-161">[159]</a> According to the UNDP report, between 300 and 600 men (4.4–6.6% of those imprisoned) and between 279 and 466 women (or 30–50% of those imprisoned) suffered from various forms of sexual abuse while being held in Serbian detention camps and prisons (including those in Serbia proper).<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Sexual_Violence-161">[159]</a> Between 412 and 611 Croat women were raped in the Serb-occupied territories, outside of detention camps, from 1991 to 1995.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Sexual_Violence-161">[159]</a> Croat forces were also known to have committed rapes and acts of sexual violence against Serb women during Operations <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Flash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Storm</a>, with an estimated 94–140 victims.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Sexual_Violence-161">[159]</a> Sexual abuse of Serb prisoners also occurred in the Croat-run <a href="/wiki/Lora_prison_camp" title="Lora prison camp">Lora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerestinec_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerestinec camp">Kerestinec</a> camps.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_Sexual_Violence-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitarian_consequences_and_material_damage">Humanitarian consequences and material damage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Humanitarian consequences and material damage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmici_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ahmici_massacre.jpg/220px-Ahmici_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ahmici_massacre.jpg/330px-Ahmici_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ahmici_massacre.jpg/440px-Ahmici_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>UN peacekeepers collecting corpses after the <a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">Ahmići massacre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deadliest_modern_European_wars_by_death_toll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Deadliest_modern_European_wars_by_death_toll.jpg/220px-Deadliest_modern_European_wars_by_death_toll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Deadliest_modern_European_wars_by_death_toll.jpg/330px-Deadliest_modern_European_wars_by_death_toll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Deadliest_modern_European_wars_by_death_toll.jpg/440px-Deadliest_modern_European_wars_by_death_toll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Kosovo, Croatian and Bosnian War death toll compared to other modern European wars</figcaption></figure> Some estimates put the number of killed in the Yugoslav Wars at 140,000.<a href="#cite_note-ictj-7">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Center" title="Humanitarian Law Center">Humanitarian Law Center</a> estimates that in the conflicts in former Yugoslav republics at least 130,000 people lost their lives.<a href="#cite_note-HLC-8">[7]</a> Slovenia's involvement in the conflicts was brief, thus avoiding higher casualties, and around 70 people were killed in its ten-day conflict. The War in Croatia left an estimated 22,000 people dead, of which 15,000 were Croats and 7,000 Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjelajacŽunec2009265-162">[160]</a> Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered the heaviest burden of the fighting: between 97,207 and 102,622 people were killed in the war, including 64,036 Bosniaks, 24,905 Serbs, and 7,788 Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011136-163">[161]</a> By share, 65% of the killed were Bosniaks, 25% Serbs, and 8% Croats.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In the Kosovo conflict, 13,535 people were killed, including 10,812 Albanians (80%) and 2,197 Serbs (16%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVisoka2020385-165">[163]</a> The highest death toll was in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>: with around 14,000 killed during the siege,<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> the city lost almost as many people as the entire war in Kosovo. In relative and absolute numbers, Bosniaks suffered the heaviest losses: 64,036 of their people were killed in Bosnia, which represents a death toll of over 3% of their entire ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToalDahlman2011136-163">[161]</a> Of that number, 33,070 Bosniaks were civilians (52%) and 30,966 were soldiers (48%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostic2012663-167">[165]</a> They experienced the worst plight in the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> of the Bosniak men (irrespective of their age or civilian status) reached 33% in July 1995.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunborgLyngstadUrdal2003229–248-168">[166]</a> The share of Bosniaks among all the civilian fatalities during the Bosnian War was around 83%, rising to almost 95% in Eastern Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmajić2013124-169">[167]</a> During the War in Croatia, 43.4% of the killed on the Croatian side were civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2010469-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internally_displaced_persons_and_refugees">Internally displaced persons and refugees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internally displaced persons and refugees">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-bosnia-travnik-girl-doll-refugee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Evstafiev-bosnia-travnik-girl-doll-refugee.jpg/220px-Evstafiev-bosnia-travnik-girl-doll-refugee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Evstafiev-bosnia-travnik-girl-doll-refugee.jpg/330px-Evstafiev-bosnia-travnik-girl-doll-refugee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Evstafiev-bosnia-travnik-girl-doll-refugee.jpg/440px-Evstafiev-bosnia-travnik-girl-doll-refugee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Bosnian refugees in 1993</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG/220px-Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG/330px-Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG/440px-Eksodi_99_Kukes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1791" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Kosovo Albanian refugees in 1999</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg/220px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg/330px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg/440px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Kosovo Serb refugees in 1999</figcaption></figure> The Yugoslav Wars caused <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_refugee_crises" title="List of largest refugee crises">one of the largest refugee crises</a> in European history. It is estimated that the wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo produced about 2.4 million <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> and an additional 2 million <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced">internally displaced</a> persons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins200310-171">[169]</a> The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused 2.2 million refugees or displaced, of which over half were Bosniaks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNHCR2003-172">[170]</a> Up until 2001, there were still 650,000 displaced Bosniaks, while 200,000 left the country permanently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNHCR2003-172">[170]</a> The Kosovo War caused 862,979 Albanian refugees who were either expelled from the Serb forces or fled from the battle front.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> In addition, 500,000 to 600,000 were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced">internally displaced</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIacopinoFrankBauerKeller20012013–2018-174">[172]</a> which means that, according to the <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>, almost 90% of all Albanians were displaced from their homes in Kosovo by June 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOSCE199913-175">[173]</a> After the end of the war, Albanians returned, but over 200,000 Serbs, Romani and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo. By the end of 2000, Serbia thus became the host of 700,000 Serb refugees or internally displaced from Kosovo, Croatia and Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-Bleak_outlook_for_Serb_refugees-176">[174]</a> From the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> for internally displaced or refugees, Croatia took the brunt of the crisis. According to some sources, in 1992 Croatia was the host to almost 750,000 refugees or internally displaced, which represents a quota of almost 16% of its population of 4.7 million inhabitants: these figures included 420 to 450,000 Bosnian refugees, 35,000 refugees from Serbia (mostly from Vojvodina and Kosovo) while a further 265,000 persons from other parts of Croatia itself were internally displaced. This would be equivalent of Germany being a host to 10 million displaced people or France to 8 million people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe19939-177">[175]</a> Official <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> data indicate that Croatia was the host to 287,000 refugees and 344,000 internally displaced in 1993. This is a ratio of 64.7 refugees per 1000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> In its 1992 report, UNHCR placed Croatia #7 on its list of 50 most refugee burdened countries: it registered 316 thousand refugees, which is a ratio of 15:1 relative to its total population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNHCR199311-179">[177]</a> Together with those internally displaced, Croatia was the host to at least 648,000 people in need of an accommodation in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNHCR19938-180">[178]</a> In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> had 10.5 refugees per 1000 inhabitants in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Slovenia was the host to 45,000 refugees in 1993, which is 22.7 refugees per 1000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> were the host to 479,111 refugees in 1993, which is a ratio of 45.5 refugees per 1000 inhabitants. By 1998 this grew to 502,037 refugees (or 47.7 refugees per 1000 inhabitants). By 2000 the number of refugees fell to 484,391 persons, but the number of internally displaced grew to 267,500, or a combined total of 751,891 persons who were displaced and in need of an accommodation.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width: 300px"> <caption>Number of refugees or internally displaced in 1991–2000 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country, region </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> </th> <th scope="col">Others (<a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>247,000<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></td> <td>300,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNHCR1997-185">[183]</a></td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td> <td>—</td> <td>1,270,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201380-186">[184]</a></td> <td>490,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201380-186">[184]</a></td> <td>540,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201380-186">[184]</a></td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosovo</td> <td>1,200,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrieger200190-187">[185]</a>–1,450,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOSCE199913-175">[173]</a></td> <td>—</td> <td rowspan="2">35,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe19939-177">[175]</a>–40,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch19947-188">[186]</a></td> <td>143,000<a href="#cite_note-Under_Orders_War_Crimes_in_Kosovo-189">[187]</a></td> <td>67,000<a href="#cite_note-Under_Orders_War_Crimes_in_Kosovo-189">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vojvodina, Sandžak</td> <td>—</td> <td>30,000–40,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiblesz199810-190">[188]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>60,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch19947-188">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>~1,200,000–1,450,000</td> <td>~1,300,000–1,310,000</td> <td>~772,000–777,000</td> <td>~983,000</td> <td>~127,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_damage">Material damage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Material damage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege-Shattered_Facade_-_Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siege-Shattered_Facade_-_Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg/220px-Siege-Shattered_Facade_-_Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siege-Shattered_Facade_-_Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg/330px-Siege-Shattered_Facade_-_Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siege-Shattered_Facade_-_Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg/440px-Siege-Shattered_Facade_-_Sarajevo_-_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>War damage on a Sarajevo building</figcaption></figure> Material and economic damages brought by the conflicts were catastrophic. Bosnia and Herzegovina had a <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of between $8–9 billion before the war. The government estimated the overall war damages at $50–$70 billion. It also registered a GDP decline of 75% after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank199610-191">[189]</a> 60% of the housing in the country had been either damaged or destroyed, which proved a problem when trying to bring all the refugees back home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers2004136-192">[190]</a> Bosnia also became the most <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmine</a> contaminated country of Europe: 1820 km2 of its territory were contaminated with these explosives, which represent 3.6% of its land surface. Between 3 and 6 million landmines were scattered throughout Bosnia. Five thousand people died from them, of which 1,520 were killed after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha201468-193">[191]</a> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> passed a bill estimating war damages of the country at $37 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicanic2008158–173-194">[192]</a> The government alleges that between 1991 and April 1993 an estimated total of 210,000 buildings in Croatia (including schools, hospitals and <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a>) were either damaged or destroyed from shelling by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> and the JNA forces. Cities affected by the shelling were <a href="/wiki/Karlovac" title="Karlovac">Karlovac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87" title="Gospić">Gospić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogulin" title="Ogulin">Ogulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Biograd">Biograd</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR199323-195">[193]</a> The Croatian government also acknowledged that 7,489 buildings belonging to Croatian Serbs were damaged or destroyed by explosives, arson or other deliberate means by the end of 1992. From January to March 1993 another 220 buildings were also damaged or destroyed. Criminal charges were brought against 126 Croats for such acts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR199319-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Yugoslavia">Sanctions against FR Yugoslavia</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> of 300 million percent of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a>. By 1995, almost 1 million workers lost their jobs while the gross domestic product had fallen 55 percent since 1989.<a href="#cite_note-YUGOSLAV_ECONOMY_FORECAST_TO_GROW_ONCE_EMBARGO_ENDS_INFLATION_WHIPPED-197">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Serbia</a> resulted in additional damages. One of the most severe was the bombing of the <a href="/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo" title="Pančevo">Pančevo</a> petrochemical factory, which caused the release of 80,000 tonnes of burning fuel into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha201469-198">[196]</a> Approximately 31,000 rounds of <a href="/wiki/Depleted_Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Depleted Uranium">depleted Uranium</a> ammunition were used during this bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha201472-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_war_crimes_trials:_ICTY/IRMCT">International war crimes trials: ICTY/IRMCT</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International war crimes trials: ICTY/IRMCT">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center;background-color:#BBDD99">Several people were convicted by the ICTY for crimes during the Yugoslav wars, including (from left) <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Luki%C4%87" title="Milan Lukić">Milan Lukić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Praljak" title="Slobodan Praljak">Slobodan Praljak</a></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) was a body of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> court located in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. One of the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">trials involved ex-Serbian President Slobodan Milošević</a>, who was in 2002 indicted on 66 counts of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> allegedly committed in wars in Kosovo, Bosnia and Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagliveras2002661–677-200">[198]</a> His trial remained incomplete since he died in 2006, before a verdict was reached.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Nonetheless, ICTY's trial "helped to delegitimize Milosevic's leadership", as one scholar put it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhavan20017–31-202">[200]</a> Several convictions were handed over by the ICTY and its successor, the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT). The first notable verdict confirming genocide in Srebrenica was the case against Serb General <a href="/wiki/Radislav_Krsti%C4%87" title="Radislav Krstić">Radislav Krstić</a>: he was sentenced in 2001, while the Appeals Chamber confirmed the verdict in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Krstic-203">[201]</a> Another verdict was against ex-Bosnian Serb leader, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>, who was also convicted for genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Karadzic-204">[202]</a> On 22 November 2017, general <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> was sentenced to a <a href="/wiki/Life_in_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Life in prison">life in prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Other important convictions included those of ultranationalist <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Seselj-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> paramilitary leader <a href="/wiki/Milan_Luki%C4%87" title="Milan Lukić">Milan Lukić</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Bosnian Serb politician <a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Kraji%C5%A1nik" title="Momčilo Krajišnik">Momčilo Krajišnik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Bosnian Serb general <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Gali%C4%87" title="Stanislav Galić">Stanislav Galić</a>, who was convicted for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Galic-210">[208]</a> the former Assistant Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs">Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> and Chief of its Public Security Department, <a href="/wiki/Vlastimir_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Vlastimir Đorđević">Vlastimir Đorđević</a>, who was convicted for crimes in Kosovo,<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> ex-JNA commander <a href="/wiki/Mile_Mrk%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Mile Mrkšić">Mile Mrkšić</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> as well as both of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> ex-Presidents <a href="/wiki/Milan_Marti%C4%87" title="Milan Martić">Milan Martić</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87" title="Milan Babić">Milan Babić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The follow-up <a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a> convicted <a href="/wiki/Jovica_Stani%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Jovica Stanišić">Jovica Stanišić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franko_Simatovi%C4%87" title="Franko Simatović">Franko Simatović</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(FR_Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Service (FR Yugoslavia)">State Security Service</a> officers within the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs of Serbia</a>, and concluded: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Trial Chamber emphasized that the crimes were not committed in a random or disorganized manner, but rather during the course of well-planned and coordinated operations, demonstrating the existence of a common criminal purpose. In this respect, it emphasized the systematic pattern of crimes committed against non-Serb civilians in all regions covered by the Indictment. In this context, the Trial Chamber concluded that these crimes formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">common criminal purpose</a> to forcibly and permanently remove non-Serbs from large areas of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> through the crimes of <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a>, murder, deportation, and inhumane acts (<a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forcible transfer</a>) charged in the Indictment. It further found that this common purpose was shared by senior political and military officials, including <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radmilo_Bogdanovi%C4%87" title="Radmilo Bogdanović">Radmilo Bogdanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Stoji%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radovan Stojičić">Radovan Stojičić</a> (Badža), <a href="/wiki/Mihalj_Kertes" title="Mihalj Kertes">Mihalj Kertes</a>, Milan Martić, Milan Babić, <a href="/wiki/Goran_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Goran Hadžić">Goran Hadžić</a>, Radovan Karadžić, Ratko Mladić, Momčilo Krajišnik, <a href="/wiki/Biljana_Plav%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Biljana Plavšić">Biljana Plavšić</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkan" title="Arkan">Željko Ražnatović (Arkan)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a></blockquote> The ICTY also declared about the political goals of the war: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The political goals of the Serbian authorities in Belgrade appear to have been to carve a new set of territories for the Serbs out of both Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, to be added to Serbia and Montenegro. These coincided with the attempts of the JNA forces to prevent each of the Republics from achieving effective independence.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a></blockquote> Several Croats, Bosniaks and Albanians were convicted for crimes, as well, including ex-Herzegovina Croat leader <a href="/wiki/Jadranko_Prli%C4%87" title="Jadranko Prlić">Jadranko Prlić</a> and commander <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Praljak" title="Slobodan Praljak">Slobodan Praljak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Prlic-218">[216]</a> Bosnian Croat military commander <a href="/wiki/Mladen_Naletili%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladen Naletilić">Mladen Naletilić</a>,<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> ex-Bosnian Army commander <a href="/wiki/Enver_Had%C5%BEihasanovi%C4%87" title="Enver Hadžihasanović">Enver Hadžihasanović</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> and ex-Kosovo commander <a href="/wiki/Haradin_Bala" title="Haradin Bala">Haradin Bala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Gotovina_et_al" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Gotovina et al">Trial of Gotovina et al</a>, Croatian Generals <a href="/wiki/Ante_Gotovina" title="Ante Gotovina">Ante Gotovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mladen_Marka%C4%8D" title="Mladen Markač">Mladen Markač</a> were ultimately acquitted on appeal in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> By 2019, based on its statute,<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> the ICTY concluded that the Serb officials were found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecutions">persecutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Forcible_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcible transfer">forcible transfer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, Article 5) in Croatia,<a href="#cite_note-Martic-224">[222]</a> Bosnia and Herzegovina,<a href="#cite_note-Karadzic-204">[202]</a> Kosovo<a href="#cite_note-Sainovic-225">[223]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seselj-206">[204]</a> They were also found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> (crimes against humanity, Article 5) in Croatia,<a href="#cite_note-Martic-224">[222]</a> Bosnia and Herzegovina<a href="#cite_note-Karadzic-204">[202]</a> and Kosovo;<a href="#cite_note-Sainovic-225">[223]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Terror_(politics)" title="Terror (politics)">terror</a> (violations of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">the laws or customs of war</a>, Article 3)<a href="#cite_note-Galic-210">[208]</a> and genocide (Article 4)<a href="#cite_note-Krstic-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karadzic-204">[202]</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croat forces were not found guilty of anything in Croatia, but were found guilty of deportation, other inhumane acts (forcible transfer), murder and persecutions (crimes against humanity, Article 5) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-Prlic-218">[216]</a> The Bosniak forces were found guilty of inhuman treatment (grave breaches of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>, Article 2), murder; cruel treatment (violations of the laws or customs of war, Article 3) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> One Albanian official was found guilty of torture, cruel treatment, murder (violations of the laws or customs of war, Article 3) in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunrunning">Gunrunning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gunrunning">edit</a>]</div> After the fighting ended, millions of weapons were left with civilians who held on to them in case violence should resurface. These weapons later turned up on the arms black market of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ti_23Nov2015-228">[226]</a> In 2018, there were no exact official figures on how many firearms are missing; in Serbia, authorities have given estimates which range from 250,000 to 900,000, different kinds of firearms are in circulation. In Bosnia, public reports contain a figure of 750,000. At the end of 2017, a man entered a bus in Banja Luka carrying two bags with 36 hand grenades, three assault rifles, seven handguns, a mine and hundreds of cartridges with Gothenburg as the destination. He was stopped in the neighbouring country of Slovenia. A 26-year-old woman was stopped at the border to Croatia with three antitank weapons and a hand grenade. Police found four machine guns, three battle rifles, three assault rifles and a large quantity of explosives at the home of a 79-year-old man. According to a UNDP official, getting civilians to give up their arms to state authorities is complicated as people are then forced to trust that authorities will protect them. Instead, criminals collect the weapons.<a href="#cite_note-:0-229">[227]</a> Some of the missing weapons were used in the <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">November 2015 Paris attacks</a> during which 130 people were killed by <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadists</a>. Other arms were assault rifles which were used in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Gothenburg_pub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Gothenburg pub shooting">2015 Gothenburg pub shooting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-229">[227]</a> Successor-state governments' efforts to reduce the prevalence of illegally held arms are co-ordinated through a Regional Approach to Stockpile Reduction (RASR) focused on reducing stockpiles, arms diversion and unexplained explosions in South-east Europe. Partners include the European Union, the US Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement, the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) and NATO's Support and Procurement Agency.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> Funded by the US Government, activities include annual workshops attended by US government officials from the Departments of State and Defense and defense ministry representatives from the Yugoslav successor states.<a href="#cite_note-:02-231">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_trafficking">Drug trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking">edit</a>]</div> Since the beginning of hostilities between warring factions in the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_mafia" title="Serbian mafia">Serbian mafia</a> have been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a>, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">West Asian heroin</a> entering Central and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In the early 1990s, 2,000 Albanians from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> were held in Swiss jails on charges of arms and drug smuggling. Over the course of the war, a total of several tons of heroin were confiscated by <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> and local law enforcement. Illegal drug smuggling operations also led to additional crimes all across Western Europe, which included bank robberies and extortion committed by criminal gangs operating out of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The intensification of heroin consumption in Western Europe led to the expansion of open air drug markets, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Bosnian criminal gangs continue to have a significant impact on global drug trafficking, through entering the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine trade">cocaine trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Timeline of the Yugoslav Wars">Timeline of the Yugoslav Wars</a></div> 1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a> is proclaimed over an indefinite area of Croatia.</li></ul> 1991 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_War_1991,_Latest_deaths_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Balkans_War_1991%2C_Latest_deaths_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB.jpg/220px-Balkans_War_1991%2C_Latest_deaths_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Balkans_War_1991%2C_Latest_deaths_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB.jpg/330px-Balkans_War_1991%2C_Latest_deaths_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Balkans_War_1991%2C_Latest_deaths_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB.jpg/440px-Balkans_War_1991%2C_Latest_deaths_-_Flickr_-_Peter_Denton_%E4%B8%95%E7%89%B9_._%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>People observing new death notifications on a wall in <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> during the siege, December 1991</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Slovenia and Croatia declare independence in June, North Macedonia in September. <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">War in Slovenia</a> lasts ten days, and results in dozens of fatalities. The Yugoslav army leaves Slovenia after intervention of the UN which insisted that Slovenia be allowed to leave, but supports rebel Serb forces in Croatia. The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> begins in Croatia. Serb areas in Croatia declare independence, but are recognized only by Belgrade.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a> is devastated by bombardments and shelling, and other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlovac" title="Karlovac">Karlovac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a> sustain extensive damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaknic1992115–124-235">[233]</a> Refugees from war zones overwhelm Croatia, while Europe is slow to accept refugees.</li> <li>In Croatia, about 250,000 Croats and other non-Serbs forced from their homes or fled the violence.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></li></ul> 1992 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarajevo_Siege_firewood_couple_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sarajevo_Siege_firewood_couple_1992.jpg/220px-Sarajevo_Siege_firewood_couple_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sarajevo_Siege_firewood_couple_1992.jpg/330px-Sarajevo_Siege_firewood_couple_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sarajevo_Siege_firewood_couple_1992.jpg/440px-Sarajevo_Siege_firewood_couple_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Besieged residents collect firewood in the bitter winter of 1992 during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance Plan</a> signed, creating four <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Protection Force</a> zones for Serbs and ending large-scale fighting in Croatia.</li> <li>Bosnia declares independence. <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">Bosnian war</a> begins with the Bosnian Serb military leadership, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, trying to create a new, separate Serb state, <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>, through which they would conquer as much of Bosnia as possible for the vision of either a Greater Serbia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOff2010218-237">[235]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump</a> Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> proclaimed, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, the two remaining republics.</li> <li>United Nations impose <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Yugoslavia">sanctions against FR Yugoslavia</a> for its support of the unrecognized <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> in Croatia and <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> in Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> In May 1992, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia become UN members. FR Yugoslavia claims being sole legal heir to SFRY, which is disputed by other republics. UN envoys agree that Yugoslavia had 'dissolved into constituent republics'.</li> <li>The Yugoslav army retreats from Bosnia, but leaves its weapons to the army of Republika Srpska, which attacks poorly armed Bosnian cities of Zvornik, Kotor Varoš, Prijedor, Foča, <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Višegrad (municipality)">Višegrad</a>, Doboj. <a href="/wiki/Prijedor_ethnic_cleansing" title="Prijedor ethnic cleansing">Prijedor ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a> start. Hundreds of thousands of non-Serbian refugees flee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Bosniak-Croat conflict</a> begins in Bosnia.</li></ul> 1993 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HVO_Army_T-55_Glamoc_setup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HVO_Army_T-55_Glamoc_setup.jpg/220px-HVO_Army_T-55_Glamoc_setup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HVO_Army_T-55_Glamoc_setup.jpg/330px-HVO_Army_T-55_Glamoc_setup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HVO_Army_T-55_Glamoc_setup.jpg/440px-HVO_Army_T-55_Glamoc_setup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defense_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Defense Council">Croatian Defense Council</a> (HVO) <a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-55</a> Main Battle Tanks pull into firing position during a three-day exercise held at the Barbara Range in <a href="/wiki/Glamo%C4%8D" title="Glamoč">Glamoč</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SrebrenicaPotocari_Memorial_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SrebrenicaPotocari_Memorial_Stone.jpg/220px-SrebrenicaPotocari_Memorial_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SrebrenicaPotocari_Memorial_Stone.jpg/330px-SrebrenicaPotocari_Memorial_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SrebrenicaPotocari_Memorial_Stone.jpg/440px-SrebrenicaPotocari_Memorial_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_Genocide_Memorial" title="Srebrenica Genocide Memorial">Srebrenica Genocide Memorial</a> Stone at <a href="/wiki/Donji_Poto%C4%8Dari" title="Donji Potočari">Potočari</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Fighting begins in the Bihać</a> region between Bosnian Government forces loyal to <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a>, and Bosniaks loyal to <a href="/wiki/Fikret_Abdi%C4%87" title="Fikret Abdić">Fikret Abdić</a>, also supported by the Serbs.</li> <li>Sanctions in FR Yugoslavia, now isolated, create hyperinflation of 300 million percent of the Yugoslav dinar.<a href="#cite_note-YUGOSLAV_ECONOMY_FORECAST_TO_GROW_ONCE_EMBARGO_ENDS_INFLATION_WHIPPED-197">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">Ahmići massacre</a>: the Croat forces kill over a hundred Bosnian Muslims.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Battle of Mostar</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> <a href="/wiki/Stari_Most" title="Stari Most">Stari Most</a> (The Old Bridge) in <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, built in 1566, was destroyed by Croatian <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defense_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Defense Council">HVO</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> It was rebuilt in 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">ARBiH</a> launch <a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Operation Neretva '93</a> against <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">HVO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> which ended in a stalemate.</li></ul> 1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">Markale market shelling</a> in Sarajevo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Peace treaty</a> between Bosniaks and Croats arbitrated by the United States, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> formed.</li> <li>FR Yugoslavia starts slowly suspending its financial and military support for Republika Srpska.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></li></ul> 1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> reported. 8,000 Bosniaks killed by Serb forces.<a href="#cite_note-Radovan_Karadzic_guilty_of_genocide_over_Srebrenica_massacre_in_Bosnia-127">[125]</a></li> <li>Croatia launches <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a>, recapturing a part of its territory, but tens of thousands of Serb civilians flee from the area. The RSK responds with the <a href="/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagreb rocket attack">Zagreb rocket attack</a>.</li> <li>Croatia launches <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a>, reclaiming all UNPA zones except Eastern Slavonia, and resulting in exodus of 150,000–200,000 Serbs from the zones. Yugoslav forces do not intervene. War in Croatia ends.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 NATO bombing in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO launches a series of air strikes</a> on Bosnian Serb artillery and other military targets. Croatian and Bosnian army start a joint offensive against <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> signed in Paris. War in Bosnia and Herzegovina ends. Aftermath of war is over 100,000 killed and missing and two million people internally displaced or refugees.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></li></ul> 1996 <ul><li>FR Yugoslavia recognizes Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina.</li> <li>Fighting breaks out in Kosovo between Albanians rebels and FR Yugoslav authorities.</li> <li>Following allegations of fraud in local elections, tens of thousands of Serbs demonstrate in Belgrade against the Milošević government for three months.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a></li></ul> 1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNTAES" class="mw-redirect" title="UNTAES">Eastern Slavonia</a> peacefully reintegrated into Croatia, following a gradual three-year handover of power.</li> <li>Fighting in Kosovo gradually escalates between Albanians demanding independence and the state.</li></ul> 1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a>, Rambouillet talks fail. NATO starts a military campaign in Kosovo and bombards FR Yugoslavia in <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Operation Allied Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a></li> <li>Following Milošević's signing of an agreement, control of Kosovo is handed to the United Nations, but still remains a part of Yugoslavia's federation. After losing wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, numerous Serbs leave those regions to find refuge in remainder of Serbia. In 1999, Serbia was host to some 700,000 Serb refugees or internally displaced.<a href="#cite_note-Bleak_outlook_for_Serb_refugees-176">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Preševo Valley Conflict">Fresh fighting</a> erupts between Albanians and Yugoslav security forces in Albanian populated areas outside of Kosovo, with the intent of joining three municipalities to Kosovo (<a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo" title="Preševo">Preševo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bujanovac" title="Bujanovac">Bujanovac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medve%C4%91a" title="Medveđa">Medveđa</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> dies. Shortly after, his party loses the elections.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zgrada_General%C5%A1taba_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Zgrada_General%C5%A1taba_2002.jpg/220px-Zgrada_General%C5%A1taba_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Zgrada_General%C5%A1taba_2002.jpg/330px-Zgrada_General%C5%A1taba_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Zgrada_General%C5%A1taba_2002.jpg/440px-Zgrada_General%C5%A1taba_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Yugoslavia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav Ministry of Defence building</a> in Belgrade, destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing</a></figcaption></figure> 2000 <ul><li>Slobodan Milošević is voted out of office, and <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a> becomes the new president of Yugoslavia. With Milošević ousted and a new government in place, FR Yugoslavia restores ties with the west. The political and economic sanctions are suspended in total, and FRY is reinstated in many political and economic organizations, as well as becoming a candidate for other collaborative efforts.</li></ul> 2001 <ul><li>An Albanian <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">insurgency</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a>.</li> <li>Conflict in Southern Serbia ends in defeat for Albanians.</li> <li>Conflict in Macedonia ends with the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2001)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2001)">Ohrid Agreement</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> There was no formal declaration of war. The first armed clash of the war was the <a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a> on 1 March 1991,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Pakrac-3Mar1991-1">[1]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a> on 31 March 1991, when the first fatalities occurred.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Plitvice-31Mar1991-2">[2]</a> The last major combat operation was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a>, from 5–8 August 1995.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-Storm-Complete-3">[3]</a> Formally, hostilities ceased when the <a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a> was signed on 12 November 1995.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-ErdutAgr-12Nov95-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Some historians only narrow the conflicts to <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2013132-13">[12]</a> Others also include the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Preševo Valley insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">2001 Macedonian insurgency</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Pakrac-3Mar1991-1"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Pakrac-3Mar1991_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Engelberg1991" class="citation news cs1">Stephen Engelberg (3 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html?ref=croatia">"Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518185319/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html?ref=croatia">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2013. 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Retrieved 1 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+1918%E2%80%932003&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwone%2Fyugoslavia_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#Finlan">Finlan (2004)</a>, p.  8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Naimark-Case-2003-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Naimark-Case-2003_12-0">^</a> <a href="#Naimark">Naimark (2003)</a>, p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2013132-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2013132_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2013">Shaw (2013)</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmatta2010" class="citation cs2">Armatta, Judith (2010), Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosević, Duke University Press, p. 121</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+Impunity%3A+The+War+Crimes+Trial+of+Slobodan+Milosevi%C4%87&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Armatta&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#Bassiouni">Annex IV – II. 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BBC. 19 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008021737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22222624">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Serbia+and+Kosovo+reach+EU-brokered+landmark+accord&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-22222624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945. Stanford University Press. pp. 747, 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-7924-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-7924-4"><bdi>0-8047-7924-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=747%2C+152&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-7924-4&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedžić2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Redžić, Enver</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC">Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War</a>. London; New York: Frank Cass. pp. 155, 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5625-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124148/https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=155%2C+402&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0&rft.aulast=Red%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpVCx3jerQmYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2011" class="citation news cs1">Hart, Stephen A. (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml">"Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941–1945"</a>. BBC History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128065207/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Partisans%3A+War+in+the+Balkans+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fpartisan_fighters_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#Bassiouni">Annex III – The Balkan wars and the world wars</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prelude-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prelude_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prelude_41-1">b</a> <a href="#Bassiouni">Annex IV – Prelude to the breakup</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown116-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown116_42-0">^</a> <a href="#Brown_&_Karim">Brown & Karim (1995)</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/europe/2000/milosevic_yugoslavia/communism.stm">"Milosevic's Yugoslavia: Communism Crumbles"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milosevic%27s+Yugoslavia&rft.atitle=Milosevic%27s+Yugoslavia%3A+Communism+Crumbles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fin_depth%2Feurope%2F2000%2Fmilosevic_yugoslavia%2Fcommunism.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perunovic_2015-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perunovic_2015_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perunovic_2015_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerunovic2015">Perunovic (2015)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#Cohen-Dragović-Saso">Cohen & Dragović-Saso (2008)</a>, p. 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/milan-kucan-ocitajo-mi-da-sem-bil-proti-odcepitvi-se-zdaj-sem/381830">"Milan Kučan: "Očitajo mi, da sem bil proti odcepitvi. Še zdaj sem.""</a> [Milan Kučan: "They Accuse Me that I Was Against Secession. I Still Am."]. MMC (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenia. 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMC&rft.atitle=Milan+Ku%C4%8Dan%3A+%22O%C4%8Ditajo+mi%2C+da+sem+bil+proti+odcepitvi.+%C5%A0e+zdaj+sem.%22&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtvslo.si%2Fslovenija%2Fmilan-kucan-ocitajo-mi-da-sem-bil-proti-odcepitvi-se-zdaj-sem%2F381830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmač2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosmač, Gorazd (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/30-let/koscki-sestavljanke/27-let-slovenije-od-grozenj-do-rajanja-kurjenja-kresov-in-sajenja-lip/458952">"27 let Slovenije: Od groženj do rajanja, kurjenja kresov in sajenja lip"</a> [27 Years of Slovenia: from Threats to Revelry, Bonfires and Linden Planting]. MMC (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMC&rft.atitle=27+let+Slovenije%3A+Od+gro%C5%BEenj+do+rajanja%2C+kurjenja+kresov+in+sajenja+lip&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Kosma%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Gorazd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtvslo.si%2Fslovenija%2F30-let%2Fkoscki-sestavljanke%2F27-let-slovenije-od-grozenj-do-rajanja-kurjenja-kresov-in-sajenja-lip%2F458952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNation2003" class="citation book cs1">Nation, R. Craig (2003). "Chapter 3: The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991–92". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12133.7">War in the Balkans, 1991–2002</a>. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+State+of+War%3A+Slovenia+and+Croatia%2C+1991%E2%80%9392&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Balkans%2C+1991%E2%80%932002&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute%2C+US+Army+War+College&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nation&rft.aufirst=R.+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep12133.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČepič2016" class="citation journal cs1">Čepič, Zdenko (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.inz.si/pnz/article/view/196/298">"Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia"</a>. Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino. 56 (3): 147–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51663%2Fpnz.56.3.10">10.51663/pnz.56.3.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prispevki+za+novej%C5%A1o+zgodovino&rft.atitle=Arbitration+Commission+of+the+Conference+on+Yugoslavia&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=147-158&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51663%2Fpnz.56.3.10&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cepi%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Zdenko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.inz.si%2Fpnz%2Farticle%2Fview%2F196%2F298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuzina200391-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuzina200391_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuzina2003">Guzina (2003)</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagnon-2004-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gagnon-2004_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gagnon-2004_51-1">b</a> <a href="#Gagnon">Gagnon (2004)</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUdovickiRidgeway2000">Udovicki & Ridgeway (2000)</a>, pp. 255–266 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFridman2010">Fridman (2010)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vreme-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Vreme_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=592022">"Spomenik neznanom dezerteru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme">Vreme</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005010352/https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=592022">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vreme&rft.atitle=Spomenik+neznanom+dezerteru&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vreme.com%2Fcms%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D592022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUdovickiRidgeway2000">Udovicki & Ridgeway (2000)</a>, pp. 255–258 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowers1997">Powers (1997)</a>, p. 467 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Lenard J. Cohen, Jasna Dragovic-Soso; (2007) State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration p. 309; Purdue University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55753-460-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55753-460-8">1-55753-460-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Race-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Race_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRace2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Race, Helena (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/dela/Race-Helena.PDF">"Dan prej" – 26. junij 1991: diplomsko delo</a> ["A Day Before" – 26 June 1991 (diploma thesis)] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195508/http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/dela/Race-Helena.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Dan+prej%22+%E2%80%93+26.+junij+1991%3A+diplomsko+delo&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Social+Sciences%2C+University+of+Ljubljana&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Race&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdk.fdv.uni-lj.si%2Fdela%2FRace-Helena.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prunk-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Prunk_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrunk2001" class="citation web cs1">Prunk, Janko (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slovenija2001.gov.si/10years/path">"Path to Slovene State"</a>. Public Relations and Media Office, Government of the Republic of Slovenia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228204705/http://www.slovenija2001.gov.si/10years/path/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Path+to+Slovene+State&rft.pub=Public+Relations+and+Media+Office%2C+Government+of+the+Republic+of+Slovenia&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Prunk&rft.aufirst=Janko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slovenija2001.gov.si%2F10years%2Fpath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001229-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner2001229_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanner2001">Tanner (2001)</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuskova2001" class="citation book cs1">Guskova, Elena (2001). History of the Yugoslavian crisis (1990–2000). Moscow: Izdatelʹ A. Solovʹev. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-94191-003-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-94191-003-7"><bdi>5-94191-003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Yugoslavian+crisis+%281990%E2%80%932000%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Izdatel%CA%B9+A.+Solov%CA%B9ev&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5-94191-003-7&rft.aulast=Guskova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFв_Никифоров2011" class="citation book cs1">в Никифоров, К. (2011). Yugoslavia in the 20th Century: Sketches of Political History. Индрик. pp. 780–781. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91674-121-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91674-121-6"><bdi>978-5-91674-121-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+in+the+20th+Century%3A+Sketches+of+Political+History&rft.pages=780-781&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-91674-121-6&rft.aulast=%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001233-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner2001233_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanner2001">Tanner (2001)</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010262-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2010262_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2010">Ramet (2010)</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999222-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999222_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999222_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1999">Goldstein (1999)</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010119-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2010119_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2010">Ramet (2010)</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Sudetic" title="Chuck Sudetic">Sudetic, Chuck</a> (20 May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/20/world/croatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html?ref=croatia">"Croatia Votes for Sovereignty and Confederation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111080212/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/20/world/croatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Croatia+Votes+for+Sovereignty+and+Confederation&rft.date=1991-05-20&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F05%2F20%2Fworld%2Fcroatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html%3Fref%3Dcroatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999226-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein1999226_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1999">Goldstein (1999)</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaurdić2011" class="citation book cs1">Glaurdić, Josip (2011). The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia. Yale University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16645-3"><bdi>978-0-300-16645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hour+of+Europe%3A+Western+Powers+and+the+Breakup+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16645-3&rft.aulast=Glaurdi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Josip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-70"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_70-0">^</a> <a href="#BassiouniIII">Annex III – The Conflict in Slovenia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#BassiouniIII">Annex III – General structure of the Yugoslav armed forces</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#BassiouniIII">Annex III – Forces operating in Croatia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2001256-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanner2001256_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanner2001">Tanner (2001)</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2010-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson2010_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPearson2010">Pearson (2010)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2010263-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2010263_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2010">Ramet (2010)</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCProfile-76"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCProfile_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13559597">"Profile: Ratko Mladic, Bosnian Serb army chief"</a>. BBC News. 31 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712201126/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13559597">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2012. 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National Council for Eurasian and East European Research. p. ii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309104656/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/pre1998/1993-807-20-3-Hayden.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2022. 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University of Illinois Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09213-8"><bdi>978-0-252-09213-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Liberation+Army%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+an+Insurgency&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09213-8&rft.aulast=Perritt&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadanPavkovic2013-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadanPavkovic2013_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadanPavkovic2013_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadanPavkovic2013_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_Peter_RadanAleksandar_Pavkovic2013" class="citation book cs1">Professor Peter Radan; Aleksandar Pavkovic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-ahAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 178–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7652-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-7652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Secession&rft.pages=178-&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7652-8&rft.au=Professor+Peter+Radan&rft.au=Aleksandar+Pavkovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-ahAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden2000-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsden2000_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsden2000_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarsden2000">Marsden (2000)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner2002206-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushner2002206_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKushner2002">Kushner (2002)</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Unknown Albanian 'liberation army' claims attacks". Agence France Presse. 17 February 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unknown+Albanian+%27liberation+army%27+claims+attacks&rft.date=1996-02-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerritt200844,_56-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerritt200844,_56_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerritt2008">Perritt (2008)</a>, pp. 44, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199827-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199827_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1998">Human Rights Watch (1998)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-allan-101"><a href="#cite_ref-allan_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan,_StuartZelizer,_Barbie2004" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Stuart; Zelizer, Barbie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skdoYDs1e8AC&pg=PA178">Reporting war: journalism in wartime</a>. Routledge. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33998-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33998-8"><bdi>978-0-415-33998-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reporting+war%3A+journalism+in+wartime&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33998-8&rft.au=Allan%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Zelizer%2C+Barbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DskdoYDs1e8AC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2011142-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2011142_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2011">Elsie (2011)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ron2003-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Ron2003_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ron2003" class="citation book cs1">James Ron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZiNkMAOp3QC&pg=PA98">Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel</a>. University of California Press. pp. 98–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93690-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93690-4"><bdi>978-0-520-93690-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+and+Ghettos%3A+State+Violence+in+Serbia+and+Israel&rft.pages=98-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93690-4&rft.au=James+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuZiNkMAOp3QC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milutinovic_p._416-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milutinovic_p._416_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milutinovic_p._416_104-1">b</a> <a href="#Milutinovic_et_al.">The Prosecutor vs Milan Milutinović et al. – Judgement, 26 February 2009</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/28/balkans12">"The Rambouillet text – Appendix B"</a>. The Guardian. 28 April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005140404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/28/balkans12">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Rambouillet+text+%E2%80%93+Appendix+B&rft.date=1999-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fapr%2F28%2Fbalkans12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeidenSuy-106"><a href="#cite_ref-LeidenSuy_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuy2000" class="citation journal cs1">Suy, Eric (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/natos-intervention-in-the-federal-republic-of-yugoslavia/0ABB9520FBC5FD26A849699480A48D09">"NATO's Intervention in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"</a>. Leiden Journal of International Law. 13. Cambridge University Press: 193–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0922156500000133">10.1017/S0922156500000133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145232986">145232986</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412203311/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/natos-intervention-in-the-federal-republic-of-yugoslavia/0ABB9520FBC5FD26A849699480A48D09">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leiden+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=NATO%27s+Intervention+in+the+Federal+Republic+of+Yugoslavia&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=193-205&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0922156500000133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145232986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Suy&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fleiden-journal-of-international-law%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fnatos-intervention-in-the-federal-republic-of-yugoslavia%2F0ABB9520FBC5FD26A849699480A48D09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerritt2008" class="citation book cs1">Perritt, Henry H. 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University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03342-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03342-1"><bdi>978-0-252-03342-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Liberation+Army%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+an+Insurgency&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03342-1&rft.aulast=Perritt&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonBianchiniNationForage2004" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Jeffrey S.; Bianchini, Stefano; Nation, Craig; Forage, Paul, eds. (2004). Reflections on the Balkan Wars: Ten Years After the Break-up of Yugoslavia. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6332-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-6332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Balkan+Wars%3A+Ten+Years+After+the+Break-up+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6332-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2004" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Jeffrey S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=img4ZbJeT-8C&pg=PA57">Reflections on the Balkan Wars</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6332-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-6332-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124141/https://books.google.com/books?id=img4ZbJeT-8C&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. 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Retrieved 23 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Renewed+clashes+near+Kosovo+border&rft.date=2001-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1141961.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1142478.stm">"Kostunica warns of fresh fighting"</a>. BBC News. 29 January 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113163249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1142478.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. 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History and Anthropology. 19 (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200802150836">10.1080/02757200802150836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CThe+Balkans%E2%80%99+Other+within%E2%80%9D%3A+Imaginings+of+the+West+in+the+Republic+of+Macedonia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200802150836&rft.au=Vasiliki+P.+Neofotistos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2001a" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Paul (20 March 2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1231596.stm">"Who are the rebels?"</a>. 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Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 16 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121080459/http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/yugoslavia/yugoslavia-1991">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=UN+arms+embargo+on+Yugoslavia+%28FRY%29&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fdatabases%2Fembargoes%2Fun_arms_embargoes%2Fyugoslavia%2Fyugoslavia-1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZgagaSurc_2011-117"><a href="#cite_ref-ZgagaSurc_2011_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaz_ZgagaMatej_Surc2011" class="citation web cs1">Blaz Zgaga; Matej Surc (2 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/24/114482">"Yugoslavia and the profits of doom"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chile+generals+convicted+over+1991+Croatia+arms+deal&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-16660221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatch2023" class="citation web cs1">Watch, Genocide (28 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/ethnic-cleansing-is-a-euphemism-used-for-genocide-denial">"'Ethnic Cleansing' is a euphemism used for genocide denial"</a>. genocidewatch. 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The European Journal of Public Health. 18 (2): 204–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feurpub%2Fckm011">10.1093/eurpub/ckm011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1101-1262">1101-1262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17513346">17513346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=%27Ethnic+cleansing%27+bleaches+the+atrocities+of+genocide&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-209&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.issn=1101-1262&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17513346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Feurpub%2Fckm011&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Stanton%2C+G.+H.&rft.au=Sagi%2C+S.&rft.au=Richter%2C+E.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Feurpub%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Feurpub%2Fckm011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin_Institute_for_Genocide_Prevention2023" class="citation news cs1">Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention (26 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/LemkinInstitute/status/1706848521142341930">"The ⁦@LemkinInstitute reminds everyone of ⁦@GenocideWatch1's excellent statement that "⁩'Ethnic cleansing' is a euphemism used to deny genocide." We fully agree with this"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+%E2%81%A6%40LemkinInstitute+reminds+everyone+of+%E2%81%A6%40GenocideWatch1%27s+excellent+statement+that+%22%E2%81%A9%27Ethnic+cleansing%27+is+a+euphemism+used+to+deny+genocide.%22+We+fully+agree+with+this.&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.au=Lemkin+Institute+for+Genocide+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FLemkinInstitute%2Fstatus%2F1706848521142341930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helsinki_Watch_Report-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Helsinki_Watch_Report_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca72a.html">"Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 – The former Yugoslav Republics"</a>. Helsinki Watch. 1 January 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801221211/http://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca72a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+1993+%E2%80%93+The+former+Yugoslav+Republics&rft.pub=Helsinki+Watch&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F467fca72a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_W._Galbraith" class="citation web cs1">Peter W. Galbraith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030658/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//IMG/20091106-friday.pdf">"Galbraith telegram"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/IMG/20091106-friday.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galbraith+telegram&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.au=Peter+W.+Galbraith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FIMG%2F20091106-friday.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas.loc.gov-124"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas.loc.gov_124-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:s.res.00134:">A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the massacre at Srebrenica in July 1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107031723/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:s.res.00134:">Archived</a> 2016-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, thomas.loc.gov; accessed 25 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Court_Declares_Bosnia_Killings_Were_Genocide-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Court_Declares_Bosnia_Killings_Were_Genocide_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Court_Declares_Bosnia_Killings_Were_Genocide_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlise_Simons2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marlise_Simons" title="Marlise Simons">Marlise Simons</a> (27 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/world/europe/27hague.html">"Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203307/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/world/europe/27hague.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Declares+Bosnia+Killings+Were+Genocide&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.au=Marlise+Simons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F27hague.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730091312/http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=9273&kat=3">"Tribunal: Serbia Found Guilty of Failure to Prevent and Punish Genocide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sense-agency.com/international_court_of_justice/serbia-found-guilty-of-failure-to-prevent-and-punish-genocide.47.html?cat_id=2&news_id=10130">the original</a> on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribunal%3A+Serbia+Found+Guilty+of+Failure+to+Prevent+and+Punish+Genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sense-agency.com%2Finternational_court_of_justice%2Fserbia-found-guilty-of-failure-to-prevent-and-punish-genocide.47.html%3Fcat_id%3D2%26news_id%3D10130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radovan_Karadzic_guilty_of_genocide_over_Srebrenica_massacre_in_Bosnia-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radovan_Karadzic_guilty_of_genocide_over_Srebrenica_massacre_in_Bosnia_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radovan_Karadzic_guilty_of_genocide_over_Srebrenica_massacre_in_Bosnia_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Sims2016" class="citation news cs1">Alexandra Sims (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/radovan-karadzic-guilty-of-genocide-over-srebrenica-massacre-in-bosnia-a6950251.html">"Radovan Karadzic guilty of genocide over Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/radovan-karadzic-guilty-of-genocide-over-srebrenica-massacre-in-bosnia-a6950251.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Radovan+Karadzic+guilty+of+genocide+over+Srebrenica+massacre+in+Bosnia&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.au=Alexandra+Sims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fradovan-karadzic-guilty-of-genocide-over-srebrenica-massacre-in-bosnia-a6950251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200157–75-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200157–75_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2001">Wood (2001)</a>, pp. 57–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20021-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20021_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2002">Campbell (2002)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prosecutor_v._Vujadin_Popovic,_Ljubisa_Beara,_Drago_Nikolic,_Ljubomir_Borovcanin,_Radivoje_Miletic,_Milan_Gvero,_and_Vinko_Pandurevic-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Prosecutor_v._Vujadin_Popovic,_Ljubisa_Beara,_Drago_Nikolic,_Ljubomir_Borovcanin,_Radivoje_Miletic,_Milan_Gvero,_and_Vinko_Pandurevic_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/popovic/tdec/en/060926.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Vujadin Popovic, Ljubisa Beara, Drago Nikolic, Ljubomir Borovcanin, Radivoje Miletic, Milan Gvero, and Vinko Pandurevic"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211023111/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/popovic/tdec/en/060926.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <q>In the Motion, the Prosecution submits that both the existence and implementation of the plan to create an ethnically pure Bosnian Serb state by Bosnian Serb political and military leaders are facts of common knowledge and have been held to be historical and accurate in a wide range of sources.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Vujadin+Popovic%2C+Ljubisa+Beara%2C+Drago+Nikolic%2C+Ljubomir+Borovcanin%2C+Radivoje+Miletic%2C+Milan+Gvero%2C+and+Vinko+Pandurevic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fpopovic%2Ftdec%2Fen%2F060926.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICTY:_Radoslav_Brđanin_judgement-131"><a href="#cite_ref-ICTY:_Radoslav_Brđanin_judgement_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414072922/http://www.un.org/icty/brdjanin/trialc/judgement/index.htm">"ICTY: Radoslav Brđanin judgement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/icty/brdjanin/trialc/judgement/index.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICTY%3A+Radoslav+Br%C4%91anin+judgement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Ficty%2Fbrdjanin%2Ftrialc%2Fjudgement%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadic_Case:_The_Verdict-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Tadic_Case:_The_Verdict_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/sid/7537">"Tadic Case: The Verdict"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014175448/https://www.icty.org/sid/7537">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <q>Importantly, the objectives remained the same: to create an ethnically pure Serb State by uniting Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and extending that State from the FRY [...] to the Croatian Krajina along the important logistics and supply line that went through opstina Prijedor, thereby necessitating the expulsion of the non-Serb population of the opstina.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tadic+Case%3A+The+Verdict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fsid%2F7537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prosecuter_v._Jadranko_Prlic,_Bruno_Stojic,_Slobodan_Praljak,_Milivoj_Petkovic_and_Valentin_Coric_and_Berislav_Pusic-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Prosecuter_v._Jadranko_Prlic,_Bruno_Stojic,_Slobodan_Praljak,_Milivoj_Petkovic_and_Valentin_Coric_and_Berislav_Pusic_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/acdec/en/080311.pdf">"Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlic, Bruno Stojic, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petkovic, Valentin Coric and Berislav Pusic"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905185823/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/prlic/acdec/en/080311.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <q>Significantly, the Trial Chamber held that a reasonable Trial Chamber, could make a finding beyond any reasonable doubt that all of these acts were committed to carry out a plan aimed at changing the ethnic balance of the areas that formed Herceg-Bosna and mainly to deport the Muslim population and other non-Croat population out of Herceg-Bosna to create an ethnically pure Croatian territory within Herceg-Bosna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prosecutor+v.+Jadranko+Prlic%2C+Bruno+Stojic%2C+Slobodan+Praljak%2C+Milivoj+Petkovic%2C+Valentin+Coric+and+Berislav+Pusic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fprlic%2Facdec%2Fen%2F080311.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/stanisic_simatovic/tjug/en/130530_summary.pdf">"Judgement Summary for Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović"</a> (PDF). ICTY. 30 May 2013. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225002557/http://www.icty.org/x/cases/stanisic_simatovic/tjug/en/130530_summary.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judgement+Summary+for+Jovica+Stani%C5%A1i%C4%87+and+Franko+Simatovi%C4%87&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=ICTY&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fstanisic_simatovic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F130530_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlise_Simons2001" class="citation news cs1">Marlise Simons (10 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/10/world/milosevic-indicted-again-is-charged-with-crimes-in-croatia.html?scp=1&sq=milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%20170000&st=cse">"Milosevic, Indicted Again, Is Charged With Crimes in Croatia"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520112601/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/10/world/milosevic-indicted-again-is-charged-with-crimes-in-croatia.html?scp=1&sq=milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%20170000&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Milosevic%2C+Indicted+Again%2C+Is+Charged+With+Crimes+in+Croatia&rft.date=2001-10-10&rft.au=Marlise+Simons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F10%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmilosevic-indicted-again-is-charged-with-crimes-in-croatia.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3Dmilo%25C5%25A1evi%25C4%2587%2520170000%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/10/28/milosevic-important-new-charges-croatia">"Milosevic: Important New Charges on Croatia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 21 October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225134329/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/10/28/milosevic-important-new-charges-croatia">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milosevic%3A+Important+New+Charges+on+Croatia&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2001%2F10%2F28%2Fmilosevic-important-new-charges-croatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrekaloAdanić2022" class="citation journal cs1">Brekalo, Miljenko; Adanić, Stjepan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/411939">"The State-Legal Personality of the Republic of Serbian Krajina"</a>. The Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar. 26: 54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47960%2F2831-0322.2022.1.26.45">10.47960/2831-0322.2022.1.26.45</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+Social+Sciences+Ivo+Pilar&rft.atitle=The+State-Legal+Personality+of+the+Republic+of+Serbian+Krajina&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47960%2F2831-0322.2022.1.26.45&rft.aulast=Brekalo&rft.aufirst=Miljenko&rft.au=Adani%C4%87%2C+Stjepan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F411939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9S0ItK3dG58C&pg=PA778">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended, Volumes 8-15</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1995. p. 778. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160468360" title="Special:BookSources/9780160468360"><bdi>9780160468360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Report+Submitted+to+the+Committee+on+Foreign+Affairs%2C+U.S.+House+of+Representatives+and+Committee+on+Foreign+Relations%2C+U.S.+Senate+by+the+Department+of+State+in+Accordance+with+Sections+116%28d%29+and+502B%28b%29+of+the+Foreign+Assistance+Act+of+1961%2C+as+Amended%2C+Volumes+8-15&rft.pages=778&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780160468360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9S0ItK3dG58C%26pg%3DPA778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/five-senior-serb-officials-convicted-kosovo-crimes-one-acquitted">"Five Senior Serb Officials Convicted of Kosovo Crimes, One Acquitted"</a>. ICTY. 26 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803161906/http://www.icty.org/en/press/five-senior-serb-officials-convicted-kosovo-crimes-one-acquitted">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Senior+Serb+Officials+Convicted+of+Kosovo+Crimes%2C+One+Acquitted&rft.pub=ICTY&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fpress%2Ffive-senior-serb-officials-convicted-kosovo-crimes-one-acquitted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomuschat2021" class="citation book cs1">Tomuschat, Christian (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_VNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Kosovo and the International Community: A Legal Assessment</a>. BRILL. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004478817" title="Special:BookSources/9789004478817"><bdi>9789004478817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+the+International+Community%3A+A+Legal+Assessment&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004478817&rft.aulast=Tomuschat&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_VNEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/kosovo/undword-03.htm">"Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2001. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Under+Orders%3A+War+Crimes+in+Kosovo&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fkosovo%2Fundword-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200158-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200158_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2001">Campbell (2001)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeldenhuys200434-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeldenhuys200434_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeldenhuys2004">Geldenhuys (2004)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassiouniManikas1996" class="citation book cs1">Bassiouni, Mahmoud Cherif; Manikas, Peter (1996). The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Transnational Publishers. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57105-004-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57105-004-5"><bdi>978-1-57105-004-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+the+International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Transnational+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57105-004-5&rft.aulast=Bassiouni&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+Cherif&rft.au=Manikas%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeineBeckerVojvodaHodzic1998147-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeineBeckerVojvodaHodzic1998147_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeineBeckerVojvodaHodzic1998">Weine et al. (1998)</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Brouwer_2005_10-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Brouwer_2005_10_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Brouwer_2005_10_146-1">b</a> <a href="#Brouwer">de Brouwer (2005)</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-debrouwer9-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debrouwer9_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-debrouwer9_147-1">b</a> <a href="#Brouwer">de Brouwer (2005)</a>, pp. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Robson, Angela (June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817134853/http://www.newint.org/issue244/rape.htm">"Rape: Weapon of War"</a>. New Internationalist (244). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/issue244/rape.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=Rape%3A+Weapon+of+War&rft.issue=244&rft.date=1993-06&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newint.org%2Fissue244%2Frape.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srebrenica.brightside.nl/srebrenica/">Netherlands Institute for War Documentation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929214505/http://srebrenica.brightside.nl/srebrenica/">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Part 1 Chapter 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/02/22/bosnia-landmark-verdicts-rape-torture-and-sexual-enslavement">"Bosnia: Landmark Verdicts for Rape, Torture, and Sexual Enslavement – Criminal Tribunal Convicts Bosnian Serbs for Crimes Against Humanity"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 22 February 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415191448/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2001/02/22/bosnia-landmark-verdicts-rape-torture-and-sexual-enslavement">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Bosnia%3A+Landmark+Verdicts+for+Rape%2C+Torture%2C+and+Sexual+Enslavement+%E2%80%93+Criminal+Tribunal+Convicts+Bosnian+Serbs+for+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.date=2001-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2001%2F02%2F22%2Fbosnia-landmark-verdicts-rape-torture-and-sexual-enslavement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1996" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/specials/bosnia/context/0628warcrimes-tribunal.html">"For first time, Court Defines Rape as War Crime"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007013411/http://www.nytimes.com/specials/bosnia/context/0628warcrimes-tribunal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2016. 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United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. 11 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083601/http://www.unmict.org/en/news/appeals-chamber-reverses-%C5%A1e%C5%A1elj%E2%80%99s-acquittal-part-and-convicts-him-crimes-against-humanity">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018. 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Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Paris+terror+attack%3A+Why+getting+hold+of+a+Kalashnikov+is+so+easy&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fparis-terror-attack-why-getting-hold-of-a-kalashnikov-is-so-easy-a6746026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gp.se/1.11576453">"GP granskar: Vapnens väg till Göteborg"</a>. gp.se (in Swedish). 7 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124120/https://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/gp-granskar-vapnens-v%C3%A4g-till-g%C3%B6teborg-1.11576453">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gp.se&rft.atitle=GP+granskar%3A+Vapnens+v%C3%A4g+till+G%C3%B6teborg&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gp.se%2F1.11576453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rasrinitiative.org/partners.php">"Regional Approach to Stockpile Reduction – RASR – Partners"</a>. www.rasrinitiative.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201083242/https://www.rasrinitiative.org/partners.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. 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The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 May 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/14/kosovo-prime-minister-llike-mafia-boss">"Kosovo PM is head of human organ and arms ring, Council of Europe reports"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219104403/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/14/kosovo-prime-minister-llike-mafia-boss">Archived</a> 19 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. theguardian.com. Retrieved 3 May 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/balkan-cartel-trafficking-cocaine-around-globe-in-private-planes-busted">"Balkan Cartel Trafficking Cocaine Around the Globe in Private Planes Busted"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024054906/https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/balkan-cartel-trafficking-cocaine-around-globe-in-private-planes-busted">Archived</a> 24 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Europol. 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Retrieved 29 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Milosevic%3A+Important+New+Charges+on+Croatia&rft.date=2001-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2001%2F10%2F28%2Fmilosevic-important-new-charges-croatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOff2010218-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOff2010218_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOff2010">Off (2010)</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1991" class="citation news cs1">Sudetic, Chuck (24 October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/24/world/top-serb-leaders-back-proposal-to-form-separate-yugoslav-state.html">"Top Serb Leaders Back Proposal To Form Separate Yugoslav State"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922022718/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/24/world/top-serb-leaders-back-proposal-to-form-separate-yugoslav-state.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Top+Serb+Leaders+Back+Proposal+To+Form+Separate+Yugoslav+State&rft.date=1991-10-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F24%2Fworld%2Ftop-serb-leaders-back-proposal-to-form-separate-yugoslav-state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinder1998" class="citation book cs1">Pinder, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyq5AAAAIAAJ">The New Europe: Economy, Society and Environment</a>. Wiley. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-97123-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-97123-8"><bdi>978-0-471-97123-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124141/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyq5AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Europe%3A+Economy%2C+Society+and+Environment&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-97123-8&rft.aulast=Pinder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyq5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrnobrnja1996" class="citation book cs1">Crnobrnja, Mihailo (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZnagDP3gO4C&q=The+Yugoslav+Drama">The Yugoslav Drama</a>. 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Votes Harsh Sanctions on Yugoslavia : Balkans: The Security Council, infuriated by bloody attacks in Bosnia-Herzegovina, imposes an oil embargo and other curbs. China, Zimbabwe abstain in 13–0 vote"</a>. LA Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811160816/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-31/news/mn-1673_1_security-council">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018. 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Williams (5 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-05-mn-23753-story.html">"Serbia Cuts Off Bosnian Rebels : Balkans: Belgrade, under international pressure, says it is denying supplies of fuel and arms to forces it has supported. Washington cautiously welcomes move"</a>. LA Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306182933/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-08-05/news/mn-23753_1_bosnian-serbs">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. 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The New York Times. 10 March 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010543/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/10/world/world-news-briefs-20000-attend-a-protest-against-serbian-leader.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=20%2C000+Attend+a+Protest+Against+Serbian+Leader&rft.date=1996-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Fworld-news-briefs-20000-attend-a-protest-against-serbian-leader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9903/24/kosovo.strikes/">"NATO attack on Yugoslavia begins"</a>. CNN. 24 March 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413140840/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9903/24/kosovo.strikes/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NATO+attack+on+Yugoslavia+begins&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F9903%2F24%2Fkosovo.strikes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Allcock, John B. Explaining Yugoslavia (Columbia University Press, 2000)</li> <li>Allcock, John B. et al. eds., Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedia (1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Allen" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Beverly (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rapewarfarehidde00alle">Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2818-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-2818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rape+Warfare%3A+The+Hidden+Genocide+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina+and+Croatia&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2818-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frapewarfarehidde00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2015" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Catherine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yuvLDAAAQBAJ">The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39899-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-39899-4"><bdi>978-1-137-39899-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yugoslav+Wars+of+the+1990s&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-39899-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyuvLDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTB0gn_qwTcC">A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change</a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36627-4"><bdi>978-0-415-36627-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124124/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTB0gn_qwTcC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+crisis+and+change&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36627-4&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTB0gn_qwTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjelajacŽunec2009" class="citation book cs1">Bjelajac, Mile; Žunec, Ozren (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA265">"The War in Croatia, 1991–1995"</a>. In Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas Allan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA265">Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: a Scholars' Initiative</a>. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4"><bdi>978-1-55753-617-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867740664">867740664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124143/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C&pg=PA265">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Croatia%2C+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+a+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867740664&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-617-4&rft.aulast=Bjelajac&rft.aufirst=Mile&rft.au=%C5%BDunec%2C+Ozren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDMhDgCJCe0C%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownKarim1995" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cynthia; Karim, Farhad (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow">Playing the 'Communal Card': Communal Violence and Human Rights</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-152-7"><bdi>978-1-56432-152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+the+%27Communal+Card%27%3A+Communal+Violence+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-152-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Karim%2C+Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingcommunalc00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brouwer" class="citation book cs1">Brouwer, Anne-Marie de (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhY8ROsA39kC&pg=PA10">Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence</a>. Intersentia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-533-1"><bdi>978-90-5095-533-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124125/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhY8ROsA39kC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supranational+Criminal+Prosecution+of+Sexual+Violence&rft.pub=Intersentia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5095-533-1&rft.aulast=Brouwer&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhY8ROsA39kC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2001" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Kenneth (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp2IDAAAQBAJ">Genocide and the Global Village</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29928-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29928-6"><bdi>978-0-312-29928-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124136/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp2IDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+the+Global+Village&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29928-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWp2IDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cohen-Dragović-Saso" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Leonard J.; Dragović-Soso, Jasna, eds. (2008). State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe: New Perspectives on Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Purdue University Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-460-6"><bdi>978-1-55753-460-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Collapse+in+South-Eastern+Europe%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Yugoslavia%27s+Disintegration&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-460-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2011" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&pg=PA142">Historical Dictionary of Kosovo</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7483-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165834/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kosovo&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7483-1&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPg-aeA-nUeAC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2010" class="citation book cs1">Fink, George (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA469">Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381382-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381382-4"><bdi>978-0-12-381382-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124142/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA469">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stress+of+War%2C+Conflict+and+Disaster&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-12-381382-4&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOq4XV94wLsC%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Finlan" class="citation book cs1">Finlan, Alastair (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collapseofyugosl00alas">The Collapse of Yugoslavia 1991–1999</a>. Essential Histories. Oxford, England: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-805-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-805-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-805-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+Yugoslavia+1991%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-805-2&rft.aulast=Finlan&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollapseofyugosl00alas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2013" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Francine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbFYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT80">Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Polity on the Brink</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-52754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-52754-0"><bdi>978-1-134-52754-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124136/https://books.google.com/books?id=zbFYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT80">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%3A+A+Polity+on+the+Brink&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-52754-0&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzbFYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gagnon" class="citation book cs1">Gagnon, Valère Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vbz_WMRiwEC">The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7291-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-7291-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124211/https://books.google.com/books?id=6vbz_WMRiwEC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Ethnic+War%3A+Serbia+and+Croatia+in+the+1990s&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7291-6&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Val%C3%A8re+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vbz_WMRiwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeldenhuys2004" class="citation book cs1">Geldenhuys, Dean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVqIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Deviant Conduct in World Politics</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00071-1"><bdi>978-0-230-00071-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124144/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVqIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deviant+Conduct+in+World+Politics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00071-1&rft.aulast=Geldenhuys&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVqIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Glenny" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny, Misha</a> (1996). The fall of Yugoslavia: the third Balkan war. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026101-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026101-1"><bdi>978-0-14-026101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+Yugoslavia%3A+the+third+Balkan+war&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026101-1&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Goldstein" title="Ivo Goldstein">Goldstein, Ivo</a> (1999). Croatia: A History. C. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-525-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-525-1"><bdi>978-1-85065-525-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia%3A+A+History&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-525-1&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hall, Richard C. ed. War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC">Humanitarian Law Violations in Kosovo</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-194-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-194-7"><bdi>978-1-56432-194-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165737/https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanitarian+Law+Violations+in+Kosovo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-194-7&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvELQpx1U9EcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraoEmmert2003" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles; Emmert, Thomas A., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C">Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative</a> (2nd ed.). Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4"><bdi>978-1-55753-617-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124131/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+A+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-617-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDMhDgCJCe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2014" class="citation book cs1">Jha, U. C. (2014). Armed Conflict and Environmental Damage. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82652-81-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-82652-81-6"><bdi>978-93-82652-81-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Conflict+and+Environmental+Damage&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-82652-81-6&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=U.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrieger2001" class="citation book cs1">Krieger, Heike (2001). Heike Krieger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC">The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80071-6"><bdi>978-0-521-80071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Conflict+and+International+Law%3A+An+Analytical+Documentation+1974%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80071-6&rft.aulast=Krieger&rft.aufirst=Heike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OhPTJn8ZWoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Kushner" title="Harvey Kushner">Kushner, Harvey W.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mr51AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206">Encyclopedia of Terrorism</a>. Sage Publications. pp. 206–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6550-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6550-6"><bdi>978-1-4522-6550-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=206-&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6550-6&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Harvey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmr51AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2000" class="citation web cs1">Marsden, Chris (16 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/03/koso-m16.html">"British documentary substantiates US-KLA collusion in provoking war with Serbia"</a>. WSWS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913162944/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/03/koso-m16.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+documentary+substantiates+US-KLA+collusion+in+provoking+war+with+Serbia&rft.pub=WSWS&rft.date=2000-03-16&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2000%2F03%2Fkoso-m16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Meštrović" class="citation book cs1">Meštrović, Stjepan Gabriel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGShXjNZzEsC">Genocide After Emotion: The Postemotional Balkan War</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12294-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12294-8"><bdi>978-0-415-12294-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124131/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGShXjNZzEsC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+After+Emotion%3A+The+Postemotional+Balkan+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12294-8&rft.aulast=Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stjepan+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGShXjNZzEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2004" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Eytan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWjJAAAAQBAJ">International Immigration Policy: A Theoretical and Comparative Analysis</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7837-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7837-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-7837-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124148/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWjJAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Immigration+Policy%3A+A+Theoretical+and+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7837-0&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Eytan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWjJAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Naimark" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman; Case, Holly M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5tUbUyXtToC&pg=PR17">Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4594-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-4594-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+and+Its+Historians%3A+Understanding+the+Balkan+Wars+of+the+1990s&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4594-9&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Case%2C+Holly+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5tUbUyXtToC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOff2010" class="citation book cs1">Off, Carol (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PAPc8d_NOQC&pg=PA218">The Lion, the Fox and the Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_of_Canada" title="Random House of Canada">Random House of Canada</a>. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37077-8"><bdi>978-0-307-37077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion%2C+the+Fox+and+the+Eagle&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Random+House+of+Canada&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-37077-8&rft.aulast=Off&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PAPc8d_NOQC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2010" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C">Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48750-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48750-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124126/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+Southeast+European+Politics+Since+1989&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48750-4&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFXdiS25N78C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rogel" class="citation book cs1">Rogel, Carole (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakupofyugosla00roge_0">The Breakup of Yugoslavia and Its Aftermath</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakupofyugosla00roge_0/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32357-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32357-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32357-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breakup+of+Yugoslavia+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32357-7&rft.aulast=Rogel&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbreakupofyugosla00roge_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Martin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ2yAAAAQBAJ&q=yugoslavia+succession+croatia+kosovo+bosnia+slovenia&pg=PA132">Genocide and International Relations: Changing Patterns in the Transitions of the Late Modern World</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-46910-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-46910-5"><bdi>978-1-107-46910-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124126/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ2yAAAAQBAJ&q=yugoslavia+succession+croatia+kosovo+bosnia+slovenia&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+International+Relations%3A+Changing+Patterns+in+the+Transitions+of+the+Late+Modern+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-46910-5&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZ2yAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyugoslavia%2Bsuccession%2Bcroatia%2Bkosovo%2Bbosnia%2Bslovenia%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmajić2013" class="citation book cs1">Smajić, Aid (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ia5AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124">"Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. Vol. 5. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25586-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25586-9"><bdi>978-90-04-25586-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124147/https://books.google.com/books?id=ia5AAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Muslims+in+Europe&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25586-9&rft.aulast=Smaji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dia5AAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2001" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Marcus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/croatianationfor0000tann_f0k3">Croatia : a nation forged in war</a> (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT; London, England: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09125-0"><bdi>978-0-300-09125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia+%3A+a+nation+forged+in+war&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT%3B+London%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09125-0&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcroatianationfor0000tann_f0k3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToalDahlman2011" class="citation book cs1">Toal, Gerard; Dahlman, Carl T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2ReAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and its Reversal</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020790-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020790-8"><bdi>978-0-19-020790-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124152/https://books.google.com/books?id=y2ReAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+Remade%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+and+its+Reversal&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-020790-8&rft.aulast=Toal&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Dahlman%2C+Carl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2ReAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2003" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Clem S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HQqYF2FmMoC&q=kosovo+million+albanians+displaced&pg=PA10">The Balkans</a>. Nova Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-525-3"><bdi>978-1-59033-525-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124135/https://books.google.com/books?id=1HQqYF2FmMoC&q=kosovo+million+albanians+displaced&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-525-3&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Clem+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HQqYF2FmMoC%26q%3Dkosovo%2Bmillion%2Balbanians%2Bdisplaced%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandarDevićGavrilovićHašimbegović2011" class="citation book cs1">Aleksandar, Bosković; Dević, Ana; Gavrilović, Darko; Hašimbegović, Elma; Ljubojević, Ana; Perica, Vjekoslav; Velikonja, Mitja, eds. (2011). Political Myths in the Former Yugoslavia and Successor States: A Shared Narrative. Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8979-067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8979-067-5"><bdi>978-90-8979-067-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Myths+in+the+Former+Yugoslavia+and+Successor+States%3A+A+Shared+Narrative&rft.pub=Institute+for+Historical+Justice+and+Reconciliation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-8979-067-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, Office of Russian and European Analysis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=it1IAQAAIAAJ">Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995</a>. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-066472-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-066472-4"><bdi>978-0-16-066472-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124148/https://books.google.com/books?id=it1IAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Battlegrounds%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Yugoslav+Conflict%2C+1990%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-16-066472-4&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency%2C+Office+of+Russian+and+European+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dit1IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe1993" class="citation book cs1">Council of Europe (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=21PZ_tvdO74C&pg=RA1-PA63">Documents (working Papers) 1993</a>. Council of Europe. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-2332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-2332-9"><bdi>978-92-871-2332-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124126/https://books.google.com/books?id=21PZ_tvdO74C&pg=RA1-PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+%28working+Papers%29+1993&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-92-871-2332-9&rft.au=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D21PZ_tvdO74C%26pg%3DRA1-PA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ullman, Richard Henry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldyugoslavia00ullm">The World and Yugoslavia's Wars</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-191-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-191-3"><bdi>978-0-87609-191-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Yugoslavia%27s+Wars&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-191-3&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldyugoslavia00ullm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisoka2020" class="citation book cs1">Visoka, Gëzim (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_b32DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA385">"Kosovo: a hybrid negative peace"</a>. In Williams, Paul R.; Sterio, Milena (eds.). Research Handbook on Post-Conflict State Building. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-164-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-164-5"><bdi>978-1-78897-164-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1149742525">1149742525</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208124145/https://books.google.com/books?id=_b32DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA385">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kosovo%3A+a+hybrid+negative+peace&rft.btitle=Research+Handbook+on+Post-Conflict+State+Building&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1149742525&rft.isbn=978-1-78897-164-5&rft.aulast=Visoka&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_b32DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank1996" class="citation book cs1">World Bank (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FoRkMJPtaAC&pg=PA10">Bosnia and Herzegovina: Toward Economic Recovery</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="World Bank Publications">World Bank Publications</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-3673-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-3673-1"><bdi>978-0-8213-3673-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina%3A+Toward+Economic+Recovery&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-3673-1&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FoRkMJPtaAC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdovickiRidgeway2000" class="citation book cs1">Udovicki, Jasminka; Ridgeway, James (2000). Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76482-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76482-0"><bdi>978-1-136-76482-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burn+This+House%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-136-76482-0&rft.aulast=Udovicki&rft.aufirst=Jasminka&rft.au=Ridgeway%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1997" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Roger S. (1997). Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76482-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76482-0"><bdi>978-1-136-76482-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protest%2C+Power%2C+and+Change%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Nonviolent+Action+from+ACT-UP+to+Women%27s+Suffrage&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-136-76482-0&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarly_journal_articles">Scholarly journal articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Wars&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Scholarly journal articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhavan2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Payam_Akhavan" title="Payam Akhavan">Akhavan, Payam</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/div-classtitlebeyond-impunity-can-international-criminal-justice-prevent-future-atrocitiesdiv/96FD7A3C6B0EFC76E50F71A8DDFAFAFF">"Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">American Journal of International Law</a>. 95 (1): 7–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2642034">10.2307/2642034</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642034">2642034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144769396">144769396</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618054519/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/div-classtitlebeyond-impunity-can-international-criminal-justice-prevent-future-atrocitiesdiv/96FD7A3C6B0EFC76E50F71A8DDFAFAFF">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Beyond+Impunity%3A+Can+International+Criminal+Justice+Prevent+Future+Atrocities%3F&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-31&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144769396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2642034%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2642034&rft.aulast=Akhavan&rft.aufirst=Payam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-journal-of-international-law%2Farticle%2Fdiv-classtitlebeyond-impunity-can-international-criminal-justice-prevent-future-atrocitiesdiv%2F96FD7A3C6B0EFC76E50F71A8DDFAFAFF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicanic2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bicanic, Ivo (2008). "Croatia". 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Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2002+UNHCR+Statistical+Yearbook%3A+Macedonia&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924104-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54Oe1WTfBfAC%26q%3Dmacedonia%2Brefugees%2B10.5%2Bper%2B1%2C000%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="UNHCRSL" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/414ad5ab0.pdf">"2002 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook: Slovenia"</a> (PDF). UNHCR. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924002443/https://www.unhcr.org/414ad5ab0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+UNHCR+Statistical+Yearbook%3A+Slovenia&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F414ad5ab0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="UNHCRSR" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/uk/414ad5b57.pdf">"2002 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook: Serbia"</a> (PDF). UNHCR. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924004028/https://www.unhcr.org/uk/414ad5b57.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2021. 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International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 22 (3): 373–384. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25621931">25621931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Missing+Democratic+Revolution+and+Serbia%27s+Anti-European+Choice+1989%E2%80%932009&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-384&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25621931%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Di+Lellio&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25621931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogoeva2017" class="citation web cs1">Bogoeva, Julija (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/5-bogoeva">"The War in Yugoslavia in ICTY Judgements: The Goals of the Warring Parties and Nature of the Conflict"</a>. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+in+Yugoslavia+in+ICTY+Judgements%3A+The+Goals+of+the+Warring+Parties+and+Nature+of+the+Conflict&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Torkel+Opsahl+Academic+EPublisher&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bogoeva&rft.aufirst=Julija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toaep.org%2Fops-pdf%2F5-bogoeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215042159/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552526">Video on the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguy.com/balkan_war_third.htm">Information and links on the Third Balkan War (1991–2001)</a></li> <li>Nation, R. Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/00117.pdf">"War in the Balkans 1991–2002"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325203109/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/00117.pdf">Archived</a> 25 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadović" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Radović, Bora, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220222/http://www.ian.org.rs/publikacije/tortura/srpski/01.pdf">Jugoslovenski ratovi 1991–1999 i neke od njihovih društvenih posledica</a> (PDF) (in Serbian), RS: IAN, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ian.org.rs/publikacije/tortura/srpski/01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 8 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jugoslovenski+ratovi+1991%E2%80%931999+i+neke+od+njihovih+dru%C5%A1tvenih+posledica&rft.place=RS&rft.pub=IAN&rft.aulast=Radovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Bora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ian.org.rs%2Fpublikacije%2Ftortura%2Fsrpski%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://massgravesmap.balkaninsight.com/">Bitter Land</a>, a multilingual database of mass graves in the Yugoslav Wars by <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Investigative_Reporting_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Investigative Reporting Network">Balkan Investigative Reporting Network</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yugoslav_Wars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template:Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template talk:Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslav_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat–Bosniak War</a> (1992–1994)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> (1998–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a> (1999–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-war protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_anti-war_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991–1992 anti-war protests in Belgrade">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_anti-war_protests_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">YUTEL for Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (FRY/SRJ)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a> (HRHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a> (APZB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Serb_Autonomous_Regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Regions" title="Serb Autonomous Regions">Serb Autonomous Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (RSK) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> (RS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">SAO Bosanska Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">SAO Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_North-Eastern_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO North-Eastern Bosnia">SAO North-Eastern Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">SAO Romanija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)">Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Republic_(1991)" title="Dubrovnik Republic (1991)">Dubrovnik Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations protectorate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Yugoslav Territorial Defence</a> (TO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defence" title="Slovenian Territorial Defence">Slovenian Territorial Defence</a> (TORS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(FRY)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Army (FRY)">Yugoslav Army</a> (VJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Ground_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Ground Army">Croatian Army</a> (HV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defence_Force_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">BiH Territorial Defence</a> (TORBIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (ARBiH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Serb_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina">Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina</a> (SVK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> (HVO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (UÇK in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">R. Serbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Army (Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> (UÇK in R. Macedonia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac</a> (UÇPMB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military formations and volunteers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Guard" title="Croatian National Guard">Croatian National Guard</a> (ZNG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a> (HOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Eagles_(paramilitary)" title="White Eagles (paramilitary)">White Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Guard" title="Serbian Guard">Serb Guard</a> (SG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard" title="Serb Volunteer Guard">Serb Volunteer Guard</a> (SDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(Serbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpions (Serbia)">Scorpions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Wasps" title="Yellow Wasps">Yellow Wasps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_Panteri" title="Garda Panteri">Garda Panteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_the_Mighty_(paramilitary)" title="Dušan the Mighty (paramilitary)">Dušan the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kninjas" title="Kninjas">Kninjas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Falcons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Falcons (page does not exist)">Serb Falcons</a> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="sr:Српски соколови">sr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobutski_sokolovi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobutski sokolovi (page does not exist)">Tobutski sokolovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackals_(paramilitary)" title="Jackals (paramilitary)">Jackals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Volunteer_Guard" title="Greek Volunteer Guard">Greek Volunteer Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vu%C4%8Djak" title="Wolves of Vučjak">Wolves of Vučjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AKSH" class="mw-redirect" title="AKSH">AKSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Berets_(Bosnian_paramilitary)" title="Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)">Green Berets</a> (GB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_League_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Patriotic League</a> (PL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Swans_(special_forces)" title="Black Swans (special forces)">Black Swans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">People's Defence of Western Bosnia</a> (NOZB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">IFOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina">SFOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="European Union Monitoring Mission in the former Yugoslavia">EUMM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Confidence_Restoration_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation">UNCRO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fikret_Abdi%C4%87" title="Fikret Abdić">Fikret Abdić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87" title="Milan Babić">Milan Babić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_Boban" title="Mate Boban">Mate Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momir_Bulatovi%C4%87" title="Momir Bulatović">Momir Bulatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaz_Durakovi%C4%87" title="Nijaz Duraković">Nijaz Duraković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Drašković">Vuk Drašković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Goran Hadžić">Goran Hadžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Borisav Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirko_Jovi%C4%87" title="Mirko Jović">Mirko Jović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Kraji%C5%A1nik" title="Momčilo Krajišnik">Momčilo Krajišnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Marti%C4%87" title="Milan Martić">Milan Martić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Parad%C5%BEik" title="Ante Paradžik">Ante Paradžik</a>  <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobroslav_Paraga" title="Dobroslav Paraga">Dobroslav Paraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojze_Peterle" title="Lojze Peterle">Lojze Peterle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biljana_Plav%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Biljana Plavšić">Biljana Plavšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadranko_Prli%C4%87" title="Jadranko Prlić">Jadranko Prlić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Ra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Rašković">Jovan Rašković</a>  <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haris_Silajd%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Haris Silajdžić">Haris Silajdžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_Zubak" title="Krešimir Zubak">Krešimir Zubak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top military commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Ademi" title="Rahim Ademi">Rahim Ademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Bobetko" title="Janko Bobetko">Janko Bobetko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agim_%C3%87eku" title="Agim Çeku">Agim Çeku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasim_Deli%C4%87" title="Rasim Delić">Rasim Delić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Halilovi%C4%87" title="Sefer Halilović">Sefer Halilović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljko_Kadijevi%C4%87" title="Veljko Kadijević">Veljko Kadijević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Mile Novaković">Mile Novaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_Ojdani%C4%87" title="Dragoljub Ojdanić">Dragoljub Ojdanić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivota_Pani%C4%87" title="Života Panić">Života Panić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Pavkovi%C4%87" title="Nebojša Pavković">Nebojša Pavković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Peri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Momčilo Perišić">Momčilo Perišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milivoj_Petkovi%C4%87" title="Milivoj Petković">Milivoj Petković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridvan_Qazimi" title="Ridvan Qazimi">Ridvan Qazimi</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0pegelj" title="Martin Špegelj">Martin Špegelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gojko_%C5%A0u%C5%A1ak" title="Gojko Šušak">Gojko Šušak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Alagi%C4%87" title="Mehmed Alagić">Mehmed Alagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihomir_Bla%C5%A1ki%C4%87" title="Tihomir Blaškić">Tihomir Blaškić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Božović">Đorđe Božović</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_%C4%86ori%C4%87" title="Valentin Ćorić">Valentin Ćorić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Divjak" title="Jovan Divjak">Jovan Divjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atif_Dudakovi%C4%87" title="Atif Dudaković">Atif Dudaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Gotovina" title="Ante Gotovina">Ante Gotovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaim_Imamovi%C4%87_(officer)" title="Zaim Imamović (officer)">Zaim Imamović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adem_Jashari" title="Adem Jashari">Adem Jashari</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Blaž Kraljević</a>  <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Lazarević">Vladimir Lazarević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljko_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Veljko Milanković">Veljko Milanković</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Mrk%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Mile Mrkšić">Mile Mrkšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naser_Ori%C4%87" title="Naser Orić">Naser Orić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Pa%C5%A1ali%C4%87" title="Arif Pašalić">Arif Pašalić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Praljak" title="Slobodan Praljak">Slobodan Praljak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivica_Raji%C4%87" title="Ivica Rajić">Ivica Rajić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkan" title="Arkan">Željko Ražnatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1a_Savi%C4%87" title="Ljubiša Savić">Ljubiša Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_%C5%A0iber" title="Stjepan Šiber">Stjepan Šiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veselin_%C5%A0ljivan%C4%8Danin" title="Veselin Šljivančanin">Veselin Šljivančanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuka%C5%A1in_%C5%A0o%C5%A1ko%C4%87anin" title="Vukašin Šoškoćanin">Vukašin Šoškoćanin</a>  <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Tepi%C4%87" title="Milan Tepić">Milan Tepić</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milorad_Ulemek" title="Milorad Ulemek">Milorad Ulemek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragan_Vasiljkovi%C4%87" title="Dragan Vasiljković">Dragan Vasiljković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blago_Zadro" title="Blago Zadro">Blago Zadro</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key foreign figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Carter_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Earl Carter Jr.">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Claes" title="Willy Claes">Willy Claes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Feith" title="Pieter Feith">Pieter Feith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Lord Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Klein" title="Jacques Paul Klein">Jacques Paul Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galbraith" title="Peter Galbraith">Peter Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner" title="Manfred Wörner">Manfred Wörner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Croatian War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Croatian_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kijevo" title="Siege of Kijevo">Siege of Kijevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_riot_in_Zadar" title="1991 riot in Zadar">1991 riot in Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protest_in_Split" title="1991 protest in Split">1991 protest in Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_killings_of_Serbs_in_Vukovar" title="1991 killings of Serbs in Vukovar">Killings of Serbs in Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisak_killings" title="Sisak killings">Sisak killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenja_killings" title="Tenja killings">Tenja killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalj_massacre" title="Dalj massacre">Dalj massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Labrador" title="Operation Labrador">Operation Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banija_villages_killings" title="Banija villages killings">Banija villages killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrinja_killings" title="Petrinja killings">Petrinja killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berak_killings" title="Berak killings">Berak killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetekovac_massacre" title="Četekovac massacre">Četekovac massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korana_bridge_killings" title="Korana bridge killings">Korana bridge killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovarnik_massacre" title="Tovarnik massacre">Tovarnik massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novo_Selo_Glinsko_massacre" title="Novo Selo Glinsko massacre">Novo Selo Glinsko massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Banski_dvori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Banski dvori">Bombing of Banski dvori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iroka_Kula_massacre" title="Široka Kula massacre">Široka Kula massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovas_killings" title="Lovas killings">Lovas killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87_massacre" title="Gospić massacre">Gospić massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%87in_massacre" title="Baćin massacre">Baćin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saborsko_massacre" title="Saborsko massacre">Saborsko massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEega_villages_massacre" title="Požega villages massacre">Požega villages massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logori%C5%A1te" title="Battle of Logorište">Battle of Logorište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poljanak_and_Vukovi%C4%87i_massacres" title="Poljanak and Vukovići massacres">Poljanak and Vukovići massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdut_killings" title="Erdut killings">Erdut killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula_airport_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Pula airport incident">Pula incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Dalmatian channels">Battle of the Dalmatian channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostri%C4%87i_massacre" title="Kostrići massacre">Kostrići massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0kabrnja_massacre" title="Škabrnja massacre">Škabrnja massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vukovar_massacre" title="Vukovar massacre">Vukovar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_killings_of_Serbs_in_Novska" title="1991 killings of Serbs in Novska">Novska murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_plan" title="Vance plan">Vance plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_Zec_family" title="Murder of the Zec family">Murder of the Zec family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulin_Dvor_massacre" title="Paulin Dvor massacre">Paulin Dvor massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Jame_massacre" title="Gornje Jame massacre">Gornje Jame massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vo%C4%87in_massacre" title="Voćin massacre">Voćin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%A1evica_massacre" title="Joševica massacre">Joševica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devil%27s_Beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Devil's Beam">Operation Devil's Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru%C5%A1ka_massacre" title="Bruška massacre">Bruška massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrsar_airport_bombing" title="Vrsar airport bombing">Vrsar airport bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo Agreement">Sarajevo Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_European_Community_Monitor_Mission_helicopter_downing" title="1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing">1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Liberated_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Liberated Land">Operation Liberated Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konavle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Konavle">Battle of Konavle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vlaštica">Operation Vlaštica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993–94</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daruvar_Agreement" title="Daruvar Agreement">Daruvar Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backstop" title="Operation Backstop">Operation Backstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-4_Plan" title="Z-4 Plan">Z-4 Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medari_massacre" title="Medari massacre">Medari massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagreb rocket attack">Zagreb rocket attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kijani_killings" title="Kijani killings">Kijani killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubi%C4%87_killings" title="Golubić killings">Golubić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzdolje_killings" title="Uzdolje killings">Uzdolje killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1995_Bosanski_Petrovac_refugee_column_bombing" title="August 1995 Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing">Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvor_massacre" title="Dvor massacre">Dvor massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi%C4%87_killings" title="Komić killings">Komić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go%C5%A1i%C4%87_killings" title="Gošić killings">Gošić killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varivode_massacre" title="Varivode massacre">Varivode massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Maestral 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence">Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internment camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begejci_camp" title="Begejci camp">Begejci camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%8Dje_camp" title="Bučje camp">Bučje camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerestinec_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerestinec camp">Kerestinec camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knin_camp" title="Knin camp">Knin camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuline_prison" title="Kuline prison">Kuline prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lora_prison_camp" title="Lora prison camp">Lora prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Selo_camp" title="Marino Selo camp">Marino Selo camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8Dara_camp" title="Ovčara camp">Ovčara camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakra%C4%8Dka_Poljana_camp" title="Pakračka Poljana camp">Pakračka Poljana camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica_prison_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sremska Mitrovica prison camp">Sremska Mitrovica prison camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staji%C4%87evo_camp" title="Stajićevo camp">Stajićevo camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velepromet_camp" title="Velepromet camp">Velepromet camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Croats_in_Serbia_during_the_war_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia">Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Croatian War of Independence">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Croatian_War_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Croatian War of Independence">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bosnian_War" title="Template:Bosnian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bosnian_War" title="Template talk:Bosnian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bosnian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bosnian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bosnian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belligerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Bosniak side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">1st Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="2nd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">2nd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="3rd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">3rd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="4th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">4th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="5th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">5th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="6th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">6th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Corps_(Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="7th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)">7th Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_League_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Berets_(Bosnian_paramilitary)" title="Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)">Green Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Croat side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council" title="Croatian Defence Council">Croatian Defence Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">1OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">2OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">3OZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4OZ_(HVO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4OZ (HVO) (page does not exist)">4OZ</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knights_(Croatian_Defence_Forces)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knights (Croatian Defence Forces) (page does not exist)">Knights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Serb side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Krajina_Corps" title="1st Krajina Corps">1st Krajina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Krajina_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Krajina Corps (page does not exist)">2nd Krajina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">3rd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Bosnia_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Bosnia Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">East Bosnia Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herzegovina_Corps_(VRS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herzegovina Corps (VRS) (page does not exist)">Herzegovina Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarajevo-Romanija_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarajevo-Romanija Corps (page does not exist)">Sarajevo-Romanija Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drina_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drina Corps (page does not exist)">Drina Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li>Paramilitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vu%C4%8Djak" title="Wolves of Vučjak">Wolves of Vučjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Eagles_(paramilitary)" title="White Eagles (paramilitary)">White Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard" title="Serb Volunteer Guard">Serb Volunteer Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(paramilitary)" title="Scorpions (paramilitary)">Scorpions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Wasps" title="Yellow Wasps">Yellow Wasps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> Western Bosnian side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikarpa%C5%A1i%C4%87%E2%80%93Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87_agreement" title="Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement">Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Regions" title="Serb Autonomous Regions">Serb Autonomous Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a></li></ul></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia</a></li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_wedding_attack" title="Sarajevo wedding attack">Sarajevo wedding attack</a></li> <li>Declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Battle of Bosanski Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijekovac_killings" title="Sijekovac killings">Sijekovac killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijeljina_massacre" title="Bijeljina massacre">Bijeljina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_anti-war_protests_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo">1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazani_pit_killings" title="Kazani pit killings">Kazani pit killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_ethnic_cleansing" title="Foča ethnic cleansing">Foča ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosanski_%C5%A0amac_ethnic_cleansing" title="Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing">Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica" title="Siege of Srebrenica">Siege of Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvornik_massacre" title="Zvornik massacre">Zvornik massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doboj_ethnic_cleansing_(1992)" title="Doboj ethnic cleansing (1992)">Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagovo_massacre" title="Snagovo massacre">Snagovo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prijedor_ethnic_cleansing" title="Prijedor ethnic cleansing">Prijedor ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Sarajevo" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo">Sarajevo column incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">Siege of Goražde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glogova_massacre" title="Glogova massacre">Glogova massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C5%A1va_Valley_ethnic_cleansing" title="Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing">Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Tuzla" title="1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Tuzla">Tuzla column incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaklopa%C4%8Da_massacre" title="Zaklopača massacre">Zaklopača massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Doboj">Siege of Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradina_massacre" title="Bradina massacre">Bradina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_bread_line_massacre" title="Sarajevo bread line massacre">Sarajevo bread line massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijeli_Potok_massacre" title="Bijeli Potok massacre">Bijeli Potok massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionirska_Street_fire" title="Pionirska Street fire">Pionirska Street fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad_massacres" title="Višegrad massacres">Višegrad massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosanska_Jagodina_massacre" title="Bosanska Jagodina massacre">Bosanska Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paklenik_massacre" title="Paklenik massacre">Paklenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barimo_massacre" title="Barimo massacre">Barimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjeverin_massacre" title="Sjeverin massacre">Sjeverin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cemerno_massacre" title="Čemerno massacre">Čemerno massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahatovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahatovići massacre">Ahatovići massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat–Bosniak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikavac_fire" title="Bikavac fire">Bikavac fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1992_killings_of_Serbs_in_Bratunac_and_Srebrenica" title="July 1992 killings of Serbs in Bratunac and Srebrenica">Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Friendship_and_Cooperation_between_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_and_Croatia" title="Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia">Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kori%C4%87ani_Cliffs_massacre" title="Korićani Cliffs massacre">Korićani Cliffs massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%8Divode_massacre" title="Mičivode massacre">Mičivode massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novoseoci_massacre" title="Novoseoci massacre">Novoseoci massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornja_Jo%C5%A1anica_massacre" title="Gornja Jošanica massacre">Gornja Jošanica massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_killings" title="Duša killings">Duša killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skelani_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Skelani massacre">Skelani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0trpci_massacre" title="Štrpci massacre">Štrpci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_April_1993_Srebrenica_shelling" title="12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling">Srebrenica shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Ahmići massacre">Ahmići massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusina_massacre" title="Trusina massacre">Trusina massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovi%C4%87i_and_Doljani_killings" title="Sovići and Doljani killings">Sovići and Doljani killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenica_massacre" title="Zenica massacre">Zenica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vranica_case" title="Vranica case">Vranica case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrinja_mortar_attack" title="Dobrinja mortar attack">Dobrinja mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De" title="Battle of Žepče">Battle of Žepče</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Travnik_(1993)" title="Battle of Travnik (1993)">Battle of Travnik (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno" title="Battle of Bugojno">Battle of Bugojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Irma" title="Operation Irma">Operation Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793" title="Operation Neretva '93">Operation Neretva '93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabovica_massacre" title="Grabovica massacre">Grabovica massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokronoge_massacre" title="Mokronoge massacre">Mokronoge massacre</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Bosniak_conflict_in_Bosanska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina">Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre" title="Stupni Do massacre">Stupni Do massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_Selo_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Križančevo Selo killings">Križančevo Selo killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94" title="Operation Tvigi 94">Operation Tvigi 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">First Markale massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka_incident" title="Banja Luka incident">Banja Luka incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Agreement" title="Washington Agreement">Washington Agreement</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Operation Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_roadside_attack_on_Spin_magazine_journalists" title="1994 roadside attack on Spin magazine journalists">Attack on Spin magazine journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_%22Breza_%2794%22" title="Operation "Breza '94"">Operation "Breza '94"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Operation Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System_Flight_347" title="Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347">Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Operation Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Operation Vlašić">Operation Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Agreement" title="Split Agreement">Split Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" title="1995 Pale air strikes">Pale air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_May_1995_Tuzla_shelling" class="mw-redirect" title="25 May 1995 Tuzla shelling">Tuzla shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_massacre_(1995)" title="Kravica massacre (1995)">Kravica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Battle of Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Operation Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">Second Markale massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">NATO bombing campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Operation Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Sarajevo_Serbs" title="Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs">Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internment camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silos_camp" title="Silos camp">Silos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manja%C4%8Da_camp" title="Manjača camp">Manjača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liplje_camp" title="Liplje camp">Liplje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luka_camp" title="Luka camp">Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilina_Vlas" title="Vilina Vlas">Vilina Vlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omarska_camp" title="Omarska camp">Omarska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraterm_camp" title="Keraterm camp">Keraterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trnopolje_camp" title="Trnopolje camp">Trnopolje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C5%A1ica_camp" title="Sušica camp">Sušica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celebi%C4%87i_camp" title="Čelebići camp">Čelebići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musala_camp" title="Musala camp">Musala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batkovi%C4%87_camp" title="Batković camp">Batković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dretelj_camp" title="Dretelj camp">Dretelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzamnica_camp" title="Uzamnica camp">Uzamnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodrom_camp" title="Heliodrom camp">Heliodrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabela_camp" title="Gabela camp">Gabela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojno_camp" title="Vojno camp">Vojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenica_camp" title="Kamenica camp">Kamenica camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camps in the Bosnian War">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_plans_proposed_before_and_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Peace plans proposed before and during the Bosnian War">Peace plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_support_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign support in the Bosnian War">Foreign support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bosnian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bosnian War">Timeline of the Bosnian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War">Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War</a>) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bosnian_War" title="Category:Bosnian War">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bosnian_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bosnian War">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_Wars" title="Category:Yugoslav Wars">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_wars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yugoslav wars">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yugoslavia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslavia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_regency" title="Yugoslav regency">Yugoslav regency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslav irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">counterintelligence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yugoslav Army (disambiguation)">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li>Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">1945–1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces">Ground</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">1945–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li>Air Force <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Royal Yugoslav Air Force">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">1945–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ranks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks">1945–1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Computer systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia" title="List of computer systems from Yugoslavia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_krone" title="Yugoslav krone">Krone (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Yugoslavia" title="Postal codes in Yugoslavia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Services_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Services in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">List of companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Society of Yugoslavia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minorities_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minorities of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yugoslavia" title="Public holidays in Yugoslavia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yugoslavia" title="Languages of Yugoslavia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene (Slovenian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yugoslavia" title="Art of Yugoslavia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_films" title="List of Yugoslav films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre" title="Yugoslav Drama Theatre">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Yugoslavia" title="Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia">Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_composers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav composers (page does not exist)">composers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_national_costume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslav national costume (page does not exist)">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Sport in Yugoslavia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_poets" title="List of Yugoslav poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Anthem (1918–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">1945–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia" title="Category:Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>until 1918 </th> <th style="width:12%"><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">1918– 1929</a> </th> <th style="width:13%">1929– 1945 </th> <th style="width:8%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">1941– 1945</a> </th> <th style="width:3%">1945– 1946 </th> <th style="width:19%">1946– 1963 </th> <th style="width:32%">1963– 1992 </th> <th style="width:13%"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">1992– 2003</a> </th> <th style="width:3%">2003– 2006 </th> <th style="width:3%">2006– 2008 </th> <th>since 2008 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%"><div>Part of <div><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> including the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a></div><div>See also:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> (1868–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a> (1815–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(Austro-Hungarian_condominium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)">Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1878–1918)</div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="12" style="background:#e6e7e8; font-size:85%"><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> (1918) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (1918–1929) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> (1929–1945)</div> <div>See also:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a> (1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> (1918–1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924) (1924–1945)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Zadar#Italy_(1918–1947)" title="Zadar">Italian province of Zadar</a> (1920–1947)</div> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2">Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, and Hungarya </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="12" style="background:#ccf"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#World_War_II" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a> (1945–1946) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Post-war_period" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1946–1963) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Reform" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1963–1992)<div style="font-size:85%"> Consisted of the Socialist Republics of:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (1945–1991) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> (1945–1991) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1945–1992)</div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> (1945–1992) (included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">autonomous provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a>)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (1945–1992) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (1945–1991)<div style="font-size:85%"> See also:</div><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)h</div> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#f4c2c2"><div><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"><img alt="Independent State of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. Parts annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međimurje">Međimurje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranja</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>.</div> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a>b <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Croatia" title="Central Croatia">Croatia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>c <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Consists of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (since 1995), <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> (since 1995), and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_District" title="Brčko District">Brčko District</a> (since 2000).</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> </td> <td style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%">Part of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> region of Hungary </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Autonomous Banat</a>d <div style="font-size:85%">(part of the German <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a>)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> (1992–2006) and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a> (1992–2006)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004%E2%80%932010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Included the autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and, under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo and Metohija</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">of Serbia</a><div style="font-size:85%"> Includes the autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (1882–1918) </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a> (1941–1944) e </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </td> <td style="background:#eef">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (1912–1918) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2">Mostly annexed by <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a> (1941–1944) <div style="font-size:85%">along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a> (1910–1918)<div style="font-size:85%">Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Protectorate of Montenegro</a>f (1941–1944) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> </td> <td style="background:#eef">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (1912–1918) </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2">Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> (1941–1944) </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a>g </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" class="plainlist" style="background:none; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; font-size:85%"> <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>.</li> <li>b See also: <a href="/wiki/SAO_Kninska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO Kninska Krajina">SAO Kninska Krajina</a> (1990) → <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a> (1990–1991); and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a> (1990–1991), <a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a> (1990–1991) and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (1990–1995), all replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium</a> (1996–1998).</li> <li>c See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Autonomous Oblasts">Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs)</a> of <a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> (1991–1992), which all combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992–1995).</li> <li>d <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a> was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li>e See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Republic of Užice</a>.</li> <li>f Annexed by Italy (1941–1943) and Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li>g North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia because of a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">naming dispute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li> <li>h Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">conflicts in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict (1990–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War (1990–1992)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia War (1991–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">East Prigorodny conflict (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russian constitutional crisis (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War (1999–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">Tuzla Island conflict (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan Uprising (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion (2023)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War (1992–1995)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">Albanian Civil War (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War (1998–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">List of Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proxy_wars" title="List of proxy wars">List of proxy wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">List of frozen conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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[\"CITEREFHayden1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2001\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFIacopinoFrankBauerKeller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngraoEmmert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Ron2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssens2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaron2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosmač2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrieger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin_Institute_for_Genocide_Prevention2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagliveras2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmutćehajić2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlise_Simons2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlise_Simons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortonBianchiniNationForage2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNation2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOHCHR1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOSCE1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerritt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerritt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerunovic2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_W._Galbraith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinder1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowers1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProfessor_Peter_RadanAleksandar_Pavkovic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrunk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRace2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadović\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedžić2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalzman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiblesz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmajić2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmall_Arms_Survey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_Meisler_and_Carol_J._Williams1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Engelberg1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudetic1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabeau2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToalDahlman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomuschat2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottenBartrop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNHCR1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNHCR1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNHCR2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_State1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdovickiRidgeway2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasiliki_P._Neofotistos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesna_Peric_Zimonjic2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisoka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatch2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeineBeckerVojvodaHodzic1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaknic1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Meurs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČepič2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFв_Никифоров2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Cohen-Dragović-Saso\"] = 1,\n [\"Finlan\"] = 1,\n [\"Gagnon\"] = 1,\n [\"Glenny\"] = 1,\n [\"ICTY-Delalic\"] = 1,\n [\"Meštrović\"] = 1,\n [\"Milutinovic_et_al\"] = 1,\n [\"Naimark\"] = 1,\n [\"Rogel\"] = 1,\n [\"UNHCRHR\"] = 1,\n [\"UNHCRMK\"] = 1,\n [\"UNHCRSL\"] = 1,\n [\"UNHCRSR\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 8,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 89,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Fall of Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Post-Cold War European conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 65,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"UN document\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Yugoslav wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Yugoslavia timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Yugoslavia topics\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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