CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Greco-Buddhist art - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3c9b2acf-e67d-4d99-9e99-d813ad5bc994","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Greco-Buddhist_art","wgTitle":"Greco-Buddhist art","wgCurRevisionId":1237548573,"wgRevisionId":1237548573,"wgArticleId":774727,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Commons category link from Wikidata","Gandhara art","Buddhist art","Greco-Buddhism","Ancient Indian art","Indian Buddhist sculpture","Hellenistic art","Pakistani art", "Ancient Central Asian art"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Greco-Buddhist_art","wgRelevantArticleId":774727,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1008014","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/1200px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1989"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/800px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1326"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/640px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1061"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Greco-Buddhist art - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Greco-Buddhist_art rootpage-Greco-Buddhist_art skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Greco-Buddhist+art" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Greco-Buddhist+art" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Greco-Buddhist+art" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Greco-Buddhist+art" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_outline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_outline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historical outline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_outline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Buddhist_art_and_aniconic_Buddhist_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Buddhist_art_and_aniconic_Buddhist_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Buddhist art and aniconic Buddhist representations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Buddhist_art_and_aniconic_Buddhist_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_art_in_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_art_in_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hellenistic art in South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_art_in_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Gandhara_creations:_stone_palettes_(2nd_century_BC_–_1st_century_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Gandhara_creations:_stone_palettes_(2nd_century_BC_–_1st_century_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early Gandhara creations: stone palettes (2nd century BC – 1st century AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Gandhara_creations:_stone_palettes_(2nd_century_BC_–_1st_century_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_contributions_of_Gandharan_artists_to_Buddhist_art_(2nd-1st_century_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_contributions_of_Gandharan_artists_to_Buddhist_art_(2nd-1st_century_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early contributions of Gandharan artists to Buddhist art (2nd-1st century BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_contributions_of_Gandharan_artists_to_Buddhist_art_(2nd-1st_century_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Sanchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bharhut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bharhut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Bharhut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bharhut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_Greco-Buddhist_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_Greco-Buddhist_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Characteristics of Greco-Buddhist art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics_of_Greco-Buddhist_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics of Greco-Buddhist art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_Greco-Buddhist_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artistic_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Artistic model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stylistic_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stylistic_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Stylistic evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stylistic_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Buddha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_model_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_model_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Artistic model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_model_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gods_and_Bodhisattvas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gods_and_Bodhisattvas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Gods and Bodhisattvas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gods_and_Bodhisattvas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cupids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cupids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Cupids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cupids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devotees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devotees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Devotees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devotees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fantastic_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantastic_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Fantastic animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantastic_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kushan contribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_period_(5th-7th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_period_(5th-7th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later period (5th-7th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_period_(5th-7th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Southern influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Southern_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Southern influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Southern_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_of_the_Shunga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_of_the_Shunga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Art of the Shunga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_of_the_Shunga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_of_Mathura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_of_Mathura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Art of Mathura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_of_Mathura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_of_Western_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_of_Western_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Arts of Western India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_of_Western_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_of_the_Gupta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_of_the_Gupta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Art of the Gupta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_of_the_Gupta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Expansion in Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expansion_in_Central_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expansion in Central Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bactria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bactria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bactria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bactria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarim_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarim_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Tarim Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarim_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_in_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_in_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Influences in East Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences_in_East_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influences in East Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_in_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_Southeast_Asian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_Southeast_Asian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Influences on Southeast Asian art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_Southeast_Asian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Museums-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Museums subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Major collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Small collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Private collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greco-Buddhist art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A" title="الفن اليوناني البوذي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفن اليوناني البوذي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грэка-будысцкае мастацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэка-будысцкае мастацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_grecobudista" title="Art grecobudista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art grecobudista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandh%C3%A1rsk%C3%A9_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Gandhárské umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gandhárské umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra_kunst" title="Gandhāra kunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gandhāra kunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ελληνοβουδιστική τέχνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνοβουδιστική τέχνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_greco-budista" title="Arte greco-budista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte greco-budista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="هنر یونانی و بودایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر یونانی و بودایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gr%C3%A9co-bouddhique" title="Art gréco-bouddhique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art gréco-bouddhique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EB%8B%A4%EB%9D%BC_%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0" title="간다라 미술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간다라 미술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गान्धार कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गान्धार कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_Buddha-Yunani" title="Seni Buddha-Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni Buddha-Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_greco-buddista" title="Arte greco-buddista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte greco-buddista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandh%C3%A1ra_m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szete" title="Gandhára művészete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gandhára művészete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="ഗാന്ധാരകല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാന്ധാരകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गांधार बौद्ध कला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गांधार बौद्ध कला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गान्धार कला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गान्धार कला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="ガンダーラ美術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガンダーラ美術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk-buddhistisk_kunst" title="Gresk-buddhistisk kunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gresk-buddhistisk kunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੰਧਾਰ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੰਧਾਰ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="گندھارا آرٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گندھارا آرٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="د ګندهارا هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ګندهارا هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_greco-budista" title="Arte greco-budista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte greco-budista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Греко-буддистское искусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греко-буддистское искусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara_art" title="Gandhara art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gandhara art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greko-buddhistisk_konst" title="Greko-buddhistisk konst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Greko-buddhistisk konst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Греко-буддистське мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Греко-буддистське мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%86" title="گندھارا فن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گندھارا فن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="希臘式佛教藝術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希臘式佛教藝術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1008014#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Greco-Buddhist_art" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Greco-Buddhist_art" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&oldid=1237548573" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Greco-Buddhist_art&id=1237548573&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGreco-Buddhist_art"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGreco-Buddhist_art"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greco-Buddhist_art" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1008014" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artistic syncretism between Classical Greece and Buddhist India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Gandhara art</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/250px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/375px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/500px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BimaranCasket2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/250px-BimaranCasket2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/375px-BimaranCasket2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/500px-BimaranCasket2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2618" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KushanMaitreya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KushanMaitreya.JPG/250px-KushanMaitreya.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="584" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/KushanMaitreya.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: <a href="/wiki/Standing_Buddha_from_Gandhara_(Tokyo)" title="Standing Buddha from Gandhara (Tokyo)">Standing Buddha from Gandhara</a>, 1st-2nd century AD Centre: The <a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a>, representing the Buddha, is dated to around 30–10 BC. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>; Bottom: The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1st century B.C. -5th century A.D.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Greco-Buddhist art</b> or <b>Gandhara art</b> is the artistic manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a>, a cultural <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. It had mainly evolved in the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, located in the northwestern fringe of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. </p><p>The series of interactions leading to Gandhara art occurred over time, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s brief incursion into the area, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> converting the region to Buddhism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Buddhism became the prominent religion in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdoms</a>. However, Greco-Buddhist art truly flowered and spread under the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, when the first surviving devotional images of the Buddha were created during the 1st-3rd centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhara art reached its zenith from the 3rd-5th century CE, when most surviving motifs and artworks were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gandhara art is characterized by Buddhist subject matter, sometimes adapting Greco-Roman elements, rendered in a style and forms that are heavily influenced by Greco-Roman art. It has the strong idealistic realism and sensuous description of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic art</a>, and it is believed to have produced the first representations of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in human form, ending the early period of <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism" title="Aniconism in Buddhism">aniconism in Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The representation of the human form in large sculpture had a considerable influence, both to the south in the rest of India, and to the east, where the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">spread of Buddhism</a> carried its influence as far as Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Buddha_and_nude_Vajrapani_at_Jamal_Garhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Buddha_and_nude_Vajrapani_at_Jamal_Garhi.jpg/220px-The_Buddha_and_nude_Vajrapani_at_Jamal_Garhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Buddha_and_nude_Vajrapani_at_Jamal_Garhi.jpg/330px-The_Buddha_and_nude_Vajrapani_at_Jamal_Garhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Buddha_and_nude_Vajrapani_at_Jamal_Garhi.jpg/440px-The_Buddha_and_nude_Vajrapani_at_Jamal_Garhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and a naked <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> in a frieze at <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Garhi" title="Jamal Garhi">Jamal Garhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_outline">Historical outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Expansion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/310px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/465px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Buddhist_Expansion.svg/620px-Buddhist_Expansion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Buddhist expansion in Asia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#History" title="Chinese Buddhism">first entered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Religion,_cosmology,_and_metaphysics" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>) through <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Era</a>. The overland and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime</a> "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/310px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/465px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/620px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>The Indo-Greek Kingdoms in 100–150 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There has been disagreement among art historians as to whether Gandharan art owes more to the culture established immediately after Alexander's campaigns, or to a synthesis several centuries later between travelling Greco-Roman artists from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in regions where Greek settlers were still important. Most of the considerable quantity of Gandharan art that can be dated comes from after about 50 CE, although some clearly was created earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, some scholars prefer to call this <b>Romano-Indian art</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or talk of an "Indo-Classical style".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French scholar <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Charles_Auguste_Foucher" title="Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher">Alfred C. A. Foucher</a> first identified the Western influences on Gandharan art at the end of the 19th century. He was initially a proponent of the continuity between the first Greek settlements and this art, and dated much of the art much earlier than more recent scholars do. However, he later revised his views and datings somewhat. His views as to dates and the crucial period of Western influence came to be widely rejected, but then received considerable support by the discovery of the important deserted city site of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> (Alexandria on the Oxus), which was excavated in the 1960s and 1970s, where quantities of clearly Greek-influenced art were found, datable to the 3rd and (mostly) 2nd centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greco-Buddhist art originated after a series of cultural exchanges between populations. During the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">military campaign in the Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, Buddhism was mostly limited to North Eastern India and not common in North Western India, where the <a href="/wiki/Satrap#Hellenistic_satraps" title="Satrap">Greek satrapies</a> formed. Buddhism became widespread throughout South and Central Asia under the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>. The Mauryan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> converted his Greek subjects among others to Buddhism as mentioned in his <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here in the king's domain among the Yavanas (Greeks), the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dharma.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ashoka, Rock Edict 13</cite></div></blockquote> <p>After the overthrow of the Maurya Empire by the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a>, which did not extend to the north-western corners of the Mauryan territories, many of the Greek satrapies continued to practice Buddhism and developed the Greco-Buddhist art. This was evident during the reign of the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a> (250–130 BCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a> (180–10 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a> and especially later under the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, Greco-Buddhist art flourished in the area of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and even spread to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, affecting the art of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, as well as permeating again into India.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yavana (Greek) king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> was given the title of <i>Soter</i> ("Savior"), presumably for his aid of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhists that were being persecuted</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a>, Menander was a devout Buddhist and achieved the title of an <i><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a></i>, and was buried in a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> according to the Buddhist fashion. Following the death of Menander, the Indo-Greek Kingdoms disintegrated and their realm was conquered by invading <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> or other regional entities. The Indo-Scythians were in turn subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> and the Kushan Empire would consolidate power throughout most of Central Asia and North India. The Kushan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>, was also a devout Buddhist and Buddhism and its art flourished during the Kushan Era. Furthermore, he was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">spreading Mahayana Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Buddhist_art_and_aniconic_Buddhist_representations">Early Buddhist art and aniconic Buddhist representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Buddhist art and aniconic Buddhist representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddhist art first became evident and widespread under the Maurya Empire during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_art" title="Mauryan art">Mauryan art</a> heavily influenced early Buddhist art and its iconography. This is evident in the art found throughout the Maurya Empire such as <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> stupas, which were constructed and first decorated during the Maurya Era. </p><p>Early Buddhist art, including Mauryan art, depicted various structures and symbols pertaining to dharmic religions which are still used today. Symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus (plant)">lotus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a> have become common iconography representing Buddhism. </p><p>Additionally, these Buddhist artforms included various mythological beings such as <a href="/wiki/Yakshas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshas">yakshas</a> including <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">yakshini</a> such as Chanda, as well as celestial <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Devas</a> (Suras) and <a href="/wiki/Asuras" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuras">Asuras</a>. Furthermore, Mauryan art especially those found on reliefs throughout stupas, depict the life of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> including his birth, royal processions, the Great Departure, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>, and acension from this world. </p><p>Interestingly, although these sculptures depict other humans and various divinities in anthropomorphic forms, the Buddha is purposefully not shown in a human representation. Instead, the Buddha is depicted with various symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes a riderless horse depicting his departure from his kingdom as shown on the Bharhut stupa, Bodhi tree to depict the <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni">Shakyamuni</a> Buddha achieving enlightenment, and the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Buddha footprints</a> to convey his legacy after moving on from this world. </p><p>There is much debate on why the Buddha was not depicted as a human unlike other sculptures found throughout Buddhist art. It is considered that the orthodox Buddhists choose not to represent the Shakyamuni Buddha out of respect, as giving him a human form would bound him to this Earth as a living being which contradicts him obtaining his goal of enlightenment and achieving <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenistic_art_in_South_Asia">Hellenistic art in South Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hellenistic art in South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic influence on Indian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DemetriusCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silver coin depicting Demetrius I of Bactria (200-180 BC) wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquest of India, and reverse Herakles, holding a lion skin and a club" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DemetriusCoin.jpg/220px-DemetriusCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DemetriusCoin.jpg/330px-DemetriusCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/DemetriusCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin depicting the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> (200–180 BC) wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquest of India. <b>Back:</b> <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>, holding a lion skin and a club resting over the arm. The text reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ – <i>BASILÉŌS DĒMĒTRÍOU</i> "of King Demetrius".</figcaption></figure> <p>The clearest examples of Hellenistic art are found in the coins of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> kings of the period, such as <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a>. Many coins of the Greco-Bactrian kings have been unearthed, including the largest silver and gold coins ever minted in the Hellenistic world, ranking among the best in artistic and technical sophistication: they "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often more bland descriptions of their royal contemporaries further West". ("Greece and the Hellenistic world"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stone relief carving Wine-drinking and music from Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa, Hadda, Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/220px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/330px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG/440px-Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Wine-drinking and music (Detail from <a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, 1st–2nd century AD).</figcaption></figure> <p>These Hellenistic kingdoms established cities on the Greek model, such as in <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, displaying purely Hellenistic architectural features, Hellenistic statuary, and remains of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelician</a> papyrus prints and coin hoards. </p><p>These Greek elements penetrated India quite early as shown by the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra_capital" title="Pataliputra capital">Pataliputra capital</a><sup id="cite_ref-John_Boardman_1993,_p.110_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Boardman_1993,_p.110-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3rd century BC) during the Maurya Era, but the influence became especially strong, particularly in northwestern India following the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrians">Greco-Bactrians</a> in 180 BC, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a> in India. Architectural styles used Hellenistic decorative motifs such as fruit garland and scrolls. Stone palettes for aromatic oils representing purely Hellenistic themes such as a <a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereid</a> riding a <a href="/wiki/Ketos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketos">Ketos</a> sea monster are found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Gandhara_creations:_stone_palettes_(2nd_century_BC_–_1st_century_AD)"><span id="Early_Gandhara_creations:_stone_palettes_.282nd_century_BC_.E2.80.93_1st_century_AD.29"></span>Early Gandhara creations: stone palettes (2nd century BC – 1st century AD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Gandhara creations: stone palettes (2nd century BC – 1st century AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stone_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone palettes">Stone palettes</a></div> <p>The Greeks in Asia are well known archaeologically for their <a href="/wiki/Stone_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone palettes">stone palettes</a>, also called "toilet trays", round trays commonly found in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, which usually represent <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythological</a> scenes. The earliest of them are attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> period in the 2nd and 1st century <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> (a few were retrieved from the Indo-Greek stratum No.5 at <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production continued until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a>, but they practically disappeared after the 1st century. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"><b>Early stone palettes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NereidAndKetos.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nereid goddess riding a Ketos sea-monster, 2nd century BC, Sirkap."><img alt="Nereid goddess riding a Ketos sea-monster, 2nd century BC, Sirkap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NereidAndKetos.JPG/197px-NereidAndKetos.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NereidAndKetos.JPG/296px-NereidAndKetos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/NereidAndKetos.JPG/394px-NereidAndKetos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereid">Nereid</a> goddess riding a <a href="/wiki/Ketos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketos">Ketos</a> sea-monster, 2nd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StonePaletteApolloAndDaphne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Daphne."><img alt="Apollo and Daphne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/StonePaletteApolloAndDaphne.jpg/148px-StonePaletteApolloAndDaphne.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/StonePaletteApolloAndDaphne.jpg/223px-StonePaletteApolloAndDaphne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/StonePaletteApolloAndDaphne.jpg/297px-StonePaletteApolloAndDaphne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apollo and Daphne.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StonePaletteCoupleWithSeaSerpent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Couple with sea serpent."><img alt="Couple with sea serpent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/StonePaletteCoupleWithSeaSerpent.jpg/150px-StonePaletteCoupleWithSeaSerpent.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/StonePaletteCoupleWithSeaSerpent.jpg/225px-StonePaletteCoupleWithSeaSerpent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/StonePaletteCoupleWithSeaSerpent.jpg/299px-StonePaletteCoupleWithSeaSerpent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Couple with sea serpent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mythological scene with Athena and Herakles."><img alt="Mythological scene with Athena and Herakles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg/162px-StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg/242px-StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg/323px-StonePaletteMythologicalScene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mythological scene with <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoGreekNeptune.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Poseidon with attendants. Ancient Orient Museum."><img alt="Poseidon with attendants. Ancient Orient Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IndoGreekNeptune.JPG/148px-IndoGreekNeptune.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IndoGreekNeptune.JPG/221px-IndoGreekNeptune.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IndoGreekNeptune.JPG/295px-IndoGreekNeptune.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> with attendants. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Orient_Museum" title="Ancient Orient Museum">Ancient Orient Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoGreekAphrodite.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aphrodite at her bath."><img alt="Aphrodite at her bath." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IndoGreekAphrodite.JPG/147px-IndoGreekAphrodite.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IndoGreekAphrodite.JPG/220px-IndoGreekAphrodite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IndoGreekAphrodite.JPG/293px-IndoGreekAphrodite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> at her bath.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StonePalette1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Man with cup in hand, riding a Ketos sea-monster."><img alt="Man with cup in hand, riding a Ketos sea-monster." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/StonePalette1.JPG/153px-StonePalette1.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/StonePalette1.JPG/229px-StonePalette1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/StonePalette1.JPG/306px-StonePalette1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man with cup in hand, riding a <a href="/wiki/Ketos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketos">Ketos</a> sea-monster.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StonePaletteTNM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female triton, Tokyo National Museum"><img alt="Female triton, Tokyo National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StonePaletteTNM.jpg/151px-StonePaletteTNM.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StonePaletteTNM.jpg/227px-StonePaletteTNM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StonePaletteTNM.jpg/302px-StonePaletteTNM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female triton, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FriendlyAnimalsPalette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friendly animals."><img alt="Friendly animals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/FriendlyAnimalsPalette.jpg/150px-FriendlyAnimalsPalette.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/FriendlyAnimalsPalette.jpg/225px-FriendlyAnimalsPalette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/FriendlyAnimalsPalette.jpg/300px-FriendlyAnimalsPalette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Friendly animals.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction">Interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As soon as the Greeks invaded Northwestern South Asia to form the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a>, a fusion of Hellenistic and Buddhist elements started to appear, encouraged by the benevolence of the Greek kings towards Buddhism. This artistic trend then developed for several centuries and seemed to flourish further during the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> from the 1st century AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_contributions_of_Gandharan_artists_to_Buddhist_art_(2nd-1st_century_BC)"><span id="Early_contributions_of_Gandharan_artists_to_Buddhist_art_.282nd-1st_century_BC.29"></span>Early contributions of Gandharan artists to Buddhist art (2nd-1st century BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early contributions of Gandharan artists to Buddhist art (2nd-1st century BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some authors, Hellenistic sculptors had some connection with the creation of Buddhist art at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure as a whole as well as various elements point to Hellenistic and other foreign influence, such as the fluted bell, addorsed capital of the <a href="/wiki/Persepolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persepolitan">Persepolitan</a> order, and the abundant use of the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Flame_palmette" title="Flame palmette">flame palmette</a> or <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle" title="Honeysuckle">honeysuckle</a> motif.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanchi">Sanchi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sanchi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 115 BC, the embassy of <a href="/wiki/Heliodurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodurus">Heliodorus</a> from king <a href="/wiki/Antialkidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antialkidas">Antialkidas</a> to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Sungas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungas">Sungas</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bhagabhadra" title="Bhagabhadra">Bhagabhadra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a> is recorded. In the Sunga capital, Heliodorus constructed the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> in a dedication to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>. This would indicate that relations between the Indo-Greeks and the Sungas had improved by that time, that people traveled between the two realms, and also that the Indo-Greeks readily followed Indian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also around the same time, circa 115 BC, it is known that architectural decorations such as decorative reliefs started to be introduced at nearby <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, 6 km away from Vidisha, by craftsmen from the area of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, a central Indo-Greek region.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the earliest medallions at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa No.2">Sanchi Stupa No.2</a> are dated to 115 BC, while the more extensive pillar carvings are dated to 80 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early decorative reliefs were apparently the work of craftsmen from the northwest (around the area of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>), since they left mason's marks in <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a>, as opposed to the local <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seems to imply that these foreign workers were responsible for some of the earliest motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HP_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"><b>Early reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa No.2">Stupa No 2</a> (circa 115 BC)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#D3D3D3; width: 1%;"><b>Sanchi, Stupa No2</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sanchi_Stupa_12.jpg/200px-Sanchi_Stupa_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sanchi_Stupa_12.jpg/300px-Sanchi_Stupa_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sanchi_Stupa_12.jpg/400px-Sanchi_Stupa_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span><br />Mason's marks in <a href="/wiki/Kharoshti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshti">Kharoshti</a> point to craftsmen from the north-west (region of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>) for the earliest reliefs at Sanchi, circa 115 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_88_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_88-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BC.[26]"><img alt="Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BC.[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg/166px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg/249px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg/332px-Sanchi_Stupa_2_man_on_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_90_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_90-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakshmi_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lakshmi with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from similar images of Venus[28]"><img alt="Lakshmi with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from similar images of Venus[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lakshmi_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/180px-Lakshmi_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lakshmi_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/270px-Lakshmi_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lakshmi_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/360px-Lakshmi_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3429" data-file-height="3429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from <a href="/wiki/File:Venus_with_two_cupids_2.jpg" title="File:Venus with two cupids 2.jpg">similar images of Venus</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_griffin_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Griffin."><img alt="Griffin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flying_griffin_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/180px-Flying_griffin_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flying_griffin_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/271px-Flying_griffin_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flying_griffin_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/361px-Flying_griffin_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_riding_a_Centaur_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female riding a Centaur."><img alt="Female riding a Centaur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Female_riding_a_Centaur_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/180px-Female_riding_a_Centaur_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Female_riding_a_Centaur_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/270px-Female_riding_a_Centaur_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Female_riding_a_Centaur_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg/360px-Female_riding_a_Centaur_Sanchi_Stupa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4092" data-file-height="4092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female riding a <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotus within Hellenistic beads and reels motif."><img alt="Lotus within Hellenistic beads and reels motif." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg/192px-Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg/288px-Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg/384px-Lotus_within_beads_and_reels_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3284" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lotus within Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Beads_and_reels" class="mw-redirect" title="Beads and reels">beads and reels</a> motif.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral motif."><img alt="Floral motif." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flower_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg/172px-Flower_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flower_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg/258px-Flower_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flower_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg/345px-Flower_motif_Stupa_No2_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floral motif.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bharhut">Bharhut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bharhut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg/170px-Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg/255px-Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg/340px-Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, the gateways were made by northern (probably <a href="/wiki/Gandharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharan">Gandharan</a>) masons using <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> marks, while the railings were made by masons exclusively using marks in the local <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> script, now in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 150-100 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Craftsmen from the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> area, a central region of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> realm, are known to have been involved in the construction of the gateways at <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, which are dated to 100-75 BC:<sup id="cite_ref-HPL_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is because <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">mason</a>'s marks in <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> have been found on several elements of the Bharhut remains, indicating that some of the builders at least came from the north, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> where the Kharoshti script was in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_115_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishan_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_torana_statues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bharhut_torana_statues.jpg/220px-Bharhut_torana_statues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bharhut_torana_statues.jpg/330px-Bharhut_torana_statues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bharhut_torana_statues.jpg/440px-Bharhut_torana_statues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Statues on the architraves of the torana gateway, associated with Kharosthi marks. 100-75 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cunningham explained that <a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_ballustrades_with_Kharoshti_mason_marks.jpg" title="File:Bharhut ballustrades with Kharoshti mason marks.jpg">the Kharosthi letters were found on the ballusters</a> between the architraves of the gateway, but none on the railings which all had Indian markings, summarizing that the gateways, which are artistically more refined, must have been made by artists from the North, whereas the railings were made by local artists.<sup id="cite_ref-AC_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bharhut gateway is dated to 100-75 BC (most probably 75 BC based on artistic analysis).<sup id="cite_ref-HPL_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure as a whole as well as various elements point to Hellenistic and other foreign influence, such as the fluted bell, addorsed capital of the <a href="/wiki/Persepolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persepolitan">Persepolitan</a> order, and the abundant use of the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Flame_palmette" title="Flame palmette">flame palmette</a> or <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle" title="Honeysuckle">honeysuckle</a> motif.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishan_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_Greco-Buddhist_art">Characteristics of Greco-Buddhist art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics of Greco-Buddhist art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_model">Artistic model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artistic model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:335px;max-width:335px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Corinthian_anta_capital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Greek_Corinthian_anta_capital.jpg/145px-Greek_Corinthian_anta_capital.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Greek_Corinthian_anta_capital.jpg/218px-Greek_Corinthian_anta_capital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Greek_Corinthian_anta_capital.jpg/290px-Greek_Corinthian_anta_capital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Acanthus_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buddha_Acanthus_Capitol.jpg/182px-Buddha_Acanthus_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buddha_Acanthus_Capitol.jpg/273px-Buddha_Acanthus_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buddha_Acanthus_Capitol.jpg/364px-Buddha_Acanthus_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><b>Left image</b>: Classical Greek <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)">anta</a> capital.<br /> <b>Right image</b>: An <a href="/wiki/Indo-Corinthian_capital" title="Indo-Corinthian capital">Indo-Corinthian capital</a> with a palmette and the Buddha at its centre, 3-4th century, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg/220px-IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg/330px-IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg/440px-IndoGreeksTrojanHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>The story of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan horse">Trojan horse</a> was depicted in the art of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, Greco-Buddhist art depicts the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Buddha_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of the Buddha in art">life of the Buddha in art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a> are depicted as bare-chested and jewelled Indian princes, and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> as Greek kings wearing the light <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>-like himation. The buildings in which they are depicted incorporate Greek style, with the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Indo-Corinthian_capital" title="Indo-Corinthian capital">Indo-Corinthian capitals</a> and Greek decorative scrolls. Surrounding deities form a pantheon of Greek (<a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>) and Indian gods (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material">Material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stucco as well as stone was widely used by sculptors in Gandhara for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings. Stucco provided the artist with a medium of great plasticity, enabling a high degree of expressiveness to be given to the sculpture. Sculpting in stucco was popular wherever Buddhism spread from Gandhara - India, Afghanistan, Central Asia and China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stylistic_evolution">Stylistic evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stylistic evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stylistically, Greco-Buddhist art started by being extremely fine and realistic, as apparent on the standing Buddhas, with "a realistic treatment of the folds and on some even a hint of modelled volume that characterizes the best Greek work" (Boardman). It then lost this sophisticated realism, becoming progressively more symbolic and decorative over the centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GandharanAtlas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="he Titan Atlas supporting a Buddhist monument, from Hadda, Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/GandharanAtlas.JPG/220px-GandharanAtlas.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/GandharanAtlas.JPG/330px-GandharanAtlas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/GandharanAtlas.JPG/440px-GandharanAtlas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>The Titan <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, supporting a Buddhist monument, <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> at the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a>, which was built by <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a> around 180 BC, already indicates a strong syncretism between Hellenism and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist faith</a>, together with other religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. The style is Greek, adorned with <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian columns</a> in excellent Hellenistic execution. </p><p>Later in <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, the Greek divinity <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> is represented holding Buddhist monuments with decorated Greek columns. The motif was adopted extensively throughout the Indian sub-continent, Atlas being substituted for the Indian <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksa</a> in the monuments of the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> around the 2nd century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddha">Buddha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_(Niche_V1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/220px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/330px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/440px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>Seated Buddha in Hellenistic style, <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a>, 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-ZTSRH62_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZTSRH62-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFAAMBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SFAAMBuddha.jpg/170px-SFAAMBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SFAAMBuddha.jpg/255px-SFAAMBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SFAAMBuddha.jpg/340px-SFAAMBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Seated Buddha, 300-500 AD, from near <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Garhi" title="Jamal Garhi">Jamal Garhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Asian_Art_Museum_(San_Francisco)" title="Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)">Asian Art Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometime between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD, the first anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha were developed. These were absent from earlier strata of Buddhist art, which preferred to represent the Buddha with symbols such as the stupa, the Bodhi tree, the empty seat, the wheel, or the footprints. But the innovative anthropomorphic Buddha image immediately reached a very high level of sculptural sophistication, naturally inspired by the sculptural styles of Hellenistic Greece. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Buddha_teaching._Kushan_period._National_Museum,_Delhi._2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Buddha_teaching._Kushan_period._National_Museum%2C_Delhi._2004.jpg/220px-The_Buddha_teaching._Kushan_period._National_Museum%2C_Delhi._2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Buddha_teaching._Kushan_period._National_Museum%2C_Delhi._2004.jpg/330px-The_Buddha_teaching._Kushan_period._National_Museum%2C_Delhi._2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Buddha_teaching._Kushan_period._National_Museum%2C_Delhi._2004.jpg/440px-The_Buddha_teaching._Kushan_period._National_Museum%2C_Delhi._2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Buddha teaching. <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> period. National Museum, Delhi</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the stylistic elements in the representations of the Buddha point to Greek influence: the Greek <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a> (a light <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>-like wavy robe covering both shoulders: Buddhist characters are always represented with a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a> before this innovation), the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a> stance of the upright figures, the stylized <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> curly hair and top-knot apparently derived from the style of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Belvedere Apollo</a> (330 BC), and the measured quality of the faces, all rendered with strong artistic <a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">realism</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a>). Some of the standing Buddhas (as the one pictured) were sculpted using the specific Greek technique of making the hands and sometimes the feet in marble to increase the realistic effect, and the rest of the body in another material. </p><p>Foucher especially considered Hellenistic free-standing Buddhas as "the most beautiful, and probably the most ancient of the Buddhas", assigning them to the 1st century BC, and making them the starting point of the anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha ("The Buddhist art of Gandhara", Marshall, p101). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PilarImage4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Indo-Corinthian capital from the Butkara Stupa from the Turin City Museum of Ancient Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PilarImage4.jpg/220px-PilarImage4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PilarImage4.jpg/330px-PilarImage4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PilarImage4.jpg/440px-PilarImage4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Indo-Corinthian_capital" title="Indo-Corinthian capital">Indo-Corinthian capital</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Butkara_Stupa" title="Butkara Stupa">Butkara Stupa</a> under which a coin of <a href="/wiki/Azes_II" title="Azes II">Azes II</a> was found. Dated to 20 BC or earlier (<a href="/wiki/Turin_City_Museum_of_Ancient_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin City Museum of Ancient Art">Turin City Museum of Ancient Art</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>There is some debate regarding the exact date for the development of the anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha, and this has a bearing on whether the innovation came directly from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>, or was a later development by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a> under Hellenistic artistic influence. Most of the early images of the Buddha (especially those of the standing Buddha) are anepigraphic, which makes it difficult date definitely. The earliest known image of the Buddha with approximate dating is the <a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a>, which was found buried with coins of the Indo-Scythian king <a href="/wiki/Azes_II" title="Azes II">Azes II</a> (or possibly <a href="/wiki/Azes_I" title="Azes I">Azes I</a>), indicating a 30–10 BC date, although this date is not undisputed. </p><p>Such dating, as well as the general Hellenistic style and pose of the Buddha on the Bimaran casket (<a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a> dress, <a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a> pose, general depiction) makes it a possible Indo-Greek work, used in dedications by Indo-Scythians soon after the end of Indo-Greek rule in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. Since it already displays quite a sophisticated iconography (<a href="/wiki/Brahma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma (Buddhism)">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra</a> as attendants, <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a>) in an advanced style, it would suggest much earlier representations of the Buddha were already current by that time, going back to the rule of the Indo-Greeks (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Foucher" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred A. Foucher">Alfred A. Foucher</a> and others). The next datable findings come later, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a> (c. AD 120) and <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>'s Buddhist coins. These works indicate that the anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha was already extant in the 1st century AD. </p><p>Chinese texts and mural paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> describe ambassador <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> traveling to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> around 130 BC. The same murals describe <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> (156–87 BC) worshipping Buddhist statues, explaining them as <i>"golden men brought in 120 BC by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads."</i> Although there is no other mention of Emperor Wu worshipping the Buddha in Chinese historical literature, the murals suggest that statues of the Buddha were already in existence during the 2nd century BC, connecting them directly to the time of the Indo-Greeks. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a></i> describes the enquiry about Buddhism made around AD 67 by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a> (AD 58–75). He sent an envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> in northwestern India, who brought back paintings and statues of the Buddha, confirming their existence before that date: </p> <dl><dd><i>"The Emperor, to discover the true doctrine, sent an envoy to <a href="/wiki/Names_of_India#Tianzhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of India">Tianzhu</a> (India) to inquire about the Buddha’s doctrine, after which paintings and statues [of the Buddha] appeared in the Middle Kingdom."</i> (<i>Book of Later Han</i>, trans. John Hill)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artistic_model_2">Artistic model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Artistic model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vajrapani-Heracles as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd century AD, from Gandhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/220px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/330px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/440px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> depiction of <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Gandharan art, the Buddha is often shown under the protection of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>, standing with his club (and later a diamond rod) resting over his arm.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unusual representation of Herakles is the same as the one on the back of Demetrius' coins, and it is exclusively associated to him (and his son <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a>), seen only on the back of his coins. </p><p>Soon, the figure of the Buddha was incorporated within architectural designs, such as Corinthian pillars and friezes. Scenes of the life of the Buddha are typically depicted in a Greek architectural environment, with protagonist wearing Greek clothes. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gods_and_Bodhisattvas">Gods and Bodhisattvas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gods and Bodhisattvas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KushanMaitreya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="bronze figure The Bodhisattva Maitreya, 2nd century, Gandhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KushanMaitreya.JPG/160px-KushanMaitreya.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KushanMaitreya.JPG/240px-KushanMaitreya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/KushanMaitreya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stone fragment The Buddhist gods Pancika (left) and Hariti (right), 3rd century, Takht-i Bahi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg/220px-PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg/330px-PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg/440px-PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>The Buddhist gods <a href="/wiki/Pancika" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancika">Pancika</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a> (right), 3rd century, Takht-i Bahi, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Deities from the Greek mythological pantheon also tend to be incorporated in Buddhist representations, displaying a strong syncretism. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> (of the type of the Demetrius coins, with club resting on the arm) has been used abundantly as the representation of <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>, the protector of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Greek deities abundantly used in Greco-Buddhist art are representation of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, and the Greek wind god <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a>. Atlas in particular tends to be involved as a sustaining elements in Buddhist architectural elements. Boreas became the Japanese wind god <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fujin</a> through the Greco-Buddhist Wardo/Oado and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Fengbo_(deity)" title="Fengbo (deity)">Feng Bo</a>/Feng Po ("Uncle Wind"; among various other names). The mother deity <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a> was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a>. </p><p>Particularly under the Kushans, there are also numerous representations of richly adorned, princely <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a> all in a very realistic Greco-Buddhist style. The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a>, characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> form of Buddhism, are represented under the traits of Kushan princes, completed with their canonical accessories. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WindGod2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of the wind god Boreas, Hadda, Afghanistan."><img alt="Fragment of the wind god Boreas, Hadda, Afghanistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WindGod2.JPG/100px-WindGod2.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WindGod2.JPG/150px-WindGod2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WindGod2.JPG/200px-WindGod2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of the wind god <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atalante.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandharan Atalanta"><img alt="Gandharan Atalanta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Atalante.JPG/88px-Atalante.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Atalante.JPG/132px-Atalante.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Atalante.JPG/177px-Atalante.JPG 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandharan <a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WingedDeity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winged Atalante."><img alt="Winged Atalante." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/WingedDeity.jpg/120px-WingedDeity.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/WingedDeity.jpg/180px-WingedDeity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/WingedDeity.jpg/240px-WingedDeity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winged Atalante.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhaWithHeraclesAndTychee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buddha, flanked by Herakles/ Vajrapani and Tyche/ Hariti."><img alt="The Buddha, flanked by Herakles/ Vajrapani and Tyche/ Hariti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BuddhaWithHeraclesAndTychee.jpg/120px-BuddhaWithHeraclesAndTychee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BuddhaWithHeraclesAndTychee.jpg/180px-BuddhaWithHeraclesAndTychee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BuddhaWithHeraclesAndTychee.jpg/240px-BuddhaWithHeraclesAndTychee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Buddha, flanked by <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PoseidonGandhara.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhara Poseidon (Ancient Orient Museum)"><img alt="Gandhara Poseidon (Ancient Orient Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PoseidonGandhara.JPG/95px-PoseidonGandhara.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PoseidonGandhara.JPG/142px-PoseidonGandhara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PoseidonGandhara.JPG/189px-PoseidonGandhara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandhara <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Orient_Museum" title="Ancient Orient Museum">Ancient Orient Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GandharaTriton.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Triton"><img alt="Triton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GandharaTriton.JPG/88px-GandharaTriton.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GandharaTriton.JPG/132px-GandharaTriton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GandharaTriton.JPG/176px-GandharaTriton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laughing_boy_JN_16_F.25-876_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Laughing boy" from Hadda"><img alt=""Laughing boy" from Hadda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Laughing_boy_JN_16_F.25-876_%281%29.jpg/90px-Laughing_boy_JN_16_F.25-876_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Laughing_boy_JN_16_F.25-876_%281%29.jpg/135px-Laughing_boy_JN_16_F.25-876_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Laughing_boy_JN_16_F.25-876_%281%29.jpg/180px-Laughing_boy_JN_16_F.25-876_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Laughing boy" from Hadda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandharan_sculpture_-_head_of_a_bodhisattva_front_view_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of a bodhisattva, Gandhara ca. 4th century"><img alt="Head of a bodhisattva, Gandhara ca. 4th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gandharan_sculpture_-_head_of_a_bodhisattva_front_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/99px-Gandharan_sculpture_-_head_of_a_bodhisattva_front_view_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gandharan_sculpture_-_head_of_a_bodhisattva_front_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/149px-Gandharan_sculpture_-_head_of_a_bodhisattva_front_view_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gandharan_sculpture_-_head_of_a_bodhisattva_front_view_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-Gandharan_sculpture_-_head_of_a_bodhisattva_front_view_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="2228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of a bodhisattva, Gandhara ca. 4th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cupids">Cupids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cupids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Garland bearers</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:71px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_and_the_myth_of_Theseus_and_Ariadne_130-150_CE_Rome_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_and_the_myth_of_Theseus_and_Ariadne_130-150_CE_Rome_%28detail%29.jpg/288px-Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_and_the_myth_of_Theseus_and_Ariadne_130-150_CE_Rome_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_and_the_myth_of_Theseus_and_Ariadne_130-150_CE_Rome_%28detail%29.jpg/432px-Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_and_the_myth_of_Theseus_and_Ariadne_130-150_CE_Rome_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_and_the_myth_of_Theseus_and_Ariadne_130-150_CE_Rome_%28detail%29.jpg/576px-Marble_sarcophagus_with_garlands_and_the_myth_of_Theseus_and_Ariadne_130-150_CE_Rome_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="847" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Garland_bearers" title="Garland bearers">Garland bearers</a> on a Roman sarcophagus, found in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, 130-150 AD.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garland_and_amorini,_Gandhara,_c._2nd-3rd_century_AD,_gray_schist_-_Matsuoka_Museum_of_Art_-_Tokyo,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garland_and_amorini%2C_Gandhara%2C_c._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_Matsuoka_Museum_of_Art_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/288px-Garland_and_amorini%2C_Gandhara%2C_c._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_Matsuoka_Museum_of_Art_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garland_and_amorini%2C_Gandhara%2C_c._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_Matsuoka_Museum_of_Art_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/432px-Garland_and_amorini%2C_Gandhara%2C_c._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_Matsuoka_Museum_of_Art_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garland_and_amorini%2C_Gandhara%2C_c._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_Matsuoka_Museum_of_Art_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg/576px-Garland_and_amorini%2C_Gandhara%2C_c._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_Matsuoka_Museum_of_Art_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4402" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Garland_bearers" title="Garland bearers">Garland bearers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, c. 2nd-3rd century AD.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Winged cupids are another popular motif in Greco-Buddhist art. They usually fly in pair, holding a <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a>, the Greek symbol of victory and kingship, over the Buddha. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CupidsAndBuddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Winged Cupids holding a wreath over the Buddha from Hadda, Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CupidsAndBuddha.JPG/220px-CupidsAndBuddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CupidsAndBuddha.JPG/330px-CupidsAndBuddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/CupidsAndBuddha.JPG/440px-CupidsAndBuddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Winged <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupids</a> holding a wreath over the Buddha (left:detail), <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, 3rd century. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Guimet">Musée Guimet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>These figures, also known as "<a href="/wiki/Apsaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsaras">apsarases</a>" were extensively adopted in Buddhist art, especially throughout East Asia, in forms derivative to the Greco-Buddhist representation. The progressive evolution of the style can be seen in the art of <a href="/wiki/Qizil,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Qizil, Iran">Qizil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>. It is unclear however if the concept of the flying cupids was brought to India from the West, of if it had an independent Indian origin, although Boardman considers it a Classical contribution: "Another Classical motif we found in India is the pair of hovering winged figures, generally called apsaras." (Boardman) </p><p>Scenes of cupids holding rich <a href="/wiki/Garland_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland (decoration)">garlands</a>, sometimes adorned with fruits, is another very popular Gandharan motif, directly inspired from Greek art. It is sometimes argued that the only concession to Indian art appears in the anklets worn by the cupids. These scenes had a very broad influence, as far as <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a> on the eastern coast of India, where the cupids are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yakṣas</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devotees">Devotees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Devotees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gandhara frieze with devotees, holding Plantain leaves 1st-2nd century AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/220px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/330px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/440px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Gandhara frieze with devotees, holding <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain</a> leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian columns</a>, 1st-2nd century AD. <a href="/wiki/Buner" class="mw-redirect" title="Buner">Buner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swat_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat (Pakistan)">Swat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Greco-Buddhist friezes represent groups of donors or devotees, giving interesting insights into the cultural identity of those who participated in the Buddhist cult. </p><p>Some groups, often described as the "<a href="/wiki/Buner_reliefs" title="Buner reliefs">Buner reliefs</a>," usually dated to the 1st century AD, depict Greeks in perfect Hellenistic style, either in posture, rendering, or clothing (wearing the Greek <a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">chiton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a>). It is sometimes even difficult to perceive an actual religious message behind the scenes. (The devotee scene on the right might, with doubt, depict of the presentation of Prince <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddharta</a> to his bride. It may also just be a festive scene.) </p><p>About a century later, friezes also depict Kushan devotees, usually with the Buddha as the central figure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fantastic_animals">Fantastic animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fantastic animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stone fragment An Ichthyo-Centaur, 2nd century Gandhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg/220px-Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg/330px-Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg/440px-Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>An Ichthyo-Centaur, 2nd century Gandhara, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Various fantastic animal deities of Hellenic origin were used as decorative elements in Buddhist temples, often triangular friezes in staircases or in front of Buddhist altars. The origin of these motifs can be found in Greece in the 5th century BC, and later in the designs of Greco-Bactrian perfume trays as those discovered in <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a>. Among the most popular fantastic animals are <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">tritons</a>, ichthyo-<a href="/wiki/Centaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaurs">centaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketos">ketos</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea-monster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-monster">sea-monsters</a>. Similar fantastic animals are found in ancient Egyptian reliefs, and might therefore have been passed on to Bactria and India independently. </p><p>As fantastic animals of the sea, they were, in early Buddhism, supposed to safely bring the souls of dead people to Paradise beyond the waters. These motifs were later adopted in Indian art, where they influenced the depiction of the Indian monster <a href="/wiki/Makara_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makara (Hindu mythology)">makara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>'s mount. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kushan_contribution">Kushan contribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kushan contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhistTriad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An early Mahayana Buddhist triad. From left to right, a Kushan devotee, the Bodhisattva Maitreya, the Buddha, the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, and a Buddhist monk. from the 2nd-3rd century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/220px-BuddhistTriad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/330px-BuddhistTriad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/440px-BuddhistTriad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>An early <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist triad. From left to right, a <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> devotee, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, the Buddha, the Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a>, and a Buddhist monk. 2nd-3rd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>A Buddhist coin of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>, with "Boddo" (=<a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>) in Greek script.</figcaption></figure> <p>The later part of Greco-Buddhist art in northwestern India is usually associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. The Kushans were nomadic people who started migrating from the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> from around 170 BC and ended up founding an empire in northwestern India from the 2nd century BC. After conquering the lands once inhabited by Greco-Bactrians and Indo-Greeks, the Kushan Empire adopted Greco-Buddhist art. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MaitreyaSeated.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maitreya, with Kushan devotee couple. 2nd century Gandhara."><img alt="Maitreya, with Kushan devotee couple. 2nd century Gandhara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MaitreyaSeated.JPG/82px-MaitreyaSeated.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MaitreyaSeated.JPG/123px-MaitreyaSeated.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MaitreyaSeated.JPG/164px-MaitreyaSeated.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maitreya, with Kushan devotee couple. 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushans%26Maitreya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maitreya, with Kushan devotees, left and right. 2nd century Gandhara."><img alt="Maitreya, with Kushan devotees, left and right. 2nd century Gandhara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kushans%26Maitreya.JPG/120px-Kushans%26Maitreya.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kushans%26Maitreya.JPG/180px-Kushans%26Maitreya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kushans%26Maitreya.JPG/240px-Kushans%26Maitreya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maitreya, with Kushan devotees, left and right. 2nd century Gandhara.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KushansAndMaitreya2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Maitreya, with Indian (left) and Kushan (right) devotees."><img alt="Maitreya, with Indian (left) and Kushan (right) devotees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KushansAndMaitreya2.JPG/120px-KushansAndMaitreya2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KushansAndMaitreya2.JPG/180px-KushansAndMaitreya2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/KushansAndMaitreya2.JPG/240px-KushansAndMaitreya2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maitreya, with Indian (left) and Kushan (right) devotees.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushans%26WorshippingOfTheBowl.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushans worshipping the Buddha's bowl. 2nd century Gandhara."><img alt="Kushans worshipping the Buddha's bowl. 2nd century Gandhara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kushans%26WorshippingOfTheBowl.JPG/86px-Kushans%26WorshippingOfTheBowl.JPG" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kushans%26WorshippingOfTheBowl.JPG/129px-Kushans%26WorshippingOfTheBowl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kushans%26WorshippingOfTheBowl.JPG/172px-Kushans%26WorshippingOfTheBowl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kushans worshipping the Buddha's bowl. 2nd century Gandhara.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan,_Brahma,_Indra,_Indian.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan devotee couple, around the Buddha, Brahma and Indra."><img alt="Kushan devotee couple, around the Buddha, Brahma and Indra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG/120px-Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG/180px-Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG/240px-Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kushan devotee couple, around the Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KanishkaCasket.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Kanishka casket," with the Buddha surrounded by Brahma and Indra, and Kanishka on the lower part, AD 127."><img alt="The "Kanishka casket," with the Buddha surrounded by Brahma and Indra, and Kanishka on the lower part, AD 127." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KanishkaCasket.JPG/80px-KanishkaCasket.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KanishkaCasket.JPG/120px-KanishkaCasket.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/KanishkaCasket.JPG/160px-KanishkaCasket.JPG 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a>," with the Buddha surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a> on the lower part, AD 127.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha triad and kneeling Kushan devotee couple. 3rd century."><img alt="Buddha triad and kneeling Kushan devotee couple. 3rd century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG/90px-BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG/135px-BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG/180px-BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha triad and kneeling Kushan devotee couple. 3rd century.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_period_(5th-7th_centuries)"><span id="Later_period_.285th-7th_centuries.29"></span>Later period (5th-7th centuries)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Later period (5th-7th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara essentially ends with the 5th-7th centuries. A late evolution is the appearance of a halo and mandorla surrounding the Buddha figure.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last stages correspond roughly to the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a>, when the art of Gandhara, becomes essentially extinct. When Xuanzang visited northwestern India in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 630</span> AD, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-HeirmanBumbacher2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeirmanBumbacher2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Buddha_with_halo_and_mandorla_5th-6th_century_CE_Gandhara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Buddha with halo and mandorla 5th-6th century Gandhara."><img alt="Seated Buddha with halo and mandorla 5th-6th century Gandhara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seated_Buddha_with_halo_and_mandorla_5th-6th_century_CE_Gandhara.jpg/90px-Seated_Buddha_with_halo_and_mandorla_5th-6th_century_CE_Gandhara.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seated_Buddha_with_halo_and_mandorla_5th-6th_century_CE_Gandhara.jpg/135px-Seated_Buddha_with_halo_and_mandorla_5th-6th_century_CE_Gandhara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seated_Buddha_with_halo_and_mandorla_5th-6th_century_CE_Gandhara.jpg/180px-Seated_Buddha_with_halo_and_mandorla_5th-6th_century_CE_Gandhara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated Buddha with halo and mandorla 5th-6th century Gandhara.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buddha with a radiate mandorla, Gandhara, 6th century"><img alt="The Buddha with a radiate mandorla, Gandhara, 6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg/78px-Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg/117px-Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg/157px-Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="3287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Buddha with a radiate mandorla, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, 6th century </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan,_bodhisattva,_valle_di_ghorband,_monastero_di_fondukistan,_VII_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Last stages of Greco-Buddhist art. 7th century, Ghorband District, Afghanistan."><img alt="Last stages of Greco-Buddhist art. 7th century, Ghorband District, Afghanistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Afghanistan%2C_bodhisattva%2C_valle_di_ghorband%2C_monastero_di_fondukistan%2C_VII_sec.JPG/55px-Afghanistan%2C_bodhisattva%2C_valle_di_ghorband%2C_monastero_di_fondukistan%2C_VII_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Afghanistan%2C_bodhisattva%2C_valle_di_ghorband%2C_monastero_di_fondukistan%2C_VII_sec.JPG/83px-Afghanistan%2C_bodhisattva%2C_valle_di_ghorband%2C_monastero_di_fondukistan%2C_VII_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Afghanistan%2C_bodhisattva%2C_valle_di_ghorband%2C_monastero_di_fondukistan%2C_VII_sec.JPG/111px-Afghanistan%2C_bodhisattva%2C_valle_di_ghorband%2C_monastero_di_fondukistan%2C_VII_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="2636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Last stages of Greco-Buddhist art. 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Ghorband_District" title="Ghorband District">Ghorband District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_influences">Southern influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Southern influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_of_the_Shunga">Art of the Shunga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art of the Shunga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaAtalante.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Balustrade-holding Yaksh with Corinthian columns, from Madhya Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/170px-SungaAtalante.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/255px-SungaAtalante.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/340px-SungaAtalante.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Balustrade-holding <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksa</a> with <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> columns, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga period</a> (2nd-1st century BC). <a href="/wiki/Musee_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musee Guimet">Musee Guimet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Indian relief of possible Indo-Greek king, with Buddhist triratana symbol on his sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/170px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/255px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/340px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Indian relief of probable <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king, with Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Triratana" class="mw-redirect" title="Triratana">triratana</a> symbol on his sword. Bharhut, 2nd century BC. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of the influence of Hellenistic or Greco-Buddhist art on the art of the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> (183-73 BC) are usually faint. The main religion, at least at the beginning, seems to have been <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, although some late Buddhist realizations in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> as also known, such as some architectural expansions that were done at the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, originally started under King <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_of_Mathura">Art of Mathura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Art of Mathura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mathura_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura art">Mathura art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MathuraBodhisattvaSide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Bodhisattva Maitreya, 2nd century," src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MathuraBodhisattvaSide.jpg/220px-MathuraBodhisattvaSide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MathuraBodhisattvaSide.jpg/330px-MathuraBodhisattvaSide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/MathuraBodhisattvaSide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, 2nd-century AD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MathuraBuddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stone fragment A Bodhisattva, 2nd century, Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MathuraBuddha.JPG/150px-MathuraBuddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MathuraBuddha.JPG/225px-MathuraBuddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MathuraBuddha.JPG/300px-MathuraBuddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Bodhisattva, 2nd century, Mathura</figcaption></figure> <p>The representations of the Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, in central northern India, are generally dated slightly later than those of Gandhara, although not without debate, and are also much less numerous. Up to that point, Indian Buddhist art had essentially been aniconic, avoiding representation of the Buddha, except for his symbols, such as the wheel or the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a>, although some archaic Mathuran sculptural representation of <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksas</a> (earth divinities) have been dated to the 1st century BC. Even these Yaksas indicate some Hellenistic influence, possibly dating back to the occupation of Mathura by the Indo-Greeks during the 2nd century BC. </p><p>In terms of artistic predispositions for the first representations of the Buddha, Greek art provided a very natural and centuries-old background for an anthropomorphic representation of a divinity, while on the contrary "there was nothing in earlier Indian statuary to suggest such a treatment of form or dress, and the Hindu pantheon provided no adequate model for an aristocratic and wholly human deity" (Boardman). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmaravatiScroll.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Greek scroll supported by Indian Yaksas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaravatiScroll.JPG/220px-AmaravatiScroll.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaravatiScroll.JPG/330px-AmaravatiScroll.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaravatiScroll.JPG/440px-AmaravatiScroll.JPG 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Greek scroll supported by Indian Yaksas, <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a>, 3rd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mathura sculptures incorporate many Hellenistic elements, such as the general idealistic realism, and key design elements such as the curly hair, and folded garment. Specific Mathuran adaptations tend to reflect warmer climatic conditions, as they consist in a higher fluidity of the clothing, which progressively tend to cover only one shoulder instead of both. Also, facial types also tend to become more Indianized. Banerjee in <i>Hellenism in ancient India</i> describes "the mixed character of the Mathura School in which we find on the one hand, a direct continuation of the old Indian art of <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and on the other hand, the classical influence derived from Gandhara". </p><p>The influence of Greek art can be felt beyond Mathura, as far as <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a> on the East coast of India, as shown by the usage of Greek scrolls in combination with Indian deities. Other motifs such as Greek chariots pulled by four horses can also be found in the same area. </p><p>Incidentally, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a> started to develop from the 1st to the 2nd century AD and found its first inspiration in the Buddhist art of Mathura. It progressively incorporated a profusion of original Hindu stylistic and symbolic elements however, in contrast with the general balance and simplicity of Buddhist art. </p><p>The art of Mathura features frequent sexual imagery. Female images with bare breasts, nude below the waist, displaying labia and female genitalia are common. These images are more sexually explicit than those of earlier or later periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_of_Western_India">Arts of Western India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Arts of Western India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Buddha_Shakyamuni_LACMA_M.79.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Head_of_Buddha_Shakyamuni_LACMA_M.79.8.jpg/220px-Head_of_Buddha_Shakyamuni_LACMA_M.79.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Head_of_Buddha_Shakyamuni_LACMA_M.79.8.jpg/330px-Head_of_Buddha_Shakyamuni_LACMA_M.79.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Head_of_Buddha_Shakyamuni_LACMA_M.79.8.jpg/440px-Head_of_Buddha_Shakyamuni_LACMA_M.79.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A terracotta head of Buddha Shakyamuni, inspired by Greco-Buddhist art, <a href="/wiki/Devnimori" class="mw-redirect" title="Devnimori">Devnimori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (375-400 AD).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:089_Cave_10,_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_(33896473480)_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/089_Cave_10%2C_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_%2833896473480%29_detail.jpg/170px-089_Cave_10%2C_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_%2833896473480%29_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/089_Cave_10%2C_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_%2833896473480%29_detail.jpg/255px-089_Cave_10%2C_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_%2833896473480%29_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/089_Cave_10%2C_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_%2833896473480%29_detail.jpg/340px-089_Cave_10%2C_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_%2833896473480%29_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="4423" /></a><figcaption>The Buddha in long, heavy robe, a design derived from the art of Gandhara, <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>, 5th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It has been suggested that the art of <a href="/wiki/Devnimori" class="mw-redirect" title="Devnimori">Devnimori</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, dated to the 4th century AD, represented a Western Indian artistic tradition, based on the influence of the Greco-Buddhist art of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, that was anterior to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> art, and that it may have influenced it, and have influenced the art of the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> and other places from the 5th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Schastok_28_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schastok_28-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devnimori may also have received some influence from <a href="/wiki/Mathura_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura art">Mathura art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schastok_28_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schastok_28-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Ajanta, some connections with the art of Gandhara can be noted, and there is evidence of a shared artistic idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-BRILL_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site of Devnimori included numerous terracotta Buddhist sculptures (but no stone sculptures), which are among the earliest sculptures that can be found in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schastok_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schastok-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style is clearly influenced by the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.<sup id="cite_ref-JIABS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIABS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> (1st century AD-405 AD may have played a role in the transmission of the art of Gandhara to the western <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region, as may also have the southern expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> in the 6th-7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-BRILL_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_of_the_Gupta">Art of the Gupta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Art of the Gupta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The art of Mathura acquired progressively more Indian elements and reached a very high sophistication during the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, between the 4th and the 6th century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">art of the Gupta</a> is considered as the final pinnacle of Indian art reflecting Hindu, Buddhist and Jain iconography. </p><p>Hellenistic elements are still clearly visible in the purity of the statuary and the folds of the clothing, but are improved upon with a very delicate rendering of the draping and a sort of radiance reinforced by the usage of pink sandstone. Artistic details tend to be less realistic, as seen in the symbolic shell-like curls used to render the hairstyle of the Buddha. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GuptaBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha of the Gupta period, 5th century, Mathura."><img alt="Buddha of the Gupta Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuptaBuddha.jpg/63px-GuptaBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuptaBuddha.jpg/94px-GuptaBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuptaBuddha.jpg/126px-GuptaBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> period, 5th century, Mathura.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of a Buddha, Gupta period, 6th century."><img alt="large stone Head of a Buddha, Gupta period, 6th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG/91px-MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG/136px-MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG/181px-MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of a Buddha, Gupta period, 6th century.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_in_Central_Asia">Expansion in Central Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Expansion in Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greco-Buddhist artistic influences naturally followed Buddhism in its expansion to Central and East Asia from the 1st century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bactria">Bactria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bactria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> was under direct Greek control for more than two centuries from the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 332 BC to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> kingdom around 125 BC. The art of Bactria was almost perfectly Hellenistic as shown by the archaeological remains of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> cities such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria on the Oxus">Alexandria on the Oxus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>), or the numismatic art of the Greco-Bactrian kings, often considered as the best of the Hellenistic world, and including the largest silver and gold coins ever minted by the Greeks. </p><p>When Buddhism expanded in Central Asia from the 1st century AD, Bactria saw the results of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Buddhist">Greco-Buddhist</a> syncretism arrive on its territory from India, and a new blend of sculptural representation remained until the Islamic invasions. </p><p>The most striking of these realizations are the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a>. They tend to vary between the 5th and the 9th century AD. Their style is strongly inspired by Hellenistic culture. </p><p>In another area of Bactria called <a href="/wiki/Fondukistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondukistan">Fondukistan</a>, some Greco-Buddhist art survived until the 7th century in Buddhist monasteries, displaying a strong Hellenistic influence combined with Indian decorativeness and mannerism, and some influence by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanid">Sasanid</a> Persians. </p><p>Most of the remaining art of Bactria was destroyed from the 5th century onward: the Buddhists were often blamed for <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and tended to be persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconoclastic">iconoclastic</a> Muslims. Destructions continued during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a>, and especially by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> regime in 2001. The most famous case is that of the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a>. Ironically, most of the remaining art from Afghanistan still extant was removed from the country during the Colonial period. In particular, a rich collection exists at the <a href="/wiki/Musee_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musee Guimet">Musee Guimet</a> in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarim_Basin">Tarim Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tarim Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SerindiaHead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="terracotta Head of a Bodhisattva, 6th-7th century Tumshuq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SerindiaHead.JPG/150px-SerindiaHead.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SerindiaHead.JPG/225px-SerindiaHead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SerindiaHead.JPG/300px-SerindiaHead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Head of a Bodhisattva, 6th-7th century <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>, Tumshuq (Xinjiang).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SerindianGroup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="three terracotta figures "Heroic gesture of the Bodhisattva", 6th-7th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SerindianGroup.jpg/220px-SerindianGroup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SerindianGroup.jpg/330px-SerindianGroup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SerindianGroup.jpg/440px-SerindianGroup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>"Heroic gesture of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>", 6th-7th century <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>, Tumshuq (Xinjiang).</figcaption></figure> <p>The art of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a>, is the art that developed from the 2nd through the 11th century in <a href="/wiki/Serindia" title="Serindia">Serindia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, the western region of China that forms part of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. It derives from the art of the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and clearly combines Indian traditions with Greek and Roman influences. Buddhist missionaries travelling on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> introduced this art, along with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> itself, into Serindia, where it mixed with Chinese and Persian influences. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_in_East_Asia">Influences in East Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Influences in East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arts of China, Korea and Japan adopted Greco-Buddhist influences, but also added many local elements as well. What remains identifiable from Greco-Buddhist art are <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> in sculpture, clothing with elaborate folds, curly hairstyles, and winged figures holding wreaths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="bronze Northern Wei Buddha Maitreya, AD 443" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG/170px-NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG/255px-NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Buddha Maitreya, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei dynasty">Northern Wei dynasty</a>, AD 443</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HanWudiBuddhas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fresco describing Emperor Han Wudi (156–87 BC) worshipping two statues of the Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HanWudiBuddhas.jpg/220px-HanWudiBuddhas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HanWudiBuddhas.jpg/330px-HanWudiBuddhas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HanWudiBuddhas.jpg/440px-HanWudiBuddhas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>Fresco describing <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a> (156–87 BC) worshipping two statues of the Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, c. 8th century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Greco-Buddhist influences are found in Chinese Buddhist art, with local and temporal variations depending on the dynasties that adopted Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Money_tree_(myth)" title="Money tree (myth)">Money tree</a> artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> often contain small depictions of the Buddha similar to Gandhara styles, such as the high <i><a href="/wiki/Ushnisha" title="Ushnisha">ushnisha</a></i>, vertical hair bun, moustache, and symmetrical depictions of the robe and folds of the arms.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei Dynasty">Northern Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a> statues are reminiscent of Gandharan style standing Buddhas, although in a more symbolic style. Some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wei" title="Eastern Wei">Eastern Wei</a> statues display Buddhas with elaborate Greek-style robe folds, and surmounted by flying figures holding a wreath. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Buddha, Asuka period, 7th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg/180px-AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg/270px-AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg/360px-AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Buddha figure, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>, 7th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, Buddhist art developed as the country converted to Buddhism in AD 548. After the adoption of Buddhism, items of the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuka Period">Asuka Period</a> display a classical style, with Hellenistic dress and realism characteristic of Greco-Buddhist art. Other art incorporated Chinese and Korean influences, so that Japanese Buddhism became varied in its expression. Elements of Greco-Buddhist art remain to this day, such as depictions of the Buddha with Greek style clothing folds.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek influence is also found in depictions of the wind god <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fūjin</a>, which shows similarities with the god <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a>. Both hold a "wind bag" above their head in a similar pose.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table width="800"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WindGods.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Iconographical evolution of the Wind God Left: Greek wind god from Hadda, Afghanistan 2nd century. Middle: wind god from Kizil Caves, 7th century Right: Japanese wind god Fūjin, 17th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WindGods.JPG/400px-WindGods.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WindGods.JPG/600px-WindGods.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WindGods.JPG/800px-WindGods.JPG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Iconographical evolution of the Wind God.<br /> Left: Greek wind god from <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, 2nd century.<br /> Middle: wind god from <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, 7th century.<br /> Right: Japanese wind god <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fujin</a>, 17th century.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Iconographical evolution from the Greek god Herakles to Nio temple guardians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG/400px-Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG/600px-Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG/800px-Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Iconographical evolution from the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> to Nio temple guardians. From left to right:<br /> 1) <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> (Louvre Museum).<br /> 2) <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> on coin of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a>.<br /> 3) <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>, the protector of the Buddha, depicted as Herakles in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>.<br /> 4) <a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Nio</a> gate guardian, manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_Southeast_Asian_art">Influences on Southeast Asian art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Influences on Southeast Asian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bodhisattva Lokesvara, Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg/180px-Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg/270px-Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg/360px-Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Lokesvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Avalokiteshvara on the wall of Plaosan temple, Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg/150px-Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg/225px-Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg/300px-Avalokitesvara_Plaosan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Avalokiteshvara on the wall of <a href="/wiki/Plaosan" title="Plaosan">Plaosan</a> temple (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)<a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">, Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendran</a> art, 9th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian civilization proved very influential on the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Most countries adopted Indian writing and culture, together with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p><p>The influence of Greco-Buddhist art is still visible in most of the representation of the Buddha in Southeast Asia, through their idealism, realism and details of dress, although they tend to intermix with Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a>, and they progressively acquire more local elements. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Greece" title="Category:Arts in Greece">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">History of Greek art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/120px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/180px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/240px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Greek Bronze Age</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean art</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece#Art" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a></li> <li><small>see also:</small> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhist art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Byzantine Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Modern Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">Munich School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Greek_art" title="Contemporary Greek art">Contemporary Greek art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greek_art" title="Template:History of Greek art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greek_art" title="Template talk:History of Greek art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greek_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greek art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_collections">Major collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Major collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Museum" title="Peshawar Museum">Peshawar Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (largest collection in the world).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Museum" title="Lahore Museum">Lahore Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxila_Museum" title="Taxila Museum">Taxila Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan" title="National Museum of Pakistan">National Museum of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata, West Bengal">Kolkata, West Bengal</a>, India (largest collection in India).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Museum_and_Art_Gallery,_Chandigarh" title="Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh">Government Museum and Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (627 artifacts; second largest in India).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum, New Delhi</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Guimet">Musée Guimet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France (about 150 artifacts, largest collection outside of Asia.)<sup id="cite_ref-MS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (about 100 artifacts), such as <a href="/wiki/Seated_Buddha_from_Gandhara" title="Seated Buddha from Gandhara">Seated Buddha from Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan (about 50 artifacts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy (about 80 artifacts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Asian_Art" title="Museum of Asian Art">Museum of Asian Art</a>, Dahlem, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_collections">Small collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Small collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Orient_Museum" title="Ancient Orient Museum">Ancient Orient Museum</a>, Tokyo, Japan (About 20 artifacts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London, Great Britain (About 30 artifacts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Museum_of_Ancient_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="City Museum of Ancient Art">City Museum of Ancient Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Turin" title="Palazzo Madama, Turin">Palazzo Madama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, NY">New York City, NY</a>, United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazen_Museum_of_Art" title="Chazen Museum of Art">Chazen Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison, WI">Madison, WI</a>, United States.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_collections">Private collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Private collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collection_de_Marteau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collection de Marteau (page does not exist)">Collection de Marteau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="text-transform:uppercase;">Timeline and influence of Greco-Buddhist art </th></tr> <tr> <th>Periods </th> <th>Northern Asia </th> <th>Central Asia </th> <th>Gandhara </th> <th>India </th> <th>Southeast Asia </th></tr> <tr> <th>5th century BCE </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">Birth of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_wheel_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Dharma_wheel_1.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4th century BCE </th> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">Occupation by<br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (330 BCE)<br /> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd-2nd century BCE </th> <td> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a><br />(300-250BCE)<br /><br />----------<br /><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a><br />(250-125 BCE)<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic art</a>)</small> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetradrachm_Eukratides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tetradrachm_Eukratides.jpg/70px-Tetradrachm_Eukratides.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tetradrachm_Eukratides.jpg/105px-Tetradrachm_Eukratides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tetradrachm_Eukratides.jpg/140px-Tetradrachm_Eukratides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a><br />(321-185 BCE)<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">Aniconic art</a>)</small> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MauryanCoin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/90px-MauryanCoin.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/135px-MauryanCoin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MauryanCoin.JPG/180px-MauryanCoin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="999" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/60px-AsokaKandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/90px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/120px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="717" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Introduction of Buddhism to <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd-1st century BCE </th> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a><br /><small>First mention of Buddhist statues brought from Central Asia (120 BCE)</small><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HanWudiBuddhas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HanWudiBuddhas.jpg/90px-HanWudiBuddhas.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HanWudiBuddhas.jpg/135px-HanWudiBuddhas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HanWudiBuddhas.jpg/180px-HanWudiBuddhas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a><br />(180 BCE-10 CE)<br /><small>Buddhist symbolism and proselytism</small> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DemetriusCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DemetriusCoin.jpg/90px-DemetriusCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DemetriusCoin.jpg/135px-DemetriusCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DemetriusCoin.jpg/180px-DemetriusCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MenanderChakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MenanderChakra.jpg/90px-MenanderChakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MenanderChakra.jpg/135px-MenanderChakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/MenanderChakra.jpg/180px-MenanderChakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> <small>Free-standing Buddhas<br />(<a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Foucher" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred A. Foucher">Foucher</a> &al.)</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/60px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="60" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/90px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/120px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhaHead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BuddhaHead.JPG/40px-BuddhaHead.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BuddhaHead.JPG/60px-BuddhaHead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BuddhaHead.JPG/80px-BuddhaHead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="786" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br />(185-73 BCE)<br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SungaAtalante.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/80px-SungaAtalante.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/120px-SungaAtalante.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SungaAtalante.JPG/160px-SungaAtalante.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GreekKing(Drawing).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GreekKing%28Drawing%29.jpg/70px-GreekKing%28Drawing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GreekKing%28Drawing%29.jpg/105px-GreekKing%28Drawing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GreekKing%28Drawing%29.jpg/140px-GreekKing%28Drawing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="567" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st century BCE </th> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a><br /><small>Nomadic invaders, who became Hellenized and propagated Buddhism</small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br />(80-20 CE) <p><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MathuraLionCapital.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MathuraLionCapital.JPG/70px-MathuraLionCapital.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MathuraLionCapital.JPG/105px-MathuraLionCapital.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MathuraLionCapital.JPG/140px-MathuraLionCapital.JPG 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="652" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BimaranCasket2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/60px-BimaranCasket2.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/90px-BimaranCasket2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/120px-BimaranCasket2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2618" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Maues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coin_of_Maues.jpg/70px-Coin_of_Maues.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coin_of_Maues.jpg/105px-Coin_of_Maues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coin_of_Maues.jpg/140px-Coin_of_Maues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="368" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st century CE </th> <td style="text-align:center;">Official start of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism in China</a>. Arrival of statues of the Buddha in 70 CE. </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondophares.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gondophares.jpg/70px-Gondophares.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gondophares.jpg/105px-Gondophares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gondophares.jpg/140px-Gondophares.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="245" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/100px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/150px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/200px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Art of <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MathuraBuddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MathuraBuddha.JPG/50px-MathuraBuddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MathuraBuddha.JPG/75px-MathuraBuddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MathuraBuddha.JPG/100px-MathuraBuddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st-3rd century CE </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><br /><small>First known Buddha statues in China (later <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, c.200 CE)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a><br />(10-350 CE)<br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhistTriad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/80px-BuddhistTriad.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/120px-BuddhistTriad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BuddhistTriad.JPG/160px-BuddhistTriad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="970" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MaitreyaSeated.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MaitreyaSeated.JPG/40px-MaitreyaSeated.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MaitreyaSeated.JPG/60px-MaitreyaSeated.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MaitreyaSeated.JPG/80px-MaitreyaSeated.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan,_Brahma,_Indra,_Indian.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG/80px-Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG/120px-Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG/160px-Kushan%2C_Brahma%2C_Indra%2C_Indian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="863" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4th-6th century CE </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SerindianGroup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SerindianGroup.jpg/70px-SerindianGroup.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SerindianGroup.jpg/105px-SerindianGroup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SerindianGroup.jpg/140px-SerindianGroup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SerindiaHead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SerindiaHead.JPG/40px-SerindiaHead.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SerindiaHead.JPG/60px-SerindiaHead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SerindiaHead.JPG/80px-SerindiaHead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="610" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG/50px-NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG/75px-NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG/100px-NorthernWeiMaitreya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EasternWeiBuddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EasternWeiBuddha.JPG/50px-EasternWeiBuddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="50" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EasternWeiBuddha.JPG/75px-EasternWeiBuddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EasternWeiBuddha.JPG/100px-EasternWeiBuddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="404" /></a></span><br />Start of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a><br />(320-550 CE)<br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/70px-Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/105px-Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg/140px-Silver_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GuptaBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuptaBuddha.jpg/40px-GuptaBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuptaBuddha.jpg/60px-GuptaBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuptaBuddha.jpg/80px-GuptaBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="781" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG/40px-MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG/60px-MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG/80px-MathuraBuddhaHead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="509" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism in <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7th-13th century CE </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg/60px-AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg/90px-AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg/120px-AsukaSeatedBuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/50px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/75px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg/100px-Kamakura_Budda_Daibutsu_front_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> invasions </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a><br />(11th century)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianBuddha11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IndianBuddha11.JPG/70px-IndianBuddha11.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IndianBuddha11.JPG/105px-IndianBuddha11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/IndianBuddha11.JPG/140px-IndianBuddha11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1261" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Southeast Asia<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonWheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MonWheel.jpg/60px-MonWheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MonWheel.jpg/90px-MonWheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MonWheel.jpg/120px-MonWheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1149" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg/60px-Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg/90px-Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg/120px-Bodhisattva_Lokesvara_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><br /><small>Introduction of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in the 11th century</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_art" title="Kushan art">Kushan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. 2007-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+Gandhara+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007-12-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craven, 40, 70, 84; Harle, 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craven, 100-101; Harle, 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcri2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638">"Maritime Buddhism"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.638">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219153342/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-638">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maritime+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.638&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Acri&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (d). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005120122/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1+%28d%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Cuthbert Collin (1959). <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Indian+Peninsula&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Cuthbert+Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarain1976" class="citation book cs1">Narain, A.K. (1976). <i>The Coin Types of the Indo-Greek Kings, 256-54 B.C</i>. Ares. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89005-109-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89005-109-7"><bdi>0-89005-109-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coin+Types+of+the+Indo-Greek+Kings%2C+256-54+B.C.&rft.pub=Ares&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-89005-109-7&rft.aulast=Narain&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStierKirstenAner1978" class="citation book cs1">Stier, Hans Erich; Kirsten, Ernst; Aner, Ekkehard (1978). <i>Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit, Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit</i>. Georg Westermann Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-14-100919-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-14-100919-8"><bdi>3-14-100919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grosser+Atlas+zur+Weltgeschichte%3A+Vorzeit%2C+Altertum%2C+Mittelalter%2C+Neuzeit&rft.pub=Georg+Westermann+Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=3-14-100919-8&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Hans+Erich&rft.au=Kirsten%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Aner%2C+Ekkehard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, 125-128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title, for example, of Rowland's "Part 3".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 82-83; Rowland, 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, 122, 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 84; Craven, 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-asianarthistory/chapter/maurya-and-shunga-periods/">"Mauryan Period and the Rise of Buddhism | Asian Art History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauryan+Period+and+the+Rise+of+Buddhism+%26%23124%3B+Asian+Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fsac-asianarthistory%2Fchapter%2Fmaurya-and-shunga-periods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeidy2008" class="citation book cs1">Leidy, Denise Patry (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PcOIisZzTVcC&q=first+buddha+statue"><i>The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning</i></a>. Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-594-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-594-2"><bdi>978-1-59030-594-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Buddhism%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+History+%26+Meaning&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-594-2&rft.aulast=Leidy&rft.aufirst=Denise+Patry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcOIisZzTVcC%26q%3Dfirst%2Bbuddha%2Bstatue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Boardman_1993,_p.110-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Boardman_1993,_p.110_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the "pilaster capitals with Greek florals and a form which is of Greek origin (though generally described as Persian) go back to <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Late Archaic</a>."in "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity" John Boardman, Princeton University Press, 1993, p.110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek Gods in the East, Stančo, Ladislav, Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press, 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKJyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA167">p.167</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gandhara palette: The so-called palettes or 'toilet trays' of the late second century BC and the first century AD depicting Classical scenes" in The Monuments of Afghanistan: History, Archaeology and Architecture, Warwick Ball, I. B. Tauris, 2008, p.115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"There is evidence of Hellensitic sculptors being in touch with Sanchi and Bharhut" in The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PA9">p.9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishan-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krishan_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krishan_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krishan_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PA17">p.17-18 Note 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170">p.170</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AG-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AG_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AG_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AG_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AG_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by <a href="/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh" title="Amalananda Ghosh">Amalananda Ghosh</a>, BRILL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA295">p.295</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HP_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HP_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Architecture Huu Phuoc Le Grafikol, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA161">p.161</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_90-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_90_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</i>, by Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">p.90</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_88-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_88_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">p.88ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ja.scribd.com/document/260301968/An-Indian-Statuette-From-Pompeii">p.171</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman_115-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_115_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_115_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, Princeton University Press, p.115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AC_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AC_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"These little balusters are of considerable interest, as their sculptured statues are much superior in artistic design and execution to those of the railing pillars. They are further remarkable in having Arian letters engraved on their bases or capitals, a peculiarity which points unmistakably to the employment of Western artists, and which fully accounts for the superiority of their execution. The letters found are p, s, a, and b, of which the first three occur twice. Now, if the same sculptors had been employed on the railings, we might confidently expect to find the same alphabetical letters used as private marks. But the fact is just the reverse, for the whole of the 27 marks found on any portions of the railing are Indian letters. The only conclusion that I can come to from these facts is that the foreign artists who were employed on the sculptures of the gateways were certainly not engaged on any part of the railing. I conclude, therefore, that the Raja of <a href="/wiki/Sungas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungas">Sungas</a>, the donor of the gateways, must have sent his own party of workmen to make them, while the smaller gifts of pillars and rails were executed by the local artists." in The stūpa of Bharhut: a Buddhist monument ornamented with numerous sculptures illustrative of Buddhist legend and history in the third century B. C, by Alexander Cunningham <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016181111">p. 8</a> (Public Domain)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPL-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HPL_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HPL_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA149">p.149ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor</i>, Charles Allen, Hachette UK, 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT122">p.122</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhist Architecture by Huu Phuoc Le <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA161">p.161</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZTSRH62-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZTSRH62_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarzi" class="citation journal cs1">Tarzi, Zémaryalai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003888/document">"Le site ruiné de Hadda"</a>: 62 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+site+ruin%C3%A9+de+Hadda&rft.pages=62+ff&rft.aulast=Tarzi&rft.aufirst=Z%C3%A9maryalai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00003888%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ackuimages.photoshelter.com/image/I0000Q4Qi50_eVEg">"Tepe Shotor Tableau. Hadda, Nangarhar Province. ACKU Images System"</a>. <i>ackuimages.photoshelter.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ackuimages.photoshelter.com&rft.atitle=Tepe+Shotor+Tableau.+Hadda%2C+Nangarhar+Province.+ACKU+Images+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fackuimages.photoshelter.com%2Fimage%2FI0000Q4Qi50_eVEg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vajrapani-Herakles:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/artimages/BuddhaImage/greece_sm.jpg">Image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216205740/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/artimages/BuddhaImage/greece_sm.jpg">Archived</a> 2013-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>The origin of the image of Vajrapani should be explained. This deity is the protector and guide of the Buddha Sakyamuni. His image was modelled after that of Hercules. (...) The Gandharan Vajrapani was transformed in Central Asia and China and afterwards transmitted to Japan, where it exerted stylistic influences on the wrestler-like statues of the Guardian Deities (Nio).</i>" (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In Gandhara the appearance of a halo surrounding an entire figure occurs only in the latest phases of artistic production, in the fifth and sixth centuries. By this time in Afghanistan the halo/mandorla had become quite common and is the format that took hold at Central Asian Buddhist sites." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38782">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F38782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeirmanBumbacher2007-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeirmanBumbacher2007_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_HeirmanStephan_Peter_Bumbacher2007" class="citation book cs1">Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (11 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOvCQAAQBAJ"><i>The Spread of Buddhism</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2006-4"><bdi>978-90-474-2006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2006-4&rft.au=Ann+Heirman&rft.au=Stephan+Peter+Bumbacher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuOvCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 4 1981 Number I <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8536/2443">An Exceptional Group of Painted Buddha Figures at Ajanṭā</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schastok_28-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schastok_28_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schastok_28_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchastok1985" class="citation book cs1">Schastok, Sara L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC&pg=PA24"><i>The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 28–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004069410" title="Special:BookSources/9004069410"><bdi>9004069410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9A%C4%81mal%C4%81j%C4%AB+Sculptures+and+6th+Century+Art+in+Western+India&rft.pages=28-31&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9004069410&rft.aulast=Schastok&rft.aufirst=Sara+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djh1fF8HvJmMC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrancaccio2010" class="citation book cs1">Brancaccio, Pia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA107"><i>The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion</i></a>. BRILL. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004185258" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004185258"><bdi>978-9004185258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Caves+at+Aurangabad%3A+Transformations+in+Art+and+Religion&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004185258&rft.aulast=Brancaccio&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_4pXm7dD78C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schastok-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schastok_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchastok1985" class="citation book cs1">Schastok, Sara L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC&pg=PA24"><i>The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 24–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004069410" title="Special:BookSources/9004069410"><bdi>9004069410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9A%C4%81mal%C4%81j%C4%AB+Sculptures+and+6th+Century+Art+in+Western+India&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9004069410&rft.aulast=Schastok&rft.aufirst=Sara+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djh1fF8HvJmMC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JIABS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JIABS_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 4 1981 Number I <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8536/2443">An Exceptional Group of Painted Buddha Figures at Ajanṭā, p.97 and Note 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Crossroads of Asia" p209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Needless to say, the influence of Greek art on Japanese Buddhist art, via the Buddhist art of Gandhara and India, was already partly known in, for example, the comparison of the wavy drapery of the Buddha images, in what was, originally, a typical Greek style" (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Japanese wind god images do not belong to a separate tradition apart from that of their Western counter-parts but share the same origins. (...) One of the characteristics of these Far Eastern wind god images is the wind bag held by this god with both hands, the origin of which can be traced back to the shawl or mantle worn by <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a>/ Oado." (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MS-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MS_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorsights.com/2015/04/france-musee-guimet.html">"Musee Guimet and the Greek Buddhas of Gandhara"</a>. <i>Minor Sights</i>. 6 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minor+Sights&rft.atitle=Musee+Guimet+and+the+Greek+Buddhas+of+Gandhara&rft.date=2014-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorsights.com%2F2015%2F04%2Ffrance-musee-guimet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John Boardman, <i>The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity</i> (Princeton University Press, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2">0-691-03680-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_C._Craven" title="Roy C. Craven">Craven, Roy C.</a>, <i>Indian Art: A Concise History</i>, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500201463" title="Special:BookSources/0500201463">0500201463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, <i>Religions of the Silk Road</i> 2nd edition (Palgrave Macmilla, 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62125-1">978-0-230-62125-1</a></li> <li>Harle, J.C., <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i>, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176">0300062176</a></li> <li>Sir John Marshall, <i>The Buddhist art of Gandhara</i>, 1960, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0967-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0967-X">81-215-0967-X</a></li> <li>Michell, George (2000), <i>Hindu Art and Architecture</i>, 2000, Thames & Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500203378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500203378">978-0500203378</a></li> <li>Rowland, Benjamin, <i>The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain</i>, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140561021" title="Special:BookSources/0140561021">0140561021</a></li> <li>Gauranga Nath Banerjee, <i>Hellenism in ancient India</i> (Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal., 1961) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8364-2910-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8364-2910-9">0-8364-2910-9</a></li> <li>Jerry H. Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters. Cross-cultural contacts and exchanges in pre-modern times</i> (Oxford University Press, 1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507639-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507639-7">0-19-507639-7</a></li> <li><i>Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural contacts from Greece to Japan</i> (NHK and Tokyo National Museum, 2003)</li> <li>W.W. Tarn, <i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i> Cambridge University Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Linssen" title="Robert Linssen">Robert Linssen</a>, <i>Living Zen</i> (Grove Press New York, 1958) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3136-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3136-0">0-8021-3136-0</a></li> <li>Marian Wenzel, <i>Echoes of Alexander the Great: Silk route portraits from Gandhara</i> (Eklisa Anstalt, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58886-014-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58886-014-0">1-58886-014-0</a></li> <li><i>The Crossroads of Asia. Transformation in Image and Symbol</i>, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9518399-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9518399-1-8">0-9518399-1-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33392/rec/2"><i><span></span></i>Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870993008" title="Special:BookSources/9780870993008"><bdi>9780870993008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Along+the+ancient+silk+routes%3A+Central+Asian+art+from+the+West+Berlin+State+Museums&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780870993008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F33392%2Frec%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Buddhist+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ihsan Ali and Muhammad Naeem Qazi, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GandharanSculpturesInPeshawarMuseum">Gandharan Sculptures in Peshawar Museum</a></i>, Hazara University, Mansehra.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Foucher" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Foucher">Alfred Foucher</a>, 1865-1952; Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/lartgrcobouddh02foucuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lartgrcobouddh02foucuoft">L'art gréco-bouddhique du Gandhâra : étude sur les origines de l'influence classique dans l'art bouddhique de l'Inde et de l'Extrême-Orient (1905)</a></i>, Paris : E. Leroux.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greco-Buddhist_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gandhara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gandhara" title="Template:Gandhara"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gandhara" title="Template talk:Gandhara"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gandhara" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gandhara"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gandhara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_invasion_of_the_Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhist art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic influence on Indian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Art_of_Gandhara_by_museum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Art of Gandhara by museum">Art of Gandhara by museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i-Bahi" title="Takht-i-Bahi">Takht-i-Bahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahr-i-Bahlol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahr-i-Bahlol">Sahr-i-Bahlol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baho_Dheri" title="Baho Dheri">Baho Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Dheri" title="Aziz Dheri">Aziz Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaji-ki-Dheri" title="Shaji-ki-Dheri">Shaji-ki-Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Garhi" title="Jamal Garhi">Jamal Garhi</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yusufzai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yusufzai">Yusufzai‎</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikri_Yusufzai_stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sikri Yusufzai stupa">Sikri Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butkara_Stupa" title="Butkara Stupa">Butkara Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhamala_Stupa" title="Bhamala Stupa">Bhamala</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aziz_Dheri_Stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aziz Dheri Stupa">Aziz Dheri</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shingardara_stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shingardara stupa">Shingardara</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ali_Masjid_Stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ali Masjid Stupa">Ali Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sphola_Stupa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sphola Stupa">Sphola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahin_Posh" title="Ahin Posh">Ahin Posh</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_art_of_the_Swat_valley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient art of the Swat valley">Swat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Sharif_Stupa" title="Saidu Sharif Stupa">Saidu Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Early_stupa_6_meters_in_diameter_with_fallen_umbrella_on_side_in_Chakpat_near_Chakdara.jpg" title="File:Early stupa 6 meters in diameter with fallen umbrella on side in Chakpat near Chakdara.jpg">Chakpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barikot" title="Barikot">Barikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkalavati" title="Pushkalavati">Pushkalavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranigat" title="Ranigat">Ranigat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtnagar" title="Hashtnagar">Hashtnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikri_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikri stupa">Sikri stupa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmarajika" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmarajika">Dharmarajika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaulian" title="Jaulian">Jaulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawan" title="Kalawan">Kalawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohra_Muradu" title="Mohra Muradu">Mohra Muradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandial" title="Jandial">Jandial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunala_Stupa" title="Kunala Stupa">Kunala Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Lalchak_Monastery_in_Taxila.jpg" title="File:Lalchak Monastery in Taxila.jpg">Lalchak monastery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Badalpur_Buddhist_stupa_and_monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Badalpur Buddhist stupa and monastery">Badalpur</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhist_remains_around_Bhallar_stupa,_Taxila" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buddhist remains around Bhallar stupa, Taxila">Bhallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiala_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankiala stupa">Mankiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhir_Mound" title="Bhir Mound">Bhir Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphola_Stupa" title="Sphola Stupa">Sphola Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Maranjan" title="Tepe Maranjan">Tepe Maranjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Taxila" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Taxila">Aramaic Inscription of Taxila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_reliquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka reliquary">Kanishka reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone palettes">Stone palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buner_reliefs" title="Buner reliefs">Buner reliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptarishi_Tila_statue" title="Saptarishi Tila statue">Saptarishi Tila statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Mauryan_coinage_of_Gandhara" title="Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara">Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkot_casket" title="Shinkot casket">Shinkot casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukhuna_reliquary" title="Rukhuna reliquary">Rukhuna reliquary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Begram" title="Treasure of Begram">Treasure of Begram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardak_Vase" title="Wardak Vase">Wardak Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Buddha">Standing Buddha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Buddha" title="Brussels Buddha">Brussels Buddha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_casket" title="Bajaur casket">Bajaur casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Reliquary_of_Indravarman" title="Silver Reliquary of Indravarman">Silver Reliquary of Indravarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&oldid=1237548573">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&oldid=1237548573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gandhara_art" title="Category:Gandhara art">Gandhara art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_art" title="Category:Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greco-Buddhism" title="Category:Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Indian_art" title="Category:Ancient Indian art">Ancient Indian art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture">Indian Buddhist sculpture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_art" title="Category:Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_art" title="Category:Pakistani art">Pakistani art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Central_Asian_art" title="Category:Ancient Central Asian art">Ancient Central Asian art</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 July 2024, at 09:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Buddhist_art&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7699fc-m6nsx","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.113","walltime":"1.562","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5578,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":147119,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4816,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":173442,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1073.130 1 -total"," 21.50% 230.703 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.71% 200.785 3 Template:Navbox"," 15.74% 168.926 1 Template:Buddhism_topics"," 14.02% 150.443 11 Template:Cite_book"," 11.14% 119.532 1 Template:IAST"," 10.97% 117.767 1 Template:Transliteration"," 10.25% 110.040 1 Template:History_of_Greek_art"," 9.87% 105.882 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.08% 75.935 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.519","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17851518,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7rwxd","timestamp":"20241125143924","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Greco-Buddhist art","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greco-Buddhist_art","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1008014","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1008014","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-03T13:50:27Z","dateModified":"2024-07-30T09:29:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b8\/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg","headline":"ancient art movement developed in Ancient Pakistan"}</script> </body> </html>