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href="#Siddhārtha_Gautama_and_Buddha_Shakyamuni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siddhārtha_Gautama_and_Buddha_Shakyamuni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tathāgata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tathāgata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Tathāgata </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tathāgata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other epithets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Historical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pali_suttas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pali_suttas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Pali suttas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pali_suttas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pillar_and_rock_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pillar_and_rock_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Pillar and rock inscriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pillar_and_rock_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_surviving_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_surviving_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Oldest surviving manuscripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_surviving_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Biographical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historical person </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_person-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical person subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Understanding_the_historical_person" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Understanding_the_historical_person"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Understanding the historical person </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Understanding_the_historical_person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Historical context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shakyas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakyas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Shakyas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakyas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shramanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shramanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Shramanas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shramanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_environment_and_egalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_environment_and_egalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Urban environment and egalitarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_environment_and_egalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-legendary_biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-legendary_biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Semi-legendary biography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semi-legendary_biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Semi-legendary biography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Semi-legendary_biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature_of_traditional_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_traditional_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nature of traditional depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_traditional_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Previous lives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Birth and early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Renunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascetic_life_and_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascetic_life_and_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Ascetic life and awakening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascetic_life_and_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_sermon_and_formation_of_the_saṅgha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_sermon_and_formation_of_the_saṅgha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 First sermon and formation of the saṅgha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_sermon_and_formation_of_the_saṅgha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_and_growth_of_the_saṅgha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_and_growth_of_the_saṅgha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Travels and growth of the saṅgha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_and_growth_of_the_saṅgha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_bhikkhunī_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_bhikkhunī_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Formation of the bhikkhunī order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_bhikkhunī_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_days_and_parinirvana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_days_and_parinirvana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Last days and parinirvana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_days_and_parinirvana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Posthumous events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings_and_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings_and_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Teachings and views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings_and_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Teachings and views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings_and_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Core_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Core teachings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samsara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samsara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Samsara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samsara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_six_sense_bases_and_the_five_aggregates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_six_sense_bases_and_the_five_aggregates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 The six sense bases and the five aggregates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_six_sense_bases_and_the_five_aggregates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependent_Origination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependent_Origination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Dependent Origination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependent_Origination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3.1 Anatta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_path_to_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_path_to_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 The path to liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_path_to_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_and_Brahmanical_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_and_Brahmanical_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Jain and Brahmanical influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_and_Brahmanical_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views_on_the_earliest_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views_on_the_earliest_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.6 Scholarly views on the earliest teachings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views_on_the_earliest_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeless_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeless_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Homeless life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeless_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critique_of_Brahmanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_Brahmanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Critique of Brahmanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_Brahmanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-political_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-political_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Socio-political teachings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-political_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldly_happiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldly_happiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Worldly happiness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldly_happiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Physical characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In other religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In other religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Other religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Artistic depictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Artistic depictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery_showing_different_Buddha_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_showing_different_Buddha_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gallery showing different Buddha styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_showing_different_Buddha_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 In other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Buddha</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 207 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-207" aria-hidden="true" > 207 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Siddhattha Gotama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8E%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9B_%E1%89%A1%E1%8B%B3" title="ጎታማ ቡዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጎታማ ቡዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Budda" title="Gautama Budda – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="غوتاما بوذا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوتاما بوذا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%98%DC%95%DC%97%DC%90" title="ܒܘܕܗܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܘܕܗܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BAda_Gaut%C3%A1ma" title="Vúda Gautáma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vúda Gautáma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qautama_Budda" title="Qautama Budda – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="قوتاما بودا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-khia-m%C3%B4%CD%98-n%C3%AE" title="Sek-khia-mô͘-nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-khia-mô͘-nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаўтама Буда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаўтама Буда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаўтама Буда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаўтама Буда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сидхарта Гаутама Буда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сидхарта Гаутама Буда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шигэмүни – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Будда Шигэмүни" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="ཤཱ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཤཱ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Σιντάρτα Γκαουτάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιντάρτα Γκαουτάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budho_Gotamo" title="Budho Gotamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budho Gotamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گوتاما بودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%C3%BAda" title="An Búda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Búda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="釋迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="ગૌતમ બુદ્ધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગૌતમ બુદ્ધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddh" title="Buddh – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Buddh" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3t-k%C3%A2-m%C3%A8u-n%C3%AC" title="Sṳt-kâ-mèu-nì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳt-kâ-mèu-nì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88" title="석가모니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석가모니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Բուդդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուդդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddho" title="Buddho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Buddho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama_Buddha" title="Sidarta Gautama Buddha – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sidarta Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siddhattha Gotama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGautam_Buddha" title="UGautam Buddha – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UGautam Buddha" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_B%C3%BAdda" title="Gautama Búdda – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gautama Búdda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%94" title="גאוטמה הבודהה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוטמה הבודהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gotama" title="Sidharta Gotama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sidharta Gotama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="گوتم بُدھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گوتم بُدھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budha" title="Budha – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Budha" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauthama_Buddha" title="Gauthama Buddha – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gauthama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ພຣະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຣະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butta" title="Butta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Butta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidh%C4%81rta_Gautama" title="Sidhārta Gautama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sidhārta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gautama" title="Sidharta Gautama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sidharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sidartas.gautamas" title="sidartas.gautamas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sidartas.gautamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Sziddh%C3%A1rtha" title="Gautama Sziddhártha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gautama Sziddhártha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Буда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гаутама Буда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഗൗതമബുദ്ധൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൗതമബുദ്ധൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="بوذا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوذا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%99" title="ꯒꯧꯇꯝ ꯕꯨꯗ꯭ꯙ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒꯧꯇꯝ ꯕꯨꯗ꯭ꯙ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9k-gi%C4%83-m%C3%A8u-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Sék-giă-mèu-nà̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sék-giă-mèu-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93" title="ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Boeddha" title="Gautama Boeddha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gautama Boeddha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%88%E8%BF%A6" title="釈迦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="釈迦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda" title="Boda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ଗୌତମ ବୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୌତମ ବୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda" title="Budda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Budda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਗੌਤਮ ਬੁੱਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੌਤਮ ਬੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B" title="बुद्धो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुद्धो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85" title="سدھارتھ گوتم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سدھارتھ گوتم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%99" title="ဖရာꩻဂေါတမ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဖရာꩻဂေါတမ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buda" title="Gautama Buda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gautama Buda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گوتاما بودا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotaama_Buda" title="Gotaama Buda – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gotaama Buda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះពុទ្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda" title="Boda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Boda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta" title="Sidarta – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sidarta" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda_Siakjamuni" title="Budda Siakjamuni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Budda Siakjamuni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama" title="Sidarta Gautama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sidarta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Budda" title="Gautama Budda – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirarta_Hawtama" title="Sirarta Hawtama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirarta Hawtama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Будга Ґаутама – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Будга Ґаутама" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Будда – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Будда" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-ciya-mo-ni" title="Se-ciya-mo-ni – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Se-ciya-mo-ni" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puta_Kotama" title="Puta Kotama – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Puta Kotama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83" title="गौतमबुद्धः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गौतमबुद्धः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%BB%DA%8C" title="گوتم ٻڌ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گوتم ٻڌ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C3%A1rtha_Gautama_Buddha" title="Siddhártha Gautama Buddha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Siddhártha Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buda" title="Gautama Buda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gautama Buda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gootama_buuda" title="Gootama buuda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gootama buuda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گاوتاما بوودا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاوتاما بوودا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сидарта Гаутама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сидарта Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கௌதம புத்தர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கௌதம புத்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Будда – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Будда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%82%81%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC" title="မႁႃႇယႃႇၼ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မႁႃႇယႃႇၼ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="గౌతమ బుద్ధుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గౌతమ బుద్ధుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE)" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама (Буддо) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама (Буддо)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotama_Buda" title="Gotama Buda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gotama Buda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама Башкы – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама Башкы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сіддгартха Ґаутама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіддгартха Ґаутама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="گوتم بدھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوتم بدھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swzgyahmouzniz" title="Swzgyahmouzniz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swzgyahmouzniz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch-ca_M%C3%A2u-ni" title="Thích-ca Mâu-ni – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thích-ca Mâu-ni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotama_Bouda" title="Gotama Bouda – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gotama Bouda" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釋迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda" title="Budda – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Budda" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Buddha" and "Gautama" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Buddha (disambiguation)">Buddha (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gautama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gautama (disambiguation)">Gautama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background:; color:;"><div class="fn">The Buddha</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/220px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/330px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/440px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1521" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Preaching_his_First_Sermon_(Sarnath)" title="Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)">Statue of the Buddha</a>, preaching his first sermon at <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th century CE. <a href="/wiki/Sarnath_Museum" title="Sarnath Museum">Archaeological Museum Sarnath</a> (B(b) 181)<a href="#cite_note-Buddha-statue-1">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:; color:;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Siddhartha Gautama</div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 563 BCE or 480 BCE <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a> (according to Buddhist tradition)<a href="#cite_note-birthplace-2">[b]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 483 BCE or 400 BCE (aged 80)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199733-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2008-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-dating-6">[c]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Malla republic</a> (according to Buddhist tradition)<a href="#cite_note-deathplace-7">[d]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Cremated; ashes divided among followers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yashodhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashodhara">Yashodhara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founding <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Gautama Buddha Shakyamuni (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Sage of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakyas</a>')</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:; color:;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa Buddha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #FFCC33;">Sanskrit name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Siddhārtha Gautama</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #FFCC33;">Pali name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Siddhattha Gotama</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Siddhartha Gautama,<a href="#cite_note-8">[e]</a> most commonly referred to as the Buddha (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the awakened one'),<a href="#cite_note-the-awakened-one-9">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-10">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-name_the_buddha-11">[g]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">wandering ascetic</a> and religious teacher who lived in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[h]</a> during the 6th or 5th century BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19985,_9,_10,_14-13">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong20011-14">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200045-15">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-dating-6">[c]</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-birthplace-2">[b]</a> to royal parents of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> clan, but <a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">renounced</a> his <a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">home life</a> to live as a wandering ascetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"Sakyamuni"-16">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buswell_Lopez_renunciation-17">[i]</a> After leading a life of <a href="/wiki/Mendicancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendicancy">mendicancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, and meditation, he attained <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The Buddha then wandered through the lower <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>, teaching and building a <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">monastic order</a>. Buddhist tradition holds he died in <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a> and reached <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a> ("final release from conditioned existence").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005a51-18">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-parinibbana-19">[j]</a> According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a> between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis20084-20">[10]</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Vimutti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimutti">freedom</a> from <a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">ignorance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna">craving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">rebirth, and suffering</a>. His core teachings are summarized in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">training of the mind</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">ethical training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">kindness toward others</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditative practices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Right_effort" class="mw-redirect" title="Right effort">sense restraint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">mindfulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyana</a> (meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five skandhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dependent_origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent origination">dependent origination</a>, describing how all dharmas (both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other dharmas, lacking an existence on their own <a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">svabhava</a>). A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a>, which means 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19988-21">[11]</a> His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>, his codes for monastic practice, and the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">Sutta Piṭaka</a>, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> dialects through an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199840–41-22">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004–7,_44-23">[13]</a> Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a>, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a>, and additional discourses, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004-24">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox20031–7-25">[15]</a> Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, evolving into a variety of traditions and practices, represented by <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and Mahayana. While Buddhism declined in India, and mostly disappeared after the 8th century CE due to a lack of popular and economic support, Buddhism is more prominent in Southeast and East Asia. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology,_names_and_titles">Etymology, names and titles</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_(Niche_V1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/220px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/330px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg/440px-Tapa_Shotor_seated_Buddha_%28Niche_V1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>The Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siddhārtha_Gautama_and_Buddha_Shakyamuni">Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni</h3></div> According to Donald Lopez Jr., "... he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."<a href="#cite_note-26">[16]</a> Buddha, "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19988-21">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398-27">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-10">[f]</a> is the masculine form of <a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">budh</a> (बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again",<a href="#cite_note-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733-28">[18]</a> "to awaken"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200342-29">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-30">[20]</a> "'to open up' (as does a flower)",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-30">[20]</a> "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-30">[20]</a> It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">bodhi</a> (awakening, enlightenment).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200342-29">[19]</a> Buddhi, the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand",<a href="#cite_note-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733-28">[18]</a> is the faculty which discerns truth (<a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a>) from falsehood. The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama). His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form; the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Don grub"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta") means "He Who Achieves His Goal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014817-31">[21]</a> The clan name of Gautama means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light",<a href="#cite_note-32">[22]</a> and comes from the fact that <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> clans adopted the names of their house priests.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[24]</a> While the term Buddha is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term Buddha is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 269–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBary20118-35">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015-36">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_pillar_inscription" title="Lumbini pillar inscription">Lumbini pillar inscription</a> commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the Buddha Shakyamuni‍<a href="#cite_note-37">[k]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%B2%F0%91%80%93%F0%91%81%86%F0%91%80%AC%F0%91%80%AB%F0%91%80%BC%F0%91%80%A6%F0%91%80%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a> Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultzsch1925164-38">[27]</a> Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:शाक्यमुनि">शाक्यमुनि</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ]</a>) means "Sage of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakyas</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroni2002230-39">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</h3></div> Tathāgata (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Pali: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ]</a>) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"-40">[29]</a> The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" (tathā-gata), "one who has thus come" (tathā-āgata), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" (tathā-agata). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going—beyond all <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">transitory phenomena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chalmers-41">[30]</a> A tathāgata is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".<a href="#cite_note-Harvey1995-42">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_epithets">Other epithets</h3></div> A list of other <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:<a href="#cite_note-43">[32]</a> <ul><li>Bhagavato (<a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>) – The Blessed one, one of the most used epithets, together with tathāgata<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014Entry_"Tathāgata"-40">[29]</a></li> <li>Sammasambuddho – <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood#Samyaksambuddha" title="Buddhahood">Perfectly self-awakened</a></li> <li>Vijja-carana-sampano – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugata" title="Sugata">Sugata</a> – Well-gone or well-spoken.</li> <li>Lokavidu – Knower of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">many worlds</a>.</li> <li>Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people.</li> <li>Satthadeva-Manussanam – Teacher of <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">gods</a> and humans.</li> <li>Araham – Worthy of homage. An <a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">Arahant</a> is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final knowledge".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jina_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jina (Jainism)">Jina</a> – Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a> in the religion <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, it is also an alternative title for the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-44">[33]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma (Dharmaraja), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World (Lokanatha), Lion (Siha), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom (Varapañña), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power.<a href="#cite_note-45">[34]</a> Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is Maha sramana, "great sramana" (ascetic, renunciate). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pali_suttas">Pali suttas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></div> On the basis of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert <a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hin%C3%BCber" title="Oskar von Hinüber">Oskar von Hinüber</a> says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta">Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta</a> which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> than as an exact historical record of events).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2008198–206-46">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[36]</a> John S. Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest" (Ariyapariyesanā-sutta) and its parallels in other languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong20015-48">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pillar_and_rock_inscriptions">Pillar and rock inscriptions</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini_inscription_(complete).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg/188px-Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg/282px-Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg/376px-Lumbini_inscription_%28complete%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3217" data-file-height="3094" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:57px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/188px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/282px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/376px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="318" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_pillar_inscription" title="Lumbini pillar inscription">Lumbini pillar inscription</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250 BCE), with the words "Bu-dhe" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the Buddha) and "<a href="/wiki/Shakyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyas">Sa-kya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Muni_(Saint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muni (Saint)">mu-nī</a> " (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%B2%F0%91%80%93%F0%91%81%86%F0%91%80%AC%F0%91%80%AB%F0%91%80%BC%F0%91%80%A6%F0%91%80%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a>, "Sage of the <a href="/wiki/Shakyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyas">Shakyas</a>") in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47-49">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brill-50">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[40]</a></div></div></div></div> No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBary20118-35">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015-36">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[41]</a> But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> (reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBary20118-35">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin2015-36">[26]</a> Particularly, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_pillar_inscription" title="Lumbini pillar inscription">Lumbini pillar inscription</a> commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the Buddha Shakyamuni (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%B2%F0%91%80%93%F0%91%81%86%F0%91%80%AC%F0%91%80%AB%F0%91%80%BC%F0%91%80%A6%F0%91%80%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a> Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").<a href="#cite_note-53">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47-49">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brill-50">[39]</a> Another one of his edicts (<a href="/wiki/Minor_Rock_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Rock Edict">Minor Rock Edict No. 3</a>) mentions the titles of several <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dhamma</a> texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"),<a href="#cite_note-54">[42]</a> establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya era</a>. These texts may be the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993-55">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[m]</a> "Sakamuni" is also mentioned <a href="/wiki/File:Bhagavato_Sakamunino_Bodho_inscription_in_Bharhut.jpg" title="File:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho inscription in Bharhut.jpg">in a relief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BCE, in relation with his illumination and the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a>, with the inscription Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho ("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni").<a href="#cite_note-KTSS80-58">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-JL-59">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oldest_surviving_manuscripts">Oldest surviving manuscripts</h4></div> The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandhāran Buddhist texts</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in <a href="/wiki/G%C4%81ndh%C4%81r%C4%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gāndhārī language">Gāndhārī</a>, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE.<a href="#cite_note-60">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_sources">Biographical sources</h3></div> Early canonical sources include the Ariyapariyesana Sutta (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">MN</a> 26), the Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta (<a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Dīgha Nikāya">DN</a> 16), the Mahāsaccaka-sutta (MN 36), the Mahapadana Sutta (DN 14), and the Achariyabhuta Sutta (MN 123), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jātaka tales</a> retell previous lives of Gautama as a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchober200220-61">[48]</a> The Mahāpadāna Sutta and Achariyabhuta Sutta both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the <a href="/wiki/Tushita" title="Tushita">Tuṣita Heaven</a> into his mother's womb. The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the <a href="/wiki/Buddhacarita" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhacarita">Buddhacarita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara Sūtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" title="Mahāvastu">Mahāvastu</a>, and the Nidānakathā.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200532-62">[49]</a> Of these, the Buddhacarita<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1883-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowell1894-64">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillemen2009-65">[52]</a> is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a> in the first century CE.<a href="#cite_note-66">[53]</a> The Lalitavistara Sūtra is the next oldest biography, a <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> biography dating to the 3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi-67">[54]</a> The Mahāvastu from the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> <a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a> tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaretzky2000xxi-67">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal1875-68">[55]</a> and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The Nidānakathā is from the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghoṣa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwearer2004177-69">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_person">Historical person</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Understanding_the_historical_person">Understanding the historical person</h3></div> Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">Mahajanapada</a>, and during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> (his friend, protector, and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> empire); and died during the early years of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a> (who was the successor of Bimbisara), thus making him a younger contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith192434,_48-70">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann20031–5-71">[58]</a> There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2003352-72">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez199516-73">[60]</a> as "Buddhist scholars [...] have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person."<a href="#cite_note-74">[61]</a> The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or legendary elements. In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".<a href="#cite_note-75">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3></div> The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was 949 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-3">[1]</a> but according to the Ka-tan system of the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> tradition, Buddha's death was about 833 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-76">[63]</a> Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsHallisey20051061-77">[64]</a> The "long chronology", from Sri Lankese chronicles, states the Buddha was born 298 years before <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a>'s coronation and died 218 years before the coronation, thus a lifespan of about 80 years. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in 326 BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as 624–544 BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsHallisey20051061-77">[64]</a> Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around 268 BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at 566–486 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsHallisey20051061-77">[64]</a> However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, place the Buddha's birth at 180 years before Asoka's coronation and death 100 years before the coronation, still about 80 years. Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as 268 BCE, this dates the Buddha's lifespan even later as 448–368 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsHallisey20051061-77">[64]</a> Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of 563–483 BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200310–13-78">[65]</a> More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's 480s BCE and the short chronology's 360s BCE, so circa 410 BCE. At a symposium on this question held in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechert_1991–1997[[Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations]][[Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include|<span_title="A_complete_citation_is_needed.&#32;(March_2021)">full_citation_needed]]&#93;_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechert_1991–1997[[Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations]][[Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_March_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include|<span_title="A_complete_citation_is_needed.&#32;(March_2021)">full_citation_needed]]&#93;-79">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuegg199982–87-80">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1993187–201-81">[68]</a> the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish20082-82">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-dating-6">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[74]</a> These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003xv-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman199737–58-89">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[n]</a> The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology. In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 558 – c. 492 BCE, and died 492 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlinson195046-95">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller2001xlvii-96">[82]</a> while Ajatashatru reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 492 – c. 460 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2006-97">[83]</a> In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay2011-98">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[o]</a> while Ajatashatru died between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380 BCE and 330 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay2011-98">[84]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/K._T._S._Sarao" title="K. T. S. Sarao">K. T. S. Sarao</a>, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-100">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shakyas">Shakyas</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/300px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/450px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/600px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BCE)</figcaption></figure> According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a>, a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-birthplace-2">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[p]</a> The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich198849-102">[86]</a> The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich198849-102">[86]</a> The Shakyas were widely considered to be non-<a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> (and, hence impure) in <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahminic</a> texts; their origins remain speculative and debated.<a href="#cite_note-Levman2013-103">[87]</a> Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Aryavarta</a> without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[88]</a> The Buddha's tribe of origin, the Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits (yakkhas) and serpent beings (nagas). They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas.<a href="#cite_note-Levman2013-103">[87]</a> Tree veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees. Likewise, yakkas and nagas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.<a href="#cite_note-Levman2013-103">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shramanas">Shramanas</h4></div> The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a> schools of thought like <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke1963chpt._1–3-105">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmajala Sutta">Brahmajala Sutta</a> records sixty-two such schools of thought. In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purana_Kassapa" title="Purana Kassapa">Pūraṇa Kassapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makkhali_Gosala" title="Makkhali Gosala">Makkhali Gosāla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajita_Kesakambali" title="Ajita Kesakambali">Ajita Kesakambalī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakudha_Kaccayana" title="Pakudha Kaccayana">Pakudha Kaccāyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_Belatthaputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjaya Belatthaputta">Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta</a>, as recorded in <a href="/wiki/Sama%C3%B1%C3%B1aphala_Sutta" title="Samaññaphala Sutta">Samaññaphala Sutta</a>, with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalshe1995268-107">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2009199–200-108">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[q]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Śāriputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallāna</a>, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura198020-111">[94]</a> The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters, <a href="/wiki/Alara_Kalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alara Kalama">Alara Kalama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uddaka_R%C4%81maputta" title="Uddaka Rāmaputta">Uddaka Rāmaputta</a>, were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne20078–23ch._2-112">[95]</a> Thus, Buddha was just one of the many śramaṇa philosophers of that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder199845-113">[96]</a> In an era where holiness of person was judged by their level of asceticism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy19841-114">[97]</a> Buddha was a reformist within the śramaṇa movement, rather than a reactionary against Vedic Brahminism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy19847-115">[98]</a> Coningham and Young note that both Jains and Buddhists used stupas, while tree shrines can be found in both Buddhism and Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConinghamYoung201565-116">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_environment_and_egalitarianism">Urban environment and egalitarianism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a></div> The rise of Buddhism coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Urbanisation">Second Urbanisation</a>, in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004169-117">[100]</a> While the Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for alms-givings on lay supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2004169-117">[100]</a> According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, "[coming] together in what is now <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> (the location of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2019-118">[101]</a> The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2019-118">[101]</a> The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden1985-119">[102]</a> and differed significantly from the <a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryan society</a> of the western Ganges basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold201262-120">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20111-121">[104]</a> According to Stein and Burton, "[t]he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by Buddhists and their contemporaries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold201262-120">[103]</a> Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of the middle Ganges basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden1985-119">[102]</a> This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogelin201574-122">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semi-legendary_biography">Semi-legendary biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_traditional_depictions">Nature of traditional depictions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BimaranCasket2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/220px-BimaranCasket2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/330px-BimaranCasket2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BimaranCasket2.JPG/440px-BimaranCasket2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Brahma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma (Buddhism)">Brahma</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra</a> (right). <a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a>, mid-1st century CE, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Queen_Maya_Birth.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Queen_Maya_Birth.jpeg/220px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Queen_Maya_Birth.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Queen_Maya_Birth.jpeg/330px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Queen_Maya_Birth.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Queen_Maya_Birth.jpeg/440px-Astasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Queen_Maya_Birth.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā</a> miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscript</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nālandā</a>, Bihar, India. <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pāla period</a></figcaption></figure> In the earliest Buddhist texts, the <a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">nikāyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">āgamas</a>, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a> (sabbaññu)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2006-125">[108]</a> nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent (lokottara) being. According to <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Analayo" title="Bhikkhu Analayo">Bhikkhu Analayo</a>, ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> commentaries or texts such as the Mahāvastu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2006-125">[108]</a> In the Sandaka Sutta, the Buddha's disciple <a href="/wiki/Ananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda">Ananda</a> outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing <a href="#cite_note-126">[109]</a> while in the Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" (<a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">abhijñā</a>).<a href="#cite_note-127">[110]</a> The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Alara_Kalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alara Kalama">Alara Kalama</a> and his forty-five-year career as a teacher.<a href="#cite_note-128">[111]</a> Traditional biographies of Gautama often include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt. lokottara) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the Mahāvastu, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma".&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1956[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-129">[112]</a> As noted by Andrew Skilton, the Buddha was often described as being superhuman, including descriptions of him having the 32 major and 80 minor marks of a "great man", and the idea that the Buddha could live for as long as an aeon if he wished (see DN 16).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkilton200464–65-130">[113]</a> The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the <a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain scriptures</a>, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian history</a> for which significant accounts exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithers200115-131">[114]</a> British author <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2000xii-132">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Carrithers" title="Michael Carrithers">Michael Carrithers</a> goes further, stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrithers2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-133">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_lives">Previous lives</h3></div> Legendary biographies like the Pali <a href="/wiki/Buddhava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Buddhavaṃsa">Buddhavaṃsa</a> and the Sanskrit Jātakamālā depict the Buddha's (referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>" before his awakening) career as spanning hundreds of lifetimes before his last birth as Gautama. Many of these previous lives are narrated in the <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jatakas</a>, which consists of 547 stories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200119-134">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a> The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200121-136">[119]</a> Besides imbuing the pre-Buddhist past with a deep karmic history, the Jatakas also serve to explain the bodhisattva's (the Buddha-to-be) path to Buddhahood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200124-137">[120]</a> In biographies like the Buddhavaṃsa, this path is described as long and arduous, taking "four incalculable ages" (<a href="/wiki/Asa%E1%B9%83khyeya" title="Asaṃkhyeya">asamkheyyas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200130-138">[121]</a> In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_named_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the named Buddhas">past Buddhas</a>, and then makes a series of resolves or vows (<a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">pranidhana</a>) to become a Buddha himself. Then he begins to receive predictions by past Buddhas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200131-139">[122]</a> One of the most popular of these stories is <a href="/wiki/Sumedha" title="Sumedha">his meeting with Dipankara Buddha</a>, who gives the bodhisattva a prediction of future Buddhahood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200125-140">[123]</a> Another theme found in the Pali Jataka Commentary (Jātakaṭṭhakathā) and the Sanskrit Jātakamālā is how the Buddha-to-be had to practice several "perfections" (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">pāramitā</a>) to reach Buddhahood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200137-141">[124]</a> The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200143-142">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg/300px-Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg/450px-Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg/600px-Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>A map showing <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> and other major Buddhist sites in India. <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> (present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha,<a href="#cite_note-WHC-143">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-birthplace-2">[b]</a> and is also a holy place for many non-Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-google260-144">[127]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg/220px-BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg/330px-BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg/440px-BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4093" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Mayadevi Temple</a> marking the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>'s birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini_pillar_with_inscription_and_its_location.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lumbini_pillar_with_inscription_and_its_location.jpg/220px-Lumbini_pillar_with_inscription_and_its_location.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lumbini_pillar_with_inscription_and_its_location.jpg/330px-Lumbini_pillar_with_inscription_and_its_location.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lumbini_pillar_with_inscription_and_its_location.jpg/440px-Lumbini_pillar_with_inscription_and_its_location.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="4159" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_pillar_inscription" title="Lumbini pillar inscription">Lumbini pillar contains an inscription</a> stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace.</figcaption></figure> According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHC-143">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-145">[128]</a> now in modern-day Nepal,<a href="#cite_note-146">[r]</a> and raised in <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeownPrebish2013436-147">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[s]</a> The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor2010436–437-150">[131]</a> It may have been either <a href="/wiki/Piprahwa" title="Piprahwa">Piprahwa</a>, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura198018-151">[132]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tilaurakot" title="Tilaurakot">Tilaurakot</a>, in present-day Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington1986-152">[133]</a> Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 24 kilometres (15 mi) apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington1986-152">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-birthplace-2">[b]</a> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (Śākyamuni), was born."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199819-153">[134]</a> According to later biographies such as the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" title="Mahāvastu">Mahavastu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara</a>, his mother, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Maya</a> (Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a princess from <a href="/wiki/Devdaha" title="Devdaha">Devdaha</a>, the ancient capital of the <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a> Kingdom (what is now the <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>). Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a <a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">white elephant</a> with six white tusks entered her right side,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal187537-154">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones195211-155">[136]</a> and ten <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">months</a> later<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeal187541-156">[137]</a> Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilavastu for her father's kingdom to give birth. Her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal tree</a>. The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> (Pali: khattiya) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakyas</a>, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199021-157">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199814-148">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-158">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[t]</a> His father <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a> was "an elected chief of the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya clan</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200045-15">[7]</a> whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> during the Buddha's lifetime. The early Buddhist texts contain very little information about the birth and youth of Gotama Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu19928-161">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200151-162">[142]</a> Later biographies developed a dramatic narrative about the life of the young Gotama as a prince and his existential troubles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199024-163">[143]</a> They depict his father Śuddhodana as a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Suryavansha" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryavansha">Suryavansha</a> (Solar dynasty) of Ikṣvāku (Pāli: Okkāka). This is unlikely, as many scholars think that Śuddhodana was merely a Shakya aristocrat (khattiya), and that the Shakya republic was not a hereditary monarchy.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammikan.d.[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-164">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199814–15-165">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich198849–50-166">[146]</a> The more egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">gaṇasaṅgha</a> form of government, as a political alternative to Indian monarchies, may have influenced the development of the śramanic <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain</a> and Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sanghas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Upaddha-167">[u]</a> where monarchies tended toward <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic Brahmanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2002146-168">[147]</a> The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> countries as <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> and the day he got conceived as <a href="/wiki/Poson" title="Poson">Poson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurpie20013-169">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> is called Buddha <a href="/wiki/Purnima" title="Purnima">Purnima</a> in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day. According to later biographical legends, during the birth celebrations, the hermit seer <a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a> journeyed from his mountain abode, analyzed the child for the <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">"32 marks of a great man"</a> and then announced that he would either become a great king (<a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">chakravartin</a>) or a great religious leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarada19929–12-170">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200155-171">[150]</a> Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day and invited eight <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> scholars to read the future. All gave similar predictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarada19929–12-170">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kondañña</a>, the youngest, and later to be the first <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a> other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarada199211–12-172">[151]</a> Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200047-173">[152]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">early Buddhist Texts</a> of several schools, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">post-canonical accounts</a>, Gotama had a wife, <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yasodhara</a>, and a son, named <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeks2016139-174">[153]</a> Besides this, the Buddha in the early texts reports that "I lived a spoilt, a very spoilt life, monks (in my parents' home)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200323-175">[154]</a> The legendary biographies like the <a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara</a> also tell stories of young Gotama's great martial skill, which was put to the test in various contests against other Shakyan youths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200160-176">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renunciation">Renunciation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Departure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Great_Departure.JPG/300px-Great_Departure.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Great_Departure.JPG/450px-Great_Departure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Great_Departure.JPG/600px-Great_Departure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4154" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, he is accompanied by numerous guards and <a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">devata</a> who have come to pay homage; <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan period</a>.</figcaption></figure> While the earliest sources merely depict Gotama seeking a higher spiritual goal and becoming an ascetic or śramaṇa after being disillusioned with lay life, the later legendary biographies tell a more elaborate dramatic story about how he became a mendicant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199024-163">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199815-177">[156]</a> The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest is found in texts such as the Pali Ariyapariyesanā-sutta ("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at <a href="/wiki/Madhyama_Agama" title="Madhyama Agama">MĀ</a> 204.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011170-178">[157]</a> These texts report that what led to Gautama's renunciation was the thought that his life was subject to old age, disease and death and that there might be something better.<a href="#cite_note-:1-179">[158]</a> The early texts also depict the Buddha's explanation for becoming a sramana as follows: "The household life, this place of impurity, is narrow—the samana life is the free open air. It is not easy for a householder to lead the perfected, utterly pure and perfect holy life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200345-180">[159]</a> MN 26, MĀ 204, the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> Vinaya and the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" title="Mahāvastu">Mahāvastu</a> all agree that his mother and father opposed his decision and "wept with tearful faces" when he decided to leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200345–46-181">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011173-182">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg/220px-Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg/330px-Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg/440px-Siddharta_Gautama_Borobudur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, 8th century</figcaption></figure> Legendary biographies also tell the story of how Gautama left his palace to see the outside world for the first time and how he was shocked by his encounter with human suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199821-183">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200163-184">[163]</a> These depict Gautama's father as shielding him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">suffering</a>, so that he would become a great king instead of a great religious leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199820-185">[164]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nidanakatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidanakatha">Nidanakatha</a> (5th century CE), Gautama is said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer <a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Chandaka</a> explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">ascetic</a> that inspired him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze195939–40-186">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder2000322-187">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200344-188">[167]</a> This story of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">four sights</a>" seems to be adapted from an earlier account in the Digha Nikaya (DN 14.2) which instead depicts the young life of a previous Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassī Buddha">Vipassi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200344-188">[167]</a> The legendary biographies depict Gautama's departure from his palace as follows. Shortly after seeing the four sights, Gautama woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive, corpse-like poses, which shocked him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001Incitements_to_Leave_Home-189">[168]</a> Therefore, he discovered what he would later understand more deeply during his <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a> ("standing unstable", "dissatisfaction"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonier-Williams1899483,_entry_note:&nbsp;-190">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnalayo2013c-191">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith201530-192">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander201936-193">[172]</a>) and the end of dukkha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2015The_Beginnings_of_Discontent-194">[173]</a> Moved by all the things he had experienced, he decided to leave the palace in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of a wandering ascetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze195939–40-186">[165]</a> Accompanied by Chandaka and riding his horse <a href="/wiki/Kanthaka" title="Kanthaka">Kanthaka</a>, Gautama leaves the palace, leaving behind his son <a href="/wiki/Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahula">Rahula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yashodhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashodhara">Yaśodhara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarada199215–16-195">[174]</a> He travelled to the river <a href="/wiki/Anoma_River" title="Anoma River">Anomiya</a>, and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into <a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">monk's robes</a> there,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2015The_Great_Departure-196">[175]</a> though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a <a href="/wiki/Brahma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma (Buddhism)">Brahma</a> deity at Anomiya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenner200928-197">[176]</a> According to the legendary biographies, when the ascetic Gautama first went to Rajagaha (present-day <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>) to beg for <a href="/wiki/Alms#Buddhism" title="Alms">alms</a> in the streets, King <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> learned of his quest, and offered him a share of his kingdom. Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001The_Great_Departure-198">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199025-199">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascetic_life_and_awakening">Ascetic life and awakening</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment in Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvana (Buddhism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_emaciated_fasting_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_emaciated_fasting_Buddha.jpg/220px-Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_emaciated_fasting_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_emaciated_fasting_Buddha.jpg/330px-Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_emaciated_fasting_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_emaciated_fasting_Buddha.jpg/440px-Wat_Suthat_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_-_emaciated_fasting_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in <a href="/wiki/Wat_Suthat" title="Wat Suthat">Wat Suthat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> representing the stage of his <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhgaya_3639641913_f4c5f73689_t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bodhgaya_3639641913_f4c5f73689_t.jpg/220px-Bodhgaya_3639641913_f4c5f73689_t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bodhgaya_3639641913_f4c5f73689_t.jpg/330px-Bodhgaya_3639641913_f4c5f73689_t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bodhgaya_3639641913_f4c5f73689_t.jpg/440px-Bodhgaya_3639641913_f4c5f73689_t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Mahabodhi Tree at the <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajrasana,_early_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vajrasana%2C_early_20th_century.jpg/220px-Vajrasana%2C_early_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vajrasana%2C_early_20th_century.jpg/330px-Vajrasana%2C_early_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vajrasana%2C_early_20th_century.jpg/440px-Vajrasana%2C_early_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vajrasana,_Bodh_Gaya" title="Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya">Enlightenment Throne</a> of the Buddha at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, as recreated by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in the 3rd century BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg/220px-Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg/330px-Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg/440px-Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="3429" /></a><figcaption>Miracle of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (<a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconism</a>), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall191865-200">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>.</figcaption></figure> Majjhima Nikaya 4 mentions that Gautama lived in "remote jungle thickets" during his years of spiritual striving and had to overcome the fear that he felt while living in the forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199215-201">[180]</a> The Nikaya-texts narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of <a href="/wiki/Yogic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogic">yogic</a> meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpadhyaya197195-202">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis20088-203">[182]</a> According to the Ariyapariyesanā-sutta (MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204, after having mastered the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Alara_Kalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alara Kalama">Ārāḍa Kālāma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: Alara Kalama), who taught a meditation attainment called "the sphere of nothingness", he was asked by Ārāḍa to become an equal leader of their spiritual community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200347-204">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011175-205">[184]</a> Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice because it "does not lead to revulsion, to dispassion, to cessation, to calm, to knowledge, to awakening, to Nibbana", and moved on to become a student of <a href="/wiki/Udaka_Ramaputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaka Ramaputta">Udraka Rāmaputra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: Udaka Ramaputta).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200348-206">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200077-207">[186]</a> With him, he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness (called "The Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception") and was again asked to join his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied for the same reasons as before, and moved on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarada199219–20-208">[187]</a> According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gotama then practiced ascetic techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirakawa199026-209">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[v]</a> The ascetic techniques described in the early texts include very minimal food intake, different forms of <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">breath control</a>, and forceful mind control. The texts report that he became so emaciated that his bones became visible through his skin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011236-212">[190]</a> The Mahāsaccaka-sutta and most of its parallels agree that after taking asceticism to its extremes, Gautama realized that this had not helped him attain nirvana, and that he needed to regain strength to pursue his goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011240-213">[191]</a> One popular story tells of how he accepted milk and <a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">rice pudding</a> from a village girl named <a href="/wiki/Sujata_(milkmaid)" title="Sujata (milkmaid)">Sujata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[192]</a> According to the 身毛喜豎經,<a href="#cite_note-215">[w]</a> his break with asceticism led his five companions to abandon him, since they believed that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined. At this point, Gautama remembered a previous experience of <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyana</a> ("meditation") he had as a child sitting under a tree while his father worked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011240-213">[191]</a> This memory leads him to understand that dhyana is the path to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>, and the texts then depict the Buddha achieving all four dhyanas, followed by the "three higher knowledges" (<a href="/wiki/Tevijja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tevijja">tevijja</a>),<a href="#cite_note-217">[x]</a> culminating in complete insight into the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, thereby attaining liberation from <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a>, the endless cycle of rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011243-218">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson1999-219">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200274–75-220">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-DL_Four_Truths-221">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-awakening_inconsistencies-222">[y]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</a> (SN 56),<a href="#cite_note-sn56-223">[198]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tathagata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagata">Tathagata</a>, the term Gautama uses most often to refer to himself, realized "the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a>"—a path of moderation away from the extremes of <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">self-indulgence</a> and self-mortification, or the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn56-223">[198]</a> In later centuries, Gautama became known as the Buddha or "Awakened One". The title indicates that unlike most people who are "asleep", a Buddha is understood as having "woken up" to the true nature of reality and sees the world 'as it is' (yatha-bhutam).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19988-21">[11]</a> A Buddha has achieved liberation (vimutti), also called Nirvana, which is seen as the extinguishing of the "fires" of desire, hatred, and ignorance, that keep the cycle of suffering and rebirth going.<a href="#cite_note-224">[199]</a> Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (sammā-sambodhi) had been reached; the Ariyapariyesanā-sutta does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011178-225">[200]</a> In Buddhist tradition, this event was said to have occurred under a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred fig">pipal</a> tree—known as "the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a>"—in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, Bihar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGyatso20078–9-226">[201]</a> As reported by various texts from the Pali Canon, the Buddha sat for seven days under the bodhi tree "feeling the bliss of deliverance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199230-227">[202]</a> The Pali texts also report that he continued to meditate and contemplated various aspects of the Dharma while living by the <a href="/wiki/Lilajan_River" title="Lilajan River">River Nairañjanā</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Five Spiritual Faculties</a> and suffering (dukkha).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199230–35-228">[203]</a> The legendary biographies like the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81vastu" title="Mahāvastu">Mahavastu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nidanakatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidanakatha">Nidanakatha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara</a> depict an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>, the ruler of the desire realm, to prevent the Buddha's nirvana. He does so by sending his daughters to seduce the Buddha, by asserting his superiority and by assaulting him with armies of monsters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200193-229">[204]</a> However the Buddha is unfazed and calls on the earth (or in some versions of the legend, the <a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">earth goddess</a>) as witness to his superiority by <a href="/wiki/Maravijaya_attitude" title="Maravijaya attitude">touching the ground</a> before entering meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong200194-230">[205]</a> Other miracles and magical events are also depicted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_sermon_and_formation_of_the_saṅgha">First sermon and formation of the saṅgha</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarnath1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sarnath1.jpg/220px-Sarnath1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sarnath1.jpg/330px-Sarnath1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sarnath1.jpg/440px-Sarnath1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhamek_Stupa" title="Dhamek Stupa">Dhamek Stupa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> to his first five disciples</figcaption></figure> According to MN 26, immediately after his awakening, the Buddha hesitated on whether or not he should teach the <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a> to others. He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is "subtle, deep and hard to grasp". However, the god <a href="/wiki/Brahma_(Buddhism)#Brahmā_Sahampati" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahma (Buddhism)">Brahmā Sahampati</a> convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. The Buddha relented and agreed to teach. According to Anālayo, the Chinese parallel to MN 26, MĀ 204, does not contain this story, but this event does appear in other parallel texts, such as in an <a href="/wiki/Ekottara_Agama" title="Ekottara Agama">Ekottarika-āgama</a> discourse, in the Catusparisat-sūtra, and in the Lalitavistara.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011178-225">[200]</a> According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers, <a href="/wiki/Alara_Kalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alara Kalama">Alara Kalama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udaka_Ramaputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaka Ramaputta">Udaka Ramaputta</a>, to teach them his insights, but they had already died, so he decided to visit his five former companions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011182-231">[206]</a> MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Vārānasī</a> (Benares), he met another wanderer, an <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> ascetic named Upaka in MN 26. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011183-232">[207]</a> MN 26 and MĀ 204 continue with the Buddha reaching the <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Deer Park (Sarnath)</a> (Mrigadāva, also called Rishipatana, "site where the ashes of the ascetics fell")<a href="#cite_note-:8-233">[208]</a> near Vārānasī, where he met the group of five ascetics and was able to convince them that he had indeed reached full awakening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011185-234">[209]</a> According to MĀ 204 (but not MN 26), as well as the Theravāda Vinaya, an <a href="/wiki/Ekottara_Agama" title="Ekottara Agama">Ekottarika-āgama</a> text, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a> Vinaya, and the Mahāvastu, the Buddha then taught them the "first sermon", also known as the "Benares sermon",<a href="#cite_note-:8-233">[208]</a> i.e., the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011185-234">[209]</a> The Pali text reports that after the first sermon, the ascetic <a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Koṇḍañña</a> (Kaundinya) became the first <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arahant</a> (liberated being) and the first Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a> or monastic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199244–45-235">[210]</a> The Buddha then continued to teach the other ascetics and they formed the first <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">saṅgha</a>, the company of Buddhist monks.<a href="#cite_note-Upaddha-167">[u]</a> Various sources such as the Mahāvastu, the Mahākhandhaka of the Theravāda Vinaya and the Catusparisat-sūtra also mention that the Buddha taught them his second discourse, about the characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">"not-self"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anattalakkha%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" title="Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta">Anātmalakṣaṇa Sūtra</a>), at this time<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001110-236">[211]</a> or five days later.<a href="#cite_note-:8-233">[208]</a> After hearing this second sermon the four remaining ascetics also reached the status of arahant.<a href="#cite_note-:8-233">[208]</a> The Theravāda Vinaya and the Catusparisat-sūtra also speak of the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a>, a local guild master, and his friends and family, who were some of the first laypersons to be converted and to enter the Buddhist community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001113-237">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-233">[208]</a> The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, who brought with them five hundred converts who had previously been "matted hair ascetics", and whose spiritual practice was related to fire sacrifices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199248,_54–59-238">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001116–117-239">[214]</a> According to the Theravāda Vinaya, the Buddha then stopped at the Gayasisa hill near <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a> and delivered his third discourse, the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80dittapariy%C4%81ya_Sutta" title="Ādittapariyāya Sutta">Ādittapariyāya Sutta</a> (The Discourse on Fire),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199264-240">[215]</a> in which he taught that everything in the world is inflamed by passions and only those who follow the Eightfold path can be liberated.<a href="#cite_note-:8-233">[208]</a> At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001115-241">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-233">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_and_growth_of_the_saṅgha">Travels and growth of the saṅgha</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/220px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/330px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/440px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Kosala and Magadha in the post-Vedic period</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_mit_Mogallana_und_Sariputta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Buddha_mit_Mogallana_und_Sariputta.JPG/220px-Buddha_mit_Mogallana_und_Sariputta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Buddha_mit_Mogallana_und_Sariputta.JPG/330px-Buddha_mit_Mogallana_und_Sariputta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Buddha_mit_Mogallana_und_Sariputta.JPG/440px-Buddha_mit_Mogallana_und_Sariputta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom)</figcaption></figure> For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as <a href="/wiki/Angulimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Angulimala">Angulimala</a>, and cannibals such as Alavaka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalalasekera1960291–292-242">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199815-177">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001131-243">[218]</a> According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from "<a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kosambi</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> (25 km south-west of <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> )", to Campa (40 km east of <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>)" and from "Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)". This covers an area of 600 by 300 km.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003231-244">[219]</a> His sangha<a href="#cite_note-Upaddha-167">[u]</a> enjoyed the patronage of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and he thus spent a lot of time in their respective capitals, <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Savatthi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajagaha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003231-244">[219]</a> Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it is likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> dialects, of which <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> may be a standardisation. The sangha wandered throughout the year, except during the four months of the <a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a> rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely travelled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001132-245">[220]</a> The health of the ascetics might have been a concern as well.<a href="#cite_note-246">[221]</a> At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or forests, where people would come to them. The first vassana was spent at <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> when the sangha was formed. According to the Pali texts, shortly after the formation of the sangha, the Buddha travelled to <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajagaha</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, and met with King <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a>, who gifted a bamboo grove park to the sangha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199268-247">[222]</a> The Buddha's sangha continued to grow during his initial travels in north India. The early texts tell the story of how the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka#Foremost_disciples" title="Śrāvaka">chief disciples</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahāmoggallāna</a>, who were both students of the skeptic sramana <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_Belatthiputta" title="Sanjaya Belatthiputta">Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta</a>, were converted by <a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199270-248">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001119-249">[224]</a> They also tell of how the Buddha's son, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rahula</a>, joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199278-250">[225]</a> Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin <a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upali" class="mw-redirect" title="Upali">Upali</a> the barber, the Buddha's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda (Buddhism)">Nanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199279–83-251">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001122-252">[227]</a> Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a <a href="/wiki/Sotapanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotapanna">stream-enterer</a>. The early texts also mention an important lay disciple, the merchant <a href="/wiki/Anathapindika" title="Anathapindika">Anāthapiṇḍika</a>, who became a strong lay supporter of the Buddha early on. He is said to have gifted <a href="/wiki/Jetavana" title="Jetavana">Jeta's grove</a> (Jetavana) to the sangha at great expense (the Theravada Vinaya speaks of thousands of gold coins).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu199291-253">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001136-254">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_bhikkhunī_order">Formation of the bhikkhunī order</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahapajapati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mahapajapati.jpg/220px-Mahapajapati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mahapajapati.jpg/330px-Mahapajapati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mahapajapati.jpg/440px-Mahapajapati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains</figcaption></figure> The formation of a parallel order of female monastics (<a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">bhikkhunī</a>) was another important part of the growth of the Buddha's community. As noted by Anālayo's comparative study of this topic, there are various versions of this event depicted in the different early Buddhist texts.<a href="#cite_note-256">[z]</a> According to all the major versions surveyed by Anālayo, <a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī</a>, Buddha's step-mother, is initially turned down by the Buddha after requesting ordination for her and some other women. Mahāprajāpatī and her followers then shave their hair, don robes and begin following the Buddha on his travels. The Buddha is eventually convinced by Ānanda to grant ordination to Mahāprajāpatī on her acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Eight_Garudhammas" title="Eight Garudhammas">eight conditions called gurudharmas</a> which focus on the relationship between the new order of nuns and the monks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo201643-257">[231]</a> According to Anālayo, the only argument common to all the versions that Ananda uses to convince the Buddha is that women have the same ability to reach all stages of awakening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo201679-258">[232]</a> Anālayo also notes that some modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of the eight gurudharmas in their present form due to various inconsistencies. He holds that the historicity of the current lists of eight is doubtful, but that they may have been based on earlier injunctions by the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2013b-259">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2016111–112-260">[234]</a> Anālayo notes that various passages indicate that the reason for the Buddha's hesitation to ordain women was the danger that the life of a wandering sramana posed for women that were not under the protection of their male family members, such as dangers of sexual assault and abduction. Due to this, the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2016127-261">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ajatasattu_worships_the_Buddha_(9217704485).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ajatasattu_worships_the_Buddha_%289217704485%29.jpg/220px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ajatasattu_worships_the_Buddha_%289217704485%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ajatasattu_worships_the_Buddha_%289217704485%29.jpg/330px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ajatasattu_worships_the_Buddha_%289217704485%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ajatasattu_worships_the_Buddha_%289217704485%29.jpg/440px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Ajatasattu_worships_the_Buddha_%289217704485%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> Stupa at the Indian Museum, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001136-254">[229]</a> As the sangha<a href="#cite_note-Upaddha-167">[u]</a> grew in size, the need for a standardized set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. These are preserved in various texts called "<a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimoksa</a>" which were recited by the community every fortnight. The Pratimoksa includes general ethical precepts, as well as rules regarding the essentials of monastic life, such as bowls and robes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001134-262">[236]</a> In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003232–233-263">[237]</a> The early texts also speak of how during the Buddha's old age, the kingdom of Magadha was usurped by a new king, <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a>, who overthrew his father <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a>. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, the new king spoke with different ascetic teachers and eventually took refuge in the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain199179-264">[238]</a> However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively.<a href="#cite_note-265">[239]</a> As the Buddha continued to travel and teach, he also came into contact with <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a#Pre-Buddhist_śrāmana_schools_in_Buddhist_texts" title="Śramaṇa">members of other śrāmana sects.</a> There is evidence from the early texts that the Buddha encountered some of these figures and critiqued their doctrines. The Samaññaphala Sutta identifies six such sects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003215-266">[240]</a> The early texts also depict the elderly Buddha as suffering from back pain. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003232-267">[241]</a> However, the Buddha continued teaching well into his old age. One of the most troubling events during the Buddha's old age was <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a>'s schism. Early sources speak of how the Buddha's cousin, Devadatta, attempted to take over leadership of the order and then left the sangha with several Buddhist monks and formed a rival sect. This sect is said to have been supported by King Ajatashatru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011198-268">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992257-269">[243]</a> The Pali texts depict Devadatta as plotting to kill the Buddha, but these plans all fail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003236-270">[244]</a> They depict the Buddha as sending his two chief disciples (Sariputta and Moggallana) to this schismatic community in order to convince the monks who left with Devadatta to return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003237-271">[245]</a> All the major early Buddhist Vinaya texts depict Devadatta as a divisive figure who attempted to split the Buddhist community, but they disagree on what issues he disagreed with the Buddha on. The <a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthavira</a> texts generally focus on "five points" which are seen as excessive ascetic practices, while the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsaṅghika</a> Vinaya speaks of a more comprehensive disagreement, which has Devadatta alter the discourses as well as monastic discipline.<a href="#cite_note-272">[246]</a> At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatashatru's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992280-273">[247]</a> Ajatashatru seems to have been victorious, a turn of events the Buddha is reported to have regretted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003239-274">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_days_and_parinirvana">Last days and parinirvana</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_(25595318747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Metal relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg/300px-040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg/450px-040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg/600px-040_Ananda_worships_Buddha_%2825595318747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="2897" /></a><figcaption>This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a>, his chief attendant. </figcaption></figure> The main narrative of the Buddha's last days, death and the events following his death is contained in the <a href="/wiki/Mahaparinibbana_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaparinibbana Sutta">Mahaparinibbana Sutta</a> (DN 16) and its various parallels in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001165-275">[249]</a> According to Anālayo, these include the Chinese Dirgha Agama 2, "Sanskrit fragments of the Mahaparinirvanasutra", and "three discourses preserved as individual translations in Chinese".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2014-276">[250]</a> The Mahaparinibbana sutta depicts the Buddha's last year as a time of war. It begins with Ajatashatru's decision to make war on the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjika League</a>, leading him to send a minister to ask the Buddha for advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992286–288-277">[251]</a> The Buddha responds by saying that the Vajjikas can be expected to prosper as long as they do seven things, and he then applies these seven principles to the Buddhist Sangha,<a href="#cite_note-Upaddha-167">[u]</a> showing that he is concerned about its future welfare. The Buddha says that the Sangha will prosper as long as they "hold regular and frequent assemblies, meet in harmony, do not change the rules of training, honour their superiors who were ordained before them, do not fall prey to worldly desires, remain devoted to forest hermitages, and preserve their personal mindfulness". He then gives further lists of important virtues to be upheld by the Sangha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001165–166-278">[252]</a> The early texts depict how the Buddha's two chief disciples, Sariputta and Moggallana, died just before the Buddha's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003244-279">[253]</a> The Mahaparinibbana depicts the Buddha as experiencing illness during the last months of his life but initially recovering. It depicts him as stating that he cannot promote anyone to be his successor. When Ānanda requested this, the Mahaparinibbana records his response as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003246-280">[254]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Ananda, why does the Order of monks expect this of me? I have taught the Dhamma, making no distinction of "inner" and " outer": the Tathagata has no "teacher's fist" (in which certain truths are held back). If there is anyone who thinks: "I shall take charge of the Order", or "the Order is under my leadership", such a person would have to make arrangements about the Order. The Tathagata does not think in such terms. Why should the Tathagata make arrangements for the Order? I am now old, worn out...I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age. Just as an old cart is made to go by being held together with straps, so the Tathagata's body is kept going by being bandaged up...Therefore, Ananda, you should live as islands unto yourselves, being your own refuge, seeking no other refuge; with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge... Those monks who in my time or afterwards live thus, seeking an island and a refuge in themselves and in the Dhamma and nowhere else, these zealous ones are truly my monks and will overcome the darkness (of rebirth).</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dying_Buddha_(Mahaparinirvana),_Gandhara,_3rd_or_4th_century_AD,_gray_schist_-_John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art_-_Sarasota,_FL_-_DSC00665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dying_Buddha_%28Mahaparinirvana%29%2C_Gandhara%2C_3rd_or_4th_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art_-_Sarasota%2C_FL_-_DSC00665.jpg/220px-Dying_Buddha_%28Mahaparinirvana%29%2C_Gandhara%2C_3rd_or_4th_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art_-_Sarasota%2C_FL_-_DSC00665.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dying_Buddha_%28Mahaparinirvana%29%2C_Gandhara%2C_3rd_or_4th_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art_-_Sarasota%2C_FL_-_DSC00665.jpg/330px-Dying_Buddha_%28Mahaparinirvana%29%2C_Gandhara%2C_3rd_or_4th_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art_-_Sarasota%2C_FL_-_DSC00665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dying_Buddha_%28Mahaparinirvana%29%2C_Gandhara%2C_3rd_or_4th_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art_-_Sarasota%2C_FL_-_DSC00665.jpg/440px-Dying_Buddha_%28Mahaparinirvana%29%2C_Gandhara%2C_3rd_or_4th_century_AD%2C_gray_schist_-_John_and_Mable_Ringling_Museum_of_Art_-_Sarasota%2C_FL_-_DSC00665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Mahaparinirvana</a>, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_century_sketch_and_21st_century_photo_collage,_Cave_26_Ajanta,_Buddha_Parinirvana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/19th_century_sketch_and_21st_century_photo_collage%2C_Cave_26_Ajanta%2C_Buddha_Parinirvana.jpg/220px-19th_century_sketch_and_21st_century_photo_collage%2C_Cave_26_Ajanta%2C_Buddha_Parinirvana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/19th_century_sketch_and_21st_century_photo_collage%2C_Cave_26_Ajanta%2C_Buddha_Parinirvana.jpg/330px-19th_century_sketch_and_21st_century_photo_collage%2C_Cave_26_Ajanta%2C_Buddha_Parinirvana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/19th_century_sketch_and_21st_century_photo_collage%2C_Cave_26_Ajanta%2C_Buddha_Parinirvana.jpg/440px-19th_century_sketch_and_21st_century_photo_collage%2C_Cave_26_Ajanta%2C_Buddha_Parinirvana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2839" /></a><figcaption>Mahaparinibbana scene, from the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajanta caves">Ajanta caves</a></figcaption></figure> After travelling and teaching some more, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named <a href="/wiki/Cunda_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunda (Buddhism)">Cunda</a>. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his death and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-281">[255]</a> Bhikkhu Mettanando and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hin%C3%BCber" title="Oskar von Hinüber">Oskar von Hinüber</a> argue that the Buddha died of <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery_syndrome" title="Superior mesenteric artery syndrome">mesenteric</a> <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a>, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhikkhuvon_Hinüber2000-282">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[257]</a> The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms. The <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhist vegetarianism</a> and the precepts for monks and nuns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaley1932343–354-284">[258]</a> Modern scholars also disagree on this topic, arguing both for pig's flesh or some kind of plant or mushroom that pigs like to eat.<a href="#cite_note-Wayley1932-285">[aa]</a> Whatever the case, none of the sources which mention the last meal attribute the Buddha's sickness to the meal itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001176-286">[259]</a> As per the Mahaparinibbana sutta, after the meal with Cunda, the Buddha and his companions continued travelling until he was too weak to continue and had to stop at <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, where Ānanda had a resting place prepared in a grove of Sala trees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003249-287">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001178-288">[261]</a> After announcing to the sangha at large that he would soon be passing away to final Nirvana, the Buddha ordained one last novice into the order personally. His name was Subhadda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003249-287">[260]</a> He then repeated his final instructions to the sangha, which was that the Dhamma and Vinaya was to be their teacher after his death. Then he asked if anyone had any doubts about the teaching, but nobody did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann2003250-289">[262]</a> The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">saṅkhāras</a> decay. Strive for the goal with diligence (<a href="/wiki/Appam%C4%81da" title="Appamāda">appamāda</a>)" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne2007112-290">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001183-291">[264]</a> He then entered his final meditation and died, reaching what is known as parinirvana (final nirvana; instead of a person being reborn, "the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199876-292">[265]</a>). The Mahaparinibbana reports that in his final meditation he entered the four dhyanas consecutively, then the four <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">immaterial attainments</a> and finally the meditative dwelling known as nirodha-samāpatti, before returning to the fourth dhyana right at the moment of death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992324-293">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2001178-288">[261]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha%27s_cremation_stupa,_Kushinagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Buddha%27s_cremation_stupa%2C_Kushinagar.jpg/220px-Buddha%27s_cremation_stupa%2C_Kushinagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Buddha%27s_cremation_stupa%2C_Kushinagar.jpg/330px-Buddha%27s_cremation_stupa%2C_Kushinagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Buddha%27s_cremation_stupa%2C_Kushinagar.jpg/440px-Buddha%27s_cremation_stupa%2C_Kushinagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Buddha's cremation stupa, <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a> (Kushinara)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piprawa_vase_with_relics_of_the_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Piprawa_vase_with_relics_of_the_Buddha.jpg/220px-Piprawa_vase_with_relics_of_the_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Piprawa_vase_with_relics_of_the_Buddha.jpg/330px-Piprawa_vase_with_relics_of_the_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Piprawa_vase_with_relics_of_the_Buddha.jpg/440px-Piprawa_vase_with_relics_of_the_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piprahwa" title="Piprahwa">Piprahwa</a> vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads: ...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate... (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_events">Posthumous events</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra" title="Śarīra">Śarīra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics associated with Buddha</a></div> According to the Mahaparinibbana sutta, the Mallians of Kushinagar spent the days following the Buddha's death honouring his body with flowers, music and scents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992327-294">[267]</a> The sangha<a href="#cite_note-Upaddha-167">[u]</a> waited until the eminent elder <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a> arrived to pay his respects before cremating the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992330-295">[268]</a> The Buddha's body was then cremated and the remains, including his bones, were kept as <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> and they were distributed among various north Indian kingdoms like Magadha, Shakya and <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992331-296">[269]</a> These relics were placed in monuments or mounds called <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>, a common funerary practice at the time. Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by <a href="/wiki/King_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ashoka">Ashoka</a> into many new stupas around the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan realm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong2007136–137-298">[271]</a> Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers. According to various Buddhist sources, the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a> was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorize the teachings. Mahākassapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the council. However, the historicity of the traditional accounts of the first council is disputed by modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-299">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings_and_views">Teachings and views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy#The_Buddha_and_early_Buddhism" title="Buddhist philosophy">The Buddha and early Buddhism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core_teachings">Core teachings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_(1st_C),_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg/220px-Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg/330px-Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg/440px-Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhist</a> birchbark scroll fragments</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a></div> A number of teachings and practices are deemed essential to Buddhism, including: the <a href="/wiki/Samyojana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyojana">samyojana</a> (fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">sankharas</a> ("formations"), the <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kleshas</a> (unwholesome mental states), including the <a href="/wiki/Three_poisons" title="Three poisons">three poisons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80sava" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsava">āsavas</a> ("influx, canker"), that perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara (Buddhism)">saṃsāra</a>, the repeated cycle of becoming; the <a href="/wiki/Six_sense_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="Six sense bases">six sense bases</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five aggregates</a>, which describe the process from sense contact to consciousness which lead to this bondage to saṃsāra; <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent origination</a>, which describes this process, and its reversal, in detail; and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a>, summarized by the later tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, which prescribes how this bondage can be reversed. According to N. Ross Reat, the Theravada Pali texts and the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahasamghika</a> school's <a href="/wiki/Salistamba_Sutra" title="Salistamba Sutra">Śālistamba Sūtra</a> share these basic teachings and practices.<a href="#cite_note-300">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Analayo" title="Bhikkhu Analayo">Bhikkhu Analayo</a> concludes that the Theravada <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhyama_Agama" title="Madhyama Agama">Madhyama Agama</a> contain mostly the same major doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011891-301">[274]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Salomon_(South_Asian_Studies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Salomon (South Asian Studies)">Richard Salomon</a> has written that the doctrines found in the <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandharan Manuscripts</a> are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools".<a href="#cite_note-302">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samsara">Samsara</h4></div> All beings have deeply entrenched <a href="/wiki/Samyojana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyojana">samyojana</a> (fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">sankharas</a> ("formations"), <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kleshas</a> (unwholesome mental states), including the <a href="/wiki/Three_poisons" title="Three poisons">three poisons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80sava" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsava">āsavas</a> ("influx, canker"), that perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara (Buddhism)">saṃsāra</a>, the repeated cycle of becoming and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>. According to the Pali suttas, the Buddha stated that "this saṃsāra is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi200539-303">[276]</a> In the Dutiyalokadhammasutta sutta (AN 8:6) the Buddha explains how "eight worldly winds" "keep the world turning around [...] Gain and loss, fame and disrepute, praise and blame, pleasure and pain". He then explains how the difference between a noble (arya) person and an uninstructed worldling is that a noble person reflects on and understands the impermanence of these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi200532–33-304">[277]</a> This cycle of becoming is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199859-305">[278]</a> commonly referred to as "suffering", dukkha is more aptly rendered as "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease". It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199861-307">[280]</a> and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199862-308">[281]</a> The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200912-309">[282]</a> Samsara is dictated by <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a>, which is an impersonal natural law, similar to how certain seeds produce certain plants and fruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200919-310">[283]</a> Karma is not the only cause for one's conditions, as the Buddha listed various physical and environmental causes alongside karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200920-311">[284]</a> The Buddha's teaching of karma differed to that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or ritual acts).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a> The Buddha is reported to have said "By karma I mean intention."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200949-312">[285]</a> Richard Gombrich summarizes the Buddha's view of karma as follows: "all thoughts, words, and deeds derive their moral value, positive or negative, from the intention behind them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200913-313">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_six_sense_bases_and_the_five_aggregates">The six sense bases and the five aggregates</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Six_sense_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="Six sense bases">āyatana</a> (six sense bases) and the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five skandhas</a> (aggregates) describe how sensory contact leads to attachment and dukkha. The six sense bases are eye and sight, ear and sound, nose and odour, tongue and taste, body and touch, and mind and thoughts. Together they create the input from which we create our world or reality, "the all". This process takes place through the five skandhas, "aggregates", "groups", "heaps", five groups of physical and mental processes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998135-314">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009114-315">[288]</a> namely form (or material image, impression) (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa#Buddhism" title="Rūpa">rupa</a>), sensations (or feelings, received from form) (<a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">vedana</a>), perceptions (<a href="/wiki/Samjna_(concept)" title="Samjna (concept)">samjna</a>), mental activity or formations (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">sankhara</a>), consciousness (<a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">vijnana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-stevenemmanuel587-316">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aggregates-318">[291]</a> They form part of other Buddhist teachings and lists, such as dependent origination, and explain how sensory input ultimately leads to bondage to samsara by the mental defilements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dependent_Origination">Dependent Origination</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_teaching_Dharma,_on_lion_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Buddha_teaching_Dharma%2C_on_lion_throne.jpg/170px-Buddha_teaching_Dharma%2C_on_lion_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Buddha_teaching_Dharma%2C_on_lion_throne.jpg/255px-Buddha_teaching_Dharma%2C_on_lion_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Buddha_teaching_Dharma%2C_on_lion_throne.jpg/340px-Buddha_teaching_Dharma%2C_on_lion_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="3898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a> Buddha statue with the famed <a href="/wiki/Ye_Dharma_Hetu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye Dharma Hetu">Ye Dharma Hetu</a> <a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhāraṇī">dhāraṇī</a> around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa teaches."</figcaption></figure> In the early texts, the process of the arising of dukkha is explicated through the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_Origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent Origination">dependent origination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a> which says that everything that exists or occurs is dependent on conditioning factors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200022-319">[292]</a> The most basic formulation of dependent origination is given in the early texts as: 'It being thus, this comes about' (Pali: evam sati idam hoti).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009131-320">[293]</a> This can be taken to mean that certain phenomena only arise when there are other phenomena present, thus their arising is "dependent" on other phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009131-320">[293]</a> The philosopher Mark Siderits has outlined the basic idea of the Buddha's teaching of Dependent Origination of dukkha as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">given the existence of a fully functioning assemblage of psycho-physical elements (the parts that make up a sentient being), ignorance concerning the three characteristics of sentient existence—suffering, impermanence and non-self—will lead, in the course of normal interactions with the environment, to appropriation (the identification of certain elements as 'I' and 'mine'). This leads in turn to the formation of attachments, in the form of desire and aversion, and the strengthening of ignorance concerning the true nature of sentient existence. These ensure future rebirth, and thus future instances of old age, disease and death, in a potentially unending cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a></blockquote> In numerous early texts, this basic principle is expanded with a list of phenomena that are said to be conditionally dependent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998141–142-321">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[ab]</a> as a result of later elaborations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrauwallner1973167–168-323">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2008305,_note_19-325">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[ac]</a> including Vedic cosmogenies as the basis for the first four links.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1984a173_with_note_16-327">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1984b256-328">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1971-329">[300]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1975p6-330">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009135–136-331">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurewicz2000-332">[303]</a> According to Boisvert, nidana 3-10 correlate with the five skandhas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995147–150-333">[304]</a> According to Richard Gombrich, the twelve-fold list is a combination of two previous lists, the second list beginning with tanha, "thirst", the cause of suffering as described in the second noble truth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009138-334">[305]</a> According to Gombrich, the two lists were combined, resulting in contradictions in its reverse version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009138-334">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[ad]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Anatta">Anatta</h5></div> The Buddha saw his analysis of dependent origination as a "Middle Way" between "eternalism" (sassatavada, the idea that some essence exists eternally) and "annihilationism" (ucchedavada, the idea that we go completely out of existence at death).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009131-320">[293]</a> in this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a>, without an independent or permanent self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200022-319">[292]</a> The Buddha instead held that all things in the world of our experience are transient and that there is no unchanging part to a person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20099,_67-336">[306]</a> According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's position is simply that "everything is process".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200910-337">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy#Anatta" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddha's arguments against an unchanging self</a> rely on the scheme of the five skandhas, as can be seen in the Pali <a href="/wiki/Anattalakkha%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" title="Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta">Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta</a> (and its parallels in Gandhari and Chinese).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200019–20-338">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[310]</a> In the early texts the Buddha teaches that all five aggregates, including consciousness (<a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">viññana</a>, which was held by Brahmins to be eternal), arise due to dependent origination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009119–120-341">[311]</a> Since they are all impermanent, one cannot regard any of the psycho-physical processes as an unchanging self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998136–137-342">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a> Even mental processes such as <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">consciousness</a> and will (<a href="/wiki/Cetana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetana">cetana</a>) are seen as being dependently originated and impermanent and thus do not qualify as a self (atman).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a> The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998146–147-343">[313]</a> Furthermore, the Buddha held that we experience suffering because we hold on to erroneous self views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998148-344">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200027-345">[315]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Rupert Gethin</a> explains, for the Buddha, a person is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... a complex flow of physical and mental phenomena, but peel away these phenomena and look behind them and one just does not find a constant self that one can call one's own. My sense of self is both logically and emotionally just a label that I impose on these physical and mental phenomena in consequence of their connectedness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998139-346">[316]</a></blockquote> Due to this view (termed ), the Buddha's teaching was opposed to all soul theories of his time, including the Jain theory of a "<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a>" ("life monad") and the Brahmanical theories of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a> (Pali: atta) and <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">purusha</a>. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998134–135-347">[317]</a> and which transmigrated from life to life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200020-348">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200962–64-349">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a> The Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Anti-essentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-essentialism">anti-essentialist</a> view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200973–74-350">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_path_to_liberation">The path to liberation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Buddha,_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan,_Ghandhara_region,_2nd_-_3rd_century,_gray_schist,_HAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Seated_Buddha%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_Ghandhara_region%2C_2nd_-_3rd_century%2C_gray_schist%2C_HAA.jpg/170px-Seated_Buddha%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_Ghandhara_region%2C_2nd_-_3rd_century%2C_gray_schist%2C_HAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Seated_Buddha%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_Ghandhara_region%2C_2nd_-_3rd_century%2C_gray_schist%2C_HAA.jpg/255px-Seated_Buddha%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_Ghandhara_region%2C_2nd_-_3rd_century%2C_gray_schist%2C_HAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Seated_Buddha%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_Ghandhara_region%2C_2nd_-_3rd_century%2C_gray_schist%2C_HAA.jpg/340px-Seated_Buddha%2C_Pakistan_or_Afghanistan%2C_Ghandhara_region%2C_2nd_-_3rd_century%2C_gray_schist%2C_HAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gandharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharan">Gandharan</a> sculpture depicting the Buddha in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">full lotus</a> seated meditation posture, 2nd–3rd century CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20160124_Sri_Lanka_3769_Polonnaruwa_sRGB_(25144212713).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/20160124_Sri_Lanka_3769_Polonnaruwa_sRGB_%2825144212713%29.jpg/220px-20160124_Sri_Lanka_3769_Polonnaruwa_sRGB_%2825144212713%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/20160124_Sri_Lanka_3769_Polonnaruwa_sRGB_%2825144212713%29.jpg/330px-20160124_Sri_Lanka_3769_Polonnaruwa_sRGB_%2825144212713%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/20160124_Sri_Lanka_3769_Polonnaruwa_sRGB_%2825144212713%29.jpg/440px-20160124_Sri_Lanka_3769_Polonnaruwa_sRGB_%2825144212713%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Buddha Statues from <a href="/wiki/Gal_Vihara" title="Gal Vihara">Gal Vihara</a>. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_paths_to_liberation" title="Buddhist paths to liberation">Buddhist paths to liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></div> The Buddha taught a path (marga) of training to undo the <a href="/wiki/Samyojana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyojana">samyojana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kleshas</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80sava" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsava">āsavas</a> and attain vimutti (liberation).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiderits2019-306">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005229-351">[321]</a> This path taught by the Buddha is depicted in the early texts (most famously in the Pali Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta and its numerous parallel texts) as a "<a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a>" between sensual indulgence on one hand and mortification of the body on the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2013a-352">[322]</a> A common presentation of the core structure of Buddha's teaching found in the early texts is that of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199863–64-353">[323]</a> which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199881-354">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[ae]</a> According to Gethin, another common summary of the path to awakening wisely used in the early texts is "abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">hindrances</a>, practice of the four establishments of mindfulness and development of <a href="/wiki/Bojjhangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojjhangas">the awakening factors</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998217–218-357">[326]</a> According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Sama%C3%B1%C3%B1aphala_Sutta" title="Samaññaphala Sutta">Samaññaphala Sutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199883,_165-358">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[af]</a> Other early texts like the Upanisa sutta (SN 12.23), present the path as reversions of the process of Dependent Origination.<a href="#cite_note-364">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[ag]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhāvanā</a>, cultivation of wholesome states, is central to the Buddha's path. Common practices to this goal, which are shared by most of these early presentations of the path, include <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">sila</a> (ethical training), restraint of the senses (indriyasamvara), <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">sati</a> (mindfulness) and <a href="/wiki/Sampaja%C3%B1%C3%B1a" title="Sampajañña">sampajañña</a> (clear awareness), and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyana</a>, the cumulative development of wholesome states<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucknell1984-359">[328]</a> leading to a "state of perfect <a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">equanimity</a> and awareness (upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter19885-367">[334]</a> Dhyana is preceded and supported by various aspects of the path such as sense restraint<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2017a80,_128,_135-368">[335]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a>, which is elaborated in the <a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">satipatthana</a>-scheme, as taught in the Pali <a href="/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta" title="Satipatthana Sutta">Satipatthana Sutta</a> and the sixteen elements of <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a>, as taught in the <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapanasati Sutta">Anapanasati Sutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[ah]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jain_and_Brahmanical_influences">Jain and Brahmanical influences</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_-_Lalitavistara_-_071_W,_The_Bodhisattva_meets_with_Arada_Kalama_(11249495494).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Borobudur_-_Lalitavistara_-_071_W%2C_The_Bodhisattva_meets_with_Arada_Kalama_%2811249495494%29.jpg/220px-Borobudur_-_Lalitavistara_-_071_W%2C_The_Bodhisattva_meets_with_Arada_Kalama_%2811249495494%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Borobudur_-_Lalitavistara_-_071_W%2C_The_Bodhisattva_meets_with_Arada_Kalama_%2811249495494%29.jpg/330px-Borobudur_-_Lalitavistara_-_071_W%2C_The_Bodhisattva_meets_with_Arada_Kalama_%2811249495494%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Borobudur_-_Lalitavistara_-_071_W%2C_The_Bodhisattva_meets_with_Arada_Kalama_%2811249495494%29.jpg/440px-Borobudur_-_Lalitavistara_-_071_W%2C_The_Bodhisattva_meets_with_Arada_Kalama_%2811249495494%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3769" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>The Bodhisattva meets with <a href="/wiki/Alara_Kalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alara Kalama">Alara Kalama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> relief.</figcaption></figure> In various texts, the Buddha is depicted as having studied under two named teachers, <a href="/wiki/Alara_Kalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alara Kalama">Āḷāra Kālāma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uddaka_Ramaputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddaka Ramaputta">Uddaka Rāmaputta</a>. According to Alexander Wynne, these were yogis who taught doctrines and practices similar to those in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200423,_37-370">[336]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>, the "meditation without breath and reduced intake of food" which the Buddha practiced before his awakening are forms of asceticism which are similar to Jain practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199310-371">[337]</a> According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a> are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahminism">Brahmanical</a> sources, like the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich20099,_36-372">[338]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a>, the idea that we are trapped in cycles of rebirth and that we should seek liberation from them through non-harming (<a href="/wiki/Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiṃsā">ahimsa</a>) and spiritual practices, pre-dates the Buddha and was likely taught in early Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200948-373">[339]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K.R._Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="K.R. Norman">K.R. Norman</a>, the Buddhist teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[ai]</a> may also reflect Upanishadic or other influences .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199726-375">[340]</a> The Buddhist practice called <a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahma-vihara</a> may have also originated from a Brahmanic term;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199728-376">[341]</a> but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-377">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarly_views_on_the_earliest_teachings">Scholarly views on the earliest teachings</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presectarian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Presectarian Buddhism">Presectarian Buddhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_Buddha_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kanishka_Buddha_detail.jpg/170px-Kanishka_Buddha_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kanishka_Buddha_detail.jpg/255px-Kanishka_Buddha_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kanishka_Buddha_detail.jpg/340px-Kanishka_Buddha_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The Buddha on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130 CE</figcaption></figure> One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest versions of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> and other texts, such as the surviving portions of <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulasarvastivada" title="Mulasarvastivada">Mulasarvastivada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahisasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahisasaka">Mahisasaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988ix-378">[343]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-379">[344]</a> and the Chinese <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Agamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[346]</a> The reliability of these sources, and the possibility of drawing out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-377">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-382">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1990-383">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997-384">[349]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Schmithausen" title="Lambert Schmithausen">Lambert Schmithausen</a>, there are three positions held by modern scholars of Buddhism with regard to the authenticity of the teachings contained in the Nikayas:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993vii-385">[350]</a> <ol><li>"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials".<a href="#cite_note-387">[aj]</a></li> <li>"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism".<a href="#cite_note-389">[ak]</a></li> <li>"Cautious optimism in this respect".<a href="#cite_note-392">[al]</a></li></ol> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and <a href="/wiki/A.K._Warder" class="mw-redirect" title="A.K. Warder">A.K. Warder</a> hold that these Early Buddhist Texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997-384">[349]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-393">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-179">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a> argues that since the content of the earliest texts "presents such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence...it is hard to see it as a composite work." Thus he concludes they are "the work of one genius".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2006b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKCh-AgAAQBAJqthe20work20of20one20genius_21]-394">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(academic)" title="Peter Harvey (academic)">Peter Harvey</a> also agrees that "much" of the Pali Canon "must derive from his [the Buddha's] teachings".<a href="#cite_note-395">[357]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">A. K. Warder</a> has written that "there is no evidence to suggest that it [the shared teaching of the early schools] was formulated by anyone other than the Buddha and his immediate followers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder2000inside_flap-386">[351]</a> According to Alexander Wynne, "the internal evidence of the early Buddhist literature proves its historical authenticity."<a href="#cite_note-396">[358]</a> Other scholars of Buddhist studies have disagreed with the mostly positive view that the early Buddhist texts reflect the teachings of the historical Buddha, arguing that some teachings contained in the early texts are the authentic teachings of the Buddha, but not others. According to Tilmann Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988ix-378">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[am]</a> According to Tilmann Vetter, the earliest core of the Buddhist teachings is the meditative practice of dhyāna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxx,_xxxv–xxxvi,_4–5-400">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[an]</a> but "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition only at a later date. He posits that the Fourth Noble Truths, the Eightfold path and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxxiv–xxxvii-403">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Schmithausen" title="Lambert Schmithausen">Lambert Schmithausen</a> similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four dhyānas, is a later addition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1981-397">[359]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a> also argues that the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993107-404">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Conze" title="Edward Conze">Edward Conze</a> argued that the attempts of European scholars to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha were "all mere guesswork".<a href="#cite_note-405">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeless_life">Homeless life</h3></div> The early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as promoting the life of a homeless and celibate "sramana", or mendicant, as the ideal way of life for the practice of the path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199885,_88-406">[366]</a> He taught that mendicants or "beggars" (<a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhus</a>) were supposed to give up all possessions and to own just a begging bowl and three robes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana199228-407">[367]</a> As part of the Buddha's monastic discipline, they were also supposed to rely on the wider lay community for the basic necessities (mainly food, clothing, and lodging).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199885-408">[368]</a> The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> collections of the different early schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana199228-407">[367]</a> Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon and they were not allowed to use gold, silver or any valuables.<a href="#cite_note-409">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199887-410">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critique_of_Brahmanism">Critique of Brahmanism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Buddha_meets_a_Brahmin_(9218121775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Buddha_meets_a_Brahmin_%289218121775%29.jpg/170px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Buddha_meets_a_Brahmin_%289218121775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Buddha_meets_a_Brahmin_%289218121775%29.jpg/255px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Buddha_meets_a_Brahmin_%289218121775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Buddha_meets_a_Brahmin_%289218121775%29.jpg/340px-Indian_Museum_Sculpture_-_Buddha_meets_a_Brahmin_%289218121775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="4443" /></a><figcaption>Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to Bronkhorst, "the bearers of [the Brahmanical] tradition, the Brahmins, did not occupy a dominant position in the area in which the Buddha preached his message."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20111-121">[104]</a> Nevertheless, the Buddha was acquainted with Brahmanism, and in the early Buddhist Texts, the Buddha references Brahmanical devices. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a> 111, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a> 92 and Vinaya i 246 of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, the Buddha praises the <a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a> as the foremost sacrifice and the <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81vitr%C4%AB_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāvitrī meter">Sāvitrī meter</a> as the foremost meter.<a href="#cite_note-412">[ao]</a> In general, the Buddha critiques the animal sacrifices and social system on certain key points. The <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> caste held that the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> were eternal revealed (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">sruti</a>) texts. The Buddha, on the other hand, did not accept that these texts had any divine authority or value.<a href="#cite_note-Tola&Dragonetti-413">[372]</a> The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Ud%C4%81na" title="Udāna">Udāna</a>, the Buddha points out that <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual bathing</a> does not lead to purity: only "truth and morality" lead to purity.<a href="#cite_note-414">[ap]</a> He especially critiqued <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> as taught in Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-Tola&Dragonetti-413">[372]</a> The Buddha contrasted his teachings, which were taught openly to all people, with that of the Brahmins', who kept their <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> secret.<a href="#cite_note-416">[aq]</a> The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.<a href="#cite_note-Tola&Dragonetti-413">[372]</a> In the Vasettha sutta the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmvedt200376-417">[374]</a> According to the Buddha, one is a "Brahmin" (i.e., divine, like <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>) only to the extent that one has cultivated virtue.<a href="#cite_note-418">[ar]</a> Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a Brahman, not by birth one is a non-Brahman; – by moral action one is a Brahman"<a href="#cite_note-Tola&Dragonetti-413">[372]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agga%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Sutta" title="Aggañña Sutta">Aggañña Sutta</a> explains all classes or <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varnas</a> can be good or bad and gives a sociological explanation for how they arose, against the Brahmanical idea that they are divinely ordained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmvedt200372-419">[375]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kancha_Ilaiah" title="Kancha Ilaiah">Kancha Ilaiah</a>, the Buddha posed the first <a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">contract theory</a> of society.<a href="#cite_note-420">[376]</a> The Buddha's teaching then is a single universal moral law, one <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> valid for everybody, which is opposed to the Brahmanic ethic founded on "one's own duty" (svadharma) which depends on caste.<a href="#cite_note-Tola&Dragonetti-413">[372]</a> Because of this, all castes including untouchables were welcome in the Buddhist order and when someone joined, they renounced all caste affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-421">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socio-political_teachings">Socio-political teachings</h4></div> The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life. Politics is inevitable and is probably even necessary and helpful, but it is also a tremendous waste of time and effort, as well as being a prime temptation to allow ego to run rampant. Buddhist political theory denies that people have a moral duty to engage in politics except to a very minimal degree (pay the taxes, obey the laws, maybe vote in the elections), and it actively portrays engagement in politics and the pursuit of enlightenment as being conflicting paths in life.<a href="#cite_note-423">[379]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Agga%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Sutta" title="Aggañña Sutta">Aggañña Sutta</a>, the Buddha teaches a history of how monarchy arose which according to Matthew J. Moore is "closely analogous to a social contract". The Aggañña Sutta also provides a social explanation of how different classes arose, in contrast to the Vedic views on social caste.<a href="#cite_note-:7-424">[380]</a> Other early texts like the Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta and the Mahāsudassana Sutta focus on the figure of the righteous wheel turning leader (<a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Cakkavatti</a>). This ideal leader is one who promotes Dharma through his governance. He can only achieve his status through moral purity and must promote morality and Dharma to maintain his position. According to the Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta, the key duties of a Cakkavatti are: "establish guard, ward, and protection according to Dhamma for your own household, your troops, your nobles, and vassals, for Brahmins and householders, town and country folk, ascetics and Brahmins, for beasts and birds. let no crime prevail in your kingdom, and to those who are in need, give property."<a href="#cite_note-:7-424">[380]</a> The sutta explains the injunction to give to the needy by telling how a line of wheel-turning monarchs falls because they fail to give to the needy, and thus the kingdom falls into infighting as poverty increases, which then leads to stealing and violence.<a href="#cite_note-425">[as]</a> In the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, the Buddha outlines several principles that he promoted among the Vajjika tribal federation, which had a quasi-republican form of government. He taught them to "hold regular and frequent assemblies", live in harmony and maintain their traditions. The Buddha then goes on to promote a similar kind of republican style of government among the Buddhist Sangha, where all monks had equal rights to attend open meetings and there would be no single leader, since The Buddha also chose not to appoint one.<a href="#cite_note-:7-424">[380]</a> Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> form of government, while others disagree with this position.<a href="#cite_note-:7-424">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Worldly_happiness">Worldly happiness</h4></div> As noted by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a>, the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world-transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness (sukha).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005107–109-426">[381]</a> According to Bodhi, the "most comprehensive" of the suttas that focus on how to live as a layperson is the <a href="/wiki/Sig%C4%81lov%C4%81da_Sutta" title="Sigālovāda Sutta">Sigālovāda Sutta</a> (DN 31). This sutta outlines how a layperson behaves towards six basic social relationships: "parents and children, teacher and pupils, husband and wife, friend and friend, employer and workers, lay follower and religious guides".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005109-427">[382]</a> This Pali text also has parallels in Chinese and in Sanskrit fragments.<a href="#cite_note-428">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[384]</a> In another sutta (<a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABghaj%C4%81%E1%B9%87u_Sutta" title="Dīghajāṇu Sutta">Dīghajāṇu Sutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85guttara_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Aṅguttara Nikāya">AN</a> 8.54) the Buddha teaches two types of happiness. First, there is the happiness visible in this very life. The Buddha states that four things lead to this happiness: "The accomplishment of persistent effort, the accomplishment of protection, good friendship, and balanced living."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005124-430">[385]</a> Similarly, in several other suttas, the Buddha teaches on how to improve family relationships, particularly on the importance of filial love and gratitude as well as marital well-being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005110-431">[386]</a> Regarding the happiness of the next life, the Buddha (in the <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABghaj%C4%81%E1%B9%87u_Sutta" title="Dīghajāṇu Sutta">Dīghajāṇu Sutta</a>) states that the virtues which lead to a good rebirth are: <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> (in the Buddha and the teachings), moral discipline, especially keeping the <a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">five precepts</a>, generosity, and wisdom (knowledge of the arising and passing of things).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005111,_125-432">[387]</a> According to the Buddha of the suttas then, achieving a good rebirth is based on cultivating wholesome or skillful (kusala) karma, which leads to a good result, and avoiding unwholesome (akusala) karma. A common list of good karmas taught by the Buddha is the list of ten courses of action (<a href="/wiki/Kammapatha" title="Kammapatha">kammapatha</a>) as outlined in MN 41 Saleyyaka Sutta (and its Chinese parallel in SĀ 1042).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005146–148,_156-433">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011263-434">[389]</a> Good karma is also termed <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit (puñña)</a>, and the Buddha outlines three bases of meritorious actions: giving, moral discipline and meditation (as seen in AN 8:36).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005151,_167-435">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics of the Buddha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahapragya_exiled_1926_wk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mahapragya_exiled_1926_wk.jpg/220px-Mahapragya_exiled_1926_wk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mahapragya_exiled_1926_wk.jpg/330px-Mahapragya_exiled_1926_wk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mahapragya_exiled_1926_wk.jpg/440px-Mahapragya_exiled_1926_wk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist monks from Nepal.</figcaption></figure> Early sources depict the Buddha's as similar to other Buddhist monks. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Likewise, Digha Nikaya 3 has a Brahmin describe the Buddha as a shaved or bald (mundaka) man.<a href="#cite_note-436">[391]</a> Digha Nikaya 2 also describes how king Ajatashatru is unable to tell which of the monks is the Buddha when approaching the sangha and must ask his minister to point him out. Likewise, in MN 140, a mendicant who sees himself as a follower of the Buddha meets the Buddha in person but is unable to recognize him.<a href="#cite_note-437">[392]</a> The Buddha is also described as being handsome and with a clear complexion (Digha I:115; Anguttara I:181), at least in his youth. In old age, however, he is described as having a stooped body, with slack and wrinkled limbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammikan.d.23–24-438">[393]</a> Various Buddhist texts attribute to the Buddha a series of extraordinary physical characteristics, known as "the <a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha#The_32_Signs_of_a_Great_Man" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">32 Signs of the Great Man</a>" (Skt. mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa). According to Anālayo, when they first appear in the Buddhist texts, these physical marks were initially held to be imperceptible to the ordinary person, and required special training to detect. Later though, they are depicted as being visible by regular people and as inspiring faith in the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2017b137–138-439">[394]</a> These characteristics are described in the <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">Digha Nikaya</a>'s Lakkhaṇa Sutta (D, I:142).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalshe1995441–460-440">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Gautama Buddha in world religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_incarnation_of_Vishnu,_from_Sunari,_Medieval_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Buddha_incarnation_of_Vishnu%2C_from_Sunari%2C_Medieval_period.jpg/220px-Buddha_incarnation_of_Vishnu%2C_from_Sunari%2C_Medieval_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Buddha_incarnation_of_Vishnu%2C_from_Sunari%2C_Medieval_period.jpg/330px-Buddha_incarnation_of_Vishnu%2C_from_Sunari%2C_Medieval_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Buddha_incarnation_of_Vishnu%2C_from_Sunari%2C_Medieval_period.jpg/440px-Buddha_incarnation_of_Vishnu%2C_from_Sunari%2C_Medieval_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>Buddha incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Sunari" title="Sunari">Sunari</a>, Medieval period. <a href="/wiki/Gujari_Mahal_Archaeological_Museum" title="Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum">Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Buddha##" title="Talk:The Buddha">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Gautama Buddha in Hinduism</a></div> After the lifetime of the Buddha the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> emerged, between 500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel201312-441">[396]</a>–200<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson1995-442">[397]</a> BCE and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel201312-441">[396]</a> under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Nath200121-443">[398]</a> In response to the success of Buddhism, Gautama was incorporated into Vaishnavism as the 9th <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google260-144">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal199073-444">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1993243-445">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-balarama-447">[at]</a> The adoption of the Buddha as an incarnation began at approximately the same time as Hinduism began to predominate and Buddhism to decline in India, and the inclusion is ambiguous, as the co-option into a list of avatars may be seen as an aspect of Hindu efforts to decisively weaken Buddhist power and appeal in India. Nevertheless, while his inclusion has been <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism#Rejection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">rejected by some traditionalists</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">modern Hindus</a> with to include the Buddha into Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-varieties-religious-448">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[403]</a> Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>-<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sep-450">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[406]</a> Consequently, Buddhism is generally classified as a <a href="/wiki/Nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastika">nāstika</a> school (heterodox, literally "It is not so"<a href="#cite_note-455">[au]</a>) in contrast to the six orthodox schools of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-456">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996231–232-458">[411]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Kifl" title="Dhu al-Kifl">Dhu al-Kifl</a> has been identified with the Buddha based on <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> 95:1 of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, which references a fig tree—a symbol that does not feature prominently in the lives of any of the other prophets mentioned in the Qur'an. It has meanwhile been suggested that the name Al-Kifl could be a reference to <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>, the home of Siddartha Gautama as a boy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYusuf2009376-459">[412]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Islam" title="Classical Islam">Classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunni scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabari">Tabari</a> reports that Buddhist idols were brought from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in the ninth century. Such idols had been sold in Buddhist temples next to a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, but he does not further discuss the role of Buddha. According to the works on Buddhism by <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (973–after 1050), views regarding the exact identity of Buddha were diverse. Accordingly, some regarded him as the divine incarnate, others as an apostle of the angels or as an <a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a> and others as an apostle of God sent to the human race. By the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">al-Shahrastani</a> even compared Buddha to <a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a>, described as an ideal human. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nadim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Nadim">Ibn Nadim</a>, who was also familiar with <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean teachings</a>, even identifies Buddha as a prophet, who taught a religion to "banish <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>", although he does not mention it explicitly.<a href="#cite_note-460">[413]</a> The Buddha is also regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> by the minority <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> sect.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_and_the_Ahmadiyya_jamaʻat-461">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Buddhist influences on Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG/220px-Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG/330px-Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG/440px-Christ_et_Buddha_by_Paul_Ranson_1880.JPG 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Christ and Buddha by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ranson" title="Paul Ranson">Paul Ranson</a>, 1880</figcaption></figure> The Christian saint <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_and_Josaphat" title="Barlaam and Josaphat">Josaphat</a> is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> via Arabic Būdhasaf and Georgian Iodasaph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonnel1900-462">[415]</a> The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, Barlaam and Josaphat, is based on the life of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMershman1907-463">[416]</a> Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast-day 27 November)—though not in the Roman Missal—and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, Buddha is regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-q800-464">[417]</a> Some early Chinese <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a>-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett1986-465">[418]</a> In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[419]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, Buddha is mentioned as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu in the <a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avtar" title="Chaubis Avtar">Chaubis Avtar</a>, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-467">[420]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Buddhism" title="Aniconism in Buddhism">Aniconism in Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></div> The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeidy200815-468">[421]</a> Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">narrative scenes from his life</a>. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a>, narratives of the Buddha in his past lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeidy200819-469">[422]</a> Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus Pose</a>) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeidy200831-470">[423]</a> Some of these depictions, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asian Buddhism</a>, were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>, a style known as <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall19601–40-471">[424]</a> The subsequently influenced the art of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhist</a> images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_showing_different_Buddha_styles">Gallery showing different Buddha styles</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Royal_Couple_Visits_the_Buddha,_from_railing_of_the_Bharhut_Stupa,_Shunga_dynasty,_early_2nd_century_BC,_Bharhut,_Madhya_Pradesh,_India,_sandstone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05134.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC."><img alt="A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Royal_Couple_Visits_the_Buddha%2C_from_railing_of_the_Bharhut_Stupa%2C_Shunga_dynasty%2C_early_2nd_century_BC%2C_Bharhut%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India%2C_sandstone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05134.JPG/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Royal_Couple_Visits_the_Buddha%2C_from_railing_of_the_Bharhut_Stupa%2C_Shunga_dynasty%2C_early_2nd_century_BC%2C_Bharhut%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India%2C_sandstone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05134.JPG/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/A_Royal_Couple_Visits_the_Buddha%2C_from_railing_of_the_Bharhut_Stupa%2C_Shunga_dynasty%2C_early_2nd_century_BC%2C_Bharhut%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India%2C_sandstone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05134.JPG/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2948" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut."><img alt="Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg/72px-Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg/108px-Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg/144px-Adoration_of_the_Diamond_Throne_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_Bharhut_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="2483" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Descent_of_the_Buddha_from_the_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1."><img alt="Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Descent_of_the_Buddha_from_the_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg/74px-Descent_of_the_Buddha_from_the_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Descent_of_the_Buddha_from_the_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg/111px-Descent_of_the_Buddha_from_the_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Descent_of_the_Buddha_from_the_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg/148px-Descent_of_the_Buddha_from_the_Trayastrimsa_Heaven_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="4557" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracle_at_Kapilavastu_Suddhodana_praying_as_his_son_the_Buddha_rises_in_the_air_with_only_path_visible_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1."><img alt="The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Miracle_at_Kapilavastu_Suddhodana_praying_as_his_son_the_Buddha_rises_in_the_air_with_only_path_visible_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg/91px-Miracle_at_Kapilavastu_Suddhodana_praying_as_his_son_the_Buddha_rises_in_the_air_with_only_path_visible_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Miracle_at_Kapilavastu_Suddhodana_praying_as_his_son_the_Buddha_rises_in_the_air_with_only_path_visible_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg/137px-Miracle_at_Kapilavastu_Suddhodana_praying_as_his_son_the_Buddha_rises_in_the_air_with_only_path_visible_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Miracle_at_Kapilavastu_Suddhodana_praying_as_his_son_the_Buddha_rises_in_the_air_with_only_path_visible_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg/183px-Miracle_at_Kapilavastu_Suddhodana_praying_as_his_son_the_Buddha_rises_in_the_air_with_only_path_visible_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2577" data-file-height="3382" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_garden_(Venuvana)_at_Rajagriha,_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha"><img alt="Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg/108px-Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg/162px-Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg/216px-Bamboo_garden_%28Venuvana%29_at_Rajagriha%2C_the_visit_of_Bimbisara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2602" data-file-height="2891" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Andhra_pradesh,_la_grande_dipartita,_da_regione_di_amaravati,_II_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE."><img alt="The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Andhra_pradesh%2C_la_grande_dipartita%2C_da_regione_di_amaravati%2C_II_sec.JPG/114px-Andhra_pradesh%2C_la_grande_dipartita%2C_da_regione_di_amaravati%2C_II_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Andhra_pradesh%2C_la_grande_dipartita%2C_da_regione_di_amaravati%2C_II_sec.JPG/172px-Andhra_pradesh%2C_la_grande_dipartita%2C_da_regione_di_amaravati%2C_II_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Andhra_pradesh%2C_la_grande_dipartita%2C_da_regione_di_amaravati%2C_II_sec.JPG/229px-Andhra_pradesh%2C_la_grande_dipartita%2C_da_regione_di_amaravati%2C_II_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1968" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MaraAssault.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE."><img alt="The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/81px-MaraAssault.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/122px-MaraAssault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/163px-MaraAssault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="779" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isapur_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, c. 15 CE.[425] Art of Mathura"><img alt="Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, c. 15 CE.[425] Art of Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Isapur_Buddha.jpg/62px-Isapur_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Isapur_Buddha.jpg/93px-Isapur_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Isapur_Buddha.jpg/124px-Isapur_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="4116" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 15 CE.<a href="#cite_note-472">[425]</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave,_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE."><img alt="The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg/120px-The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg/180px-The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg/240px-The_Buddha_attended_by_Indra_at_Indrasala_Cave%2C_Mathura_50-100_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Preaching_in_Tushita_Heaven._Amaravati,_Satavahana_period,_2d_century_AD._Indian_Museum,_Calcutta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. Amaravati, Satavahana period, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata."><img alt="Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. Amaravati, Satavahana period, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buddha_Preaching_in_Tushita_Heaven._Amaravati%2C_Satavahana_period%2C_2d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta.jpg/120px-Buddha_Preaching_in_Tushita_Heaven._Amaravati%2C_Satavahana_period%2C_2d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buddha_Preaching_in_Tushita_Heaven._Amaravati%2C_Satavahana_period%2C_2d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta.jpg/180px-Buddha_Preaching_in_Tushita_Heaven._Amaravati%2C_Satavahana_period%2C_2d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buddha_Preaching_in_Tushita_Heaven._Amaravati%2C_Satavahana_period%2C_2d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta.jpg/240px-Buddha_Preaching_in_Tushita_Heaven._Amaravati%2C_Satavahana_period%2C_2d_century_AD._Indian_Museum%2C_Calcutta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. <a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana period</a>, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standing Buddha from Gandhara."><img alt="Standing Buddha from Gandhara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/72px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/108px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/145px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standing Buddha from Gandhara.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Berenike_Buddha_(drawing).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Berenike Buddha, discovered in Berenice, Egypt, 2nd century CE."><img alt="The Berenike Buddha, discovered in Berenice, Egypt, 2nd century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg/61px-Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg/92px-Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg/122px-Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="839" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Berenike_Buddha" title="Berenike Buddha">Berenike Buddha</a>, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice</a>, Egypt, 2nd century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandharan Buddha with Vajrapani-Herakles."><img alt="Gandharan Buddha with Vajrapani-Herakles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/110px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/166px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG/221px-Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1068" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandharan Buddha with <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>-<a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Herakles</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan period Buddha Triad."><img alt="Kushan period Buddha Triad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG/90px-BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG/135px-BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG/180px-BuddhaTriadAndKushanCouple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_art" title="Kushan art">Kushan</a> period Buddha Triad.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Statue,_Sanchi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha statue from Sanchi."><img alt="Buddha statue from Sanchi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Buddha_Statue%2C_Sanchi_01.jpg/120px-Buddha_Statue%2C_Sanchi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Buddha_Statue%2C_Sanchi_01.jpg/180px-Buddha_Statue%2C_Sanchi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Buddha_Statue%2C_Sanchi_01.jpg/240px-Buddha_Statue%2C_Sanchi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="3238" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha statue from Sanchi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty,_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD,_Gandhara,_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Birth of the Buddha, Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE."><img alt="Birth of the Buddha, Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Birth of the Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushan dynasty">Kushan dynasty</a>, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE."><img alt="The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg/120px-InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg/180px-InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg/240px-InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="883" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="6th century Gandharan Buddha."><img alt="6th century Gandharan Buddha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg/78px-Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg/117px-Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg/157px-Buddha_with_radiate_halo_and_mandorla.Gandhara.Met.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="3287" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">6th century Gandharan Buddha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Floor,_Cave_No._6,_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha at Cave No. 6, Ajanta Caves."><img alt="Buddha at Cave No. 6, Ajanta Caves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg/120px-Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg/180px-Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg/240px-Upper_Floor%2C_Cave_No._6%2C_Ajanta_Caves_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="2403" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha at Cave No. 6, <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standing Buddha, c. 5th century CE."><img alt="Standing Buddha, c. 5th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg/66px-Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg/99px-Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg/132px-Standing_Buddha_Installed_by_Buddist_Monk_Yasadinna_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Jamalpur_Mound_-_ACCN_00-A-5_-_Government_Museum_Mathura_Golden_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="5550" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standing Buddha, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarnath_standing_Buddha_5th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE."><img alt="Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sarnath_standing_Buddha_5th_century_CE.jpg/62px-Sarnath_standing_Buddha_5th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sarnath_standing_Buddha_5th_century_CE.jpg/93px-Sarnath_standing_Buddha_5th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sarnath_standing_Buddha_5th_century_CE.jpg/124px-Sarnath_standing_Buddha_5th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_-_Seated_Buddha_(Gupta_period).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Buddha, Gupta period."><img alt="Seated Buddha, Gupta period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/British_Museum_-_Seated_Buddha_%28Gupta_period%29.JPG/76px-British_Museum_-_Seated_Buddha_%28Gupta_period%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/British_Museum_-_Seated_Buddha_%28Gupta_period%29.JPG/114px-British_Museum_-_Seated_Buddha_%28Gupta_period%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/British_Museum_-_Seated_Buddha_%28Gupta_period%29.JPG/153px-British_Museum_-_Seated_Buddha_%28Gupta_period%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3251" data-file-height="5104" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta period</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Buddha at Gal Vihara, Sri Lanka."><img alt="Seated Buddha at Gal Vihara, Sri Lanka." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/120px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/180px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg/240px-Gal_Viharaya_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated Buddha at <a href="/wiki/Gal_Vihara" title="Gal Vihara">Gal Vihara</a>, Sri Lanka.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1914.567.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Stele with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE."><img alt="Chinese Stele with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Clevelandart_1914.567.jpg/85px-Clevelandart_1914.567.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Clevelandart_1914.567.jpg/128px-Clevelandart_1914.567.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Clevelandart_1914.567.jpg/170px-Clevelandart_1914.567.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a> with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, c. 609, Nara, Japan."><img alt="The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, c. 609, Nara, Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/88px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/132px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/176px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1331" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 609, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, Japan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Seguntang_Palembang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amaravati style Buddha of Srivijaya period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century."><img alt="Amaravati style Buddha of Srivijaya period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Buddha_Seguntang_Palembang.jpg/62px-Buddha_Seguntang_Palembang.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Buddha_Seguntang_Palembang.jpg/93px-Buddha_Seguntang_Palembang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Buddha_Seguntang_Palembang.jpg/124px-Buddha_Seguntang_Palembang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="3289" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amaravati style Buddha of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seokguram_Buddha.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Korean Seokguram Cave Buddha, c. 774 CE."><img alt="Korean Seokguram Cave Buddha, c. 774 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seokguram_Buddha.JPG/88px-Seokguram_Buddha.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seokguram_Buddha.JPG/132px-Seokguram_Buddha.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seokguram_Buddha.JPG/176px-Seokguram_Buddha.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1488" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Korean <a href="/wiki/Seokguram" title="Seokguram">Seokguram</a> Cave Buddha, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 774 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Mendut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Buddha Vairocana flanked by Avalokiteshvara and Vajrapani of Mendut temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century."><img alt="Seated Buddha Vairocana flanked by Avalokiteshvara and Vajrapani of Mendut temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Buddha_Mendut.jpg/120px-Buddha_Mendut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Buddha_Mendut.jpg/180px-Buddha_Mendut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Buddha_Mendut.jpg/240px-Buddha_Mendut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="757" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated Buddha <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> flanked by <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mendut" title="Mendut">Mendut</a> temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupa_Borobudur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha in the exposed stupa of Borobudur mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, c. 825."><img alt="Buddha in the exposed stupa of Borobudur mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, c. 825." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stupa_Borobudur.jpg/120px-Stupa_Borobudur.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stupa_Borobudur.jpg/180px-Stupa_Borobudur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stupa_Borobudur.jpg/240px-Stupa_Borobudur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="532" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha in the exposed <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 825.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:023_Vairocana_Buddha,_9c,_Srivijaya_(35212721926).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vairocana Buddha of Srivijaya style, Southern Thailand, 9th century."><img alt="Vairocana Buddha of Srivijaya style, Southern Thailand, 9th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/023_Vairocana_Buddha%2C_9c%2C_Srivijaya_%2835212721926%29.jpg/68px-023_Vairocana_Buddha%2C_9c%2C_Srivijaya_%2835212721926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/023_Vairocana_Buddha%2C_9c%2C_Srivijaya_%2835212721926%29.jpg/102px-023_Vairocana_Buddha%2C_9c%2C_Srivijaya_%2835212721926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/023_Vairocana_Buddha%2C_9c%2C_Srivijaya_%2835212721926%29.jpg/136px-023_Vairocana_Buddha%2C_9c%2C_Srivijaya_%2835212721926%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="5449" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vairocana Buddha of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> style, Southern Thailand, 9th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Shaka_Nyorai_(Sakyamuni,_Gautama_Buddha).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Buddha, Japan, Heian period, 9th－10th century."><img alt="Seated Buddha, Japan, Heian period, 9th－10th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Seated_Shaka_Nyorai_%28Sakyamuni%2C_Gautama_Buddha%29.jpg/100px-Seated_Shaka_Nyorai_%28Sakyamuni%2C_Gautama_Buddha%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Seated_Shaka_Nyorai_%28Sakyamuni%2C_Gautama_Buddha%29.jpg/150px-Seated_Shaka_Nyorai_%28Sakyamuni%2C_Gautama_Buddha%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Seated_Shaka_Nyorai_%28Sakyamuni%2C_Gautama_Buddha%29.jpg/199px-Seated_Shaka_Nyorai_%28Sakyamuni%2C_Gautama_Buddha%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1050" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated Buddha, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, 9th－10th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack of Mara, 10th century, Dunhuang."><img alt="Attack of Mara, 10th century, Dunhuang." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg/120px-FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg/180px-FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg/240px-FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2413" data-file-height="1935" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Attack of Mara, 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_(40887945882).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cambodian Buddha with Mucalinda Nāga, c. 1100 CE, Banteay Chhmar, Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodian Buddha with Mucalinda Nāga, c. 1100 CE, Banteay Chhmar, Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg/73px-Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg/109px-Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg/146px-Naga-enthroned_Buddha_-_Beyond_Angkor_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_%2840887945882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cambodian Buddha with <a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 CE, Banteay Chhmar, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_-_Buddha_at_the_Moment_of_Victory_-_Walters_542775.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="15th century Sukhothai Buddha."><img alt="15th century Sukhothai Buddha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thai_-_Buddha_at_the_Moment_of_Victory_-_Walters_542775.jpg/95px-Thai_-_Buddha_at_the_Moment_of_Victory_-_Walters_542775.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thai_-_Buddha_at_the_Moment_of_Victory_-_Walters_542775.jpg/142px-Thai_-_Buddha_at_the_Moment_of_Victory_-_Walters_542775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thai_-_Buddha_at_the_Moment_of_Victory_-_Walters_542775.jpg/190px-Thai_-_Buddha_at_the_Moment_of_Victory_-_Walters_542775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1799" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">15th century <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> Buddha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_-_Walking_Buddha_-_Walters_542765.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha."><img alt="15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thai_-_Walking_Buddha_-_Walters_542765.jpg/71px-Thai_-_Walking_Buddha_-_Walters_542765.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thai_-_Walking_Buddha_-_Walters_542765.jpg/106px-Thai_-_Walking_Buddha_-_Walters_542765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Thai_-_Walking_Buddha_-_Walters_542765.jpg/142px-Thai_-_Walking_Buddha_-_Walters_542765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1284" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakyamuni,_Lao_Tzu,_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644."><img alt="Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/117px-Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/175px-Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/233px-Sakyamuni%2C_Lao_Tzu%2C_and_Confucius_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5601" data-file-height="5758" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakyamuni_detail,_Clevelandart_1991.9_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600."><img alt="Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shakyamuni_detail%2C_Clevelandart_1991.9_%28cropped%29.jpg/116px-Shakyamuni_detail%2C_Clevelandart_1991.9_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shakyamuni_detail%2C_Clevelandart_1991.9_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Shakyamuni_detail%2C_Clevelandart_1991.9_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shakyamuni_detail%2C_Clevelandart_1991.9_%28cropped%29.jpg/233px-Shakyamuni_detail%2C_Clevelandart_1991.9_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="938" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakyamuni_Buddha_on_Snowy_Mount,_Tay_Phuong_pagoda,_Ha_Tay_province,_1794_AD,_lacquered_wood_-_Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC05083.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century"><img alt="Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sakyamuni_Buddha_on_Snowy_Mount%2C_Tay_Phuong_pagoda%2C_Ha_Tay_province%2C_1794_AD%2C_lacquered_wood_-_Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC05083.JPG/80px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sakyamuni_Buddha_on_Snowy_Mount%2C_Tay_Phuong_pagoda%2C_Ha_Tay_province%2C_1794_AD%2C_lacquered_wood_-_Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC05083.JPG/120px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sakyamuni_Buddha_on_Snowy_Mount%2C_Tay_Phuong_pagoda%2C_Ha_Tay_province%2C_1794_AD%2C_lacquered_wood_-_Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC05083.JPG/160px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakyamuni_Buddha_with_Avadana_Legend_Scenes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century"><img alt="Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Shakyamuni_Buddha_with_Avadana_Legend_Scenes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/79px-Shakyamuni_Buddha_with_Avadana_Legend_Scenes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Shakyamuni_Buddha_with_Avadana_Legend_Scenes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/118px-Shakyamuni_Buddha_with_Avadana_Legend_Scenes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Shakyamuni_Buddha_with_Avadana_Legend_Scenes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/158px-Shakyamuni_Buddha_with_Avadana_Legend_Scenes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6053" data-file-height="9185" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodh_Gaya_-_Wat_Thai_-_Main_Buddha_Statue_(9228460504).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya."><img alt="Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bodh_Gaya_-_Wat_Thai_-_Main_Buddha_Statue_%289228460504%29.jpg/75px-Bodh_Gaya_-_Wat_Thai_-_Main_Buddha_Statue_%289228460504%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bodh_Gaya_-_Wat_Thai_-_Main_Buddha_Statue_%289228460504%29.jpg/113px-Bodh_Gaya_-_Wat_Thai_-_Main_Buddha_Statue_%289228460504%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bodh_Gaya_-_Wat_Thai_-_Main_Buddha_Statue_%289228460504%29.jpg/150px-Bodh_Gaya_-_Wat_Thai_-_Main_Buddha_Statue_%289228460504%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautama_Buddha-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China."><img alt="Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gautama_Buddha-1.jpg/90px-Gautama_Buddha-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gautama_Buddha-1.jpg/135px-Gautama_Buddha-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gautama_Buddha-1.jpg/180px-Gautama_Buddha-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P1040704.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Burmese style Buddha, Shwedagon pagoda, Yangon."><img alt="Burmese style Buddha, Shwedagon pagoda, Yangon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/P1040704.JPG/90px-P1040704.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/P1040704.JPG/135px-P1040704.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/P1040704.JPG/180px-P1040704.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burmese style Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon pagoda</a>, Yangon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla,_Sikkim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla."><img alt="Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Large_Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla%2C_Sikkim.jpg/80px-Large_Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla%2C_Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Large_Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla%2C_Sikkim.jpg/120px-Large_Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla%2C_Sikkim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Large_Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla%2C_Sikkim.jpg/159px-Large_Gautama_Buddha_statue_in_Buddha_Park_of_Ravangla%2C_Sikkim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3794" data-file-height="5706" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP264118_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of Buddha, from Hadda, Afghanistan, c. 5th–6th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art.[426]"><img alt="Head of Buddha, from Hadda, Afghanistan, c. 5th–6th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art.[426]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MET_DP264118_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-MET_DP264118_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MET_DP264118_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-MET_DP264118_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MET_DP264118_%28cropped%29.jpg/196px-MET_DP264118_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2941" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of Buddha, from <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda, Afghanistan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th–6th century. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[426]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_media">In other media</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film</a></div> <ul><li>Buddha Dev (Life of Lord Buddha), a 1923 Indian silent film by <a href="/wiki/Dadasaheb_Phalke" title="Dadasaheb Phalke">Dhundiraj Govind Phalke</a>, first depiction of the Buddha on film with <a href="/wiki/Bhaurao_Datar" title="Bhaurao Datar">Bhaurao Datar</a> in the title role.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker-474">[427]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Sanyas" title="Prem Sanyas">Prem Sanyas</a> (The Light of Asia), a 1925 silent film, directed by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Osten" title="Franz Osten">Franz Osten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himansu_Rai" class="mw-redirect" title="Himansu Rai">Himansu Rai</a> based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker-474">[427]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_the_Great_Buddha" title="Dedication of the Great Buddha">Dedication of the Great Buddha</a> (大仏開眼, Daibutsu Kaigen), a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotoma_the_Buddha" title="Gotoma the Buddha">Gotoma the Buddha</a>, a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker-474">[427]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_(1972_film)" title="Siddhartha (1972 film)">Siddhartha</a>, a 1972 drama film by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Rooks" title="Conrad Rooks">Conrad Rooks</a>, an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor" title="Shashi Kapoor">Shashi Kapoor</a> as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Buddha" title="Little Buddha">Little Buddha</a>, a 1994 film by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a>, the film stars <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> as Prince Siddhartha.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker-474">[427]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Buddha" title="The Legend of Buddha">The Legend of Buddha</a>, a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Life of Buddha">The Life of Buddha</a>, or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the <a href="/wiki/Tipitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipitaka">Tipitaka</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_(film)" title="Gautama Buddha (film)">Tathagatha Buddha</a>, a 2008 Indian film by <a href="/wiki/Allani_Sridhar" title="Allani Sridhar">Allani Sridhar</a>. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book Gautama Buddha, it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker-474">[427]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Siddhartha_Gautama_(film)" title="Sri Siddhartha Gautama (film)">Sri Siddhartha Gautama</a>, a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Journey_of_Samyak_Buddha" title="A Journey of Samyak Buddha">A Journey of Samyak Buddha</a>, a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>'s 1957 <a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a> book <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_and_His_Dhamma" title="The Buddha and His Dhamma">The Buddha and His Dhamma</a> with Abhishek Urade in the title role.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4></div> <ul><li>Buddha, a 1996 Indian series which aired on <a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television" title="Sony Entertainment Television">Sony TV</a>. It stars <a href="/wiki/Arun_Govil" title="Arun Govil">Arun Govil</a> as the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-Bakker-474">[427]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/thebuddha/">The Buddha</a> 2010 PBS documentary by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/David_Grubin" title="David Grubin">David Grubin</a> and narrated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_(TV_series)" title="Buddha (TV series)">Buddha</a>, a 2013 Indian drama series on <a href="/wiki/Zee_TV" title="Zee TV">Zee TV</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Himanshu_Soni" title="Himanshu Soni">Himanshu Soni</a> in the title role.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Asia" title="The Light of Asia">The Light of Asia</a>, an 1879 epic poem by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arnold" title="Edwin Arnold">Edwin Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_and_His_Dhamma" title="The Buddha and His Dhamma">The Buddha and His Dhamma</a>, a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li>Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha, by <a href="/wiki/Hammalawa_Saddhatissa" title="Hammalawa Saddhatissa">Hammalawa Saddhatissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_(manga)" title="Buddha (manga)">Buddha</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_(novel)" title="Siddhartha (novel)">Siddhartha</a> novel by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, written in German in 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Light" title="Lord of Light">Lord of Light</a>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_(novel)" title="Creation (novel)">Creation</a>, a 1981 novel by <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>, includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Asia_(oratorio)" title="The Light of Asia (oratorio)">The Light of Asia</a>, an 1886 oratorio by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Buck" title="Dudley Buck">Dudley Buck</a> based on Arnold's poem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuna_Nadee" class="mw-redirect" title="Karuna Nadee">Karuna Nadee</a>, a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Subasinghe" title="Dinesh Subasinghe">Dinesh Subasinghe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Buddhist pilgrimage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family of Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_philosophers" title="List of Indian philosophers">List of Indian philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles of Gautama Buddha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Buddha-statue-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Buddha-statue_1-0">^</a> Buddha is seated cross-legged in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharmachakra</a>, the Wheel of Buddhist law, with <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Couchant" title="Attitude (heraldry)">couchant</a> deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the <a href="/wiki/Mudra#Dharmachakra_Pravartana_Mudrā" title="Mudra">teaching pose</a>. <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSahni1914">Sahni (1914</a>, pp. 70–71, chapter B (b) 181): "Image (ht 5′ 3″ up to the top of the halo; width at base 2′ 7″) of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck (1982</a>, p. 63): "In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMani2012">Mani (2012</a>, pp. 66–67): "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-birthplace-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birthplace_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthplace_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthplace_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthplace_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthplace_2-4">e</a> According to the Buddhist tradition, following the Nidanakatha (<a href="#CITEREFFausböllDavidsDavids1878">Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]), the introductory to the <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a>, the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan.<a href="#cite_note-WHC-143">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-145">[128]</a> In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (Śākyamuni), was born." (<a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 19) Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini. (<a href="#CITEREFMahāpātra1977">Mahāpātra 1977</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMohāpātra2000">Mohāpātra 2000</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFTripathy2014">Tripathy 2014</a> Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" <a href="#CITEREFHartmann1991">Hartmann 1991</a>, pp. 38–39 He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a rājan—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."<a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 14 Gethin does not give references for this statement. Various sources say Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:<a href="#CITEREFKeownPrebish2013">Keown & Prebish 2013</a>, p. 436 <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder (2000</a>, p. 45): "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWalshe1995">Walshe (1995</a>, p. 20): "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was raja—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".</li> <li>The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.(<a href="#CITEREFKeownPrebish2013">Keown & Prebish 2013</a>, p. 436) It may have been either <a href="/wiki/Piprahwa" title="Piprahwa">Piprahwa</a> in Uttar Pradesh, northern India (<a href="#CITEREFNakamura1980">Nakamura 1980</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFSrivastava1979">Srivastava 1979</a>, pp. 61–74; <a href="#CITEREFSrivastava1980">Srivastava 1980</a>, p. 108), or <a href="/wiki/Tilaurakot" title="Tilaurakot">Tilaurakot</a> (<a href="#CITEREFTuladhar2002">Tuladhar 2002</a>, pp. 1–7), present-day Nepal (<a href="#CITEREFHuntington1986">Huntington 1986</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKeownPrebish2013">Keown & Prebish 2013</a>, p. 436). The two cities are located only 24 kilometres (15 miles) from each other (<a href="#CITEREFHuntington1986">Huntington 1986</a>).</li></ul> See also <a href="#Birth_and_early_life">Conception and birth</a> and <a href="#Sources">Birthplace Sources</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-dating-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dating_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dating_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dating_6-2">c</a> <ul><li>411–400: <a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas (2002)</a>, p. 24: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, [...], necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE..."</li> <li>405: Richard Gombrich<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1992-83">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1993187–201-81">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2000-84">[71]</a></li> <li>Around 400: See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in <a href="#CITEREFNarain2003">Narain (2003)</a>.</li> <li>According to Pali scholar <a href="/wiki/K._R._Norman" title="K. R. Norman">K. R. Norman</a>, a life span for the Buddha of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480 to 400 BCE (and his teaching period roughly from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 445 to 400 BCE) "fits the archaeological evidence better".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199739-85">[72]</a> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic138396.files/Buddha-Dates.pdf">Notes on the Dates of the Buddha Íåkyamuni</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍].</li> <li>Indologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> provides a "revised" dating of 460–380 BCE for the lifetime of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-86">[73]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-deathplace-7"><a href="#cite_ref-deathplace_7-0">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mahaparinibbana_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaparinibbana Sutta">Mahaparinibbana Sutta</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html">Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta</a>), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɪˈdɑːrtə, -θə ˈɡɔːtəmə, ˈɡaʊ- ˈbuːdə, ˈbʊdə/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐ gɐʊtɐmɐ]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodhi-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_10-1">b</a> The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCohen2006">Cohen 2006</a>, p. 9), the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" (<a href="#CITEREFBodhi2020">Bodhi 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAbrahams2021">Abrahams 2021</a>: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGimello2003">Gimello (2003</a>, p. entry "Bodhi (awakening"): "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root [.radical] budh (to awaken, to know) [...] Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as 'awakening', and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as 'enlightenment', despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNorman1997">Norman (1997</a>, p. 29): "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation 'enlightenment' for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning 'light' in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means 'to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened', and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean 'awakened to something'. The desire to get the idea of 'awakened' in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation 'the wake' which we sometimes find."</li> <li>Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of 'knowing (or understanding)', 'blossoming', and 'waking up', in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is derived from budh, yet entails no sense of 'awakening'. Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean 'to know, to understand, to recognize'. My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as 'awakens' would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, 'knows', 'understands', 'recognizes', or 'realizes' would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean 'awaken' are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha's attainment of bodhi." (<a href="#CITEREFBodhi2020">Bodhi 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAbrahams2021">Abrahams 2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBuddhadasa2017">Buddhadasa (2017</a>, p. 5) gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand 'Buddha' in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-name_the_buddha-11"><a href="#cite_ref-name_the_buddha_11-0">^</a> A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha; <ul><li>Siddhartha Gautama, Gotama Buddha:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez (2014</a>, p. 316), "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɪˈdɑːrtə, -θə/</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Sanskrit: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐ ɡɐʊtɐmɐ]</a> Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez (2014</a>, p. 817) "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal", the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>[Buddha] Shakyamuni:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez (2014</a>, p. 741) "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."</li> <li>Buddha Shakyamuni: from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 269–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism (<a href="#CITEREFBary2011">Bary (2011</a>, p. 8), <a href="#CITEREFFogelin2015">Fogelin (2015)</a>). Particularly, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_pillar_inscription" title="Lumbini pillar inscription">Lumbini pillar inscription</a> commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the Buddha Shakyamuni (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%91%80%B2%F0%91%80%93%F0%91%81%86%F0%91%80%AC%F0%91%80%AB%F0%91%80%BC%F0%91%80%A6%F0%91%80%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻</a> Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas") (In <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Rummindei Edict</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 260 BCE, in <a href="#CITEREFHultzsch1925">Hultzsch (1925</a>, p. 164))</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The Buddha:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKeown2003">Keown (2003</a>, p. 42) chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature."</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=2013">"2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. chapter "Buddha, n.".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2013&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=chapter+%22Buddha%2C+n.%22&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3D2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.): "Also with the: (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."</li></ul></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buswell_Lopez_renunciation-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Buswell_Lopez_renunciation_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.026.than.html">Ariyapariyesana Sutta</a>, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts." The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness. </li> <li id="cite_note-parinibbana-19"><a href="#cite_ref-parinibbana_19-0">^</a> The final dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">aggregates</a> that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again of those skandhas.<a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin 1998</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Sanskrit pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ɕɑːkjəmuni]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Rummindei Edict</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 260 BCE, in <a href="#CITEREFHultzsch1925">Hultzsch (1925</a>, p. 164) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts, reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993-55">[43]</a> Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II: 27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993-55">[43]</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html">Readings Selected by King Asoka</a> for a translation of these texts. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a Bodhigara, a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the <a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini</a>, speculating that it may be a Buddhist shrine. If so, this may push back the Buddha's birth date.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-90">[77]</a> Archaeologists caution that the shrine may represent pre-Buddhist tree worship, and that further research is needed.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-90">[77]</a> Richard Gombrich has dismissed Coningham's speculations as "a fantasy", noting that Coningham lacks the necessary expertise on the history of early Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2013-91">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Geoffrey Samuel</a> notes that several locations of both early Buddhism and Jainism are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>-worship, that several Yakshas were "converted" to Buddhism, a well-known example being <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[79]</a> and that several Yaksha-shrines, where trees were worshipped, were converted into Buddhist holy places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010140–152-93">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeay2011">Keay 2011</a>: "The date [of Buddha's meeting with Bimbisara] (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE[...] He was now in the middle of his reign." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Shakya: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder 2000</a>, p. 45: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFWalshe1995">Walshe 1995</a>, p. 20: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was raja—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> According to Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma, while rejecting the existence of the type of soul that other schools asserted. In addition, the Buddha accepted as parts of the path to liberation the use of logic and reasoning, as well as ethical behaviour, but not to the degree of Jain asceticism. In this way, Buddhism avoided the extremes of the previous four shramana schools."<a href="#cite_note-109">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.(<a href="#CITEREFMahāpātra1977">Mahāpātra 1977</a><a href="#CITEREFMohāpātra2000">Mohāpātra 2000</a>, p. 114<a href="#CITEREFTripathy2014">Tripathy 2014</a>) <a href="#CITEREFHartmann1991">Hartmann 1991</a>, pp. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a rājan—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199814-148">[130]</a> Gethin does not give references for this statement. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Geoffrey Samuel</a>, the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-158">[139]</a> in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Ganges Plain area, where the shramana-traditions developed. This area had a moderate Vedic culture, where the Kshatriyas were the highest <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>, in contrast to the Brahmanic ideology of <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a>–<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a>, where the Brahmins had become the highest varna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-158">[139]</a> Both the Vedic culture and the shramana tradition contributed to the emergence of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Roots_of_Hinduism" title="Hinduism">"Hindu-synthesis"</a> around the start of the Common Era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel2013-159">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel2010-158">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upaddha-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upaddha_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upaddha_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upaddha_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upaddha_167-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upaddha_167-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upaddha_167-5">f</a> See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn45/sn45.002.than.html">Upaddha Sutta</a> ("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path." </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> An account of these practices can be seen in the Mahāsaccaka-sutta (MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Analayo" title="Bhikkhu Analayo">Anālayo</a> include some Sanskrit fragments, an individual Chinese translation, a sutra of the Ekottarika-āgama as well as sections of the Lalitavistara and the Mahāvastu).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011234–235-210">[189]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> a Chinese translation of Mahāsīhanāda-sutta. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> According to various early texts like the Mahāsaccaka-sutta, and the <a href="/wiki/Sama%C3%B1%C3%B1aphala_Sutta" title="Samaññaphala Sutta">Samaññaphala Sutta</a>, a Buddha has achieved three higher knowledges: Remembering one's former abodes (i.e. past lives), the "Divine eye" (dibba-cakkhu), which allows the knowing of others' <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karmic</a> destinations and the "extinction of mental intoxicants" (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80sava" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsava">āsavakkhaya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011236-212">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[193]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-awakening_inconsistencies-222"><a href="#cite_ref-awakening_inconsistencies_222-0">^</a> Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter. See: * <a href="#CITEREFBareau1963">Bareau (1963)</a> * <a href="#CITEREFSchmithausen1981">Schmithausen (1981)</a> * <a href="#CITEREFNorman2003">Norman (2003)</a> * <a href="#CITEREFVetter1988">Vetter (1988)</a> * <a href="#CITEREFGombrich2006a">Gombrich (2006a)</a>, Chapter 4 * <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst1993">Bronkhorst (1993)</a>, Chapter 7 * <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1999">Anderson (1999)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Anālayo draws from seven early sources:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo201640–41-255">[230]</a> <ol><li>the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese</li> <li>a *Vinayamātṛkā preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition</li> <li>the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit</li> <li>the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese</li> <li>the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments</li> <li>a discourse in the Madhyama-āgama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvāstivāda tradition</li> <li>a Pāli discourse found among the Eights of the Aṅguttara-nikāya; the same account is also found in the Theravāda Vinaya preserved in Pāli</li></ol> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayley1932-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Wayley1932_285-0">^</a> Waley notes: suukara-kanda, "pig-bulb"; suukara-paadika, "pig's foot" and sukaresh.ta "sought-out by pigs". He cites Neumann's suggestion that if a plant called "sought-out by pigs" exists then suukaramaddava can mean "pig's delight". </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are (2) formations, conditioned by formations is (3) consciousness, conditioned by consciousness is (4) mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-and-body are (5) the six senses, conditioned by the six senses is (6) sense-contact, conditioned by sense-contact is (7) feeling, conditioned by feeling is (8) craving, conditioned by craving is (9) grasping, conditioned by grasping is (10) becoming, conditioned by becoming is (11) birth, conditioned by birth is (12) old-age and death-grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair come into being. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998141–142-321">[294]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000), Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit, in Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish consciousness!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009138-334">[305]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998164-355">[325]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> Early texts that outline the graduated path include the Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta (MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 146) and the Tevijja Sutta (DN 13, with Chinese parallel at DĀ 26 and a fragmentary Sanskrit parallel entitled the Vāsiṣṭha-sūtra).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucknell1984-359">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011189-360">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2015-361">[330]</a> Gethin adds: "This schema is assumed and, in one way or another, adapted by the later manuals such as the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abhidharmakosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakosa">Abhidharmakosa</a>, Kamalasila's <a href="/wiki/Bhavanakrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavanakrama">Bhavanakrama</a> ('Stages of Meditation', eighth century) and also Chinese and later Tibetan works such as Chih-i's <a href="/wiki/Mohe_Zhiguan" title="Mohe Zhiguan">Mo-ho chih-kuan</a> ('Great Calm and Insight') and Hsiu-hsi chih-kuan tso-ch'an fa-yao ('The Essentials for Sitting in Meditation and Cultivating Calm and Insight', sixth century), <a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">sGam-po-pa</a>'s Thar-pa rin-po che'i rgyan ('Jewel Ornament of Liberation', twelfth century) and <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsong-kha-pa</a>'s Lam rim chen mo ('Great Graduated Path', fourteenth century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998165-362">[331]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequence of conditions leading to the arising of this whole mass of suffering, thus goes on to state that: Conditioned by (1) suffering, there is (2) faith, conditioned by faith, there is (3) gladness, conditioned by gladness, there is (4) joy, conditioned by joy, there is (5) tranquillity, conditioned by tranquillity, there is (6) happiness, conditioned by happiness, there is (7) concentration, conditioned by concentration, there is (8) knowledge and vision of what truly is, conditioned by knowledge and vision of what truly is, there is (9) disenchantment, conditioned by disenchantment, there is (10) dispassion, conditioned by dispassion, there is (11) freedom, conditioned by freedom, there is (12) knowledge that the defilements are destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998157-365">[333]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> For a comparative survey of Satipatthana in the Pali, Tibetan and Chinese sources, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anālayo (2014). Perspectives on Satipatthana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Satipatthana&rft.date=2014&rft.au=An%C4%81layo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]. For a comparative survey of Anapanasati, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Dhammajoti, K.L. (2008). "Sixteen-mode Mindfulness of Breathing". JCBSSL. VI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JCBSSL&rft.atitle=Sixteen-mode+Mindfulness+of+Breathing&rft.volume=VI&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dhammajoti&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Anicca</a> (Sanskrit: anitya): That all things that come to have an end;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Dukkha</a> (Sanskrit: duḥkha): That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anattā</a> (Sanskrit: anātman): That nothing in the realm of experience can really be said to be "I" or "mine".</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> Two well-known proponent of this position are <a href="/wiki/A.K._Warder" class="mw-redirect" title="A.K. Warder">A.K. Warder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>. <ul><li>According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication Indian Buddhism, "from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder2000inside_flap-386">[351]</a> According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BCE. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder2000inside_flap-386">[351]</a></li> <li>Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic rules."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997-384">[349]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson. <ul><li>Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] that a relatively early community (disputed) [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2003147-388">[352]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> Well-known proponents of the third position are: <ul><li>J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [...] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJong199325-390">[353]</a></li> <li>Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993vii-385">[350]</a></li> <li>Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELopez19954-391">[354]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1981-397">[359]</a> the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988-382">[347]</a> the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2003-398">[360]</a> the textual studies by Richard Gombrich,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich1997-384">[349]</a> and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes Bronkhorst.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1993-377">[342]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list [the noble eightfold path], we are still dealing with what according to me is the real content of the middle way, dhyana-meditation, at least the stages two to four, which are said to be free of contemplation and reflection. Everything preceding the eighth part, i.e. right samadhi, apparently has the function of preparing for the right samadhi."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxx-401">[362]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham. Sacrifices have the Agnihotra as foremost; of meter, the foremost is the Sāvitrī.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShults2014119-411">[371]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> "Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (really) a brahman"<a href="#cite_note-Tola&Dragonetti-413">[372]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> "These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brahmins, and wrong view. But these three things, monks, shine openly, not in secret. What three? The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." AN 3.129<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi200533–34-415">[373]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> "In a favourite stanza quoted several times in the Pali Canon: "The Kshatriya is the best among those people who believe in lineage; but he, who is endowed with knowledge and good conduct, is the best among Gods and men".<a href="#cite_note-Tola&Dragonetti-413">[372]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> "thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what was not given increased, from the increase of theft, the use of weapons increased, from the increased use of weapons, the taking of life increased — and from the increase in the taking of life, people's life-span decreased, their beauty decreased, and [as] a result of this decrease of life-span and beauty, the children of those whose life-span had been eighty-thousand years lived for only forty thousand."<a href="#cite_note-:7-424">[380]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-balarama-447"><a href="#cite_ref-balarama_447-0">^</a> This belief is not universally held as Krishna is held to be the ninth avatar in some traditions and his half-brother Balarama the eight.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-balarama-446">[401]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> "in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas', 'soul', 'Brahman'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these).<a href="#cite_note-453">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[408]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCousins1996">Cousins (1996)</a>, pp. 57–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman199733-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman199733_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman1997">Norman (1997)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish2008-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish2008_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrebish2008">Prebish (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-the-awakened-one-9"><a href="#cite_ref-the-awakened-one_9-0">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaumakis2023" class="citation book cs1">Laumakis, Stephen J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PHSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR12">An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-33708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-33708-3"><bdi>978-1-009-33708-3</bdi></a>. <q>As far as we know, the man who became "the Buddha" or "the Awakened One" was neither a skeptic nor a fideist (i.e. a blind-faith believer) in religious and philosophical matters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-33708-3&rft.aulast=Laumakis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PHSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeager2012" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Richard Hughes (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ex4pG4KuW1MC&pg=PA19">Buddhism in America</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15973-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15973-9"><bdi>978-0-231-15973-9</bdi></a>. <q>As a result of his discoveries, Siddhartha became known as the Buddha, the "awakened one" or "enlightened one."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15973-9&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Richard+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dex4pG4KuW1MC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2020" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9LgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">"Religions of India in Practice"</a>. In Lopez, Donald S. (ed.). Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction. Princeton University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21478-8"><bdi>978-0-691-21478-8</bdi></a>. <q>Buddhists are those who follow the way of the buddhas, beings who have fully "awakened" (from the root budh, to wake up) to the true nature of things. In our historical era, the Awakened One was a kṣatriya Siddhartha Gautama, born in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in about 566 B.C.E.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religions+of+India+in+Practice&rft.btitle=Asian+Religions+in+Practice%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21478-8&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9LgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19985,_9,_10,_14-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19985,_9,_10,_14_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin (1998)</a>, pp. 5, 9, 10, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong20011-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong20011_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong2001">Strong (2001)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder200045-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200045_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder200045_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder (2000)</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"Sakyamuni"-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014entry_"Sakyamuni"_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. entry "Sakyamuni". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005a51-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005a51_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005a">Bodhi 2005a</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaumakis20084-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaumakis20084_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaumakis2008">Laumakis (2008)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin19988-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19988_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19988_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin19988_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin (1998)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin199840–41-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin199840–41_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1998">Gethin (1998)</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004–7,_44-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder20004–7,_44_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder (2000)</a>, pp. 4–7, 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarder20004-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarder20004_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarder2000">Warder (2000)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox20031–7-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox20031–7_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox2003">Cox (2003)</a>, p. 1–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Donald Lopez Jr., The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life, Yale University Press, p.24 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monier-WilliamsLeumann2002p733_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Monier_Monier-WilliamsErnst_LeumannCarl_Cappeller2002" class="citation book cs1">Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3105-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3105-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3105-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=733&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3105-6&rft.au=Sir+Monier+Monier-Williams&rft.au=Ernst+Leumann&rft.au=Carl+Cappeller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUezTfym7CAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200342-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200342_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200342_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeown2003">Keown (2003)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014398,_entry_"Buddha"_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 398, entry "Buddha". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014817-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014817_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 817. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50839613">"GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA"</a>. Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity: 946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913004936/https://www.academia.edu/50839613">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connecting+the+Ancient+West+and+East.+Studies+Presented+to+Prof.+Gocha+R.+Tsetskhladze%2C+Edited+by+J.+Boardman%2C+J.+Hargrave%2C+A.+Avram+and+A.+Podossinov%2C+Monographs+in+Antiquity&rft.atitle=GREEK+HELIOS+OR+INDIAN+S%C5%AARYA%3F+THE+SPREAD+OF+THE+SUN+GOD+IMAGERY+FROM+INDIA+TO+GANDH%C4%80RA&rft.pages=946&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50839613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Witzel, Michael (2012). "Ṛṣis". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%9A%E1%B9%A3is&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonellKeith1912" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912). Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. Vol. 1. 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Curzon Press 1995, p.227 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhammananda" class="citation cs2">Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books6/Bhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf">Great Virtues of the Buddha</a> (PDF), Dhamma talks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826165459/http://dhammatalks.net/Books6/Bhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2013, retrieved 28 July 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Virtues+of+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Dhamma+talks&rft.aulast=Dhammananda&rft.aufirst=Ven.+Dr.+K.+Sri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhammatalks.net%2FBooks6%2FBhante_Dhammananda_Great_Virtues_of_the_Buddha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roshen_Dalal" title="Roshen Dalal">Roshen Dalal</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ">The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184753967" title="Special:BookSources/9788184753967"><bdi>9788184753967</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788184753967&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87k0AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> Entry: "Jina" </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Snyder, David N. (2006) "The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists—explained". Vipassana Foundation, list 605 p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2008198–206-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hinüber2008198–206_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Hinüber2008">von Hinüber (2008)</a>, pp. 198–206. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8457940">"Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods"</a>. Indo-Iranian Journal. 52 (2–3): 287–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F001972409X12562030836859">10.1163/001972409X12562030836859</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7246">0019-7246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154283219">154283219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Moving+Targets%3F+Texts%2C+language%2C+archaeology+and+history+in+the+Late+Vedic+and+early+Buddhist+periods&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=287-310&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154283219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-7246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F001972409X12562030836859&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A8457940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong20015-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong20015_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrong2001">Strong (2001)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeise201346–47_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeise2013">Weise (2013)</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2016" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25308643">"Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?"</a>. How the Brahmins Won: Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004315518_016">10.1163/9789004315518_016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31551-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31551-8"><bdi>978-90-04-31551-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424162155/https://www.academia.edu/25308643">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+X+Was+there+Buddhism+in+Gandh%C4%81ra+at+the+Time+of+Alexander%3F&rft.btitle=How+the+Brahmins+Won%3A+Appendix+X+Was+there+Buddhism+in+Gandh%C4%81ra+at+the+Time+of+Alexander%3F&rft.pages=483-489%2C+page+6+of+the+appendix&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004315518_016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31551-8&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25308643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2017" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53GYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17632-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17632-1"><bdi>978-0-691-17632-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Greek_Buddha/53GYDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA168&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17632-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53GYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebish2010" class="citation book cs1">Prebish, Charles S. (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cILDj-pXQVYC&pg=PA29">Buddhism: A Modern Perspective</a>. Penn State Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03803-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03803-2"><bdi>978-0-271-03803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+A+Modern+Perspective&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-271-03803-2&rft.aulast=Prebish&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcILDj-pXQVYC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dhamma">"Definition of dhamma"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+dhamma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdhamma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammika1993_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhammika1993">Dhammika (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html">"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Insight" title="Access to Insight">Access to Insight</a>. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028112019/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/asoka.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Insight&rft.atitle=That+the+True+Dhamma+Might+Last+a+Long+Time%3A+Readings+Selected+by+King+Asoka&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fthanissaro%2Fasoka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KTSS80-58"><a href="#cite_ref-KTSS80_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarao2020" class="citation book cs1">Sarao, K. T. S. 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Retrieved 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Mahabodhi+Temple+at+Bodh+Gaya&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.isbn=978-981-15-8067-3&rft.aulast=Sarao&rft.aufirst=K.+T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5n9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JL-59"><a href="#cite_ref-JL_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeoshko2017" class="citation book cs1">Leoshko, Janice (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia</a>. Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55030-7"><bdi>978-1-351-55030-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053950/https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Traces%3A+British+Explorations+of+Buddhism+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-55030-7&rft.aulast=Leoshko&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgS4rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527215100/https://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html">"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"</a>. UW Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2017. 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Strong">Strong, John</a>, ix–x in "Forward" to The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha, by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Faure" title="Bernard Faure">Bernard Faure</a>, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-GSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102071254/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Thousand_and_One_Lives_of_the_Buddha/t-GSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150">Archived</a> 2 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Das, Sarat Chandra (1882). Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet. First published in: Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LI. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1026&context=poli_fac">"Political theory in Canonical Buddhism"</a>. Philosophy East & West. 65 (1): 36–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2015.0002">10.1353/pew.2015.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143618675">143618675</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727062753/https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1026&context=poli_fac">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=Political+theory+in+Canonical+Buddhism&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-64&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2015.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143618675%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.calpoly.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1026%26context%3Dpoli_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005107–109-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005107–109_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005">Bodhi (2005)</a>, pp. 107–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005109-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005109_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005">Bodhi (2005)</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> Pannasiri, Bhadanta (1950). "Sigālovāda-Sutta", Visva-Bharati Annals, 3: 150–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> Martini, Giuliana (2013). "Bodhisattva Texts, Ideologies and Rituals in Khotan in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries", in Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia, M. De Chiara et al. (ed.), 11–67, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005124-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005124_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005">Bodhi (2005)</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005110-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005110_431-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005">Bodhi (2005)</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005111,_125-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005111,_125_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005">Bodhi (2005)</a>, pp. 111, 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005146–148,_156-433"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005146–148,_156_433-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005">Bodhi (2005)</a>, pp. 146–148, 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011263-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2011263_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnālayo2011">Anālayo (2011)</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005151,_167-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2005151,_167_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2005">Bodhi (2005)</a>, pp. 151, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> Olivelle, Patrick (1974), "The Origin and the Early Development of Buddhist Monachism", p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> Mazard, Eisel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newmandala.org/the-buddha-was-bald/">"The Buddha was bald"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203203819/https://www.newmandala.org/the-buddha-was-bald/">Archived</a> 3 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New Mandala. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhammikan.d.23–24-438"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhammikan.d.23–24_438-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhammikan.d.">Dhammika (n.d.)</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2017b137–138-439"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnālayo2017b137–138_439-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnālayo2017b">Anālayo (2017b)</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalshe1995441–460-440"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalshe1995441–460_440-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalshe1995">Walshe (1995)</a>, pp. 441–460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel201312-441">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel201312_441-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel201312_441-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2013">Hiltebeitel 2013</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson1995-442"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson1995_442-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson1995">Larson 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Nath200121-443"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Nath200121_443-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVijay_Nath2001">Vijay Nath 2001</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal199073-444"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal199073_444-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGopal1990">Gopal (1990)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1993243-445"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1993243_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger1993">Doniger (1993)</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-balarama-446"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-balarama_446-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica2015" class="citation cs2">Britannica, Eds Encycl (19 February 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balarama">"Balaram"</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526204320/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balarama">archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022, retrieved 17 April 2022, <q>Balarama, in Hindu mythology, the elder half brother of Krishna, with whom he shared many adventures. Sometimes Balarama is considered one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the god Vishnu, particularly among those members of Vaishnava sects who elevate Krishna to the rank of a principal god.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balaram&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Britannica&rft.aufirst=Eds+Encycl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBalarama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-varieties-religious-448"><a href="#cite_ref-varieties-religious_448-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuesse2016" class="citation cs2">Muesse, Mark W. (2016), "Crossing Boundaries:When Founders of Faith Appear in Other Traditions", in Gray, Patrick (ed.), Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and Their Functions in History, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 184, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935971-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935971-4"><bdi>978-0-19-935971-4</bdi></a>, <q>Although orthodox Hinduism regards Buddhism as a nastika darshana, a heterodox (sometimes translated as "atheistic") philosophy, many modern Hindus nevertheless wish to include Gotama as part of the Hindu traditions. Gandhi, for example, insisted that the Buddha was a Hindu, a claim that many Hindus today affirm. The traditional belief that the Buddha was the ninth avatar of the god Vishnu, one of the cosmic deities of Hinduism, is often cied in support of this view. Many Hindus who claim the Buddha as one of their own, however, fail to recognize the ambivalence of this tradition. ... The adoption of Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu seems to have commenced at roughly the same time Hinduism gained in ascendancy in India and Buddhism began to decline. Thus, the Hindu inclusion of the Buddha in this traditional list of Vishnu's ten avatars may in fact represent a part of Hindu efforts to eviscerate Buddhist power and appeal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crossing+Boundaries%3AWhen+Founders+of+Faith+Appear+in+Other+Traditions&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Religious+Invention%3A+Founders+and+Their+Functions+in+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935971-4&rft.aulast=Muesse&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2010" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (30 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA484">The Hindus: An Alternative History</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 481–484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7"><bdi>978-0-19-959334-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053957/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA484">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindus%3A+An+Alternative+History&rft.pages=481-484&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959334-7&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNsXZkdHvXUC%26pg%3DPA484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sep-450"><a href="#cite_ref-sep_450-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/">"Buddha"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903184503/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddha/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddha&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbuddha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004), The Hindu World, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77227-3">978-0-415-77227-3</a>, pp. 729–730 </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> C. Sharma (2013), A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7">978-81-208-0365-7</a>, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), <a href="/wiki/Unifying_Hinduism" title="Unifying Hinduism">Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History</a>, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14987-7">978-0-231-14987-7</a>, Chapter 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhurye2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._S._Ghurye" title="G. S. Ghurye">Ghurye, G.S.</a> (2011). S. Devadas Pillai (ed.). Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary. Popular Prakashan. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-807-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-807-1"><bdi>978-81-7154-807-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38215769">38215769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sociology+Through+Ghurye%2C+a+Dictionary&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38215769&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-807-1&rft.aulast=Ghurye&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbedkar" class="citation web cs1">Ambedkar, B.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/01_5.html">"Book One, Part V – The Buddha and His Predecessors"</a>. The Buddha and his Dharma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502231847/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/01_5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Buddha+and+his+Dharma&rft.atitle=Book+One%2C+Part+V+%E2%80%93+The+Buddha+and+His+Predecessors&rft.aulast=Ambedkar&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00ambedkar%2Fambedkar_buddha%2F01_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsTribe2000" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVvFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">Buddhist thought a complete introduction to the Indian tradition</a>. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-18593-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-18593-5"><bdi>0-203-18593-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053957/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVvFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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The Foundation History of the Nun's Order. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89733-387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89733-387-1"><bdi>978-3-89733-387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundation+History+of+the+Nun%27s+Order&rft.pub=projekt+verlag%2C+Bochum%2FFreiburg&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-89733-387-1&rft.aulast=An%C4%81layo&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnālayo2017a" class="citation book cs1">——— (2017a). Early Buddhist Meditation Studies. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5404-1050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5404-1050-4"><bdi>978-1-5404-1050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Meditation+Studies&rft.pub=Barre+Center+for+Buddhist+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5404-1050-4&rft.aulast=An%C4%81layo&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnālayo2017b" class="citation book cs1">——— (2017b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/4-publikationen/hamburg-buddhist-studies/hamburgup-hbs08-analayo.pdf#:~:text=by%20Bhikkhu%20An%C4%81layo%2C%20the%20eighth%20volume%20in%20the,the%20perspective%20of%20the%20bodily%20dimension%20as%20evi-">Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path</a> (PDF). Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89733-415-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89733-415-1"><bdi>978-3-89733-415-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411153624/https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/4-publikationen/hamburg-buddhist-studies/hamburgup-hbs08-analayo.pdf#:~:text=by%20Bhikkhu%20An%C4%81layo%2C%20the%20eighth%20volume%20in%20the,the%20perspective%20of%20the%20bodily%20dimension%20as%20evi-">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. 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Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77879-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77879-6"><bdi>978-0-307-77879-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053958/https://books.google.com/books?id=H6y5ZZSWv0sC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Tradition%3A+In+India%2C+China+and+Japan&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.isbn=978-0-307-77879-6&rft.aulast=Bary&rft.aufirst=William+Theodore+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6y5ZZSWv0sC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal1875" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beal" title="Samuel Beal">Beal, Samuel</a> (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanticlegendof00ahbi">The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra)</a>, London: Trübner</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+romantic+legend+of+S%C3%A2kya+Buddha+%28Abhini%E1%B9%A3krama%E1%B9%87a+S%C5%ABtra%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanticlegendof00ahbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechert_1991–1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bechert" title="Heinz Bechert">Bechert, Heinz</a>, ed. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130150905/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2016. 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(1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC">Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0"><bdi>0-7914-1381-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1381-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2">Dundas, Paul (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ialKAbIyV4C">The Jains</a> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26606-2"><bdi>978-0-415-26606-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 25 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26606-2&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ialKAbIyV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2019" class="citation cs2">Dyson, Tim (2019), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Eck, Diana L.</a> (1982), Banāras, City of Light, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 63, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-51971-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-51971-X"><bdi>0-394-51971-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ban%C4%81ras%2C+City+of+Light&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-394-51971-X&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFausböllDavidsDavids1878" class="citation cs2">Fausböll, V. (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistbirth00daviuoft">Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales)</a>, translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+birth-stories+%28Jataka+tales%29&rft.pub=London%3A+George+Routledge+%26+Sons+Ltd.%3B+New+York%3A+E.P.+Dutton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Fausb%C3%B6ll&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhistbirth00daviuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogelin2015" class="citation book cs1">Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AziDBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026692-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026692-9"><bdi>978-0-19-026692-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053959/https://books.google.com/books?id=AziDBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+History+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026692-9&rft.aulast=Fogelin&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAziDBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2005" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Mark (2005), Zen Buddhism: beliefs and practices, Sussex Academic Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+beliefs+and+practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrauwallner1973" class="citation cs2">Frauwallner, Erich (1973), "Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina", History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system, Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+The+Buddha+and+the+Jina&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+The+philosophy+of+the+Veda+and+of+the+epic.+The+Buddha+and+the+Jina.+The+S%C4%81mkhya+and+the+classical+Yoga-system&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Frauwallner&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation cs2">Gethin, Rupert, M.L. (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert%2C+M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimello2003" class="citation cs2">Gimello, Robert M. (2003), "Bodhi (awakening)", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865910-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bodhi+%28awakening%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865910-7&rft.aulast=Gimello&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich1988" class="citation cs2">Gombrich, Richard F. (1988), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge and Kegan Paul</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+from+Ancient+Benares+to+Modern+Colombo&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">———. "Dating the Buddha: a red herring revealed". In <a href="#CITEREFBechert1992">Bechert (1992)</a>, pp. 237–259..</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich1997" class="citation cs2">——— (1997), How Buddhism Began, Munshiram Manoharlal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Buddhism+Began&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2000" class="citation cs2">——— (2000), "Discovering the Buddha's date", in Perera, Lakshman S (ed.), Buddhism for the New Millennium, London: World Buddhist Foundation, pp. 9–25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+Buddha%27s+date&rft.btitle=Buddhism+for+the+New+Millennium&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9-25&rft.pub=World+Buddhist+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2006a" class="citation book cs1">——— (2006a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ">How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19639-5"><bdi>978-1-134-19639-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111053959/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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(2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827205858/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dbet_t0192_buddhacarita_2009.pdf">Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts</a> (PDF), Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-42-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886439-42-9"><bdi>978-1-886439-42-9</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dbet_t0192_buddhacarita_2009.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 August 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhacarita%3A+In+Praise+of+Buddha%27s+Acts&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Numata+Center+for+Buddhist+Translation+and+Research&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-886439-42-9&rft.aulast=Willemen&rft.aufirst=Charles%2C+transl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdkamerica.org%2Fdigital%2Fdbet_t0192_buddhacarita_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul (2002). Buddhist Thought. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20701-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20701-0"><bdi>978-0-415-20701-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20701-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne2004" class="citation cs2">Wynne, Alexander (2004), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Buddhist+Meditation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne2007" class="citation cs2">——— (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-reading.link/bookreader.php/134839/The_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf">The Origin of Buddhist Meditation</a> (PDF), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96300-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96300-5"><bdi>978-0-203-96300-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020171410/http://www.e-reading.link/bookreader.php/134839/The_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2020, retrieved 2 January 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Buddhist+Meditation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96300-5&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-reading.link%2Fbookreader.php%2F134839%2FThe_Origin_of_Buddhist_Meditation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusuf2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yusuf, Imitiyaz (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839172">"Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)"</a>. Islamic Studies. 48 (3): 367–394. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0578-8072">0578-8072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839172">20839172</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716215345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839172">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Dialogue+Between+Islam+and+Buddhism+through+the+Concepts+Ummatan+Wasa%E1%B9%ADan+%28The+Middle+Nation%29+and+Majjhima-Patipada+%28The+Middle+Way%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-394&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20839172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0578-8072&rft.aulast=Yusuf&rft.aufirst=Imitiyaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20839172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBareau1975" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bareau, André (1975), "Les récits canoniques des funérailles du Buddha et leurs anomalies: nouvel essai d'interprétation" [The canonical accounts of the Buddha's funerals and their anomalies: new interpretative essay], Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient (in French), LXII (1), Persée: 151–189, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1975.3845">10.3406/befeo.1975.3845</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Les+r%C3%A9cits+canoniques+des+fun%C3%A9railles+du+Buddha+et+leurs+anomalies%3A+nouvel+essai+d%27interpr%C3%A9tation&rft.volume=LXII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-189&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1975.3845&rft.aulast=Bareau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBareau1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——— (1979), "La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahaparinirvanasutra ancien" [The composition and the etapes of the progressive formation of the ancient Mahaparinirvanasutra], Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient (in French), LXVI (1), Persée: 45–103, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1979.4010">10.3406/befeo.1979.4010</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=La+composition+et+les+%C3%A9tapes+de+la+formation+progressive+du+Mahaparinirvanasutra+ancien&rft.volume=LXVI&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-103&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1979.4010&rft.aulast=Bareau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEade1995" class="citation cs2">Eade, J.C. (1995), The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia (illustrated ed.), Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10437-2"><bdi>978-90-04-10437-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calendrical+Systems+of+Mainland+South-East+Asia&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10437-2&rft.aulast=Eade&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2003" class="citation cs2">Epstein, Ronald (2003), Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z (illustrated ed.), Burlingame, CA: Buddhist Text Translation Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Text+Translation+Society%27s+Buddhism+A+to+Z&rft.place=Burlingame%2C+CA&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Buddhist+Text+Translation+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1949" class="citation cs2">Jones, J.J. (1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredbooksofbud16londuoft">The Mahāvastu</a>, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 1, London: Luzac & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mah%C4%81vastu&rft.place=London&rft.series=Sacred+Books+of+the+Buddhists&rft.pub=Luzac+%26+Co.&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredbooksofbud16londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKala2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kala, U. (2006) [1724], <a href="/wiki/Maha_Yazawin" title="Maha Yazawin">Maha Yazawin Gyi</a> (in Burmese), vol. 1 (4th ed.), Yangon: Ya-Pyei, p. 39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maha+Yazawin+Gyi&rft.place=Yangon&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Ya-Pyei&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kala&rft.aufirst=U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1982" class="citation cs2">Katz, Nathan (1982), Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Images+of+Human+Perfection%3A+The+Arahant+of+the+Sutta+Pi%E1%B9%ADaka&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinnard2010" class="citation book cs1">Kinnard, Jacob N. (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIzyZ7Nvs7cC&pg=PR11">The Emergence of Buddhism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective</a>. Fortress Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9748-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9748-8"><bdi>978-0-8006-9748-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Buddhism%3A+Classical+Traditions+in+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9748-8&rft.aulast=Kinnard&rft.aufirst=Jacob+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIzyZ7Nvs7cC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamotte1988" class="citation cs2">Lamotte, Etienne (1988), History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Buddhism%3A+From+the+Origins+to+the+Saka+Era&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+catholique+de+Louvain%2C+Institut+orientaliste&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Lamotte&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofbuddhaearl00rock">The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order, derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah-Hgyur and Bstan-Hgyur, followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill, William Woodville</a>, London: Trübner, 1884</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+the+Buddha+and+the+early+history+of+his+order%2C+derived+from+Tibetan+works+in+the+Bkah-Hgyur+and+Bstan-Hgyur%2C+followed+by+notices+on+the+early+history+of+Tibet+and+Khoten&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofbuddhaearl00rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimoda2002" class="citation cs2">Shimoda, Masahiro (2002), "How has the Lotus Sutra Created Social Movements: The Relationship of the Lotus Sutra to the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra", in Reeves, Gene (ed.), A Buddhist Kaleidoscope, Kosei</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+has+the+Lotus+Sutra+Created+Social+Movements%3A+The+Relationship+of+the+Lotus+Sutra+to+the+Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a-s%C5%ABtra&rft.btitle=A+Buddhist+Kaleidoscope&rft.pub=Kosei&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shimoda&rft.aufirst=Masahiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Singh, Upinder</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Donald Eugene (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ">South Asian Politics and Religion</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7908-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7908-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-7908-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Donald+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdknWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation cs2">Smith, Peter (2000), "Manifestations of God", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit">A concise encyclopaedia of the Bahá'í Faith</a>, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manifestations+of+God&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopaedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hinüber" class="citation journal cs1">von Hinüber, Oskar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icabs.repo.nii.ac.jp/search?page=1&size=20&sort=controlnumber&search_type=2&q=18">"Cremated like a King: The funeral of the Buddha within the ancient Indian context"</a>. Journal of the International College of Postgraduate Buddhist Studies. 13: 33–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+College+of+Postgraduate+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Cremated+like+a+King%3A+The+funeral+of+the+Buddha+within+the+ancient+Indian+context&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=33-66&rft.aulast=von+Hin%C3%BCber&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficabs.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Fsearch%3Fpage%3D1%26size%3D20%26sort%3Dcontrolnumber%26search_type%3D2%26q%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> The Buddha <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bechert" title="Heinz Bechert">Bechert, Heinz</a>, ed. (1996). When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha. Delhi: Sri Satguru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Did+the+Buddha+Live%3F+The+Controversy+on+the+Dating+of+the+Historical+Buddha&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nanamoli_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanamoli Bhikkhu">Ñāṇamoli Bhikku</a> (1992). The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon (3rd ed.). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Buddha+According+to+the+Pali+Canon&rft.place=Kandy%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.au=%C3%91%C4%81%E1%B9%87amoli+Bhikku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wagle, Narendra K (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glFCjTkhNlYC">Society at the Time of the Buddha</a> (2nd ed.). Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-553-7"><bdi>978-81-7154-553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+at+the+Time+of+the+Buddha&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-553-7&rft.aulast=Wagle&rft.aufirst=Narendra+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglFCjTkhNlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Weise, Kai (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=naohAgAAQBAJ">The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace</a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-001208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-001208-3"><bdi>978-92-3-001208-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Garden+of+Lumbini%3A+Perceptions+of+Buddha%27s+birthplace&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-92-3-001208-3&rft.aulast=Weise&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnaohAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Early Buddhism <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpola Rahula">Rahula, Walpola</a> (1974). <a href="/wiki/What_the_Buddha_Taught" title="What the Buddha Taught">What the Buddha Taught</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Grove Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Taught&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Rahula&rft.aufirst=Walpola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideas+and+Meditative+Practices+of+Early+Buddhism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Vetter&rft.aufirst=Tilmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Buddhism general <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">Kalupahana, David J.</a> (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Buddhist+philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Robinson_(Buddhism_scholar)" title="Richard Robinson (Buddhism scholar)">Robinson, Richard H.</a>; Johnson, Willard L; Wawrytko, Sandra A; DeGraff, Geoffrey (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistreligion0000robi">The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction</a>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-20718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-20718-2"><bdi>978-0-534-20718-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Religion%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-534-20718-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Willard+L&rft.au=Wawrytko%2C+Sandra+A&rft.au=DeGraff%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhistreligion0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Buddha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Gautama Buddha">The Buddha</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/25923">Works by Buddha</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Buddha%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Buddha%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Buddha%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Buddha%22%29%20OR%20%28%22millennium-millennium%22%20AND%20Buddha%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Buddha</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gautama%2C%20Siddhārtha%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Siddhārtha%20Gautama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gautama%2C%20Siddhārtha%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Siddhārtha%20Gautama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gautama%2C%20S%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Siddhārtha%20Gautama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gautama%2C%20Siddhārtha%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Siddhārtha%20Gautama%22%29%20OR%20%28%22millennium-millennium%22%20AND%20Gautama%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Siddhārtha Gautama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Shakyamuni%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shakyamuni%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shakyamuni%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Shakyamuni%22%29%20OR%20%28%22millennium-millennium%22%20AND%20Shakyamuni%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Shakyamuni</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548br">Buddha</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa Buddha</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Buddhist Patriarch </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya Buddha</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="/wiki/List_of_the_named_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the named Buddhas">28 Buddhas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87ha%E1%B9%85kara" title="Taṇhaṅkara">Taṇhaṅkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medha%E1%B9%85kara_Buddha" title="Medhaṅkara Buddha">Medhaṃkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara%E1%B9%87a%E1%B9%85kara" title="Saraṇaṅkara">Saraṇaṅkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankara" title="Dipankara">Dīpaṃkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondanna_Buddha" title="Kondanna Buddha">Kauṇḍinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%85gala_Buddha" title="Maṅgala Buddha">Maṃgala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumana_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumana Buddha (page does not exist)">Sumanas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revata_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revata Buddha (page does not exist)">Raivata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aobhita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śobhita (page does not exist)">Śobhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomadassi" title="Anomadassi">Anomadassi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paduma_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paduma Buddha (page does not exist)">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narada_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narada Buddha (page does not exist)">Nārada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padumuttara_Buddha" title="Padumuttara Buddha">Padmottara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumedha_Buddha" title="Sumedha Buddha">Sumedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suj%C4%81ta_Buddha" title="Sujāta Buddha">Sujāta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priyadar%C5%9Bin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priyadarśin (page does not exist)">Priyadarśin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthadar%C5%9Bin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthadarśin (page does not exist)">Arthadarśin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmadar%C5%9Bin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharmadarśin (page does not exist)">Dharmadarśin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddhattha_Buddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddhattha Buddha (page does not exist)">Siddhārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissa_Buddha" title="Tissa Buddha">Tissa Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phussa" title="Phussa">Phussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB" title="Vipassī">Vipassī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh%C4%AB_Buddha" title="Sikhī Buddha">Sikhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB" title="Vessabhū">Vessabhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha" title="Kakusandha">Kakusandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana" title="Koṇāgamana">Koṇāgamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kāśyapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Buddha (Gautama)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Future: <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #EBEBEB"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gautama_Buddha" title="Template talk:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama_Buddha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gautama Buddha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Buddha_(Gautama_Buddha)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Buddha</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gautama Buddha</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Core teachings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Sayings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Disciples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modak" title="Modak">Modak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetiya" title="Cetiya">Cetiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">footprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">life in art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Gautama Buddha in world religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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[\"CITEREFBareau1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBareau1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaroni2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBary2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBechert1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBechert1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBechert_1991–1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerzin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhikkhu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhikkhuvon_Hinüber2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodhi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodhi2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodhi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoisselier1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoisvert1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBopearachchi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritannica2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronkhorst1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronkhorst2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronkhorst2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucknell1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuddhadasa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswellLopez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrithers2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClasquin-Johnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConinghamYoung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConze1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousins1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowell1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_J._Kalupahana1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhammananda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhammika1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhammikan.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEade1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEck1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEiland2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausböllDavidsDavids1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogelin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrauwallner1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGethin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhurye2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimello2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombrich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopal1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyatso2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirakawa1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHultzsch1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayatilleke1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJong1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurewicz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKala2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalupahana1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaretzky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarunamuni_ND2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeown2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeownPrebish2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinnard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamotte1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaumakis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaumakis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeidy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeoshko2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLopez1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonellKeith1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonnel1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahajan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahāpātra1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalalasekera1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeeks2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMershman1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohāpātra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier-Williams1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuesse2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMun-Keat_Choong1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagendra1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamura1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarada1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarain1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarain2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOED2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmvedt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmvedt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrebish2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrebish2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuintanilla2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawlinson1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReat1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynoldsHallisey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuegg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahni1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalomon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarao2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarao2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmithausen1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmithausen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchober2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeager2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimoda2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShults2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiderits2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Monier_Monier-WilliamsErnst_LeumannCarl_Cappeller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkilton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinArnold2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_M._Emmanuel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrong2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwearer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan,_Piya_(trans)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrainor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripathy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTse-Fu_Kuan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuladhar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurpie2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwitchett1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhyaya1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVergano2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerma2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVetter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijay_Nath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaley1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalshe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarder1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarder2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarder2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1984a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1984b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeise2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillemen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsTribe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynne2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaldiz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusuf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Bary1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Hinüber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Hinüber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÑāṇamoli_Bhikkhu1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"28 Buddhas\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Buddhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 25,\n [\"Citation\"] = 148,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Buddha, The\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 67,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Gautama Buddha\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 24,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 11,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 16,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 7,\n [\"IPA\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox religious biography\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal_translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Npov\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Px2\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-break\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 39,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 365,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 2,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n [\"Ws\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","740","20.2"],["?","660","18.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","360","9.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","4.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","2.7"],["pairs","80","2.2"],["[others]","740","20.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74f675c4bb-wgg8t","timestamp":"20241130013500","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The Buddha","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Buddha","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9441","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9441","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T19:58:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T18:46:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg","headline":"Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism (623 or 563 BCE \u2013 543 or 483 BCE)"}</script> </body> </html>