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id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mixed-species_feeding_flocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed-species_feeding_flocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Mixed-species feeding flocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-species_feeding_flocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ant_followers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ant_followers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Ant followers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ant_followers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Status and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antbird</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84" title="طائر النمل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائر النمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="পিঁপড়া পাখি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিঁপড়া পাখি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сврачкови мравколовки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сврачкови мравколовки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnof%C3%ADlids" title="Tamnofílids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tamnofílids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mraven%C4%8D%C3%ADkovit%C3%AD" title="Mravenčíkovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mravenčíkovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameisenv%C3%B6gel" title="Ameisenvögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ameisenvögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3l%C3%A1ch%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC_ndei%C5%82kaahii" title="Wóláchííʼ ndeiłkaahii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Wóláchííʼ ndeiłkaahii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnofiledoj" title="Tamnofiledoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamnofiledoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txori_inurrijale" title="Txori inurrijale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txori inurrijale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="مورچه‌مرغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مورچه‌مرغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%83%88%EB%A5%98" title="개미새류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개미새류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ציפורי נמלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציפורי נמלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%86_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Корнан кыткылоэц йишвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Корнан кыткылоэц йишвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrieji_skruzdlesiniai" title="Tikrieji skruzdlesiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tikrieji skruzdlesiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangy%C3%A1szmad%C3%A1rf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Hangyászmadárfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangyászmadárfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84" title="طائر النمل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طائر النمل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E7%A7%91" title="アリドリ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリドリ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurfugler" title="Maurfugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maurfugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurfuglar" title="Maurfuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maurfuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronkowate" title="Chronkowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chronkowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnofil%C3%ADdeos" title="Tamnofilídeos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tamnofilídeos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Типичные муравьеловковые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типичные муравьеловковые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antbird" title="Antbird – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antbird" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puumuurat" title="Puumuurat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puumuurat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrf%C3%A5glar" title="Myrfåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myrfåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Сорокушові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сорокушові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" title="Thamnophilidae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thamnophilidae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9F%BB%E9%B5%99%E7%A7%91" title="蟻鵙科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蟻鵙科" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thamnophilidae&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamnophilidae">Thamnophilidae</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Passerine bird family found across subtropical and tropical Central and South America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Antbirds </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnopithys-leucaspis-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gymnopithys-leucaspis-002.jpg/220px-Gymnopithys-leucaspis-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gymnopithys-leucaspis-002.jpg/330px-Gymnopithys-leucaspis-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gymnopithys-leucaspis-002.jpg/440px-Gymnopithys-leucaspis-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Bicolored antbird <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Bicolored_antbird" title="Bicolored antbird">Gymnopithys leucaspis</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Thamnophilidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parvorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Furnariida" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnariida">Furnariida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thamnophilidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/William_John_Swainson" title="William John Swainson">Swainson</a>, 1824</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_antbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of antbirds">Some 63 genera, over 230 species</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophilidae_distribution.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Thamnophilidae_distribution.PNG/220px-Thamnophilidae_distribution.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Thamnophilidae_distribution.PNG/330px-Thamnophilidae_distribution.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Thamnophilidae_distribution.PNG/440px-Thamnophilidae_distribution.PNG 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Global range (in green) </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>antbirds</b> are a large <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerine</a> bird <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, <b>Thamnophilidae</b>, found across subtropical and tropical Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_antbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of antbirds">more than 230 species</a>, known variously as antshrikes, antwrens, antvireos, fire-eyes, bare-eyes and bushbirds. They are related to the antthrushes and antpittas (family <a href="/wiki/Formicariidae" title="Formicariidae">Formicariidae</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Tapaculo" title="Tapaculo">tapaculos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gnateater" title="Gnateater">gnateaters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ovenbird_(family)" title="Ovenbird (family)">ovenbirds</a>. Despite some species' common names, this family is not closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wrens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vireo" title="Vireo">vireos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrike" title="Shrike">shrikes</a>. </p><p>Antbirds are generally small birds with rounded wings and strong legs. They have mostly sombre grey, white, brown and <a href="/wiki/Rufous" title="Rufous">rufous</a> <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> in pattern and colouring. Some species communicate warnings to rivals by exposing white feather patches on their backs or shoulders. Most have heavy <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bills</a>, which in many species are hooked at the tip. </p><p>Most species live in forests, although a few are found in other habitats. Insects and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> form the most important part of their diet, although small vertebrates are occasionally taken. Most species feed in the <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> and midstory of the forest, although a few feed in the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopy</a> and a few on the ground. Many join <a href="/wiki/Mixed-species_foraging_flock" title="Mixed-species foraging flock">mixed-species feeding flocks</a>, and a few species are core members. To various degrees, around eighteen species specialise in <a href="/wiki/Ant_follower" title="Ant follower">following</a> swarms of <a href="/wiki/Army_ant" title="Army ant">army ants</a> to eat the small <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> flushed by the ants, and many others may feed in this way opportunistically. </p><p>Antbirds are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, mate for life, and defend <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a>. They usually lay two eggs in a nest that is either suspended from branches or supported on a branch, stump, or mound on the ground. Both parents share the tasks of <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubation</a> and of brooding and feeding the nestlings. After <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledging</a>, each parent cares exclusively for one chick. </p><p>Thirty-eight species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. Antbirds are not targeted by either hunters or the pet trade. The principal threat is <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> and increased nest predation in habitat fragments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematics">Systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_antbird_genera" title="List of antbird genera">List of antbird genera</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_antbird_species" title="List of antbird species">List of antbird species</a></div> <p>The antbird family Thamnophilidae used to be considered a subfamily, Thamnophilinae, within a larger family <a href="/wiki/Formicariidae" title="Formicariidae">Formicariidae</a> that included <a href="/wiki/Formicariidae" title="Formicariidae">antthrushes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formicariidae" title="Formicariidae">antpittas</a>. Formerly, that larger family was known as the "antbird family" and the Thamnophilinae were "typical antbirds". In this article, "antbird" and "antbird family" refer to the family Thamnophilidae. </p><p>Thamnophilidae was removed from Formicariidae, leaving behind the antthrushes and antpittas, due to recognition of differences in the structure of the breastbone (<a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sibley%E2%80%93Ahlquist_taxonomy_of_birds" title="Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds">Sibley and Ahlquist's</a> examination of <a href="/wiki/DNA%E2%80%93DNA_hybridization" title="DNA–DNA hybridization">DNA–DNA hybridization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rice_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thamnophilidae antbirds are members of the infraorder Tyrannides (or <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">tracheophone suboscines</a>), one of two infraorders in the suborder Tyranni. The Thamnophilidae are now thought to occupy a fairly <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> position within the infraorder, i. e. with regard to their relatives the antthrushes and antpittas, <a href="/wiki/Tapaculo" title="Tapaculo">tapaculos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnateater" title="Gnateater">gnateaters</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Ovenbird_(family)" title="Ovenbird (family)">ovenbirds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Irestedt2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irestedt2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sister group of the Thamnophilidae is thought to be the gnateaters. The ovenbirds, tapaculos, antthrushes and antpittas are thought to represent a different radiation of that early split. </p><p>The antbird family contains over 230 species, variously called antwrens, antvireos, antbirds and antshrikes. The names refer to the relative sizes of the birds (increasing in the order given, though with exceptions) rather than any particular resemblance to the true <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wrens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vireo" title="Vireo">vireos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrike" title="Shrike">shrikes</a>. In addition, members of the genus <i>Phlegopsis</i> are known as <a href="/wiki/Phlegopsis" title="Phlegopsis">bare-eyes</a>, <i>Pyriglena</i> as <a href="/wiki/Pyriglena" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyriglena">fire-eyes</a> and <i>Neoctantes</i> and <i>Clytoctantes</i> as <a href="/wiki/Clytoctantes" title="Clytoctantes">bushbirds</a>. Although the systematics of the Thamnophilidae is based on studies from the mid-19th century, when fewer than half the present species were known, comparison of the <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">intron</a> 2, <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase">GAPDH</a> intron 11 and the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b" title="Cytochrome b">cytochrome <i>b</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">DNA sequences</a> has largely confirmed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Irestedt_2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irestedt_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two major <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> – most antshrikes and other larger, strong-billed species as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Herpsilochmus" title="Herpsilochmus">Herpsilochmus</a></i>, versus the classical antwrens and other more slender, longer-billed species – and the <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of most genera was confirmed. </p><p>The Thamnophilidae contains several large or very large <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and numerous small or <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a> ones. Several, which are difficult to assign, seem to form a third, hitherto unrecognised clade independently derived from ancestral antbirds.<sup id="cite_ref-Irestedt_2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irestedt_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results also confirmed suspicions of previous researchers that some species, most notably in <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmotherula" title="Myrmotherula">Myrmotherula</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Myrmeciza" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmeciza">Myrmeciza</a></i>, need to be assigned to other genera. Still, due to the difficulties of sampling from such a large number of often poorly known species, the assignment of some genera is still awaiting confirmation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnopithys-leucaspis-001_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gymnopithys-leucaspis-001_edit2.jpg/220px-Gymnopithys-leucaspis-001_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gymnopithys-leucaspis-001_edit2.jpg/330px-Gymnopithys-leucaspis-001_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gymnopithys-leucaspis-001_edit2.jpg/440px-Gymnopithys-leucaspis-001_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The legs and feet of <a href="/wiki/Ant_follower" title="Ant follower">ant-following</a> antbirds are stable and adapted to gripping vertical stems and branches. The leg muscles of the <a href="/wiki/Bicolored_antbird" title="Bicolored antbird">bicoloured antbird</a> make up 13 % of the total body weight.</figcaption></figure> <p>The antbirds are a group of small to medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a> that range in size from the large <a href="/wiki/Giant_antshrike" title="Giant antshrike">giant antshrike</a>, which measures 45 cm (18 in) and weighs 150  <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a> (5.29  <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">oz</a>), to the tiny 8-cm (3 in) <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_antwren" title="Pygmy antwren">pygmy antwren</a>, which weighs 7  g (0.25 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general terms, "antshrikes" are relatively large-bodied birds, "antvireos" are medium-sized and chunky, while "antwrens" include most smaller species; "antbird" genera can vary greatly in size. Members of this family have short rounded wings that provide good manoeuvrability when <a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">flying</a> in dense undergrowth. The legs are large and strong, particularly in species that are obligate <a href="/wiki/Ant-follower" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant-follower">ant-followers</a>. These species are well adapted to gripping vertical stems and <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">saplings</a>, which are more common than horizontal branches in the undergrowth, and thus the ability to grip them is an advantage for birds following swarms of army ants. The claws of these antbirds are longer than those of species that do not follow ants, and the soles of some species have projections that are tough and gripping when the foot is clenched. <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a> length in antbirds is related to foraging strategy. Longer tarsi typically occur in genera such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnophilus" title="Thamnophilus">Thamnophilus</a></i> antshrikes that forage by perch-<a href="/wiki/Gleaning_(birds)" title="Gleaning (birds)">gleaning</a> (sitting and leaning forward to snatch insects from the branch), whereas shorter tarsi typically occur in those that catch prey on the wing, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnomanes" title="Thamnomanes">Thamnomanes</a></i> antshrikes.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulenberg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulenberg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most antbirds have proportionately large, heavy <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">bills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulenberg_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulenberg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several genera of antshrike have a strongly hooked tip to the bill, and all antbirds have a notch or 'tooth' at the tip of the bill which helps in holding and crushing insect prey. The two <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of bushbirds have upturned chisel-like bills.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanyon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanyon-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> of antbirds is soft and not brightly coloured, although it is occasionally striking.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colour palette of most species is blackish shades, whitish shades, rufous, chestnut and brown. Plumages can be uniform in colour or patterned with barring or spots. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> – differences in plumage colour and pattern between males and females – is common in the family. Overall the pattern within the family is for the males to have combinations of grey, black or white plumage and the females having buff, rufous and brown colours. For example, the male <a href="/wiki/Dot-winged_antwren" title="Dot-winged antwren">dot-winged antwren</a> is primarily blackish, whereas the female has rust-coloured underparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some genera, such as <i>Myrmotherula</i>, species are better distinguished by female plumage than by male.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of antbirds have a contrasting 'patch' of white (sometimes other colours) feathers on the back (known as interscapular patches), shoulder or underwing. This is usually concealed by the darker feathers on the back but when the bird is excited or alarmed these feathers can be raised to flash the white patch. dot-winged antwrens puff out white back patches, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Bluish-slate_antshrike" title="Bluish-slate antshrike">bluish-slate antshrikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-flanked_antwren" title="White-flanked antwren">white-flanked antwrens</a> the white patch is on the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice">Voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drymophila_ochropyga.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Drymophila_ochropyga.jpeg/220px-Drymophila_ochropyga.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Drymophila_ochropyga.jpeg/330px-Drymophila_ochropyga.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Drymophila_ochropyga.jpeg/440px-Drymophila_ochropyga.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ochre-rumped_antbird" title="Ochre-rumped antbird">Ochre-rumped antbird</a> calling</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Song_of_Thamnophilus_doliatus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Song_of_Thamnophilus_doliatus.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Song_of_Thamnophilus_doliatus.ogg/Song_of_Thamnophilus_doliatus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Song_of_Thamnophilus_doliatus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Song of the <a href="/wiki/Barred_antshrike" title="Barred antshrike">barred antshrike</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">songs and calls</a> of antbirds are generally composed of repeated simple uncomplicated notes. The family is one of the suboscines (suborder <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a>) which have simpler <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinxes</a> ("voiceboxes") than other songbirds. Nevertheless, their songs are distinctive and species-specific, allowing field identification by ear.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antbirds rely on their calls for communication, as is typical of birds in dark forests. Most species have at least two types of call, the <i>loudsong</i> and the <i>softsong</i>. The functions of many calls have been deduced from their context; for example some loudsongs have a <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial purpose</a> and are given when birds meet at the edges of their territories, or during the morning rounds of the territory. Pairs in neighbouring territories judge the proximity of rivals by the degradation of the song caused by interference by the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In bouts of territorial defence the male will face off with the other male and the female with her counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loudsong duets are also potentially related to the maintenance of pair bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Seddon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seddon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The functions of softsongs are more complex, and possibly related to pair-bond maintenance. In addition to these two main calls a range of other sounds are made; these include scolding in <a href="/wiki/Animal_mobbing_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal mobbing behavior">mobbing</a> of predators.<sup id="cite_ref-antwren_coop_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antwren_coop-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calls of antbirds are also used interspecifically. Some species of antbirds and even other birds will actively seek out ant-swarms using the calls of some species of ant-followers as clues.<sup id="cite_ref-calls_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophilus_doliatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophilus_doliatus.jpg/220px-Thamnophilus_doliatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophilus_doliatus.jpg/330px-Thamnophilus_doliatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thamnophilus_doliatus.jpg/440px-Thamnophilus_doliatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barred_antshrike" title="Barred antshrike">barred antshrike</a> is distributed from Mexico to Argentina. It has the hooked bill typical of the antshrikes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The distribution of the antbirds is entirely <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a>, with the vast majority of the species being found in the tropics. A few species reach southern Mexico and northern Argentina. Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Barred_antshrike" title="Barred antshrike">barred antshrike</a>, have a continental distribution that spans most of the South and <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle American</a> distribution of the family; others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ash-throated_antwren" title="Ash-throated antwren">ash-throated antwren</a>, have a tiny distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antbirds are mostly birds of humid lowland <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few species are found at higher elevations, with less than 10% of species having ranges above 2000  m (6500 ft) and almost none with ranges above 3000  m (10000 ft). The highest species diversity is found in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>, with up to 45 species being found in single locations in sites across <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The number of species drops dramatically towards the further reaches of the family's range; there are only seven species in Mexico, for example. Areas of lower thamnophilid diversity may contain localised <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemics</a>, however. The <a href="/wiki/Yapacana_antbird" title="Yapacana antbird">Yapacana antbird</a>, for example, is restricted to the stunted woodlands that grow in areas of nutrient-poor white-sand <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> (the so-called Amazonian <a href="/wiki/Caatinga" title="Caatinga">caatinga</a>) in Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species are predominantly associated with microhabitats within a greater ecosystem; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_antshrike" title="Bamboo antshrike">bamboo antshrike</a> is predominantly found in bamboo patches.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierpont_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierpont-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic comparison of the whole genomes of higher and lower-humidity antbirds have shown some differences in genes linked to water balance and temperature regulation. More significantly, antbirds differ in the regions of the genome that regulate gene activity, suggesting that differences for antbirds are a result less of the genes themselves than of how they are deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bravo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bravo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antbirds are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>: they feed, breed and defend territories during the day. Many of the family are, however, reluctant to enter areas of direct sunlight where it breaks through the forest canopy. Antbirds will engage in <a href="/wiki/Anting_(bird_activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anting (bird activity)">anting</a>, a behaviour in which ants (or other arthropods) are rubbed on the feathers before being discarded or eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this has conventionally been considered a way to remove and control feather <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>, it has been suggested that for antbirds it may simply be a way to deal with the distasteful substances in prey items.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thamnophilus_caerulescens_gleaning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thamnophilus_caerulescens_gleaning.jpg/220px-Thamnophilus_caerulescens_gleaning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thamnophilus_caerulescens_gleaning.jpg/330px-Thamnophilus_caerulescens_gleaning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thamnophilus_caerulescens_gleaning.jpg/440px-Thamnophilus_caerulescens_gleaning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Variable_antshrike" title="Variable antshrike">variable antshrike</a> gleaning insects from foliage</figcaption></figure> <p>The main component of the diet of all antbirds is <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are mostly insects, including <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praying_Mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying Mantis">praying mantises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stick_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick insects">stick insects</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>. In addition antbirds often take <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpions">scorpions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>. They swallow smaller prey items quickly, whereas they often beat larger items against branches in order to remove <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a> and spines. Larger species can kill and consume <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> as well, but generally these do not form an important part of the diet of this family.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other food items may also be eaten, including <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family uses a number of techniques to obtain prey. The majority of antbirds are <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreal</a>, with most of those feeding in the <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a>, many in the middle story and some in the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (forest)">canopy</a>. A few species feed in the <a href="/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">leaf litter</a>; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Wing-banded_antbird" title="Wing-banded antbird">wing-banded antbird</a> forages in areas of dense leaf-litter. It does not use its feet to scratch the leaf litter, as do some other birds; instead it uses its long bill to turn over leaves rapidly (never picking them up).<sup id="cite_ref-Tostain_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tostain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antbirds that forage arboreally show a number of techniques and specialisations. Some species <a href="/wiki/Gleaning_(birds)" title="Gleaning (birds)">perch-glean</a>, perching on a branch watching for prey and snatching it by reaching forward, where others <a href="/wiki/Hawking_(birds)" title="Hawking (birds)">sally</a> from a perch and snatch prey on the wing.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulenberg_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulenberg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases birds will hop through the foliage or undergrowth and pause, scanning for prey, before pouncing or moving on. The time paused varies, although smaller species tend to be more active and pause for shorter times.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixed-species_feeding_flocks">Mixed-species feeding flocks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mixed-species feeding flocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-hooded_Antshrike,_Thamnophilus_bridgesi_(Drake_Bay).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black-hooded_Antshrike%2C_Thamnophilus_bridgesi_%28Drake_Bay%29.jpg/170px-Black-hooded_Antshrike%2C_Thamnophilus_bridgesi_%28Drake_Bay%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black-hooded_Antshrike%2C_Thamnophilus_bridgesi_%28Drake_Bay%29.jpg/255px-Black-hooded_Antshrike%2C_Thamnophilus_bridgesi_%28Drake_Bay%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black-hooded_Antshrike%2C_Thamnophilus_bridgesi_%28Drake_Bay%29.jpg/340px-Black-hooded_Antshrike%2C_Thamnophilus_bridgesi_%28Drake_Bay%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black-hooded_antshrike" title="Black-hooded antshrike">black-hooded antshrike</a> is a relatively sluggish species usually found singly or in pairs. Here a male feeds on a caterpillar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species participate in <a href="/wiki/Mixed-species_foraging_flock" title="Mixed-species foraging flock">mixed-species feeding flocks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming a large percentage of the participating species within their range. Some of these are core or "nuclear species". These nuclear species share territories with other nuclear species but exclude <a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">conspecifics</a> (members of the same species) and are found in almost all flocks; these are joined by "attendant species". Loud and distinctive <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">calls</a> and conspicuous <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> are important attributes of nuclear species as they promote cohesion in the flock. The composition of these flocks varies geographically; in Amazonia species of <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnomanes" title="Thamnomanes">Thamnomanes</a></i> antshrike are the leading nuclear species;<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elsewhere other species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dot-winged_antwren" title="Dot-winged antwren">dot-winged antwrens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Checker-throated_stipplethroat" title="Checker-throated stipplethroat">checker-throated stipplethroats</a>, fill this role.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species of antwren and antbird join them along with <a href="/wiki/Woodcreeper" title="Woodcreeper">woodcreepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habia_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habia (bird)">ant-tanagers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovenbird_(family)" title="Ovenbird (family)">foliage-gleaners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hylophilus" title="Hylophilus">greenlets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munn_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The benefits of the mixed flock are thought to be related to <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>, since many eyes are better for spotting predatory hawks and falcons. Comparisons between multi-species feeding flocks in different parts of the world found that instances of flocking were positively correlated with predation risk by raptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiollay_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiollay-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, where <i>Thamnomanes</i> antshrikes lead the group they give loud warning calls in the presence of predators. These calls are understood and reacted to by all the other species in the flock. The advantage to the <i>Thamnomanes</i> antshrikes is in allowing the rest of the flock, which are typically gleaners, to act as beaters, flushing prey while foraging which the antshrikes can obtain by sallying. Similar roles are filled in other flocks by other antbird species or other bird families, for example the <a href="/wiki/Lanio" title="Lanio">shrike-tanagers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the feeding flocks <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a> is reduced by <a href="/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche differentiation">microniche partitioning</a>; where dot-winged antwrens, checker-throated stipplethroats and <a href="/wiki/White-flanked_antwren" title="White-flanked antwren">white-flanked antwrens</a> feed in flocks together, the dot-wings feed in the densest vines, the white-flank in less dense vegetation, and the checker-throats in the same density as the latter but in dead foliage only.<sup id="cite_ref-antwren_coop_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antwren_coop-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ant_followers">Ant followers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ant followers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myrmeciza-immaculata-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Myrmeciza-immaculata-001.jpg/220px-Myrmeciza-immaculata-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Myrmeciza-immaculata-001.jpg/330px-Myrmeciza-immaculata-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Myrmeciza-immaculata-001.jpg/440px-Myrmeciza-immaculata-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_antbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaculate antbird">Immaculate antbirds</a> regularly attend army ant swarms in order to feed, but they are not obligate ant-followers; they also forage away from the swarms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Swarms of <a href="/wiki/Army_ant" title="Army ant">army ants</a> are an important resource used by some species of antbird, and the one from which the family's common name is derived. Many species of tropical <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a> form large raiding swarms, but the swarms are often <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a> or raid underground. While birds visit these swarms when they occur, the species most commonly attended by birds is the <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Eciton_burchellii" title="Eciton burchellii">Eciton burchellii</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is both <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> and surface-raiding. It was once thought that attending birds were actually eating the ants, but numerous studies in various parts of <i>Eciton burchellii's</i> range has shown that the ants act as beaters, flushing insects, other arthropods and small vertebrates into the waiting flocks of "ant followers". The improvement in foraging efficiency can be dramatic; a study of <a href="/wiki/Spotted_antbird" title="Spotted antbird">spotted antbirds</a> found that they made attempts at prey every 111.8 seconds away from ants, but at swarms they made attempts every 32.3 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotted_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotted-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many species of antbirds (and other families) may opportunistically feed at army ant swarms, 18 species of antbird are obligate ant-followers, obtaining most of their diet from swarms.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With only three exceptions, these species never regularly forage away from ant swarms. A further four species regularly attend swarms but are as often seen away from them. Obligate ant-followers visit the nesting bivouacs of army ants in the morning to check for raiding activities; other species do not.<sup id="cite_ref-Swartz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swartz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These species tend to arrive at swarms first, and their <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">calls</a> are used by other species to locate swarming ants.<sup id="cite_ref-calls_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calls-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because army ants are unpredictable in their movements, it is impractical for obligate ant-followers to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a> that always contains swarms to feed around.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antbirds have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> a more complicated system than the strict territoriality of most other birds. They generally (details vary among species) maintain breeding territories but travel outside those territories in order to feed at swarms. Several pairs of the same species may attend a swarm, with the dominant pair at the swarm being the pair which holds the territory that the swarm is in. In addition to competition within species, competition among species exists, and larger species are dominant. In its range, the <a href="/wiki/Ocellated_antbird" title="Ocellated antbird">ocellated antbird</a> is the largest of the obligate ant-following antbirds and is dominant over other members of the family, although it is subordinate to various species from other families (including certain <a href="/wiki/Woodcreeper" title="Woodcreeper">woodcreepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motmot" title="Motmot">motmots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rufous-vented_ground_cuckoo" title="Rufous-vented ground cuckoo">rufous-vented ground cuckoo</a>). At a swarm, the dominant species occupies positions above the central front of the swarm, which yields the largest amount of prey. Smaller, less dominant species locate themselves further away from the centre, or higher above the location of the dominant species, where prey is less plentiful.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antbirds are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, in almost all cases forming <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bonds</a> that last the life of the pair.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of the <a href="/wiki/Dusky_antbird" title="Dusky antbird">dusky antbird</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_antbird" title="White-bellied antbird">white-bellied antbird</a> did not find "infidelity".<sup id="cite_ref-Fedy_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedy-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/White-plumed_antbird" title="White-plumed antbird">white-plumed antbird</a>, divorces between pairs are common, but, as far as known, this species is exceptional. In most species the pair defends a classic <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a>, although the nesting territories of ant followers are slightly different (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ant_followers">feeding</a> above). Territories vary in size from as small as 0.5 ha for the <a href="/wiki/Manu_antbird" title="Manu antbird">Manu antbird</a>, to 1500  m (5000 ft) in diameter for the ocellated antbird. Ocellated antbirds have an unusual social system where the breeding pair forms the nucleus of a group or clan that includes their male offspring and their mates. These clans, which can number up to eight birds, work together to defend territories against rivals. Pair bonds are formed with <a href="/wiki/Courtship_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtship feeding">courtship feeding</a>, where the male presents food items to the female.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spotted antbirds males may actually feed females sufficiently for the female to cease feeding herself, although she will resume feeding once copulation has occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotted_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotted-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutual grooming also plays a role in courtship in some species.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaenostictus-mcleannani-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Phaenostictus-mcleannani-001.jpg/220px-Phaenostictus-mcleannani-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Phaenostictus-mcleannani-001.jpg/330px-Phaenostictus-mcleannani-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Phaenostictus-mcleannani-001.jpg/440px-Phaenostictus-mcleannani-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ocellated_antbird" title="Ocellated antbird">ocellated antbird</a> has an unusual social system of shared breeding territories. One dominant pair may share a territory with up to six other birds. </figcaption></figure> <p>The nesting and breeding biology of antbirds have not been well studied. Even in relatively well-known species the breeding behaviour can be poorly known; for example the nest of the <a href="/wiki/Ocellated_antbird" title="Ocellated antbird">ocellated antbird</a> was first described in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Buehler_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buehler-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">Nests</a> are constructed by both parents, although the male undertakes more of the work in some species. Antbird nests are cups of vegetation such as twigs, dead leaves and plant fibre, and they follow two basic patterns: either suspended or supported.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspended cups, which may hang from forks in branches, or between two branches, are the more common style of nest. Supported nests rest upon branches, amongst vines, in hollows, and sometimes on mounds of vegetation on the ground. Each species nests at the level where it forages, so a midstory species would build its nest in the midstory. Closely related species nest in the same ways. For example, antvireos in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Dysithamnus" title="Dysithamnus">Dysithamnus</a></i> are all suspension nesters.<sup id="cite_ref-Greeney_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greeney-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Thamnophilus_caerulescens_constructing_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Female_Thamnophilus_caerulescens_constructing_nest.jpg/220px-Female_Thamnophilus_caerulescens_constructing_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Female_Thamnophilus_caerulescens_constructing_nest.jpg/330px-Female_Thamnophilus_caerulescens_constructing_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Female_Thamnophilus_caerulescens_constructing_nest.jpg/440px-Female_Thamnophilus_caerulescens_constructing_nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Variable_antshrike" title="Variable antshrike">variable antshrike</a> constructing a nest</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all antbirds lay two eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species of antshrike lay three eggs, and a smaller number of antbirds lay one egg, but this is unusual. Small clutch sizes are typical of tropical birds compared to more temperate species of the same size, possibly due to nest predation, although this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Roper_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roper-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both parents participate in <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubation</a>, although only the female incubates at night. The length of time taken for chicks to hatch is 14–16 days in most species, although some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dusky_antbird" title="Dusky antbird">dusky antbird</a>, can take as long as 20 days. The <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> chicks are born naked and blind. Both parents brood the young until they are able to <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulate</a>, although, as with incubation, only the female broods at night.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common with many songbirds, the parents take faecal sacs for disposal away from the nest. Both parents feed the chicks, often bringing large prey items. When the chicks reach <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledging</a> age, after 8–15 days, attending parents call their chicks. As each chick leaves the nest it is cared for exclusively from then on by the parent that was present then. After the first chick fledges and leaves with a parent the remaining parent may increase the supply of food to speed up the process of fledging. After fledging, chicks spend the first few days well hidden as the parents bring them food. Chicks of some species may not become independent of the parents for as long as four months in some antwrens, but two months is more typical for the rest of the family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antbirds are common components of the avifauna of some parts of the Neotropics and are thought to be important in some <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological processes</a>. They are preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a>, and their tendency to join flocks is thought to provide protection against such predation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiollay_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiollay-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_round-eared_bat" title="Greater round-eared bat">greater round-eared bat</a> preys on some antbird species, such as the <a href="/wiki/White-bibbed_antbird" title="White-bibbed antbird">white-bibbed antbird</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scaled_antbird" title="Scaled antbird">scaled antbird</a>; the latter is the bat's preferred prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Martuscelli_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martuscelli-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nests, including incubating adults, chicks and eggs, are vulnerable to predators, particularly <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nesting success is low for many species, particularly in areas of fragmented habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loiselle_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loiselle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was once suggested that the relationship between the obligate and regular ant-followers and the army ants, particularly <i>Eciton burchellii</i>, was <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a>, with the ants benefiting by having the birds chase prey back down towards them. However, experiments where ant followers were excluded have shown that the foraging success of the army ants was 30% lower when the birds were present, suggesting that the birds' relationship was in fact <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrege_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrege-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in a number of behaviours by the ants in order to reduce <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a>, including hiding of secured prey in the leaf litter and caching of food on trails. It has been suggested that the depressive effect of this parasitism slows the development of <i>E. burchellii</i> swarms and in turn benefits other ant species which are preyed upon by army ants. The ant-following antbirds are themselves followed by three species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Ithomiini" title="Ithomiini">Ithomiinae</a> which feed on their <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">droppings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bird droppings are usually an unpredictable resource in a rainforest, but the regular behaviour of ant followers makes the exploitation of this resource possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Status and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectoral_Antwren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pectoral_Antwren.jpg/220px-Pectoral_Antwren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pectoral_Antwren.jpg/330px-Pectoral_Antwren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pectoral_Antwren.jpg/440px-Pectoral_Antwren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_antwren" title="Pectoral antwren">pectoral antwren</a> of Brazil is threatened by the loss of deciduous forest and is listed as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of April 2008, 38 species are considered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">near threatened</a> or worse and therefore at risk of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antbirds are neither targeted by the pet trade nor large enough to be hunted; the principal cause of the decline in antbird species is <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction or modification of forests has several effects on different species of antbirds. The fragmentation of forests into smaller patches affects species that are averse to crossing gaps as small as roads. If these species become locally extinct in a fragment, this reluctance to cross unforested barriers makes their re-establishment unlikely. Smaller forest fragments are unable to sustain mixed-species feeding flocks, leading to local extinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-Stouffer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stouffer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another risk faced by antbirds in fragmented habitat is increased <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">nest</a> predation. An unplanned experiment in fragmentation occurred on <a href="/wiki/Barro_Colorado_Island" title="Barro Colorado Island">Barro Colorado Island</a>, a former hill in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> that became an isolated island during the flooding caused by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. Numerous species of antbird formerly resident in the area were <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a>, in no small part due to increased levels of nest predation on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Sieving_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sieving-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the species lost from Barro Colorado are not globally threatened, they illustrate the vulnerability of species in fragmented habitats and help explain the declines of some species. The majority of threatened species have very small natural ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are also extremely poorly known; for example the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_antwren" title="Rio de Janeiro antwren">Rio de Janeiro antwren</a> is known only from a single <a href="/wiki/Biological_specimen" title="Biological specimen">specimen</a> collected in 1982, although there have been unconfirmed reports since 1994 and it is currently listed as <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">critically endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, new species are discovered at regular intervals; the <a href="/wiki/Caatinga_antwren" title="Caatinga antwren">Caatinga antwren</a> was described in 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Acre_antshrike" title="Acre antshrike">acre antshrike</a> in 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Sincor%C3%A1_antwren" title="Sincorá antwren">sincorá antwren</a> in 2007, and the description of a relative of the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_antwren" title="Marsh antwren">Paraná antwren</a> discovered in 2005 in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> is being prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-notes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not yet scientifically described, conservation efforts have already been necessary, as the site of discovery was set out to be flooded to form a reservoir. Consequently, 72 individuals were captured and transferred to another locality.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_antbird_genera" title="List of antbird genera">List of antbird genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_antbird_species" title="List of antbird species">List of antbird species</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sibley" title="Charles Sibley">Sibley, C. G.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_E._Ahlquist" title="Jon E. Ahlquist">Ahlquist, J. E.</a> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google.com/books?id=cfjAvuxL-9wC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Phylogeny and classification of birds</i></a>. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04085-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04085-7">0-300-04085-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice,_N._H.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, N. H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304192101/http://www.ansp.org/research/biodiv/ornithology/pdf/antbird-paraphyly.pdf">"Further evidence for paraphyly of the Formicariidae (Passeriformes)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Condor_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor (journal)">Condor</a></i>. <b>107</b> (4): 910–915. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1650%2F7696.1">10.1650/7696.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84135098">84135098</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansp.org/research/biodiv/ornithology/pdf/antbird-paraphyly.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Condor&rft.atitle=Further+evidence+for+paraphyly+of+the+Formicariidae+%28Passeriformes%29&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=910-915&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1650%2F7696.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84135098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Rice%2C+N.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansp.org%2Fresearch%2Fbiodiv%2Fornithology%2Fpdf%2Fantbird-paraphyly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irestedt2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irestedt2002_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrestedt,_M.Fjeldså,_J.Johansson,_U._S.Ericson,_P._G._P.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Irestedt, M.; Fjeldså, J.; Johansson, U. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wec.ufl.edu/faculty/SievingK/PUBS/differential_extinction.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Nest+predation+and+differential+insular+extinction+among+selected+forest+birds+of+central+Panama&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2310-2328&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1941477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1941477%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Sieving%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wec.ufl.edu%2Ffaculty%2FSievingK%2FPUBS%2Fdifferential_extinction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=4658&m=0">Species factsheet: <i>Myrmotherula fluminensis</i>.</a> Accessed on 26 April 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notes-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-notes_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Brief notes: <i>Nova espécie para o Brasil: bicudinho-do-brejo-paulista</i>". <i>Atulidades Ornitológieas</i>. <b>125</b>: 14. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atulidades+Ornitol%C3%B3gieas&rft.atitle=Brief+notes%3A+Nova+esp%C3%A9cie+para+o+Brasil%3A+bicudinho-do-brejo-paulista&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciencia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,nova-especie-de-passaro-e-descoberta-em-sao-paulo,20050505p425">"Nova espécie de pássaro é descoberta em São Paulo"</a>. <i>ciencia.estadao.com.br</i> (in Portuguese). Assine o Estadão<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ciencia.estadao.com.br&rft.atitle=Nova+esp%C3%A9cie+de+p%C3%A1ssaro+%C3%A9+descoberta+em+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciencia.estadao.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fgeral%2Cnova-especie-de-passaro-e-descoberta-em-sao-paulo%2C20050505p425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antbird&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Thamnophilidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427512" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q427512">Q427512</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thamnophilidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Thamnophilidae">Thamnophilidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Thamnophilidae/">Thamnophilidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id137422">137422</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=71417">71417</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/H5C">H5C</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1606">1606</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5286">5286</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/15726">15726</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101626">101626</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=557368">557368</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=81887">81887</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=799152">799152</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=415935">415935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/880F1003-A270-FF98-FF23-38A6FB3EF8AD">880F1003-A270-FF98-FF23-38A6FB3EF8AD</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antbird&oldid=1224011843">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antbird&oldid=1224011843</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thamnophilidae" title="Category:Thamnophilidae">Thamnophilidae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Higher-level_bird_taxa_restricted_to_the_Neotropics" title="Category:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics">Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tyranni" title="Category:Tyranni">Tyranni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_William_John_Swainson" title="Category:Taxa named by William John Swainson">Taxa named by William John Swainson</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume 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