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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Peer pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_occasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_occasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Social occasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_occasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Social status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div 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id="toc-Public_drunkenness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_drunkenness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Public drunkenness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_drunkenness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol-related_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol-related_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Alcohol-related organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-related_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drinking_culture_in_Australia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking culture in Australia">Drinking culture in Australia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG/450px-Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="450" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG/675px-Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG/900px-Alcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>World map showing countries by annual alcohol consumption per capita, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a> is commonly consumed and available at pubs and liquor stores in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> – all of which are private enterprises. Spirits can be purchased at liquor stores and pubs, whereas most grocery stores do not sell them, although they may have separate liquor stores on their premises. Alcohol consumption is higher, according to WHO studies, than in most European countries and several Central Asian and African countries, although consumption is just as high in Australia as in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After tobacco, alcohol is the second leading preventable cause of death and hospitalisation in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-aacall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aacall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcohol is served in many social and recreational situations, and its use is often encouraged. While drinking alcohol is often seen as intrinsic to Australian culture, the effects associated with over-consumption do not just affect the individual, but also the wider national community. In 2012, it was estimated that Australians spent $14.1 billion each year on alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_beer_production_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Australian_beer_production_1945.jpg/220px-Australian_beer_production_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Australian_beer_production_1945.jpg/330px-Australian_beer_production_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Australian_beer_production_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Australian Beer Production in 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_4_Litre_Cask_of_Australian_White_Wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_4_Litre_Cask_of_Australian_White_Wine.jpg/220px-A_4_Litre_Cask_of_Australian_White_Wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_4_Litre_Cask_of_Australian_White_Wine.jpg/330px-A_4_Litre_Cask_of_Australian_White_Wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/A_4_Litre_Cask_of_Australian_White_Wine.jpg/440px-A_4_Litre_Cask_of_Australian_White_Wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">wine cask</a> was invented in 1965 by South Australian winemaker Thomas Angove.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_brewery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cascade_brewery.jpg/170px-Cascade_brewery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cascade_brewery.jpg/255px-Cascade_brewery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cascade_brewery.jpg/340px-Cascade_brewery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The oldest brewery in Australia is the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Brewery" title="Cascade Brewery">Cascade Brewery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, which was established in 1824.</figcaption></figure> <p>Heavy drinking in Australia was a cultural <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norm</a> following colonisation.<sup id="cite_ref-abh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a period, <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">convicts in Australia</a> were partially paid with rum.<sup id="cite_ref-abh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of rum amongst the New South Wales Corps led to the only successful armed takeover of an Australian government, which later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> of 1808. Spirits were the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages in Australia in the 1830s, with early conservative estimates showing that 3.6 litres of pure alcohol were consumed by each person in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> annually.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s, the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance Movement">Temperance Movement</a> gained a following in New South Wales. Its influence peaked during World War I and the Great Depression. An attempt to prohibit alcohol on the Victorian Goldfields was made in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-aiaias_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiaias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the main factor leading to the growth in <a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">sly-grog shops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loh_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol sales were <a href="/wiki/Prohibition#Australia" title="Prohibition">prohibited</a> in the Australian Capital Territory between 1910 and 1928. Four referendums regarding the prohibition of alcohol were conducted in Western Australia, including one in each of the years 1911, 1921, <a href="/wiki/1925_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum">1925</a> and <a href="/wiki/1950_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1950 Western Australian prohibition referendum">1950</a>. In 1837, laws were passed to prevent Aboriginal access to alcohol as binge drinking became problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-aiaias_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiaias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a failed attempt to <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">reduce</a> the effects of alcohol on society, liquor establishments in most Australian states were forced to close by 6 pm from the 1910s to the 1960s. Rather than reduce alcohol consumption, the measures led to excessive drinking in the hour before closing time which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">six o'clock swill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aiaias_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiaias-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decade after World War II there was a steep rise in the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Australia" title="Beer in Australia">beer in Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1960s the popularity of beer has declined while wine consumption increased.<sup id="cite_ref-aacall_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aacall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consumption of alcohol increased from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s when it began to decline until it reached a consumption level commensurate with 1961 in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-lad_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption peaked in 1974 and 1975 when an average of 13.09 litres of pure alcohol was consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-aacall_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aacall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1965, Merle Thornton and Rosalie Bogner secured themselves to the foot rail of Brisbane's <a href="/wiki/Regatta_Hotel" title="Regatta Hotel">Regatta Hotel</a> with a dog chain to protest laws excluding them, as women, from drinking with men at public bars.<sup id="cite_ref-saf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, a South Australian winemaker <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Angove" title="Thomas Angove">Thomas Angove</a>, invented the <a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">box wine</a> or wine cask.<sup id="cite_ref-emh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following four decades saw an increase in per capita wine consumption and a decrease in beer drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-lad_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the market value of beer sales increased as the sales of up-market or boutique beers gained in popularity. </p><p>In 2005, Queensland introduced a lockout trial in order to reduce alcohol-related violence at three entertainment precincts which saw patrons barred from re-entering a licensed venue after 3 am. Victoria introduced a similar initiative known as the <a href="/wiki/2am_Lockout" title="2am Lockout">2am Lockout</a> in 2008. The <a href="/wiki/2010_Melbourne_live_music_rally" title="2010 Melbourne live music rally">2010 Melbourne live music rally</a> was a public rally to protest the claimed effects of liquor licensing laws on live music in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairns_Australia_Beer_Run.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cairns_Australia_Beer_Run.jpg/220px-Cairns_Australia_Beer_Run.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cairns_Australia_Beer_Run.jpg/330px-Cairns_Australia_Beer_Run.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cairns_Australia_Beer_Run.jpg/440px-Cairns_Australia_Beer_Run.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/XXXX_Gold" title="XXXX Gold">XXXX Gold</a> was Australia's top-selling beer by volume in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_grapes_in_Barossa_Valley._SA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wine_grapes_in_Barossa_Valley._SA.jpg/220px-Wine_grapes_in_Barossa_Valley._SA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wine_grapes_in_Barossa_Valley._SA.jpg/330px-Wine_grapes_in_Barossa_Valley._SA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Wine_grapes_in_Barossa_Valley._SA.jpg/440px-Wine_grapes_in_Barossa_Valley._SA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Red wine grapes growing in the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Alcohol is the most widely consumed <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> in Australia and is frequently available at social and cultural activities.<sup id="cite_ref-ah2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a per capita scale, 10.3 litres of pure alcohol were consumed by each Australian in 2010. The average amongst <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries was 9.1 litres. Beer was the most preferred beverage, followed by wine, spirits and <a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">pre-mixed</a> beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-ah2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retail sales for alcohol including GST in the 2011/12 financial year totalled A$18,135 million.<sup id="cite_ref-aam_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aam-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/XXXX_Gold" title="XXXX Gold">XXXX Gold</a> was Australia's top-selling as measured by the volume of sales.<sup id="cite_ref-lltw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lltw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the National Drug Strategy Household Survey found that 7.2% of the Australian population drank alcohol each day.<sup id="cite_ref-ndshsr_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndshsr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males were found to drink on daily basis at twice the rate of females and were more likely to drink quantities which posed a health risk. One recent survey of teenagers in Australia has shown a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a> across the age group since 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-fit_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another survey in Victoria revealed drinking rates were increasing for young people despite it being illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-ssh_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, 18- to 29-year-olds were the age group most likely to drink at harmful levels. </p><p>There are numerous factors that contribute to the rate of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_rural_Australia" title="Alcoholism in rural Australia">alcohol consumption in rural Australia</a>. Studies have found a variety of economic and social factors result in a higher rate of alcohol consumption. Economically, factors such as lower income, level of education, lack of infrastructure, and a higher availability of alcohol are all known to affect alcohol consumption rates. Social factors also play a large role with the normality and social acceptability of alcohol consumption in rural areas often leading to drinking beginning at a much younger age. Gender has also been found to play a large role in rural communities, with a sense of masculinity seen to heavily influence people.<sup id="cite_ref-alcohol_and_alcoholism_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alcohol_and_alcoholism-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drinking_age">Drinking age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drinking age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, 18 is the legal age at which someone may purchase alcohol. Liquor outlets across Western Australia are required to request identification from those who look under 25 years of age when purchasing alcohol. Police cadets, most of whom are around 24 years of age, are often used to research retailers who would sell them alcohol. In 2013, 72 out of 100 cadets were able to purchase alcohol without showing identification in the Perth metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council" title="National Health and Medical Research Council">National Health and Medical Research Council</a> issues guidelines for alcohol use in Australia. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State/territory </th> <th>Current legal <p>drinking age </p> </th> <th>Year adopted </th> <th>Previous legal <br />drinking age </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td>Not amended </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1905 </td> <td>Not amended </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>Not amended </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1971 </td> <td>20 in 1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>20 in 1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>Not amended </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>21 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcohol plays an integral part of Australian culture. Alcohol plays a role in celebrations, a variety of social activities, relaxation, as a generator of tax revenue and as a major source of employment and exports.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common cultural staple amongst young people is to drink, specifically, to get drunk. Almost two-thirds of 18- to 29-year-olds agreed with this statement, and one in five hospitalisations of people under 25 was alcohol related.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 88% of Australians surveyed in 2010 had consumed alcohol by age 14.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Of Australians who do drink often, the majority seem to do so in moderation. 72.6% of those surveyed consume alcohol below levels for long term risk of harm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, many Australians consume alcohol at harmful levels. There are more than 42 million incidents of binge drinking each year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Each month 20.4% of Australians consume alcohol at high risk levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australians living in remote areas are more likely to drink at high risk levels compared to those living in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The driving forces behind Australia's drinking culture are derived from social customs, habits, publicised images and normality. These factors can be enhanced by influences related to the social, physical and economic availability of alcohol. This is driven by marketing and promotion, cost, accessibility and age restrictions. There is no single factor attributed to why people drink at these harmful levels, however lack of nutrition, poor exercise, smoking, damaging health behaviours, illicit drug use and excessive drinking all appear to contribute to a complicated structure of social determinants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Australians feel the need to consume large amounts of alcohol before going to public venues to socialise and continue drinking. This is commonly known as "pre-drinking". This is largely due to the views many have of the elevated cost of alcohol purchased at venues. The dangerous levels of intoxication being widely accepted in Australia points to a problem with alcohol consumption. Social networking has also been studied as having undergone negative effects when combined with overconsumption of alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shout_gnangarra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shout_gnangarra.jpg/150px-Shout_gnangarra.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shout_gnangarra.jpg/225px-Shout_gnangarra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shout_gnangarra.jpg/300px-Shout_gnangarra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="4672" /></a><figcaption>"Rounds" or "shouting" are a common norm of drinking etiquette.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etiquette">Etiquette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etiquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What mostly attracts Australians to drinking is the taste of the beverages as well as general social acceptance. Social norms have been created as a result of communal drinking. When everyone has finished their drink, one member of the group is expected to purchase the next "round" of drinks until all members of the party have paid one turn. "Shouting" refers to paying for someone else's drink as a good gesture with no expectation of one in return.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can give people the feeling of being more socially accepted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer_pressure">Peer pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peer pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lot of pressure can be placed on someone who feels that there is a social expectation to consume alcohol. It is more often than not referred to as being "un-Australian" to turn down an alcoholic drink. This places a considerable amount of pressure on young people in particular. Learning how to drink is often thought of as an integral part of growing into adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This peer pressure maintains the social norm, and wider acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_occasions">Social occasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social occasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many social situations alcohol is more than likely available. It is expected that alcohol be available at numerous social events including household parties, pubs, clubs, sporting events, during meals, celebrations and even funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_status">Social status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A lot of people think drinking alcohol gives them a sense of identity that may help them fit in with social networks. Some also believe it heightens confidence to take part in social situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may oppose the fact that they are being pressured into consuming alcohol, but others look to find social networks where consuming alcohol is common as enhancing a sense of belonging and identity formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children's first reference for alcohol can be traced to their parents habits. 62% of underage Australians said they got access to their alcohol from friends or others, while 44% said their own parents purchased their alcohol. Nearly one in ten managed to purchase alcohol themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marketing campaigns have heavily influenced the change in the type of alcohol consumed extensively by young people. Premixed spirits are the focus of many advertisements, rather than beer or wine. The alcohol content in these premixed drinks are of concern as they hold higher alcohol percentages than the same amount of beer. Many young people prefer these drinks because they are often sweet and disguise the amount of alcohol they contain.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binge_drinking">Binge drinking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Binge drinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcohol is a major contributing cause of violence in Australia. In 2006, more than three-quarters of a million Australians were abused by persons under the influence of alcohol, including 33,147 cases in NSW.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_people">Young people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Young people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the National Binge Drinking Campaign on Young Australians and Alcohol, more than 20% of 14- to 19-year-olds consume alcohol on a weekly basis. In 2005, the Australian School Students' Alcohol and Drug Survey found that 10% of 12-year-olds had consumed alcohol in the week prior to the survey, and amongst 17 years old, this increased to 49%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS), 82.9% of Australians aged 14 and over had consumed alcohol in the previous 12 months, with only 10.1% having never consumed at least 1 standard drink of alcohol. The survey also found that 20.4% of Australians (23.7% of males and 17.2% of females) consumed alcohol at risky or high risk levels according to the 2001 Australian guideline for Alcohol intake.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In March 2008, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> announced the allocation of $53 million in funding to target what he described as a "Binge-Drinking Epidemic" among young adults in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among teenagers who drink weekly, 29% of males aged 12–17 had consumed seven or more drinks on one occasion; and 32% of females in the same age group had consumed five or more drinks at the same time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Approximately 40% of 14- to 19-year-olds drink at levels that risk harm in the short term, like accidental injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_alcohol_consumption">Indigenous alcohol consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indigenous alcohol consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Statistics show that the rate of binge drinking in rural areas is 5% higher for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australians</a> when compared to the non-indigenous, and it was also found that indigenous Australians were twice as likely to consume alcohol dangerously in the short term at least once a week. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Health_and_Welfare" title="Australian Institute of Health and Welfare">Australian Institute of Health and Welfare</a> found that the rate of alcohol abstention for both male and female indigenous Australians was much higher than non-indigenous Australians, sitting at 1.7 and 1.4 times more respectively. While the rate of alcohol abstention is high, the rate of both short- and long-term risky drinking in indigenous Australians causes some concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Aboriginal_alcohol_use_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aboriginal_alcohol_use-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Indigenous Australians produced and consumed alcoholic drinks made from native ingredients. In <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, the sap of the Eucalyptus gunnii tree (known also as the cider gum) was collected and fermented with natural yeasts to create an alcoholic drink called way-a-linah.<sup id="cite_ref-wayalinah_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayalinah-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, a mead-like drink called mangaitj was made from fermenting the cones of the <a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">banksia</a>, and other native alcoholic drinks are known to have been produced in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> and in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grog_book_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grog_book-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous Australians were prohibited from buying alcohol until the end of the 1960s. The repeal of this legislation saw a rapid increase in indigenous alcohol consumption and contributed to many of the problems faced by indigenous Australians today. In recent years, efforts have been made to try to curb indigenous drinking, with the Queensland government, in association with rural indigenous communities, setting up Alcohol Management Plans (AMPs). AMPs were first introduced in Australia in 2002, and have been adopted throughout a number of states.<sup id="cite_ref-indig_justice_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indig_justice-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, AMPs have been introduced into 19 communities in rural Queensland to attempt to control alcohol-fuelled violence. The plans either restrict the type and amount of alcohol that can be purchased in a town, or involve a blanket ban on alcohol sales.<sup id="cite_ref-the_australian_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_australian-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a noticeable decrease in alcohol-fuelled violence and dysfunction in the communities that have faced alcohol bans and restrictions. In 2012 the newly elected Queensland state government, under premier Campbell Newman, proposed a winding back of the alcohol restrictions; a number of aboriginal elders and community leaders opposed these changes, citing the positive benefits brought about by the laws.<sup id="cite_ref-alcohol_bans_lifting_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alcohol_bans_lifting-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the many positives that alcohol bans have brought to indigenous communities, issues with alcohol consumption still exist, mainly the issue of home brewed alcohol. Home brew alcohol is commonplace in many of the indigenous communities where alcohol has been banned, with recent reports also calling for a ban of popular spread vegemite, because of its reported use in the manufacturing of alcohol in some northern territory communities.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binge_drinking_in_Indigenous_communities">Binge drinking in Indigenous communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Binge drinking in Indigenous communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg/220px-Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg/330px-Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg/440px-Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Aboriginal flag</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1837, laws were passed to prevent the sale of alcoholic beverages to <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>, as binge drinking became a problem in indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, alcohol was often purchased illegally and there was a trend of rapid consumption of high alcohol content beverages. This style of consumption perpetuated the binge drinking cycle. Aboriginals were over-represented in arrests for drunkenness during the period, and continue to be over-represented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aboriginal people were given the right to drink alcohol in the various states and territories between 1957 and 1975, a right which, for many Aboriginal people, became a symbol of equality, citizenship and status.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing_2">Marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, it was reported that $128 million was spent on alcohol advertising in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-parh_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parh-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Medical_Association" title="Australian Medical Association">Australian Medical Association</a> claims young people in Australia are being exposed to an unprecedented level of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">alcohol marketing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amayp_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amayp-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are no alcohol advertising bans in Australia some restrictions and conditions apply.<sup id="cite_ref-parh_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parh-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no restrictions on the sponsorship of youth and sport events in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-gsr_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsr-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation_and_guidelines">Legislation and guidelines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legislation and guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Australia" title="Alcohol laws of Australia">Alcohol laws of Australia</a></div> <p>The age limit for the purchase of alcoholic products in Australia is 18. A license to both produce and sell alcohol is required. Alcohol products in Australia contain warnings against drinking whilst pregnant. </p><p>Guidelines for alcohol use are made by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council" title="National Health and Medical Research Council">National Health and Medical Research Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidelines recommend no more than ten standards drinks per week and no more than four standard drinks per day for adults to reduce the risk of harm from alcohol-related disease or injury. Opinions of the latest guidelines for adults are mixed, with people often indicating the recommendation was either too restrictive or did not go far enough, with some stating the new guidelines strike a good balance.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guidelines for under 18's and those pregnant or breastfeeding recommend not consuming any alcohol. </p><p>Guidelines for health professionals are also published, providing information on treatments for alcohol problems, and last updated in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidelines highlight a range of treatment and management options for health professionals to consider when providing people with treatment alcohol problems, including <a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">brief interventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol withdrawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psycho-social interventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism#Medications" title="Alcoholism">pharmacotherapies for alcohol treatment</a>, and related <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbidities</a>. The guidelines also note the importance of addressing stigma associated with <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma#Addiction_and_substance_use_disorders" title="Social stigma">alcohol use and addiction</a> to improve health outcomes. </p><p>Queensland has introduced alcohol restrictions as part of the state's Alcohol Management Plans in 19 separate Indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-alre_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alre-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence_and_harm">Violence and harm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Violence and harm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">Alcohol use disorder</a></div> <p>Alcohol use disorder in Australia is associated with violence, <a href="/wiki/Drink_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Drink driving">drink driving</a>, child neglect and abuse as well as <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a> in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-ah2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol is second to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Australia">tobacco</a> as the cause of preventable death and hospitalisation in Australia. According to a report released by <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Health_Promotion_Foundation" title="Victorian Health Promotion Foundation">VicHealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Alcohol_Research_and_Education" title="Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education">Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education</a> in 2014, an average of 15 Australians die each day due to alcohol, an increase of 62% within a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-aik_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aik-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One recent estimate of the total cost of alcohol-related crime put the figure at $1.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-kii_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kii-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A broad range of negative effects come with excessive alcohol consumption. Some of these include an increase in road and other accidents, crime, public and domestic violence, brain damage, liver disease, and the breakdown of social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol related police detentions account for approximately 39% of all crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol consumption relates to one in eight deaths of Australians under the age of 25.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 five million Australians aged 14 or over (26%) reported being victim to an alcohol related incident.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey just over 8% of Australian adults reported being the victim of an alcohol-related assault.<sup id="cite_ref-fcod_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcod-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2004 and 2008, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australians</a> died from disorders due to alcohol at a rate seven times greater than non-Indigenous Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-ah2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates obtained from police data show 70,000 Australians were the victim of an alcohol-related assault in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-ah2_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has indicated about 10% of police time is devoted to dealing with incidents related to alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-kii_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kii-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an effort to reduce <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">alcohol intoxication</a> by teenagers during <a href="/wiki/Schoolies_week" title="Schoolies week">schoolies week</a> liquor retailers have had to hire extra security staff at popular schoolies locations.<sup id="cite_ref-lsc_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsc-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents supplying alcohol to minors in an unsupervised environment may incur penalties of up to $8,800 in Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-pag_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pag-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solutions_to_binge_drinking">Solutions to binge drinking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Solutions to binge drinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many initiatives, mainly funded by the federal government, to help resolve the binge drinking crisis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drinkwise" title="Drinkwise">Drinkwise</a> is a non-profit organisation founded by the alcohol industry in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dozens of scientists have vowed not to accept their funding as they lack transparency and independence stating in a joint media release Drinkwise "promotes ineffective interventions rather than measures known to be effective that reduce industry profits".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its main focus claims to be help bring about a healthier and safer drinking culture in Australia. Drink Wise provides information for managing teen drinking, binge drinking, <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">drink driving</a>, effects of alcohol on pregnancy and for school leavers. It fights against evidence based policies such as raising the tax on alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tackling Binge Drinking is a government program supported by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a>, which promotes a healthy alcohol culture and addresses the risks of alcohol use in adolescence, mainly surrounding sport.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_Information_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drug Information Association (page does not exist)">DrugInfo</a> is a website run by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Drug_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Drug Foundation">Australian Drug Foundation</a> to raise awareness of harms related to using drugs, including alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_drunkenness">Public drunkenness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Public drunkenness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alcohol_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Alcohol in Australia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> are the only states that still have a specific offence of <a href="/wiki/Public_drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Public drunkenness">public drunkenness</a>, a charge that a royal commission found disproportionately affected Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-VicChange_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VicChange-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the other states and territories, a person must also be behaving in a disorderly or offensive manner to be charged with an offence.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 August 2019, Victoria announced plans to decriminalise public drunkenness and to treat alcohol use disorder as a health issue.<sup id="cite_ref-VicChange_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VicChange-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Victoria being "drunk in a public place" and "drunk and disorderly in a public place"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are separate offences contained in the <i>Summary Offences Act 1966</i> which have their own power of arrest. Recent changes to legislation allow police to issue an infringement notice for these offences<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to the traditional method of charging and bailing the offender to the Magistrates' Court. The current fine attached to the infringement notice is $590 for a first offence and $1,100 for a subsequent offence.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person arrested for being drunk or drunk and disorderly is held at the Melbourne Custody Centre or the cells at a police station or placed in the care of a friend or relative. </p><p>Public drunkenness was decriminalised in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (1979),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Northern Territory, and in South Australia (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New South Wales police have the discretion to issue "on the spot" fines or infringement notices for "drunk in public", a fine that costs the individual over $480 (4 penalty units).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Community Legal Centres across the state complain about these fines and the impact it has had on various vulnerable members of the community, including young people, the homeless and minority groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As an example, a "drunk and disorderly" fine in New South Wales starts at $550.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of February 2009, local councils in New South Wales are not allowed to charge people who drink in alcohol-free zones; they are only permitted to confiscate the alcohol of the intoxicated person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcohol-related_organisations">Alcohol-related organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alcohol-related organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Hotels_Association" title="Australian Hotels Association">Australian Hotels Association</a> represents hoteliers around Australia. It was established in 1839. The <a href="/wiki/Brewers_Association_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewers Association of Australia">Brewers Association of Australia</a> and New Zealand was set up to advocate on behalf of brewers in both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-baabus_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baabus-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Brewers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Brewers Association">Independent Brewers Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drinkwise" title="Drinkwise">Drinkwise</a> is an industry funded organisation that funds alcohol-related research and conducts public education activities. <a href="/wiki/Ocsober" title="Ocsober">Ocsober</a> is an Australian fundraising initiative that encourages people to give up alcohol for the month of October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pub" title="Australian pub">Australian pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_whisky" title="Australian whisky">Australian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australian wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Australia" title="Temperance movement in Australia">Temperance movement in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf">Global status report on alcohol and health</a>. 2011. World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aacall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aacall_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aacall_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aacall_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Davey_&_Nick_Evershed2015" class="citation news cs1">Melissa Davey & Nick Evershed (6 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/06/australians-alcohol-consumption-at-lowest-level-since-1960s">"Australians' alcohol consumption at lowest level since 1960s"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Guardian News and Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Australians%27+alcohol+consumption+at+lowest+level+since+1960s&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft.au=Melissa+Davey+%26+Nick+Evershed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2015%2Fmay%2F06%2Faustralians-alcohol-consumption-at-lowest-level-since-1960s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneysmart.gov.au/managing-your-money/budgeting/spending/australian-spending-habits">"Australian spending habits"</a>. <i>www.moneysmart.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brewers Association of Australia and New Zealand. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brewers.org.au/about-us/">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Brewers+Association+of+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brewers.org.au%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independentbrewers.org.au/">"Home"</a>. <i>Independent Brewers Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Alcohol in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Malaysia" title="Alcohol in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_Zealand" title="Alcohol in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Alcohol in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Somalia" title="Alcohol in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Sudan" title="Alcohol in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking culture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture_of_Korea" title="Drinking culture of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Drinking culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drinks">Alcoholic drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks_in_Canada" title="Alcoholic drinks in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks_in_China" title="Alcoholic drinks in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks_in_Sweden" title="Alcoholic drinks in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Australia" title="Alcohol laws of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_India" title="Alcohol laws of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">Prohibition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_in_Germany" title="Alcohol laws in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption in Russia">Alcohol consumption in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol laws of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States">Alcohol-related traffic crashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">Drunk driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws in USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_open-container_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="United States open-container laws">Open-container laws</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_classification_in_Sweden_and_Finland" title="Beer classification in Sweden and Finland">Sweden and Finland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_recommendations" title="Alcohol consumption recommendations">Alcohol consumption recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Prohibition" title="Template:Prohibition">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_by_country" title="Category:Alcohol by country">Category:Alcohol by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol_in_Oceania108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol_in_Oceania108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Alcohol in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Indonesia" title="Alcohol in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_Zealand" title="Alcohol in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol_prohibition130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prohibition" title="Template:Prohibition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prohibition" title="Template talk:Prohibition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prohibition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prohibition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol_prohibition130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Bangladesh" title="Alcohol in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition#Nordic_countries" title="Prohibition">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Russia / Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment (U.S. Constitution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment (U.S. Constitution)</a></li> <li>Australian prohibition referendums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum">Western Australian, 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_South_Wales_prohibition_referendum" title="1928 New South Wales prohibition referendum">New South Wales, 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1950 Western Australian prohibition referendum">Western Australian, 1950</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Temperance_Society" title="American Temperance Society">American Temperance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Against_the_Prohibition_Amendment" title="Association Against the Prohibition Amendment">Association Against the Prohibition Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Act" title="Blaine Act">Blaine Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Bureau of Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_option" title="Local option">Local option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Pitcher_Club" title="Molly Pitcher Club">Molly Pitcher Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Patrol" title="Rum Patrol">Rum Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_row" title="Rum row">Rum row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_prohibition_referendum,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922">Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(Scotland)_Act_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913">Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Alliance" title="United Kingdom Alliance">United Kingdom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Committee_of_Lawyers" title="Voluntary Committee of Lawyers">Voluntary Committee of Lawyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb%E2%80%93Kenyon_Act" title="Webb–Kenyon Act">Webb–Kenyon Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickersham_Commission" title="Wickersham Commission">Wickersham Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis%E2%80%93Campbell_Act" title="Willis–Campbell Act">Willis–Campbell Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Meir_Allen" title="Martha Meir Allen">Martha Meir Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Anslinger" title="Harry J. Anslinger">Harry J. Anslinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Barker" title="Thomas Holliday Barker">Thomas Holliday Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Duffy" title="Mickey Duffy">Mickey Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxey_Gordon" title="Waxey Gordon">Waxey Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Guinan" title="Texas Guinan">Texas Guinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamer" title="Frank Hamer">Frank Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_N._Howard" title="Clinton N. Howard">Clinton N. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_Johnson" title="Bumpy Johnson">Bumpy Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_L._Johnson" title="Enoch L. Johnson">Enoch L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Richard_Lees" title="Frederic Richard Lees">Frederic Richard Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Maceo" title="Sam Maceo">Sam Maceo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owney_Madden" title="Owney Madden">Owney Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Malins" title="Joseph Malins">Joseph Malins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCoy_(bootlegger)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McCoy (bootlegger)">William McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Moran" title="Bugs Moran">Bugs Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Nation" title="Carrie Nation">Carrie Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Olmstead" title="Roy Olmstead">Roy Olmstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_LaMontages_brothers" title="The LaMontages brothers">The LaMontages brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lanzetta_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lanzetta Brothers">Lanzetta Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Gang" title="The Purple Gang">The Purple Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Remus" title="George Remus">George Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein" title="Arnold Rothstein">Arnold Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hyde_Russell" title="Howard Hyde Russell">Howard Hyde Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Schultz" title="Dutch Schultz">Dutch Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bywater_Smithies" title="Thomas Bywater Smithies">Thomas Bywater Smithies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Thompson" title="Eliza Thompson">Eliza Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_Thompson" title="William Harvey Thompson">William Harvey Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Volstead" title="Andrew Volstead">Andrew Volstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Wheeler" title="Wayne Wheeler">Wayne Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzy_Einstein_and_Moe_Smith" title="Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith">Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Prohibition_Party_(UK)" title="National Prohibition Party (UK)">National Prohibition Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prohibition_Party" title="Scottish Prohibition Party">Scottish Prohibition Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(miniseries)" title="Prohibition (miniseries)"><i>Prohibition</i> (2011 documentary miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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