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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Northern Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ligurian_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligurian_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ligurian Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligurian_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuscan–Emilian_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuscan–Emilian_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Tuscan–Emilian Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuscan–Emilian_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Central Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Umbria-Marche_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umbria-Marche_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Umbria-Marche Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umbria-Marche_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abruzzi_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abruzzi_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Abruzzi Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abruzzi_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Southern Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samnite_and_Campanian_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samnite_and_Campanian_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Samnite and Campanian Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samnite_and_Campanian_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lucan_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucan_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Lucan Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucan_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calabrian_and_Sicilian_Apennines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calabrian_and_Sicilian_Apennines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Calabrian and Sicilian Apennines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calabrian_and_Sicilian_Apennines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vegetative_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetative_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vegetative zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetative_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecoregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Ecoregions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alpine_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpine_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Alpine zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpine_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transhumance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transhumance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transhumance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transhumance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>National parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hydrography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apennine_orogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apennine_orogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Apennine orogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apennine_orogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compressional_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressional_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Compressional zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressional_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensional_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensional_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Extensional zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensional_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability_of_terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_of_terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Stability of terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_of_terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacial_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacial_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Glacial ice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacial_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_peaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_peaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major peaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apennine Mountains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennyne" title="Apennyne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apennyne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennin" title="Apennin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Apennin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أبينيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبينيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenins" title="Apenins – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Apenins" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninos" title="Apeninos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Apeninos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennin_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Apennin dağları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apennin dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Апеннин тауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Апеннин тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Апенінскія горы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апенінскія горы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Апэніны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апэніны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Апенински планини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апенински планини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennino%C3%B9" title="Apenninoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Apenninoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenins" title="Apenins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apenins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appennines" title="Appennines – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Appennines" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeniny" title="Apeniny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apeniny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenninau" title="Apenninau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apenninau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenninerne" title="Appenninerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Appenninerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennin" title="Apennin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apennin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenniinid" title="Apenniinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apenniinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Απέννινα όρη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απέννινα όρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apen%C3%A9n" title="Apenén – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Apenén" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninos" title="Apeninos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apeninos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninoj" title="Apeninoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apeninoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninoak" title="Apeninoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apeninoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کوهستان آپنینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوهستان آپنینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennins" title="Apennins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apennins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninen" title="Apeninen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Apeninen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenins" title="Apenins – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Apenins" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_hAipin%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Na hAipiníní – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na hAipiníní" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninos" title="Apeninos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apeninos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8E%9C%EB%8B%88%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="아펜니노산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아펜니노산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="एपेनाइन पर्वत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एपेनाइन पर्वत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenniny" title="Apenniny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Apenniny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenini" title="Apenini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apenini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenini" title="Apenini – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Apenini" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Apennini" title="Pegunungan Apennini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Apennini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenninos" title="Apenninos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Apenninos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenn%C3%ADnafj%C3%B6ll" title="Appennínafjöll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Appennínafjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appennini" title="Appennini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Appennini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הרי האפנינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי האפנינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="აპენინის მთები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპენინის მთები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Апеннин таулары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Апеннин таулары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenini" title="Apenini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Apenini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Апеннин тоолору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Апеннин тоолору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennins" title="Apennins – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Apennins" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenninus" title="Apenninus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Apenninus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apen%C4%ABni" title="Apenīni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apenīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninai" title="Apeninai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apeninai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenn%C3%ACn" title="Appennìn – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Appennìn" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenniene" title="Apenniene – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Apenniene" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Pennin" title="Mont Pennin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mont Pennin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenninek" title="Appenninek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Appenninek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Апенини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Апенини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="അപെന്നൈൻ പർവതനിരകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപെന്നൈൻ പർവതനിരകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergunungan_Appennino" title="Pergunungan Appennino – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pergunungan Appennino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Апеннины нуруу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Апеннины нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennijnen" title="Apennijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apennijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="アペニン山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アペニン山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeniinen" title="Apeniinen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Apeniinen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenninene" title="Appenninene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Appenninene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appenninane" title="Appenninane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Appenninane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenins" title="Apenins – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apenins" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennin_tog%CA%BBlari" title="Apennin togʻlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Apennin togʻlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C" title="ਐਪਨਾਈਨ ਪਹਾੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਪਨਾਈਨ ਪਹਾੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="اپنائن پہاڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپنائن پہاڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenin" title="Apenin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Apenin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeniny" title="Apeniny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apeniny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeninos" title="Apeninos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apeninos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Apenini" title="Munții Apenini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munții Apenini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Апеннины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апеннины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenninos" title="Apenninos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Apenninos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Muntains" title="Apennine Muntains – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Apennine Muntains" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennin" title="Apennin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Apennin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malet_Apenine" title="Malet Apenine – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Malet Apenine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appinnini" title="Appinnini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Appinnini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apennine Mountains" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeniny" title="Apeniny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apeniny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenini" title="Apenini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apenini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Апенини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апенини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenini" title="Apenini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apenini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenniinit" title="Apenniinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apenniinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenninerna" title="Apenninerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apenninerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabundukang_Apenino" title="Kabundukang Apenino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabundukang Apenino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D" title="அபினைன் மலைத்தொடா் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அபினைன் மலைத்தொடா்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Апеннин таулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Апеннин таулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="เทือกเขาแอเพนไนน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาแอเพนไนน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Апеннин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Апеннин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenin_Da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Apenin Dağları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apenin Dağları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Апенніни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апенніни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="اپنائن پہاڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپنائن پہاڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئاپېنىن تاغ تىزمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاپېنىن تاغ تىزمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenini" title="Apenini – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Apenini" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appennini" title="Appennini – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Appennini" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennynn" title="Apennynn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Apennynn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Apennine" title="Bukid Apennine – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukid Apennine" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%81%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="亚平宁山脉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚平宁山脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%A7%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="亞平寧山脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞平寧山脈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%81%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="亚平宁山脉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚平宁山脉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apenin" title="Apenin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Apenin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apennine_Mountains&params=42_28_9_N_13_33_56_E_type:mountain_region:IT_scale:6000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°28′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°33′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.46917°N 13.56556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.46917; 13.56556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain ranges stretching the length of Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Italian mountain range. For other uses of Apennine, see <a href="/wiki/Apennine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Apennine (disambiguation)">Apennine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pennine_Alps" title="Pennine Alps">Pennine Alps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Apennine Mountains</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia,_il_paretone_nord.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Il_Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia%2C_il_paretone_nord.JPG/288px-Il_Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia%2C_il_paretone_nord.JPG" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Il_Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia%2C_il_paretone_nord.JPG/432px-Il_Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia%2C_il_paretone_nord.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Il_Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia%2C_il_paretone_nord.JPG/576px-Il_Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia%2C_il_paretone_nord.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;"><a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_e_Monti_della_Laga_National_Park" title="Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park">Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a> (Great Horn)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,912 m (9,554 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-otm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" title="List of mountain ranges">List of mountain ranges</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apennine_Mountains&params=42_28_9_N_13_33_56_E_type:mountain_region:IT_scale:6000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°28′9″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°33′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.46917°N 13.56556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.46917; 13.56556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,200 km (750 mi) northwest to southeast</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">250 km (160 mi) southwest to northeast</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Monti Appennini</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_fisica_appennini.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Italia_fisica_appennini.png/288px-Italia_fisica_appennini.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Italia_fisica_appennini.png/432px-Italia_fisica_appennini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Italia_fisica_appennini.png/576px-Italia_fisica_appennini.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="883" /></a></span><div>Relief map of the Apennines</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Italy</li><li>San Marino</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mesozoic for formation of rock,<br /><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> for orogeny</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock type(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Apennine fold and thrust belt</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Apennines</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Apennine Mountains</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AP</span>-ə-nyne</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀπέννινα ὄρη</span> or Ἀπέννινον ὄρος;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Appenninus</i> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Apenninus Mons</i></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>– a singular with plural meaning;<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1879_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1879-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Appennini</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[appenˈniːni]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> consisting of parallel smaller chains extending <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,200 km (750 mi)</span> the length of <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsular</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. In the northwest they join the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Alps" title="Ligurian Alps">Ligurian Alps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Altare" title="Altare">Altare</a>. In the southwest they end at <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a>, the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula. Since 2000 the Environment Ministry of Italy, following the recommendations of the Apennines Park of Europe Project, has defined the Apennines System to include the mountains of north <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, a total distance of <span class="nowrap">1,500 kilometres (930 mi)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gambino-and-Romano_2000-2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gambino-and-Romano_2000-2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system forms an arc enclosing the east of the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian</a> seas. </p><p>The Apennines conserve some intact ecosystems that have survived human intervention. In these are some of the best-preserved forests and <a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">montane grasslands</a> in Europe, now protected by <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">national parks</a> and, within them, a high diversity of flora and fauna. These mountains are one of the last refuges of the big European predators such as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marsican_brown_bear" title="Marsican brown bear">Marsican brown bear</a>, now extinct in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. </p><p>The mountains lend their name to the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennine peninsula">Apennine peninsula</a> that forms the major part of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911161_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911161-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are mostly verdant, although one side of the highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a>, is partially covered by <a href="/wiki/Calderone_glacier" title="Calderone glacier">Calderone glacier</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> in the Apennines.<sup id="cite_ref-P75_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P75-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern slopes down to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> are steep, whilst the western slopes form foothills on which most of the towns of peninsular Italy are located. The mountains tend to be named after the province or provinces in which they are located; for example the Ligurian Apennines are in <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology most frequently repeated, because of its semantic appropriateness, is that it derives from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic</a> <i>penn</i>, 'mountain', 'summit':<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_1879_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_1879-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><i>A-penn-inus</i>,</span> which could have been assigned during the Celtic domination of north Italy in the 4th century BC or before. The name originally applied to the north Apennines. However historical linguists have never found a derivation with which they all agree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911161_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911161-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm Deecke said: <span class="nowrap">"[…] its etymology</span> is doubtful but some derive it from the Ligurian-Celtish <i>Pen</i> or <i>Ben</i>, which means mountain peak."<sup id="cite_ref-Deecke_1904_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deecke_1904-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of place names seem to reflect <i>pen</i>: Penarrig, Penbrynn, Pencoid, Penmon, Pentir, etc. or <i>ben</i>: Beanach, Benmore, Benabuird, Benan, Bencruachan, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one derivation <i>Pen/Ben</i> is cognate with <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i>cenn</i>, 'head', but an original <i>*kwen-</i> would be required, which is typologically not found in languages that feature <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labio-velars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Windisch" title="Ernst Windisch">Windisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Brugmann" title="Karl Brugmann">Brugmann</a> reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> <i>*kwi-</i>, deriving also the Greek <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a> from the same root, but <i>*kwen-</i> < <i>*kwi-</i> is not explained by any rule.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By some, English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pin" class="extiw" title="wikt:pin"><i>pin</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>pen</i> and Latin <i>pinna</i> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penna" class="extiw" title="wikt:penna"><i>penna</i></a>, 'feather' (in the sense of the horn of the quill),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been connected to the name. This view has the word originating in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> inconsistently with the theory of the northern origin. None of these derivations is accepted unquestionably. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_middle_bronze_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_middle_bronze_age.png/185px-Europe_middle_bronze_age.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_middle_bronze_age.png/278px-Europe_middle_bronze_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Europe_middle_bronze_age.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Western Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Middle Bronze Age</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a> is in blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">technology complex</a> in central and southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> from the Italian <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy#Bronze_Age" title="Prehistoric Italy">Middle Bronze Age</a> (15th–14th centuries BC).<sup id="cite_ref-coles165_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coles165-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-20th century the Apennine was divided into Proto-, Early, Middle and Late <span class="nowrap">sub- phases<sup id="cite_ref-coles165_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coles165-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>, but now archaeologists prefer to consider as "Apennine" only the ornamental pottery style of the later phase of Middle Bronze Age (BM3). </p><p>This phase is preceded by the Grotta Nuova facies (central Italy) and by the Protoapennine B facies (southern Italy) and succeeded by the Subapennine facies of 13th-century ("Bronzo Recente"). Apennine pottery is a burnished ware incised with spirals, meanders and geometrical zones, filled with dots or transverse dashes. It has been found on <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> island in association with <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period#Late_Helladic_(LH)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">LHII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period#Late_Helladic_(LH)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">LHIII</a> pottery and on <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> in association with LHIIIA pottery, which associations date it to the Late Bronze Age as it is defined in Greece and the Aegean.<sup id="cite_ref-CAH720_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH720-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of the Apennine culture were alpine cattle herdsmen grazing their animals over the meadows and groves of mountainous central Italy. They lived in small hamlets located in defensible places. On the move between summer pastures they built temporary camps or lived in caves and rock shelters.<sup id="cite_ref-CAH720_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH720-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their range was not necessarily confined to the hills; their pottery has been found on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> in Rome as well as on the islands mentioned above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdivision_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_Apennins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Subdivision_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_Apennins.png/220px-Subdivision_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_Apennins.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Subdivision_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_Apennins.png/330px-Subdivision_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_Apennins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Subdivision_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_Apennins.png/440px-Subdivision_de_la_Cha%C3%AEne_des_Apennins.png 2x" data-file-width="6001" data-file-height="5252" /></a><figcaption>Orographic and hydrographic map of the Apennines</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apennines are divided into three sectors: northern (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino settentrionale</i></span>), central (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino centrale</i></span>), and <span class="nowrap">southern (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino meridionale</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p>A number of long hiking trails wind through the Apennines. Of note is <a href="/wiki/European_walking_route_E1" class="mw-redirect" title="European walking route E1">European walking route E1</a> coming from northern Europe and traversing the lengths of the northern and central Apennines. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Italian_Trail" title="Grand Italian Trail">Grand Italian Trail</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and after winding through the Alpine arc traverses the entire Apennine system, Sicily and Sardinia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Apennines">Northern Apennines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Northern Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northern Apennines consist of three <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subchain" class="extiw" title="wikt:subchain">subchains</a>: the Ligurian (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino ligure</i></span>), Tuscan-Emilian (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino tosco-emiliano</i></span>), and Umbrian Apennines (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino umbro</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MW_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ligurian_Apennines">Ligurian Apennines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ligurian Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20170801_Panorama_dalla_chiesa_del_passo_Cisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20170801_Panorama_dalla_chiesa_del_passo_Cisa.jpg/220px-20170801_Panorama_dalla_chiesa_del_passo_Cisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20170801_Panorama_dalla_chiesa_del_passo_Cisa.jpg/330px-20170801_Panorama_dalla_chiesa_del_passo_Cisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20170801_Panorama_dalla_chiesa_del_passo_Cisa.jpg/440px-20170801_Panorama_dalla_chiesa_del_passo_Cisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cisa_Pass" title="Cisa Pass">La Cisa pass</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ligurian Apennines border the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa" title="Gulf of Genoa">Gulf of Genoa</a>, from about <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a> below the upper <a href="/wiki/Bormida_(river)" title="Bormida (river)">Bormida</a> River valley to about <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cisa_Pass" title="Cisa Pass">La Cisa pass</a>) below the upper <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Magra</a> River valley. The range follows the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa" title="Gulf of Genoa">Gulf of Genoa</a> separating it from the upper <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>. The northwestern border follows the line of the Bormida River to <a href="/wiki/Acqui_Terme" title="Acqui Terme">Acqui Terme</a>. There the river continues northeast to <a href="/wiki/Alessandria" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, but the mountains bend away to the southeast. </p><p>The upper Bormida can be reached by a number of roads proceeding inland at a right angle to the coast southwest of <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>, the chief one being the Autostrada Torino-Savona. They ascend to the Bocchetta di <a href="/wiki/Altare" title="Altare">Altare</a>, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Colle_di_Cadibona" title="Colle di Cadibona">Colle di Cadibona</a>, 436 m (1,430 ft), the border between the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Alps" title="Ligurian Alps">Ligurian Alps</a> along the coast to the west and the Ligurian Apennines. A bronze plaque fixed to a stone marks the top of the pass. In the vicinity are fragments of the old road and three ruins of former fortifications. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valle_Trebbia-(scaled-and-sharpened).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valle_Trebbia-%28scaled-and-sharpened%29.jpg/220px-Valle_Trebbia-%28scaled-and-sharpened%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valle_Trebbia-%28scaled-and-sharpened%29.jpg/330px-Valle_Trebbia-%28scaled-and-sharpened%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valle_Trebbia-%28scaled-and-sharpened%29.jpg/440px-Valle_Trebbia-%28scaled-and-sharpened%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trebbia" title="Trebbia">Trebbia</a> river</figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Carcare" title="Carcare">Carcare</a>, the main roads connect with the upper Bormida valley (Bormida di Mallare) before turning west. The <a href="/wiki/Scrivia" title="Scrivia">Scrivia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trebbia" title="Trebbia">Trebbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taro_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro River">Taro</a>, tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a>, drain the northeast slopes. The range contains dozens of peaks. Toward the southern end the <a href="/wiki/Aveto_Natural_Regional_Park" title="Aveto Natural Regional Park">Aveto Natural Regional Park</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Monte_Penna" title="Monte Penna">Monte Penna</a>. Nearby is the highest point of Ligurian Apennines, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Maggiorasca" title="Monte Maggiorasca">Monte Maggiorasca</a> at 1,800 m (5,900 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-MW_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main and only feasible overland route connecting the coastal plain of Liguria to the north Italian plain runs through Bocchetta di Altare. It has always been of strategic importance. Defenders of north Italy have had to control it since ancient times, as the various fortifications placed there testify. <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a>, the state railway system, highly developed on the coastal plain, now traverses the mountains routinely through a number of railway tunnels, such as the one at <a href="/wiki/Giovi_Pass" title="Giovi Pass">Giovi Pass</a>. </p><p>The southeastern border of the Ligurian Apennines is the Fiume <a href="/wiki/Magra" title="Magra">Magra</a>, which projects into the Tyrrhenian Sea south of <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, and the Fiume <a href="/wiki/Taro_(river)" title="Taro (river)">Taro</a>, which runs in the opposite direction to join the Po. The divide between the two upper river valleys is the <a href="/wiki/Cisa_Pass" title="Cisa Pass">Cisa Pass</a>. Under it (in two tunnels) runs the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A15_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A15 (Italy)">Autostrada della Cisa</a> between Spezia and <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuscan–Emilian_Apennines"><span id="Tuscan.E2.80.93Emilian_Apennines"></span>Tuscan–Emilian Apennines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tuscan–Emilian Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonteCimone3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MonteCimone3.jpg/220px-MonteCimone3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MonteCimone3.jpg/330px-MonteCimone3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MonteCimone3.jpg/440px-MonteCimone3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cimone" title="Monte Cimone">Monte Cimone</a> (2,165 m or 7,103 ft), in <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Romagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia Romagna">Emilia Romagna</a>, is the highest mountain of the northern Apennines.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_altissimo_delle_apuane,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monte_altissimo_delle_apuane%2C_01.JPG/220px-Monte_altissimo_delle_apuane%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monte_altissimo_delle_apuane%2C_01.JPG/330px-Monte_altissimo_delle_apuane%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monte_altissimo_delle_apuane%2C_01.JPG/440px-Monte_altissimo_delle_apuane%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apuan_Alps" title="Apuan Alps">Apuan Alps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting at <a href="/wiki/Cisa_Pass" title="Cisa Pass">Cisa Pass</a>, the mountain chain turns further to the southeast, to cross the peninsula along the border between the <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> regions. They are named the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines west of the <a href="/wiki/Futa_Pass" title="Futa Pass">Futa Pass</a> and the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines east of it, or just the Tuscan Apennines.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They extend to the upper <a href="/wiki/Tiber_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber River</a>. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cimone" title="Monte Cimone">Monte Cimone</a> at 2,165 m (7,103 ft). </p><p>A separate branch, the <a href="/wiki/Apuan_Alps" title="Apuan Alps">Apuan Alps</a>, goes southwest, bordering the coast south of <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>. Whether they are to be considered part of the Apennines is a matter of opinion; certainly, they are part of the Apennine System. Topographically only the valley of the River <a href="/wiki/Serchio" title="Serchio">Serchio</a>, which running parallel to the coast turns and exits into the Tyrrhenian Sea north of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, separates the Apuan Alps from the Apennines; geologically the rock is of a slightly different composition, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>. The Roman marble industry was centered at <a href="/wiki/Luna_(Etruria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna (Etruria)">Luna</a>, and is now active in <a href="/wiki/Carrara" title="Carrara">Carrara</a>. </p><p>As the Tuscan Apennines divide the peninsula between the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> and the plains and hills of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, transportation over them has been used to achieve political and economic unity. Historically the Romans used the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>. The montane distance between <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> is shorter, but exploitation of it required the conquest of more rugged terrain, which was not feasible for the ancients. Railway lines were constructed over the mountains in the early 19th century but they were of low capacity and unimprovable. </p><p>Since 1856, a series of tunnels have been constructed to conduct "the Bologna-Florence rail line", which is neither a single line nor a single tunnel. The Porrettana Line went into service in 1864, the Direttissima in 1934 and the High Speed in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few dozen tunnels support the three of them, the longest on the High-Speed Line being the Voglia Tunnel at 16.757 km (10.412 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest is on the Direttissima, the Great Apennine Tunnel, which at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 miles) is the longest entirely within Italy, although the <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Tunnel" title="Simplon Tunnel">Simplon Tunnel</a>, which connects Italy and Switzerland, is longer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automobile traffic is carried by the Autostrada del Sole, Route A1, which goes through numerous shorter tunnels, bypassing an old road, originally Roman, through Futa Pass. In December 2015, a new Route A1 called <a href="/wiki/Variante_di_Valico" title="Variante di Valico">Variante di Valico</a> was opened after many years of construction consisting of major tunnels (the longest being the new 8.6-kilometre (5.3-mile) 'Tunel Base') and new overpasses, shortening the traveling time between Florence and Bologna by road. The <a href="/wiki/Foreste_Casentinesi,_Monte_Falterona,_Campigna_National_Park" title="Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park">Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park</a> is in the southern part of the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines. The southern limit of the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bocca_Serriola_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bocca Serriola Pass (page does not exist)">Bocca Serriola Pass</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, which links <a href="/wiki/Fano" title="Fano">Fano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_Castello" title="Città di Castello">Città di Castello</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonna_tevere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Colonna_tevere.jpg/170px-Colonna_tevere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Colonna_tevere.jpg/255px-Colonna_tevere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Colonna_tevere.jpg/340px-Colonna_tevere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Source of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> river at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fumaiolo" title="Mount Fumaiolo">Mount Fumaiolo</a>, marked by a column with an eagle and wolves, part of the Apennine fauna and symbols of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The inscription reads: "Here the river sacred to the destinies of Rome is born."</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tiber_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> flows from <a href="/wiki/Monte_Fumaiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Fumaiolo">Monte Fumaiolo</a> in the Tuscan-Romagnol Apennine from northeast to southwest, projecting into the Tyrrhenian Sea at right angles to the shore. The upper Tiber, however, flows from northwest to southeast, gradually turning through one right angle clockwise. The northern <a href="/wiki/Tiber_Valley" title="Tiber Valley">Tiber Valley</a> is deep and separates the Apennines on the left bank from a lesser range, the Tuscan <a href="#Anti-Apennines">Anti-Apennines</a> (Sub-Apennines) on its right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Apennines">Central Apennines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apennine System forms an irregular arc with centers of curvature located in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The northern and southern segments comprise parallel chains that can be viewed as single overall mountain ridges, such as the Ligurian Mountains. The center, being thicker and more complex, is geologically divided into an inner and an outer arc with regard to the centers of curvature. The geologic definition, however, is not the same as the geographic. </p><p>Based on rock type and orogenic incidents, the northern segment of the arc is divided into the Outer Northern Apennines (ONA) and the Inner Northern Apennines (INA).<sup id="cite_ref-Barchi2001_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barchi2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Apennines are divided into the Umbrian–Marchean (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino umbro-marchigiano</i></span>) or Roman Apennines in the north and the Abruzzi Apennines (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino abruzzese</i></span>) in the south. It extends from Bocca Serriola pass in the north to Forlì pass in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Umbria-Marche_Apennines">Umbria-Marche Apennines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Umbria-Marche Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sperone_di_Monte_Pizzo_-_Monte_Priora_Nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sperone_di_Monte_Pizzo_-_Monte_Priora_Nord.jpg/220px-Sperone_di_Monte_Pizzo_-_Monte_Priora_Nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sperone_di_Monte_Pizzo_-_Monte_Priora_Nord.jpg/330px-Sperone_di_Monte_Pizzo_-_Monte_Priora_Nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sperone_di_Monte_Pizzo_-_Monte_Priora_Nord.jpg/440px-Sperone_di_Monte_Pizzo_-_Monte_Priora_Nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sibillini_Mountains" title="Sibillini Mountains">Sibillini Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The west border of the Umbria-Marche Apennines (or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Appennino umbro-marchigiano</i></span>)) runs through <a href="/wiki/Cagli" title="Cagli">Cagli</a>. They extend south to the <a href="/wiki/Tronto" title="Tronto">Tronto</a> River, the south border of the ONA. The highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Vettore" title="Monte Vettore">Monte Vettore</a>, at 2,478 m (8,130 ft), is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sibillini_Mounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibillini Mounts">Monti Sibillini</a>, incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_dei_Monti_Sibillini" class="mw-redirect" title="Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini">Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini</a>. Further north is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parco_naturale_regionale_della_Gola_della_Rossa_e_di_Frasassi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parco naturale regionale della Gola della Rossa e di Frasassi (page does not exist)">parco naturale regionale della Gola della Rossa e di Frasassi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/parco_naturale_regionale_della_Gola_della_Rossa_e_di_Frasassi" class="extiw" title="it:parco naturale regionale della Gola della Rossa e di Frasassi">it</a>]</span>, in which are the Gola della Rossa ("Red Gorge") and <a href="/wiki/Frasassi_Caves" title="Frasassi Caves">Frasassi Caves</a>. Still further north is Parco Sasso Simone e Simoncello.<sup id="cite_ref-PI_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PI-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian Park Service calls it the "green heart" of Italy. The region is heavily <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forested</a>, such as the Riserva Naturale Statale Gola del Furlo, where <a href="/wiki/Furlo_Pass" title="Furlo Pass">Furlo Pass</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a> is located. Both the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> and the Romans constructed tunnels here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abruzzi_Apennines">Abruzzi Apennines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abruzzi Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucche_al_pascolo_sotto_il_Corno_Grande_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mucche_al_pascolo_sotto_il_Corno_Grande_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Mucche_al_pascolo_sotto_il_Corno_Grande_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mucche_al_pascolo_sotto_il_Corno_Grande_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Mucche_al_pascolo_sotto_il_Corno_Grande_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mucche_al_pascolo_sotto_il_Corno_Grande_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Mucche_al_pascolo_sotto_il_Corno_Grande_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Sasso">Gran Sasso</a> mountain and <a href="/wiki/Campo_Imperatore" title="Campo Imperatore">Campo Imperatore</a> plateau</figcaption></figure> <p>The Abruzzi Apennines, located in <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, contain the highest peaks and most rugged terrain of the Apennines. They are known in history as the territory of the Italic peoples first defeated by the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Coincidentally they exist in three parallel folds or chains surviving from the <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These extend in a northwest–southeast direction from the <a href="/wiki/Tronto" title="Tronto">River Tronto</a> to the River <a href="/wiki/Sangro" title="Sangro">Sangro</a>, which drain into the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>. The coastal hills of the east extend between <a href="/wiki/San_Benedetto_del_Tronto" title="San Benedetto del Tronto">San Benedetto del Tronto</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Torino_di_Sangro" title="Torino di Sangro">Torino di Sangro</a> in the south. </p><p>The eastern chain consists mainly of the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Monti_Sibillini" class="mw-redirect" title="Monti Sibillini">Monti Sibillini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Laga" title="Monti della Laga">Monti della Laga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia" title="Gran Sasso d'Italia">Gran Sasso d'Italia</a> Massif and the <a href="/wiki/Majella" class="mw-redirect" title="Majella">Majella</a> Massif. Among them are two national parks: <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_e_Monti_della_Laga_National_Park" title="Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park">Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majella_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Majella National Park">Majella National Park</a>; and the Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini. Gran Sasso contains <a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a>, the highest peak of the Apennines (2912 m). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majella001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Majella001.jpg/220px-Majella001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Majella001.jpg/330px-Majella001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Majella001.jpg/440px-Majella001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Majella" class="mw-redirect" title="Majella">Majella</a> massif</figcaption></figure> <p>Other features between the western and central ranges are the plain of <a href="/wiki/Rieti" title="Rieti">Rieti</a>, the valley of the Salto, and the <a href="/wiki/Fucine_Lake" title="Fucine Lake">Lago Fucino</a>; while between the central and eastern ranges are the valleys of <a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">Aquila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>. The chief rivers on the west are the <a href="/wiki/Nera_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nera (Italy)">Nera</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> the Velino and Salto, and the <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Aniene</a>, both of which fall into the Tiber. On the east there is at first a succession of small rivers which flow into the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>, from which the highest points of the chain are some 20<span class="nowrap"> </span>km distant, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tronto" title="Tronto">Tronto</a>, Tordino, Vomano and others. The <a href="/wiki/Pescara_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescara river">Pescara</a>, which receives the <a href="/wiki/Aterno-Pescara" title="Aterno-Pescara">Aterno</a> from the north-west and the Gizio from the south-east, is more important; and so is the <a href="/wiki/Sangro" title="Sangro">Sangro</a>. </p><p>The central Apennines are crossed by the railway from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a> via <a href="/wiki/Avezzano" title="Avezzano">Avezzano</a> and Sulmona: the railway from <a href="/wiki/Orte" title="Orte">Orte</a> to <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a> (and thence to <a href="/wiki/Foligno" title="Foligno">Foligno</a>) follows the Nera valley; while from Terni a line ascends to the plain of Rieti, and thence crosses the central chain to Aquila, whence it follows the valley of the Aterno to Sulmona. In ancient times the <a href="/wiki/Via_Salaria" title="Via Salaria">Via Salaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Caecilia" title="Via Caecilia">Via Caecilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Tiburtina" title="Via Tiburtina">Via Tiburtina</a> all ran from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic coast">Adriatic coast</a>. The volcanic mountains of the province of Rome are separated from the Apennines by the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> valley, and the <a href="/wiki/Monti_Lepini" title="Monti Lepini">Monti Lepini</a>, part of the Volscian chain, by the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Sacco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacco River">Sacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liri" title="Liri">Liri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Apennines">Southern Apennines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samnite_and_Campanian_Apennines">Samnite and Campanian Apennines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Samnite and Campanian Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monti_Picentini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monti_Picentini.jpg/220px-Monti_Picentini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monti_Picentini.jpg/330px-Monti_Picentini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Monti_Picentini.jpg/440px-Monti_Picentini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monti_Picentini" title="Monti Picentini">Monti Picentini</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> Apennines</figcaption></figure> <p>In the southern Apennines, to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Sangro" title="Sangro">Sangro</a> valley, the three parallel chains are broken up into smaller groups; among them may be named the <a href="/wiki/Matese" title="Matese">Matese</a>, the highest point of which is the Monte Miletto 2,050 metres (6,725 ft). The chief rivers on the south-west are the <a href="/wiki/Liri" title="Liri">Liri</a> or <a href="/wiki/Garigliano" title="Garigliano">Garigliano</a> with its tributary the Sacco, the <a href="/wiki/Volturno" title="Volturno">Volturno</a>, Sebeto, Sarno, on the north the Trigno, Biferno and <a href="/wiki/Fortore" title="Fortore">Fortore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daunian_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Daunian mountains">Daunian mountains</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, are connected with the Apennine range, and so are <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a> mounts on the west. On the converse the promontory of <a href="/wiki/Gargano" title="Gargano">Mount Gargano</a>, on the east, is completely isolated, and so are the <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. The district is traversed from north-west to south-east by the railway from <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a> to <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Avellino" title="Avellino">Avellino</a>, and from south-west to northeast by the railways from Caianello via Isernia to <a href="/wiki/Campobasso" title="Campobasso">Campobasso</a> and Termoli, from Caserta to Benevento and Foggia, and from <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Inferiore" title="Nocera Inferiore">Nocera Inferiore</a> and Avellino to Rocchetta Sant'Antonio, the junction for Foggia, Spinazzola (for Barletta, Bari, and <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>) and Potenza. Roman roads followed the same lines as the railways: the <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">Via Appia</a> ran from <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> to Benevento, whence the older road went to Venosa and Taranto and so to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana" title="Via Traiana">Via Traiana</a> ran nearly to <a href="/wiki/Troia,_Apulia" title="Troia, Apulia">Troia</a> (near Foggia) and thence to Bari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lucan_Apennines">Lucan Apennines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lucan Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Pollino_(P.N.P.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Monte_Pollino_%28P.N.P.%29.jpg/220px-Monte_Pollino_%28P.N.P.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Monte_Pollino_%28P.N.P.%29.jpg/330px-Monte_Pollino_%28P.N.P.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Monte_Pollino_%28P.N.P.%29.jpg/440px-Monte_Pollino_%28P.N.P.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Pollino</a> massif</figcaption></figure> <p>The valley of the <a href="/wiki/Ofanto" title="Ofanto">Ofanto</a>, which runs into the Adriatic close to <a href="/wiki/Barletta" title="Barletta">Barletta</a>, marks the northern termination of the first range of the Lucanian Apennines (now <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>), which runs from east to west, while south of the valleys of the Sele (on the west) and <a href="/wiki/Basento" title="Basento">Basento</a> (on the east)—which form the line followed by the railway from Battipaglia via <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potenza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Metaponto" title="Metaponto">Metaponto</a>—the second range begins to run due north and south as far as the plain of <a href="/wiki/Sibari" title="Sibari">Sibari</a>. The highest point is the Monte <a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Pollino</a> 2,233 metres (7,325 ft). The chief rivers are the Sele—joined by the Negro and Calore—on the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Bradano" title="Bradano">Bradano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basento" title="Basento">Basento</a>, Agri, Sinni on the east, which flow into the gulf of Taranto; to the south of the last-named river there are only unimportant streams flowing into the sea east and west, inasmuch as here the width of the peninsula diminishes to some 64 kilometres (40 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a> mountain range is the western part of the Lucan Appennines, as the <a href="/wiki/Alburni" title="Alburni">Alburni</a> and Eremita-Marzano mounts, part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">province of Salerno</a>; Mount Cervati (1899 m) is the highest of this area.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calabrian_and_Sicilian_Apennines">Calabrian and Sicilian Apennines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Calabrian and Sicilian Apennines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roccia_Centrale_del_latte_(Roghudi_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roccia_Centrale_del_latte_%28Roghudi_2020%29.jpg/220px-Roccia_Centrale_del_latte_%28Roghudi_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roccia_Centrale_del_latte_%28Roghudi_2020%29.jpg/330px-Roccia_Centrale_del_latte_%28Roghudi_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roccia_Centrale_del_latte_%28Roghudi_2020%29.jpg/440px-Roccia_Centrale_del_latte_%28Roghudi_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The railway running south from Sicignano to Lagonegro, ascending the valley of the Negro, is planned to extend to Cosenza, along the line followed by the ancient Via Popilia, which beyond Cosenza reached the west coast at Terina and thence followed it to Reggio. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Herculia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Herculia (page does not exist)">Via Herculia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Herculia" class="extiw" title="it:Via Herculia">it</a>]</span>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana" title="Via Traiana">Via Traiana</a>, ran from <a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a> to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Nerulum" title="Nerulum">Nerulum</a>. At the narrowest point the plain of Sibari, through which the rivers Coscile and Crati flow to the sea, occurs on the east coast, extending halfway across the peninsula. Here the limestone Apennines proper cease and the granite mountains of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> begin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first group extends as far as the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> formed by the gulfs of South Eufemia and Squillace; it is known as the Sila, and the highest point reached is 1,930 metres (6,330 ft) (the <a href="/wiki/Botte_Donato" title="Botte Donato">Botte Donato</a>). The forests which covered it in ancient times supplied the Greeks and Sicilians with timber for shipbuilding. The railway from South Eufemia to <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> and Catanzaro Marina crosses the isthmus, and an ancient road may have run from Squillace to Monteleone. The second group extends to the south end of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a> (1,960 metres (6,420 ft)) to the east of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a>. In both groups the rivers are quite unimportant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the Calabrian southern Apennine Mountains extend along the northern coast of Sicily (the Sicilian Apennines, Italian <i>Appennino siculo</i>)—<a href="/wiki/Pizzo_Carbonara" title="Pizzo Carbonara">Pizzo Carbonara</a> (6,493 feet (1,979 m)) being the highest peak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetative_zones">Vegetative zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vegetative zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ecoregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonteCimone1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MonteCimone1.jpg/220px-MonteCimone1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MonteCimone1.jpg/330px-MonteCimone1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MonteCimone1.jpg/440px-MonteCimone1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apennine_deciduous_montane_forests" title="Apennine deciduous montane forests">Apennine deciduous montane forests</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cimone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Cimone">Mount Cimone</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>north and central: <a href="/wiki/Apennine_deciduous_montane_forests" title="Apennine deciduous montane forests">Apennine deciduous montane forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>)</li> <li>north through south: <a href="/wiki/Italian_sclerophyllous_and_semi-deciduous_forests" title="Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests">Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> biome)</li> <li>south: <a href="/wiki/South_Apennine_mixed_montane_forests" title="South Apennine mixed montane forests">South Apennine mixed montane forests</a> (also a Mediterranean biome)</li></ul> <p>The number of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species in the Apennines has been estimated at 5,599. Of these, 728 (23.6%) are in the treeline <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form" title="Raunkiær plant life-form">Hemicryptophytes</a> predominate in the entire Apennine chain.<sup id="cite_ref-P79_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P79-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alpine_zone">Alpine zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alpine zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a> is mainly <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a> biome; with Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub below it. The tree line in the Apennines can be found in the range 1,600 m (5,200 ft) to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-P73_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P73-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 5% of the map area covered by the Apennines is at or above the tree line—or in the treeline ecotone. The <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">snow line</a> is at about 3,200 m (10,500 ft), leaving the Apennines below it, except for the one remaining glacier. Snow may fall from October to May. Rainfall increases with latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-P75_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P75-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range's climates, depending on elevation and latitude, are the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orso_bruno_marsicano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Orso_bruno_marsicano.jpg/220px-Orso_bruno_marsicano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Orso_bruno_marsicano.jpg/330px-Orso_bruno_marsicano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Orso_bruno_marsicano.jpg/440px-Orso_bruno_marsicano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marsican_brown_bear" title="Marsican brown bear">Marsican brown bear</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png/220px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png/330px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png/440px-La_bellezza_dei_lupi_Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo_l%27Aquila_Italy_11.png 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> pack</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benny_Trapp_Bombina_variegata_pachypus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Benny_Trapp_Bombina_variegata_pachypus.jpg/220px-Benny_Trapp_Bombina_variegata_pachypus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Benny_Trapp_Bombina_variegata_pachypus.jpg/330px-Benny_Trapp_Bombina_variegata_pachypus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Benny_Trapp_Bombina_variegata_pachypus.jpg/440px-Benny_Trapp_Bombina_variegata_pachypus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apennine_yellow-bellied_toad" title="Apennine yellow-bellied toad">Apennine yellow-bellied toad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barsche_im_See_(Jungfische).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Barsche_im_See_%28Jungfische%29.jpg/220px-Barsche_im_See_%28Jungfische%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Barsche_im_See_%28Jungfische%29.jpg/330px-Barsche_im_See_%28Jungfische%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Barsche_im_See_%28Jungfische%29.jpg/440px-Barsche_im_See_%28Jungfische%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_perch" title="European perch">European perch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mammal fauna<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian wolves">Italian wolves</a> (endemic), <a href="/wiki/Corsican_hare" title="Corsican hare">Corsican hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Badgers">badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weasels" class="mw-redirect" title="Weasels">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmots" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmots">marmots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_shrew" title="Etruscan shrew">Etruscan shrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crested_porcupine" title="Crested porcupine">Crested porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_snow_vole" title="European snow vole">European snow vole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apennine_shrew" title="Apennine shrew">Apennine shrews</a> (endemic), <a href="/wiki/Marsican_brown_bear" title="Marsican brown bear">Marsican brown bears</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_mouflon" title="European mouflon">European mouflon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois</a>. </p><p>There are also numerous birds<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bonelli%27s_eagle" title="Bonelli's eagle">Bonelli's eagle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_goshawk" title="Eurasian goshawk">Eurasian goshawk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_roller" title="European roller">European roller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White-backed_woodpecker" title="White-backed woodpecker">White-backed woodpecker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_green_woodpecker" title="European green woodpecker">European green woodpecker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_chough" title="Alpine chough">Alpine chough</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_vulture" title="Egyptian vulture">Egyptian vulture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_nightjar" title="European nightjar">European nightjar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_sparrow" title="Italian sparrow">Italian sparrow</a> (endemic) and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle-owl</a> </p><p>There are also numerous amphibians<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_yellow-bellied_toad" title="Apennine yellow-bellied toad">Apennine yellow-bellied toad</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_cave_salamander" title="Italian cave salamander">Italian cave salamander</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_newt" title="Italian newt">Italian newt</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_stream_frog" title="Italian stream frog">Italian stream frog</a> (endemic) and the <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_salamander" title="Spectacled salamander">Spectacled salamander</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Italian_tree_frog" title="Italian tree frog">Italian tree frog</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Agile_frog" title="Agile frog">Agile frog</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_edible_frog" title="Italian edible frog">Italian edible frog</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Common_toad" title="Common toad">Common toad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_green_toad" title="Balearic green toad">Balearic green toad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_spectacled_salamander" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern spectacled salamander">Northern spectacled salamander</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Fire_salamander" title="Fire salamander">Fire salamander</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_newt" title="Smooth newt">Smooth newt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_newt" title="Alpine newt">Alpine newt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_crested_newt" title="Italian crested newt">Italian crested newt</a>. </p><p>The reptile<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fauna is mainly composed of suc as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Aesculapian_snake" title="Italian Aesculapian snake">Italian Aesculapian snake</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Dice_snake" title="Dice snake">Dice snake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_whip_snake" title="Green whip snake">Green whip snake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aesculapian_snake" title="Aesculapian snake">Aesculapian snake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smooth_snake" title="Smooth snake">Smooth snake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vipera_ursinii" title="Vipera ursinii">Vipera ursinii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vipera_aspis" title="Vipera aspis">Vipera aspis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wall_lizard" title="Italian wall lizard">Italian wall lizard</a> (endemic), the <a href="/wiki/Podarcis_muralis" title="Podarcis muralis">Podarcis muralis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_green_lizard" title="European green lizard">European green lizard</a>. </p><p>Notable Apennine freshwater fishes are the <a href="/wiki/Brook_lamprey" title="Brook lamprey">Brook lamprey</a> (endemic), <a href="/wiki/Lombardy_lamprey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy lamprey">Lombardy lamprey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_bleak" title="Italian bleak">Italian bleak</a> (endemic), <a href="/wiki/Horse_barbel" title="Horse barbel">Horse barbel</a> (endemic), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian carp">Eurasian carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scardinius_scardafa" title="Scardinius scardafa">Scardola scardafa</a> (endemic), <a href="/wiki/European_perch" title="European perch">European perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squalius_squalus" title="Squalius squalus">Chubius Chub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tench" title="Tench">Tench</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">Northern pike</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolf</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a> of Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_birds" title="List of national birds">national bird</a> of the country is the <a href="/wiki/Italian_sparrow" title="Italian sparrow">Italian sparrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for this choice are related to the fact that the Italian wolf, which inhabits the Apennine Mountains and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Alps" title="Western Alps">Western Alps</a>, features prominently in Latin and Italian cultures, such as in the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transhumance">Transhumance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transhumance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela_in_Ariano_Irpino,_loc._Camporeale.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela_in_Ariano_Irpino%2C_loc._Camporeale.jpeg/220px-Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela_in_Ariano_Irpino%2C_loc._Camporeale.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela_in_Ariano_Irpino%2C_loc._Camporeale.jpeg/330px-Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela_in_Ariano_Irpino%2C_loc._Camporeale.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela_in_Ariano_Irpino%2C_loc._Camporeale.jpeg/440px-Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela_in_Ariano_Irpino%2C_loc._Camporeale.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sheep-track near to <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Irpino" title="Ariano Irpino">Ariano Irpino</a>, Campanian Apennine</figcaption></figure> <p>In Italy the <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> took place mainly starting from the Abruzzi Apennines, moving both towards the Tuscan and Lazio <a href="/wiki/Maremma" title="Maremma">Maremma</a> and above all towards the <a href="/wiki/Tavoliere_delle_Puglie" title="Tavoliere delle Puglie">Tavoliere delle Puglie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apennines are to some extent covered with forests, though these were probably more extensive in classical times (<a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> mentions especially <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> woods, <i>Hist. Nat</i>. xvi. 177); they have indeed been greatly reduced in comparatively modern times by indiscriminate timber-felling, and though serious attempts at <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> have been made by the government, much remains to be done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They also furnish considerable summer pastures, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abruzzi">Abruzzi</a>: Pliny (<i>Hist. Nat</i>. xi. 240) praises the cheese of the Apennines. In the forests <a href="/wiki/Italian_wolf" title="Italian wolf">Italian wolves</a> were frequent, and still are found, the flocks being protected against them by large sheep-dogs; <a href="/wiki/Marsican_brown_bear" title="Marsican brown bear">Marsican brown bears</a>, however, which were known in Roman times, have almost entirely disappeared. Nor are the wild goats called <i>rotae</i>, spoken of by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> (<i>Rerum rusticarum</i> II. i. 5), which may have been either <a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steinbock" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinbock">steinbock</a>, to be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brigandage appears to have been prevalent in Roman times in the more remote parts of the Apennines, as it was until recently. An inscription found near the Furlo pass was set up in AD 246 by an <i>evocatus Augusti</i> (a member of a picked corps) on special police duty with a detachment of twenty men from the Ravenna fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snow lies on the highest peaks of the Apennines for almost the whole year. The range produces no minerals, but there are a considerable number of good <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">mineral springs</a>, some of which are thermal (such as <a href="/wiki/Bagni_di_Lucca" title="Bagni di Lucca">Bagni di Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montecatini_Terme" title="Montecatini Terme">Montecatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsummano" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsummano">Monsummano</a>, Porretta, Telese), while others are cool (such as Nocera, <a href="/wiki/San_Gemini" title="San Gemini">Sangemini</a>, Cinciano), the water of which is both drunk on the spot and sold as table water elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks">National parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monti_Della_Laga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monti_Della_Laga.jpg/220px-Monti_Della_Laga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monti_Della_Laga.jpg/330px-Monti_Della_Laga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Monti_Della_Laga.jpg/440px-Monti_Della_Laga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo,_Lazio_and_Molise_National_Park" title="Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park">Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">Italian national park</a> in the Apennine Mountains and the second oldest in Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apennines are home to twelve <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">Italian national parks</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Appennino_Tosco-Emiliano_National_Park" title="Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park">Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foreste_Casentinesi,_Monte_Falterona,_Campigna_National_Park" title="Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park">Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monti_Sibillini_National_Park" title="Monti Sibillini National Park">Monti Sibillini National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_e_Monti_della_Laga_National_Park" title="Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park">Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo,_Lazio_and_Molise_National_Park" title="Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park">Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maiella_National_Park" title="Maiella National Park">Maiella National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pollino_National_Park" title="Pollino National Park">Pollino National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park" title="Vesuvius National Park">Vesuvius National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_and_Alburni_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park">Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appennino_Lucano_-_Val_d%27Agri_-_Lagonegrese_National_Park" title="Appennino Lucano - Val d'Agri - Lagonegrese National Park">Appennino Lucano - Val d'Agri - Lagonegrese National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sila_National_Park" title="Sila National Park">Sila National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte_National_Park" title="Aspromonte National Park">Aspromonte National Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hydrography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important rivers originate from the Apennines are the <a href="/wiki/Panaro_(river)" title="Panaro (river)">Panaro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secchia" title="Secchia">Secchia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reno_(river)" title="Reno (river)">Reno</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marecchia" title="Marecchia">Marecchia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metauro" title="Metauro">Metauro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Savio_(river)" title="Savio (river)">Savio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nera_(Tiber)" title="Nera (Tiber)">Nera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Velino" title="Velino">Velino</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tronto" title="Tronto">Tronto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aterno-Pescara" title="Aterno-Pescara">Aterno-Pescara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Aniene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liri" title="Liri">Liri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sangro" title="Sangro">Sangro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volturno" title="Volturno">Volturno</a>. Among the lakes of glacial origin of the Alpine type is <a href="/wiki/Lago_di_Pilato" title="Lago di Pilato">Lago di Pilato</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiume_Liri_SVVR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fiume_Liri_SVVR.jpg/220px-Fiume_Liri_SVVR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fiume_Liri_SVVR.jpg/330px-Fiume_Liri_SVVR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fiume_Liri_SVVR.jpg/440px-Fiume_Liri_SVVR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liri" title="Liri">Liri</a> river</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apennines were created in the Apennine <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> beginning in the early <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> (about 20 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>, the middle <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>) and continuing today.<sup id="cite_ref-James2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically they are partially (or appear to be) continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine system</a>. Prior to the explosion of data on the topic from about the year 2000, many authors took the approach that the Apennines had the same origin as the Alps. Even today, some authors use the term Alpine-Apennine system. They are not, however, the same system and did not have the same origin. The Alps were millions of years old before the Apennines rose from the sea. </p><p>The northward movement of the African Plate and its collision with the European Plate then caused the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Orogeny">Alpine Orogeny</a>, beginning in the late Mesozoic. The band of mountains created extends from Spain to Turkey in a roughly east–west direction and includes the Alps. The Apennines are much younger, extend from northwest to southeast, and are not a displacement of the Alpine chain. </p><p>The key evidence of the difference is the geologic behavior of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> in northern Italy. Compressional forces have been acting from north to south in the Alps and from south to north in the Apennines, but instead of being squeezed into mountains the valley has been subsiding at 1 to 4 mm (0.16 in) per year since about 25 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>, before the Apennines <span class="nowrap">existed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> It is now known to be not an erosional feature, but is a filled portion of the Adriatic Trench, called the Adriatic <a href="/wiki/Foredeep" class="mw-redirect" title="Foredeep">foredeep</a> after its function as a subduction zone was discovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apennine_orogeny">Apennine orogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Apennine orogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg/220px-ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg/330px-ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg/440px-ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pillow_lava" title="Pillow lava">pillow lava</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Ophiolite" title="Ophiolite">ophiolite</a> sequence, Northern Apennines</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apennine orogeny is a type of mountain-building in which two simpler types are combined in an apparently paradoxical configuration. Sometimes this is referred to as "syn-orogenic extension", but the term implies that the two processes occur simultaneously during time. Some scientists imagine that this is relatively rare but not unique in mountain building, whereas others imagine that this is fairly common in all mountain belts. </p><p>The RETREAT Project<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have this specific feature as one of their focus points<sup id="cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margheriti_2006_1120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence the east side of Italy features a <a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">fold and thrust belt</a> raised by compressional forces acting under the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> Sea. This side has been called the "Apennine-Adriatic Compressional Zone" or the "Apennines Convergence Zone." On the west side of Italy <a href="/wiki/Fault-block_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-block mountain">fault-block mountains</a> prevail, created by a spreading or extension of the crust under the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>. This side is called the "Tyrrhenian Extensional Zone." The mountains of Italy are of paradoxical provenience, having to derive from both compression and extension: </p> <blockquote><p>"The paradox of how contraction and extension can occur simultaneously in convergent mountain belts remains a fundamental and largely unresolved problem in continental dynamics."</p></blockquote><p>Both the folded and the fault-block systems include parallel mountain chains. In the folded system <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlines</a> erode into the highest and longest massifs of the Apennines. </p><p>According to the older theories (originating from the 1930s to 1970s) of Dutch geologists, including Van Bemmelen, compression and extension can and should occur simultaneously at different depths in a mountain belt. In these theories, these different levels are called <i>Stockwerke</i>. More recent work in geotectonics and geodynamics of the same school of geoscientists (Utrecht and Amsterdam University) by Vlaar, Wortel, and Cloetingh, and their disciples, extended these concepts even further into a temporal realm. They demonstrated that internal and external forces acting upon the mountain belt (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">slab pull</a> and intra-plate stress field modulations due to large scale reorganisations of the <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a>) result in both longer episodes and shorter phases of general extension and compression acting both upon and inside mountain belts and tectonic arches (See e.g. for extensive reviews, bibliography and discussions on the literature: Van Dijk (1992),<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk_1992_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Dijk and Okkes (1991),<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk-and-Okkes_1991_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-and-Okkes_1991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Dijk & Scheepers (1995),<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk-and-Scheepers_1995_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-and-Scheepers_1995-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Van Dijk et al. (2000a)<sup id="cite_ref-VanDijk-etal_2000a_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDijk-etal_2000a-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compressional_zone">Compressional zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Compressional zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriatic_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Adriatic_Plate.jpg/330px-Adriatic_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Adriatic_Plate.jpg/495px-Adriatic_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Adriatic_Plate.jpg/660px-Adriatic_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic Plate">Adriatic Plate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The gradual subsidence of the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> (including that of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>) and the folding of the mountains of eastern Italy have been investigated using <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic wave</a> analysis of the "Apennine <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a> System."<sup id="cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1120_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margheriti_2006_1120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the Adriatic side of Italy the floor of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, referred to as the "Adriatic lithosphere" or the "Adriatic plate," terms whose precise meaning is the subject of ongoing research, is dipping under the slab on which the Apennines have been folded by compressional forces. </p><p>Subduction occurs along a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>, along which a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">hanging wall</a>, or overriding slab is thrust over an overridden slab, also called the subducting slab. In north Italy the dip of this interface is 30° to 40° at a depth of 80–90<span class="nowrap"> </span>km.<sup id="cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1124_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margheriti_2006_1124-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">strike</a> of the Apennine subduction zone forms a long, irregular arc with centers of curvature in the Tyrrhenian Sea following the hanging wall over which the mountains have been raised; i.e., the eastern wall of the mountains. It runs from near the base of the Ligurian Apennines in the Po Valley along the margin of the mountains to the Adriatic, along the coastal deeps of the Adriatic shore, strikes inland at <a href="/wiki/Gargano" title="Gargano">Monte Gargano</a> cutting off <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, out to sea again through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">Gulf of Taranto</a>, widely around the rest of Italy and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and across inland north Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1124_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margheriti_2006_1124-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a> above 250 km (160 mi) deep is broken into the "Northern Apennines Arc" and the "Calabrian Arc", with compressional forces acting in different directions radially toward the arcs' centers of curvature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extensional_zone">Extensional zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Extensional zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Anti-Apennines"></span> </p><p>The west side of Italy is given to a <a href="/wiki/Fault-block" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-block">fault-block</a> system, where the crust – extended by the lengthening mantle below – thinned, broke along roughly parallel <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> lines, and the blocks alternatively sank into <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">grabens</a> or were raised by <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostasy</a> into <a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">horsts</a>. This system prevails from <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> eastward to the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber River</a>, the last rift valley in that direction. It runs approximately across the direction of extension. In the fault-block system, the ridges are lower and are more steep-sided, since the walls are formed by faults. Geographically they are not considered part of the Apennines proper but are termed <b>Sub-Apennines</b> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Subappennini</i></span>) or <b>Anti-Apennines</b> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Antiappennini</i></span>) or <b>Pre-Apennines</b> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Preappennini</i></span>). These mountains are found mainly in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability_of_terrain">Stability of terrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Stability of terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietra_di_bismantova_castelnovo_monti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pietra_di_bismantova_castelnovo_monti.jpg/220px-Pietra_di_bismantova_castelnovo_monti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pietra_di_bismantova_castelnovo_monti.jpg/330px-Pietra_di_bismantova_castelnovo_monti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pietra_di_bismantova_castelnovo_monti.jpg/440px-Pietra_di_bismantova_castelnovo_monti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pietra_di_Bismantova" title="Pietra di Bismantova">Pietra di Bismantova</a>, Emilian Apennines, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The terrain of the Apennines (as well as that of the Alps) is to a large degree unstable due to various types of <a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">landslides</a>, including falls and slides of rocks and debris, flows of earth and mud, and sink holes. The Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale</i></span>), a government agency founded in 2008 by combining three older agencies, published in that year a special report, <i>Landslides in Italy</i>, summarizing the results of the IFFI Project (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Il Progetto IFFI</i></span>), the Italian Landslide Inventory (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Inventario dei Fenomeni Franosi in Italia</i></span>), an extensive survey of historical landslides in Italy undertaken by the government starting in 1997. By December 31, 2007, it had studied and mapped 482,272 landslides over 20,500 km<sup>2</sup> (7,900 sq mi). Its major statistics are the Landslide Index (LI here), the ratio of the landslide area to the total area of a region, the Landslide Index in Mountainous-Hilly Areas (here LIMH) and the Density of Landslides, which is the number per 100 km<sup>2</sup> (39 sq mi). </p><p>Italy as a whole has a LI of 6.8, a LIMH of 9.1 and a density of 160. <a href="/wiki/Lombardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a> (LI of 13.9), <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> (11.4), <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marches</a> (19.4), <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> (14.0), <a href="/wiki/Valle_d%27Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle d'Aosta">Valle d'Aosta</a> (16.0) and <a href="/wiki/Piemonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Piemonte">Piemonte</a> (9.1) are significantly higher.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most unstable terrain in the Apennines when the landslide sites are plotted on the map are in order from most unstable the eastern flanks of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, the Central Apennines and the eastern flank of the southern Apennines. Instability there is comparable to the Alps bordering the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>. The most stable terrain is on the western side: <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>. The Apennines are slumping away to the northeast into the Po Valley and the Adriatic <a href="/wiki/Foredeep" class="mw-redirect" title="Foredeep">foredeep</a>; that is, the zone where the Adriatic floor is being subducted under Italy. Slides with large translational or rotational surface movements are most common; e.g., a whole slope slumps into its valley, placing the population there at risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glacial_ice">Glacial ice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Glacial ice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glaciers no longer exist in the Apennines outside the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia" title="Gran Sasso d'Italia">Gran Sasso d'Italia</a> massif. However, post-Pliocene <a href="/wiki/Moraines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraines">moraines</a> have been observed in Basilicata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_peaks">Major peaks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Major peaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apennines include about 21 peaks over 1,900 m (6,200 ft), the approximate <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> (counting only the top peak in each massif). Most of these peaks are located in the Central Apennines.<sup id="cite_ref-P73_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P73-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corno_Grande_with_paths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Corno_Grande_with_paths.jpg/220px-Corno_Grande_with_paths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Corno_Grande_with_paths.jpg/330px-Corno_Grande_with_paths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Corno_Grande_with_paths.jpg/440px-Corno_Grande_with_paths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vette_gemelle_del_Monte_Velino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vette_gemelle_del_Monte_Velino.jpg/220px-Vette_gemelle_del_Monte_Velino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vette_gemelle_del_Monte_Velino.jpg/330px-Vette_gemelle_del_Monte_Velino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vette_gemelle_del_Monte_Velino.jpg/440px-Vette_gemelle_del_Monte_Velino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_Velino" title="Monte Velino">Monte Velino</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Ridge_-_Monte_Vettore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/South_Ridge_-_Monte_Vettore.JPG/220px-South_Ridge_-_Monte_Vettore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/South_Ridge_-_Monte_Vettore.JPG/330px-South_Ridge_-_Monte_Vettore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/South_Ridge_-_Monte_Vettore.JPG/440px-South_Ridge_-_Monte_Vettore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_Vettore" title="Monte Vettore">Monte Vettore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo,_Lazio_e_Molise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo%2C_Lazio_e_Molise.jpg/220px-Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo%2C_Lazio_e_Molise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo%2C_Lazio_e_Molise.jpg/330px-Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo%2C_Lazio_e_Molise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo%2C_Lazio_e_Molise.jpg/440px-Parco_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo%2C_Lazio_e_Molise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monte_Meta" title="Monte Meta">Monte Meta</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" width="55%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Height </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corno_Grande" title="Corno Grande">Corno Grande</a><br /> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_d%27Italia" title="Gran Sasso d'Italia">Gran Sasso massif</a></i>)</td> <td>2,912 m (9,554 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Amaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Amaro">Monte Amaro</a><br /> (<i><a href="/wiki/Majella" class="mw-redirect" title="Majella">Majella massif</a></i>)</td> <td>2,793 m (9,163 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Velino" title="Monte Velino">Monte Velino</a></td> <td>2,486 m (8,156 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Vettore" title="Monte Vettore">Monte Vettore</a></td> <td>2,476 m (8,123 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pizzo di Sevo</td> <td>2,419 m (7,936 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serra Dolcedorme<br /> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pollino" title="Pollino">Pollino massif</a></i>)</td> <td>2,267 m (7,438 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Meta" title="Monte Meta">Monte Meta</a></td> <td>2,241 m (7,352 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Terminillo" title="Monte Terminillo">Monte Terminillo</a></td> <td>2,217 m (7,274 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Sibilla" title="Monte Sibilla">Monte Sibilla</a></td> <td>2,173 m (7,129 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cimone" title="Monte Cimone">Monte Cimone</a></td> <td>2,165 m (7,103 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Viglio</td> <td>2,156 m (7,073 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cusna" title="Monte Cusna">Monte Cusna</a></td> <td>2,121 m (6,959 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montagne_del_Morrone" title="Montagne del Morrone">Montagne del Morrone</a></td> <td>2,061 m (6,762 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Prado" title="Monte Prado">Monte Prado</a></td> <td>2,053 m (6,736 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Miletto<br /> (<i><a href="/wiki/Matese" title="Matese">Matese massif</a></i>)</td> <td>2,050 m (6,730 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpe_di_Succiso" title="Alpe di Succiso">Alpe di Succiso</a></td> <td>2,017 m (6,617 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Cotento<br /> (<i><a href="/wiki/Simbruini" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbruini">Simbruini range</a></i>)</td> <td>2,015 m (6,611 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte <a href="/wiki/Massiccio_del_Sirino" title="Massiccio del Sirino">Sirino</a></td> <td>2,005 m (6,578 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montalto<br /> (<i><a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte massif</a></i>)</td> <td>1,955 m (6,414 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pisanino" title="Monte Pisanino">Monte Pisanino</a></td> <td>1,946 m (6,385 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Botte Donato<br /> (<i><a href="/wiki/La_Sila" title="La Sila">Sila plateau</a></i>)</td> <td>1,928 m (6,325 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Corno alle Scale</td> <td>1,915 m (6,283 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Alto</td> <td>1,904 m (6,247 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Alpi" title="Monte Alpi">Monte Alpi</a></td> <td>1,900 m (6,200 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte <a href="/wiki/Cervati" title="Cervati">Cervati</a></td> <td>1,898 m (6,227 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Nuda</td> <td>1,894 m (6,214 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Maggio</td> <td>1,853 m (6,079 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Maggiorasca" title="Monte Maggiorasca">Monte Maggiorasca</a></td> <td>1,799 m (5,902 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Giovarello</td> <td>1,760 m (5,770 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Catria" title="Monte Catria">Monte Catria</a></td> <td>1,701 m (5,581 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monte Gottero</td> <td>1,640 m (5,380 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pennino" title="Monte Pennino">Monte Pennino</a></td> <td>1,560 m (5,120 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Nerone" title="Monte Nerone">Monte Nerone</a></td> <td>1,525 m (5,003 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Vicino" title="Monte San Vicino">Monte San Vicino</a></td> <td>1,480 m (4,860 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fumaiolo" title="Mount Fumaiolo">Monte Fumaiolo</a></td> <td>1,407 m (4,616 ft) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin <i>Apenninus</i> (Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀπέννινος</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀπέννινα</span></span>) has the form of an adjective, which would be segmented <i>Apenn-inus</i>, often used with nouns such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mons</i></span> ("mountain") or Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄρος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">óros</i></span>), but <i>Apenninus</i> is just as often used alone as a noun. The ancient Greeks and Romans typically but not always used "mountain" in the singular to mean one or a range; thus, "the Apennine mountain" refers to the entire chain and is translated "the Apennine mountains". The ending can vary also by gender depending on the noun modified. The Italian singular refers to one of the constituent chains rather than to a single mountain, and the Italian plural refers to multiple chains rather than to multiple mountains.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claims of being the longest or second-longest in the world have been soon outdated. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_tunnels" title="List of longest tunnels">List of longest tunnels</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Retreating-trench, extension and accretion (RETREAT) Project is a study conducted by a consortium of scientific organizations in different countries including in the US the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="cite-bracket" style="column-width: <sup id=" id="cite_ref-VanDijk-etal_2000a_44-1"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-otm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-otm_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentopomap.org/#marker=14/42.46931/13.56503">"Topographic map of Corno Grande"</a>. <i>opentopomap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opentopomap.org&rft.atitle=Topographic+map+of+Corno+Grande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentopomap.org%2F%23marker%3D14%2F42.46931%2F13.56503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry <i>Apennines</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>, on-line on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Apennines">www.merriam-webster.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531220115/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Apennines">Archived</a> 2017-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0099,001:5&lang=original">book 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013194119/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0099,001:5&lang=original">Archived</a> 2022-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_1879-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1879_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1879_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_1879_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DApenninus">"Apenninus"</a>. <i>A Latin Dictionary</i>. Oxford; Medford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apenninus&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Medford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%3B+Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253DApenninus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gambino-and-Romano_2000-2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gambino-and-Romano_2000-2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gambino-and-Romano_2000-2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambinoRomano2000–2001" class="citation book cs1">Gambino, Roberto; Romano, Bernardino (2000–2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dau.ing.univaq.it/planeco/staff/romano/pdf_pubblicazioni/DURBAN_2003.pdf"><i>Territorial strategies and environmental continuity in mountain systems: The case of the Apennines (Italy)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Commission on Protected Areas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220094752/http://dau.ing.univaq.it/planeco/staff/romano/pdf_pubblicazioni/DURBAN_2003.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Territorial+strategies+and+environmental+continuity+in+mountain+systems%3A+The+case+of+the+Apennines+%28Italy%29&rft.pub=World+Commission+on+Protected+Areas&rft.date=2000%2F2001&rft.aulast=Gambino&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Romano%2C+Bernardino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdau.ing.univaq.it%2Fplaneco%2Fstaff%2Fromano%2Fpdf_pubblicazioni%2FDURBAN_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911161-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911161_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911161_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLake1911">Lake 1911</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P75-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P75_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P75_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedrottiGafta2003">Pedrotti & Gafta 2003</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deecke_1904-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deecke_1904_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeecke1904">Deecke 1904</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackieBlackie1887">Blackie & Blackie 1887</a>, pp. 21, 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/MB2/mb07.html">"ceann"</a>. <i>MacBain's Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330074521/http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/MB2/mb07.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ceann&rft.btitle=MacBain%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceantar.org%2FDicts%2FMB2%2Fmb07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"pin". <i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pin&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"*pet-". <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Indo-European Roots</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%2Apet-&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+Indo-European+Roots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coles165-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coles165_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coles165_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColesHarding1979" class="citation book cs1">Coles, John M.; Harding, A. F. (1979). <i>The bronze age in Europe: an introduction to the prehistory of Europe, c. 2000–700 BC</i> (illustrated ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-70650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-70650-5"><bdi>978-0-416-70650-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bronze+age+in+Europe%3A+an+introduction+to+the+prehistory+of+Europe%2C+c.+2000%E2%80%93700+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pages=165&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-416-70650-5&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Harding%2C+A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAH720-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAH720_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAH720_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryI_E_S_EdwardsC._J._GaddJohn_Boardman1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bury, J. B.; I E S Edwards; C. J. Gadd; John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (1975). P. Mack Crew (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: c. 1800–1380 B.C</i>. Vol. II, part 2: c. 1380–1000 B.C. (3, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 720. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2"><bdi>978-0-521-08691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+c.+1800%E2%80%931380+B.C.&rft.pages=720&rft.edition=3%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08691-2&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=I+E+S+Edwards&rft.au=C.+J.+Gadd&rft.au=John+Boardman&rft.au=N.+G.+L.+Hammond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartiniVai2001">Martini & Vai 2001</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster2001">Merriam-Webster 2001</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLunardi2008">Lunardi 2008</a>, pp. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLunardi2008">Lunardi 2008</a>, pp. 425–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barchi2001-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barchi2001_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarchiLanduzziMinelliPialli2001">Barchi et al. 2001</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PI-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PI_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.it/regione.marche/Emap.html">"Parks, Reserves and other Protected Areas in the Marches"</a>. Parks.it. 1995–2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607035935/http://www.parks.it/regione.marche/Emap.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parks%2C+Reserves+and+other+Protected+Areas+in+the+Marches&rft.pub=Parks.it&rft.date=1995%2F2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.it%2Fregione.marche%2FEmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1911162-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake1911162_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLake1911">Lake 1911</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mammiferi+d%27Italia+-+Ministero+della+Transizione+Ecologica&rft.pages=7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mite.gov.it%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchivio%2Fbiblioteca%2Fqcn_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parks.it/indice/appennini/gallery.php?reg=&categoria=020300">"Appennini - Uccelli"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013201810/https://www.parks.it/indice/appennini/gallery.php?reg=&categoria=020300">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appennini+-+Uccelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.it%2Findice%2Fappennini%2Fgallery.php%3Freg%3D%26categoria%3D020300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legambienteanimalhelp.it/anfibi-autoctoni/">"Quali sono gli anfibi autoctoni?"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075835/http://www.legambienteanimalhelp.it/anfibi-autoctoni/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reptile+Database&rft.atitle=Distribution%3A+italy&rft.au=Peter+Uetz&rft.au=Jakob+Hallermann&rft.au=Jiri+Hosek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fadvanced_search%3Flocation%3Ditaly%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheri_Foster2021" class="citation web cs1">Sheri Foster (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it.yourtripagent.com/4052-what-is-italy-s-national-animal">"What is Italy national animal?"</a>. <i>Yourtrip.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109172951/https://it.yourtripagent.com/4052-what-is-italy-s-national-animal">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yourtrip.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Italy+national+animal%3F&rft.date=2021-01&rft.au=Sheri+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.yourtripagent.com%2F4052-what-is-italy-s-national-animal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hansen2018" class="citation web cs1">James Hansen (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.affaritaliani.it/culturaspettacoli/il-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html">"Il lupo grigio degli appennini e l animale dell Italia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126224852/https://www.affaritaliani.it/culturaspettacoli/il-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+lupo+grigio+degli+appennini+e+l+animale+dell+Italia&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=James+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.affaritaliani.it%2Fculturaspettacoli%2Fil-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebnitalia.it/easyNews/NewsLeggi.asp?NewsID=181">"Italian House Sparrow"</a>. EBN Italia. 1 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232243/http://ebnitalia.it/easyNews/NewsLeggi.asp?NewsID=181">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italian+House+Sparrow&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febnitalia.it%2FeasyNews%2FNewsLeggi.asp%3FNewsID%3D181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy1797" class="citation book cs1">Livy (1797). <i>The history of Rome</i>. George Baker (trans.). Printed for A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tratturi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicloamici.it%2Ftratturi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James2004-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James2004_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James2004_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2004" class="citation cs2">James, Kristen (2004), <i>Determining the source for the magmas of Monte Amiata (Central Italy) using strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopes</i>, Carleton Geology Department: Geology Comps Papers, pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43061617">43061617</a>, <q>During the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> the region around <a href="/wiki/Amiata" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiata">Amiata</a> underwent a general NNE contraction .... This compression also created the Apennine orogeny of east-central Italy .... This area was brought <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> during a doming phase during the Middle <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Determining+the+source+for+the+magmas+of+Monte+Amiata+%28Central+Italy%29+using+strontium%2C+neodymium%2C+and+lead+isotopes&rft.series=Carleton+Geology+Department%3A+Geology+Comps+Papers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43061617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOllierPain2000" class="citation book cs1">Ollier, Cliff; Pain, Colin (2000). <i>The origin of mountains</i>. London: Routledge. p. 77. <q>Apennine thrusts move in from the south, and Southern Alps thrust in from the north, but instead of collisional compression there is subsidence and horizontal sedimentation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+mountains&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ollier&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft.au=Pain%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margheriti_2006_1120-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1120_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1120_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargheriti2006">Margheriti 2006</a>, p. 1120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanDijk_1992-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk_1992_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijk1992" class="citation journal cs1">van Dijk, J.P. 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With special reference to the geology of Central Calabria". <i>Geologica Ultraiectina</i>. <b>92</b>: 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologica+Ultraiectina&rft.atitle=Late+Neogene+fore-arc+basin+evolution+in+the+Calabrian+Arc+%28Central+Mediterranean%29.+Tectonic+sequence+stratigraphy+and+dynamic+geohistory.+With+special+reference+to+the+geology+of+Central+Calabria&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=288&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanDijk-and-Okkes_1991-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk-and-Okkes_1991_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DijkOkkes1991" class="citation journal cs1">van Dijk, J.P.; Okkes, F.W.M. (1991). 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Implications for a Pliocene-Recent geodynamic scenario for the Central Mediterranean". <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>39</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ESRv...39..207V">1995ESRv...39..207V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-8252%2895%2900009-7">10.1016/0012-8252(95)00009-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F19084">1874/19084</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128811666">128811666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Neogene+rotations+in+the+Calabrian+Arc.+Implications+for+a+Pliocene-Recent+geodynamic+scenario+for+the+Central+Mediterranean&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F19084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128811666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-8252%2895%2900009-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995ESRv...39..207V&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Scheepers%2C+P.J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanDijk-etal_2000a-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk-etal_2000a_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanDijk-etal_2000a_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DijkBelloBrancaleoniCantarella2000" class="citation journal cs1">van Dijk, J.P.; Bello, M.; Brancaleoni, G.P.; Cantarella, G.; Costa, V.; Frixa, A.; Golfetto, F.; Merlini, S.; Riva, M.; Toricelli, S.; Toscano, C.; Zerilli, A. (2000). "A new structural model for the northern sector of the Calabrian Arc". <i>Tectonophysics</i>. <b>324</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Tectp.324..267V">2000Tectp.324..267V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2800%2900139-6">10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00139-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130289171">130289171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=A+new+structural+model+for+the+northern+sector+of+the+Calabrian+Arc&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130289171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0040-1951%2800%2900139-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Tectp.324..267V&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Bello%2C+M.&rft.au=Brancaleoni%2C+G.P.&rft.au=Cantarella%2C+G.&rft.au=Costa%2C+V.&rft.au=Frixa%2C+A.&rft.au=Golfetto%2C+F.&rft.au=Merlini%2C+S.&rft.au=Riva%2C+M.&rft.au=Toricelli%2C+S.&rft.au=Toscano%2C+C.&rft.au=Zerilli%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margheriti_2006_1124-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1124_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margheriti_2006_1124_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargheriti2006">Margheriti 2006</a>, p. 1124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigilaIadanza2008" class="citation web cs1">Trigila, Alessandro; Iadanza, Carla (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717122241/http://www.apat.gov.it/site/_contentfiles/00153200/153292_RAPPORTO_83_08_Landslide.pdf">"Landslides in Italy: Special Report 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rome: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA). pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apat.gov.it/site/_contentfiles/00153200/153292_RAPPORTO_83_08_Landslide.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landslides+in+Italy%3A+Special+Report+2008&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Istituto+Superiore+per+la+Protezione+e+la+Ricerca+Ambientale+%28ISPRA%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Trigila&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Iadanza%2C+Carla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apat.gov.it%2Fsite%2F_contentfiles%2F00153200%2F153292_RAPPORTO_83_08_Landslide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Apennines". <i>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). 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London: Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographical+etymology%2C+a+dictionary+of+place-names+giving+their+derivations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Blackie&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Blackie%2C+John+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographicalety00blacgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeecke1904" class="citation book cs1">Deecke, W (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italypopularacco00deec"><i>Italy; a popular account of the country, its people, and its institutions (including Malta and Sardinia)</i></a>. Translated by Nesbitt, H A. London; New York: Macmillan Co.; S. Sonnenschein & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%3B+a+popular+account+of+the+country%2C+its+people%2C+and+its+institutions+%28including+Malta+and+Sardinia%29&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co.%3B+S.+Sonnenschein+%26+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Deecke&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalypopularacco00deec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunardi2008" class="citation book cs1">Lunardi, Pietro (2008). <i>Design and construction of tunnels: analysis of controlled deformation in rocks and soils (ADECO-RS)</i>. Berlin: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+construction+of+tunnels%3A+analysis+of+controlled+deformation+in+rocks+and+soils+%28ADECO-RS%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lunardi&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargheriti2006" class="citation journal cs1">Margheriti, Lucia; et al. (August–October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619203635/http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~jjpark/Margheriti_etal_Annali_2006.pdf">"The subduction structure of the Northern Apennines: results for the RETREAT seismic deployment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annals of Geophysics</i>. <b>49</b> (4/5). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~jjpark/Margheriti_etal_Annali_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Geophysics&rft.atitle=The+subduction+structure+of+the+Northern+Apennines%3A+results+for+the+RETREAT+seismic+deployment&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4%2F5&rft.date=2006-08%2F2006-10&rft.aulast=Margheriti&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth.geology.yale.edu%2F~jjpark%2FMargheriti_etal_Annali_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiniVai2001" class="citation book cs1">Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (2001). "Geomorphologic Setting". In Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (eds.). <i>Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins</i>. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geomorphologic+Setting&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+an+orogen%3A+the+Apennines+and+adjacent+Mediterranean+basins&rft.place=Dordrecht+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=I.+Peter&rft.au=Vai%2C+Gian+Battista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarchiLanduzziMinelliPialli2001" class="citation book cs1">Barchi, Massimiliano; Landuzzi, Alberto; Minelli, Giorgio; Pialli, Giampaolo (2001). "Inner Northern Apennines". In Martini, I. Peter; Vai, Gian Battista (eds.). <i>Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins</i>. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inner+Northern+Apennines&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+an+orogen%3A+the+Apennines+and+adjacent+Mediterranean+basins&rft.place=Dordrecht+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Barchi&rft.aufirst=Massimiliano&rft.au=Landuzzi%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Minelli%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Pialli%2C+Giampaolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedrottiGafta2003" class="citation book cs1">Pedrotti, F.; Gafta, D. (2003). "The High Mountain Flora and Vegetation of the Apennines and the Italian Alps". In Nagy, László; Grabherr, G.; Körner, Ch.; Thompson, D.B.A. (eds.). <i>Alpine biodiversity in Europe</i>. Ecological studies, 167. Berlin, Heidelberg [u.a.]: Springer-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+High+Mountain+Flora+and+Vegetation+of+the+Apennines+and+the+Italian+Alps&rft.btitle=Alpine+biodiversity+in+Europe&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.series=Ecological+studies%2C+167&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pedrotti&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Gafta%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lake, Philip (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Apennines" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Apennines">Apennines</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apennines&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apennine_Mountains&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apennine_mountains" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apennine mountains">Apennine mountains</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Apennines" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Apennines">Apennines</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitpost.org/view_object.php?object_id=254181#chapter_3">"Ligurian Apennine"</a>. Summit Post. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ligurian+Apennine&rft.pub=Summit+Post&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summitpost.org%2Fview_object.php%3Fobject_id%3D254181%23chapter_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070917124518/http://ecl.cultland.org/?document_id=18&container59=62">"Italian Cultural Landscapes: wood-pasture and wood-meadow in the Ligurian-Tuscan-Aemilian Apennines, Italy"</a>. The ECL project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecl.cultland.org/?document_id=18&container59=62">the original</a> on 17 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+Cultural+Landscapes%3A+wood-pasture+and+wood-meadow+in+the+Ligurian-Tuscan-Aemilian+Apennines%2C+Italy&rft.pub=The+ECL+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecl.cultland.org%2F%3Fdocument_id%3D18%26container59%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa0401">"Appenine [<i>sic</i>] deciduous montane forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Appenine%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+deciduous+montane+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa0401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrlam2009" class="citation web cs1">Irlam, Michael J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r039.html">"The Great Apennine Tunnel"</a>. Mike's Railway History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Apennine+Tunnel&rft.pub=Mike%27s+Railway+History&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Irlam&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmikes.railhistory.railfan.net%2Fr039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biggreen65.tripod.com/carnivail/id170.html">"10th Mountain Division – The Formative World War II Years"</a>. Dartmouth College Class of 1965. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10th+Mountain+Division+%E2%80%93+The+Formative+World+War+II+Years&rft.pub=Dartmouth+College+Class+of+1965&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiggreen65.tripod.com%2Fcarnivail%2Fid170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApennine+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a 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title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#228B22;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountains_of_Liguria" title="Template:Mountains of Liguria"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountains_of_Liguria" title="Template talk:Mountains of Liguria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains_of_Liguria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains of Liguria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountains_of_Liguria243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mountains of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria"><span style="color:white">Liguria</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #228B22, inset -1px -1px 0 #228B22;;"><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> of Liguria (belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Alps" title="Ligurian Alps">Ligurian Alps</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bric_Agnellino" title="Bric Agnellino">Bric Agnellino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Alpe" title="Monte Alpe">Monte Alpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Barbena" title="Rocca Barbena">Rocca Barbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Bignone" title="Monte Bignone">Monte Bignone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Camulera" title="Monte Camulera">Monte Camulera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmo_di_Brocchi" title="Carmo di Brocchi">Carmo di Brocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carmo_di_Loano" title="Monte Carmo di Loano">Monte Carmo di Loano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Colombin" title="Monte Colombin">Monte Colombin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Front%C3%A8" title="Monte Frontè">Monte Frontè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Galero" title="Monte Galero">Monte Galero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cima_Garlenda" title="Cima Garlenda">Cima Garlenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bric_Gettina" title="Bric Gettina">Bric Gettina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Grammondo" title="Monte Grammondo">Monte Grammondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_delle_Penne" title="Rocca delle Penne">Rocca delle Penne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Peso_Grande" title="Monte Peso Grande">Monte Peso Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronco_di_Maglio" title="Ronco di Maglio">Ronco di Maglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Monega" title="Monte Monega">Monte Monega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Saccarello" title="Monte Saccarello">Monte Saccarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Settepani" title="Monte Settepani">Monte Settepani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Spinarda" title="Monte Spinarda">Monte Spinarda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #228B22, inset -1px -1px 0 #228B22;;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apennines</a> of Liguria (belonging to the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ligurian_Apennines">Ligurian Apennine</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Alpesisa" title="Monte Alpesisa">Monte Alpesisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Antola" title="Monte Antola">Monte Antola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Beigua" title="Monte Beigua">Monte Beigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bric_del_Terma" title="Bric del Terma">Bric del Terma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bric_delle_Camere" title="Bric delle Camere">Bric delle Camere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Bue" title="Monte Bue">Monte Bue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Buio" title="Monte Buio">Monte Buio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Bano" title="Monte Bano">Monte Bano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carmo" title="Monte Carmo">Monte Carmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Castello_(Liguria)" title="Monte Castello (Liguria)">Monte Castello (Liguria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Caucaso_(Liguria)" title="Monte Caucaso (Liguria)">Monte Caucaso (Liguria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Colma" title="Monte Colma">Monte Colma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bric_del_Dente" title="Bric del Dente">Bric del Dente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Fasce" title="Monte Fasce">Monte Fasce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_delle_Figne" title="Monte delle Figne">Monte delle Figne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Figogna" title="Monte Figogna">Monte Figogna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cima_Fontanaccia" title="Cima Fontanaccia">Cima Fontanaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Groppo_Rosso" title="Monte Groppo Rosso">Monte Groppo Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Leco" title="Monte Leco">Monte Leco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Maggiorasca" title="Monte Maggiorasca">Monte Maggiorasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Martin" title="Punta Martin">Punta Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Penello" title="Monte Penello">Monte Penello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_delle_Tre_Croci" title="Monte delle Tre Croci">Monte delle Tre Croci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Orditano" title="Monte Orditano">Monte Orditano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Penna_(Liguria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Penna (Liguria)">Monte Penna (Liguria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piani_di_Praglia" title="Piani di Praglia">Piani di Praglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Porale" title="Monte Porale">Monte Porale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Pracaban" title="Monte Pracaban">Monte Pracaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Prel%C3%A0" title="Monte Prelà">Monte Prelà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Rama" title="Monte Rama">Monte Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Reale" title="Monte Reale">Monte Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Reixa" title="Monte Reixa">Monte Reixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocche_del_Reopasso" title="Rocche del Reopasso">Rocche del Reopasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Ramaceto" title="Monte Ramaceto">Monte Ramaceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Roncalla" title="Monte Roncalla">Monte Roncalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Santa_Croce" title="Monte Santa Croce">Monte Santa Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Sciguello" title="Monte Sciguello">Monte Sciguello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Taccone" title="Monte Taccone">Monte Taccone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountains_of_Lazio18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountains_of_Lazio" title="Template:Mountains of Lazio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountains_of_Lazio" title="Template talk:Mountains of Lazio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains_of_Lazio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains of Lazio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountains_of_Lazio18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mountains of Lazio</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Abate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Abate (page does not exist)">Monte Abate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Altino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Altino (page does not exist)">Monte Altino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Appiolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Appiolo (page does not exist)">Monte Appiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_dell%27Ariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio dell'Ariano (page does not exist)">Maschio dell'Ariano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_delle_Faete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio delle Faete (page does not exist)">Maschio delle Faete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maschio_di_Lariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maschio di Lariano (page does not exist)">Maschio di Lariano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta_(mountain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta (mountain) (page does not exist)">Meta (mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monna (page does not exist)">Monna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Artemisio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Artemisio (page does not exist)">Monte Artemisio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Autore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Autore (page does not exist)">Monte Autore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cairo" title="Monte Cairo">Monte Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Carbonaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Carbonaro (page does not exist)">Monte Carbonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cavo" title="Monte Cavo">Monte Cavo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cefalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Cefalo (page does not exist)">Monte Cefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cima_del_Redentore_(monti_Aurunci)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci) (page does not exist)">Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Circeo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Crispi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Crispi (page does not exist)">Monte Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Dragone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Dragone (page does not exist)">Monte Dragone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Faggeto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Faggeto (page does not exist)">Monte Faggeto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Fammera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Fammera (page does not exist)">Monte Fammera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Fogliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Fogliano (page does not exist)">Mont Fogliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Fusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Fusco (page does not exist)">Monte Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Gorzano" title="Monte Gorzano">Monte Gorzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Guadagnolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Guadagnolo">Monte Guadagnolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Lauro_in_Gaeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Lauro in Gaeta (page does not exist)">Monte Lauro in Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Lauzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Lauzo (page does not exist)">Monte Lauzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Rave_Fosche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Rave Fosche (page does not exist)">Le Rave Fosche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Livata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Livata (page does not exist)">Monte Livata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Caira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Caira (page does not exist)">Monte Caira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Cervello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Cervello (page does not exist)">Monte Cervello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Revole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Revole (page does not exist)">Monte Revole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Semprevisa" title="Monte Semprevisa">Monte Semprevisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Sorgenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Sorgenze (page does not exist)">Monte Sorgenze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Trina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Trina (page does not exist)">Monte Trina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Val_de%27_Varri_-_Monte_Faito_-_Monte_San_Nicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Val de' Varri - Monte Faito - Monte San Nicola (page does not exist)">Monte Val de' Varri - Monte Faito - Monte San Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_di_Cambio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte di Cambio (page does not exist)">Monte di Cambio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_le_Pezze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte le Pezze (page does not exist)">Monte le Pezze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parco_regionale_urbano_Monte_Orlando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando (page does not exist)">Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Orso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Orso (page does not exist)">Monte Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Petrella" title="Monte Petrella">Monte Petrella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Pizzuto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Pizzuto (page does not exist)">Monte Pizzuto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Ruazzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Ruazzo (page does not exist)">Monte Ruazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Soratte" title="Monte Soratte">Monte Soratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Terminillo" title="Monte Terminillo">Monte Terminillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Zappi" title="Monte Zappi">Monte Zappi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Aurunci" class="mw-redirect" title="Monti Aurunci">Monti Aurunci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Ausoni" title="Monti Ausoni">Monti Ausoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Cimini" title="Monti Cimini">Monti Cimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Laga" title="Monti della Laga">Monti della Laga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Tolfa" title="Monti della Tolfa">Monti della Tolfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_delle_Mainarde" title="Monti delle Mainarde">Monti delle Mainarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_della_Meta" title="Monti della Meta">Monti della Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Ernici" title="Monti Ernici">Monti Ernici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Lepini" title="Monti Lepini">Monti Lepini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monti_Lucretili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monti Lucretili (page does not exist)">Monti Lucretili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Prenestini" title="Monti Prenestini">Monti Prenestini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Reatini" title="Monti Reatini">Monti Reatini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monti_Ruffi&action=edit&redlink=1" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_parks_of_Italy" title="Template:National parks of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_parks_of_Italy" title="Template talk:National parks of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_parks_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National parks of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_parks_of_Italy73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo,_Lazio_and_Molise_National_Park" title="Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park">Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Murgia_National_Park" title="Alta Murgia National Park">Alta Murgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appennino_Lucano_-_Val_d%27Agri_-_Lagonegrese_National_Park" title="Appennino Lucano - Val d'Agri - Lagonegrese National Park">Appennino Lucano - Val d'Agri - Lagonegrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appennino_Tosco-Emiliano_National_Park" title="Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park">Appennino Tosco-Emiliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcipelago_di_La_Maddalena_National_Park" title="Arcipelago di La Maddalena National Park">Arcipelago di la Maddalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcipelago_Toscano_National_Park" title="Arcipelago Toscano National Park">Arcipelago Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asinara_National_Park" title="Asinara National Park">Asinara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspromonte_National_Park" title="Aspromonte National Park">Aspromonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_and_Alburni_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park">Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre_National_Park" title="Cinque Terre National Park">Cinque Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinque_Vette_Park" title="Cinque Vette Park">Cinque Vette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circeo_National_Park" title="Circeo National Park">Circeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomiti_Bellunesi_National_Park" title="Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park">Dolomiti Bellunesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreste_Casentinesi,_Monte_Falterona,_Campigna_National_Park" title="Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park">Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargano_National_Park" title="Gargano National Park">Gargano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennargentu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gennargentu National Park">Gennargentu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso_National_Park" title="Gran Paradiso National Park">Gran Paradiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Sasso_e_Monti_della_Laga_National_Park" title="Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park">Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiella_National_Park" title="Maiella National Park">Majella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monti_Sibillini_National_Park" title="Monti Sibillini National Park">Monti Sibillini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria_National_Park" title="Pantelleria National Park">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollino_National_Park" title="Pollino National Park">Pollino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_National_Park" title="Sila National Park">Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stelvio_National_Park" title="Stelvio National Park">Stelvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Grande_National_Park" title="Val Grande National Park">Val Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_National_Park" title="Vesuvius National Park">Vesuvius</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_parks_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_parks_of_Italy.svg/100px-National_parks_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_parks_of_Italy.svg/150px-National_parks_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316432554">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1240080/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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