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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology and other names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_descriptions_and_parentage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_descriptions_and_parentage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early descriptions and parentage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_descriptions_and_parentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranic_and_epic_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranic_and_epic_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Puranic and epic descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranic_and_epic_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beyond Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beyond Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kubera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كوبيرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوبيرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="কুবেৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কুবেৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0" title="কুবের – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুবের" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кубера – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кубера" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кубера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кубера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAbera" title="Kúbera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kúbera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0" title="કુબેર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કુબેર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%B2%A0%EB%9D%BC" title="쿠베라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠베라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="कुबेर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुबेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwera" title="Kuwera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuwera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathara_Kuw%C3%A9ra" title="Bathara Kuwéra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bathara Kuwéra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕುಬೇರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಬೇರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="कुबेर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कुबेर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="കുബേരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുബേരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="कुबेर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुबेर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كوبيرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوبيرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="कुबेर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुबेर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A9%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="कुपेरऩ् (सन् २०००या संकिपा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कुपेरऩ् (सन् २०००या संकिपा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="クベーラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クベーラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0" title="କୁବେର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁବେର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕੁਬੇਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਬੇਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8F%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="کُبیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کُبیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%88" title="ព្រះកុវេរៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះកុវេរៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubera" title="Cubera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cubera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кубера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кубера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2" title="කුවේර රජ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුවේර රජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kubera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குபேரன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குபேரன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кубера – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кубера" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kubera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kubera (disambiguation)">Kubera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu god of wealth</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Kubera</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Wealth<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Treasurer of the Devas<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Lokapalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokapalas">Lokapalas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kubera_9th_century_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kubera_9th_century_Java.jpg/220px-Kubera_9th_century_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kubera_9th_century_Java.jpg/330px-Kubera_9th_century_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kubera_9th_century_Java.jpg/440px-Kubera_9th_century_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="5791" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">9th century sandstone sculpture of Kubera Origin: Candi Sewu, Java, Indonesia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokapala" title="Lokapala">Lokapala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Alaka" title="Alaka">Alaka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṃ Shaṃ Kuberāya Namaḥ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gadā</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Mace</a> or club)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishrava" title="Vishrava">Vishrava</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ilavida" title="Ilavida">Ilavida</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> ,<a href="/wiki/Kumbhakarna" title="Kumbhakarna">Kumbhakarna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bhadra" title="Bhadra">Bhadra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nalakuvara" title="Nalakuvara">Nalakuvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manibhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manibhadra">Manibhadra</a>, Mayuraja, and Minakshi</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kubera</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कुबेर</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kubera</i></span>) also known as <b>Kuvera</b>, <b>Kuber</b> and <b> Kuberan</b>, is the god of wealth, and the god-king of the semi-divine <a href="/wiki/Yakshas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshas">yakshas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is regarded as <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">the regent of the north (<i>Dikpala</i>)</a>, and a protector of the world (<i><a href="/wiki/Lokapala" title="Lokapala">Lokapala</a></i>). His many <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> extol him as the overlord of numerous semi-divine species, and the owner of the treasures of the world. Kubera is often depicted with a plump body, adorned with jewels, and carrying a money-pot and a club. </p><p>Originally described as the chief of evil spirits in <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedic</a>-era texts, Kubera acquired the status of a <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a></i> (god) only in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas"><i>Purana</i>s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu epic">Hindu epics</a>. The scriptures describe that Kubera once ruled <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, but was overthrown by his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, later settling in the city of <a href="/wiki/Alaka" title="Alaka">Alaka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. Descriptions of the "glory" and "splendour" of Kubera's city are found in many scriptures. </p><p>Kubera has also been assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> pantheons. In Buddhism, he is known as <a href="/wiki/Vaisravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisravana">Vaisravana</a>, the patronymic used of the Hindu Kubera and is also equated with <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cika" title="Pañcika">Pañcika</a>, while in Jainism, he is known as <b>Sarvanubhuti</b>. In Indonesia, Kubera is also known as <b>Daneswara</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kubera is often depicted as a dwarf, with complexion of lotus leaves and a big belly. He is described as having three legs, only eight teeth, one eye, and being adorned with jewels. He is sometimes described riding a man.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description of deformities like the broken teeth, three legs, three heads and <a href="/wiki/Chaturbhuja" title="Chaturbhuja">four arms</a> appear only in the later <i>Puranic</i> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-H147_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H147-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera holds a mace, a pomegranate, or a money bag in his hand.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also carry a sheaf of jewels or a <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a> with him. In Tibet, the mongoose is considered a symbol of Kubera's victory over <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">nāgas</a>—the guardians of treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera is usually depicted with a mongoose in Buddhist iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg/280px-British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg/420px-British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg/560px-British_Museum_Ganesha_Matrikas_Kubera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>A bronze <a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a> goddess group along with <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> (left) and Kubera (right) currently at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Originally from Eastern India, it was dedicated in 43rd year of reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahipala" title="Mahipala">Mahipala</a> I (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1043 AD</span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara Purana</a></i>, Kubera is described as the embodiment of both <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></i> ("wealth, prosperity, glory") and <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>s, the treatises related to it—and his iconography mirrors it. Kubera's complexion is described as that of lotus leaves. He rides a man—the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> personified, adorned in golden clothes and ornaments, symbolizing his wealth. His left eye is yellow. He wears an armour and a necklace down to his large belly. The <i>Vishnudharmottara Purana</i> further describes his face to be inclined to the left, sporting a beard and mustache, and with two small tusks protruding from the ends of his mouth, representing his powers to punish and to bestow favours. His wife Riddhi, representing the journey of life, is seated on his left lap, with her left hand on the back of Kubera and the right holding a <i>ratna-patra</i> (jewel-pot). Kubera should be four-armed, holding a <i>gada</i> (mace: symbol of <i>dandaniti</i>—administration of justice) and a <i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a></i> (power) in his left pair, and standards bearing a lion—representing <i>Artha</i> and a <i>shibika</i> (a club, the weapon of Kubera). The <i><a href="/wiki/Nidhi" title="Nidhi">nidhi</a></i> treasures Padma and Shankha stand beside him in human form, with their heads emerging from a lotus and a conch respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-prakash_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prakash-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i> states that Kubera should be installed in temples as seated on a goat, and with a club in his hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera's image is prescribed to be that of gold, with multi-coloured attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some sources, especially in <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> depictions, Kubera is depicted as a drunkard, signified by the "nectar vessel" in his hand.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_other_names">Etymology and other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact origins of the name Kubera are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Kubera" or "Kuvera" (कुवेर) as spelt in later Sanskrit, means "deformed or monstrous" or "ill-shaped one"; indicating his deformities.<sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monier_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory suggests that Kubera may be derived from the verb root <i>kumba</i>, meaning to conceal. Kuvera is also split as <i>ku</i> (earth), and <i>vira</i> (hero).<sup id="cite_ref-S63_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the son of <a href="/wiki/Vishrava" title="Vishrava">Vishrava</a> ("Fame"), Kubera is called <i><a href="/wiki/Vaisravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisravana">Vaisravana</a></i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali language</a>, Vessavana) and as the son of Ilavila, <i>Ailavila</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaisravana is sometimes translated as the "Son of Fame".<sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Sutta Nitapa</i> commentary says that <i>Vaisravana</i> is derived from a name of Kubera's kingdom, <i>Visana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-S63_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once, Kubera looked at Shiva and his wife <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> with jealousy, so he lost one of his eyes. Parvati also turned this deformed eye yellow. So, Kubera gained the name <i>Ekaksipingala</i> ("one who has one yellow eye").<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also called <i>Bhutesha</i> ("Lord of spirits") like Shiva. Kubera usually is drawn by spirits or men (<i>nara</i>), so is called <i>Nara-vahana</i>, one whose <i><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a></i> (mount) is <i>nara</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Washburn_Hopkins" title="Edward Washburn Hopkins">Hopkins</a> interprets <i>nara</i>s as being water-spirits, although Mani translates <i>nara</i> as men.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H144_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera also rides the elephant called <i>Sarvabhauma</i> as a <i>loka-pala</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His garden is named Chaitrarath.<sup id="cite_ref-Madan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kubera also enjoys the titles "king of the whole world", "king of kings" (<i>Rajaraja</i>), "Lord of wealth" (<i>Dhanadhipati</i>) and "giver of wealth" (<i>Dhanada</i>). His titles are sometimes related to his subjects: "king of <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yakshas</a>" (<i>Yaksharajan</i>), "Lord of <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasas</a>" (<i>Rakshasadhipati</i>), "Lord of <a href="/wiki/Guhyaka" title="Guhyaka">Guhyakas</a>" (<i>Guhyakadhipa</i>), "king of <a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnaras</a>"(<i>Kinnararaja</i>), "king of animals resembling men" (<i>Mayuraja</i>), and "king of men" (<i>Nararaja</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H144_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera is also called <i>Guhyadhipa</i> ("Lord of the hidden"). The <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i> calls him the "god of hiding".<sup id="cite_ref-H144_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kubera_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Kosi_Kalan_-_ACCN_18-1506_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5710.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kubera_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Kosi_Kalan_-_ACCN_18-1506_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5710.JPG/220px-Kubera_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Kosi_Kalan_-_ACCN_18-1506_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5710.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kubera_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Kosi_Kalan_-_ACCN_18-1506_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5710.JPG/330px-Kubera_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Kosi_Kalan_-_ACCN_18-1506_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5710.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kubera_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Kosi_Kalan_-_ACCN_18-1506_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5710.JPG/440px-Kubera_-_Circa_1st_Century_CE_-_Kosi_Kalan_-_ACCN_18-1506_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5710.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="4286" /></a><figcaption>Kubera, 1st century CE, <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_descriptions_and_parentage">Early descriptions and parentage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early descriptions and parentage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Atharvaveda</i>—where he first appears<sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and the <i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i>, Kubera is the chief of evil spirits or spirits of darkness, and son of Vaishravana.<sup id="cite_ref-monier_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Shatapatha Brahmana</i> calls him the Lord of thieves and criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></i>, he becomes a respectable <i>lokapala</i> ("world protector") and the patron of merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-S63_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S63-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, Kubera is described as the son of <i><a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pulastya" title="Pulastya">Pulastya</a> and his wife Idavida, and the brother of sage <a href="/wiki/Vishrava" title="Vishrava">Vishrava</a>. Kubera is described as born from a cow. However, from the <i>Purana</i>s, he is described as the grandson of Pulastya and the son of Vishrava and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ilavida" title="Ilavida">Ilavida</a> (or Ilivila or Devavarnini), daughter of the sage <a href="/wiki/Bharadvaja" title="Bharadvaja">Bharadvaja</a> or Trinabindu.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, though still described as an <i><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asura</a></i>, Kubera is offered prayers at the end of all ritual sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His titles, such as "best of kings" and "Lord of kings" (The<i><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></i> indicates that Kubera is made "Lord of kings"), in contrast to the god-king of heaven, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, whose title of "best of gods" led to the later belief that Kubera was a man. The early texts <i>Gautama <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmashastra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a></i> describe him as a man. Only the <i><a href="/wiki/Grhya_Sutras#Grhya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Grhya Sutras">Grihyasutra</a></i>s of Shankhayana and Hiranyakesin call him a god, and suggest offerings of meat, sesame seeds and flowers to him.<sup id="cite_ref-prakash_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prakash-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H146_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H146-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranic_and_epic_descriptions">Puranic and epic descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Puranic and epic descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Purana</i>s and the epics <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> grant Kubera unquestioned godhood.<sup id="cite_ref-prakash_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prakash-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera also acquired the status of the "Lord of riches" and the wealthiest Deva. He also becomes a <i>lokapala</i> ("world protector") and <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">guardian (<i>dikapala</i>) of the North direction</a>, although he is also sometimes associated with the East.<sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera's status as a <i>lokapala</i> and a <i>dikpala</i> is assured in the <i>Ramayana</i>, but in the <i>Mahabharata</i>, some lists do not include Kubera. Thus, Kubera is considered a later addition to the original list of <i>Loka-pala</i>s, where the gods <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soma_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soma (deity)">Soma</a> appear in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This status, the <i>Ramayana</i> records, was granted to Kubera by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>—the creator-god and father of Pulastya—as a reward for his severe penance. Brahma also conferred upon Kubera the riches of the world (<i><a href="/wiki/Nidhi" title="Nidhi">Nidhis</a></i>), "equality with gods", and the <a href="/wiki/Pushpaka_Vimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushpaka Vimana">Pushpaka Vimana</a>, a flying chariot. Kubera then ruled in the golden city of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, identified with modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mahabharata</i> says that Brahma conferred upon Kubera the lordship of wealth, friendship with Shiva, godhood, status as a world-protector, a son called <i>Nalakubera</i>/<i>Nalakubara</i>, the Pushpaka Vimana and the lordship of the <i>Nairrata</i> demons.<sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the <i>Purana</i>s and the <i>Ramayana</i> feature the half-blood siblings of Kubera. Vishrava, Kubera's father, also married the <i><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasa</a></i> (demigod) princess <a href="/wiki/Kaikesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaikesi">Kaikesi</a>, who mothered four <i>rakshasa</i> children: <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, the chief antagonist of the Ramayana, and his siblings, <a href="/wiki/Kumbhakarna" title="Kumbhakarna">Kumbhakarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soorpanaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Soorpanaka">Shurpanaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mahabharata</i> regards Vishrava as the brother of Kubera, so Kubera is described as the uncle of Ravana and his siblings. It records that when Kubera approached Brahma for the favour of superseding his father Pulastya, Pulastya created Vishrava. To seek the favour of Vishrava, Kubera sent three women to him, by whom Vishrava begot his demon children.<sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilkins_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkins-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ravana, after acquiring a boon of Brahma, drove Kubera away from Lanka and seized his Pushpaka Vimana, which was returned to Kubera after Ravana's death. Kubera then settled on Gandhamandana mountain, near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a> – the abode of the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>—in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. Sometimes, Kailash itself is called Kubera's residence. His city is usually called <a href="/wiki/Alaka" title="Alaka">Alaka</a> or Alaka-puri ("curl-city"), but also <i>Prabha</i> ("splendour"), <i>Vasudhara</i> ("bejeweled") and <i>Vasu-sthali</i> ("abode of treasures").<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madan_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Kubera had a grove called <i>Caitraratha</i>, where the leaves were jewels and the fruits were girls of heaven. There is also a charming lake called <i>Nalini</i> in the grove.<sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilkins_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkins-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera is often described as a friend of Shiva in the epics.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i> says that Kubera prayed to Shiva for many years, and Shiva granted him the kingship of yakshas.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kubera,_the_God_of_Riches_LACMA_M.69.13.8_(1_of_9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kubera%2C_the_God_of_Riches_LACMA_M.69.13.8_%281_of_9%29.jpg/220px-Kubera%2C_the_God_of_Riches_LACMA_M.69.13.8_%281_of_9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kubera%2C_the_God_of_Riches_LACMA_M.69.13.8_%281_of_9%29.jpg/330px-Kubera%2C_the_God_of_Riches_LACMA_M.69.13.8_%281_of_9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kubera%2C_the_God_of_Riches_LACMA_M.69.13.8_%281_of_9%29.jpg/440px-Kubera%2C_the_God_of_Riches_LACMA_M.69.13.8_%281_of_9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>An 11th century Kubera, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A description of Kubera's magnificent court appears in the <i>Mahabharata</i> as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Meghaduta" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghaduta">Meghaduta</a></i>. Here, gandharvas and <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">apsaras</a> entertain Kubera. Shiva and his wife <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> often frequent Kubera's court, which is attended by semi-divine beings like the <i><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">vidyadharas</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Kimpurusha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimpurusha Kingdom">kimpurushas</a></i>; rakshasas; <i><a href="/wiki/Pishacha" title="Pishacha">pishachas</a></i>; as well as Padma and Shankha; personified treasures (<i><a href="/wiki/Nidhi" title="Nidhi">nidhi</a></i>); and Manibhadra, Kubera's chief attendant and chief of his army. Like every world-protector, Kubera has seven seers of the North in residence. Alaka is recorded to be plundered by Ravana once, and attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> prince, <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> once.<sup id="cite_ref-prakash_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prakash-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H144_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera's <i>Nairrata</i> army is described to have defeated king Mucukunda, who then defeated them by the advice of his guru <a href="/wiki/Vashishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashishta">Vashishta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a>, the preceptor of the asuras, is also recorded to have defeated Kubera and stolen his wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-H147_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H147-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major tale in the scriptures records how Kubera entertained the sage <a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a> in his palace.<sup id="cite_ref-H147_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H147-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mani_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kubera is the treasurer of the gods, and the overlord of the semi-divine yakshas, the <i><a href="/wiki/Guhyaka" title="Guhyaka">guhyaka</a></i>s, <i><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">kinnara</a></i>s and gandharvas, who act as his assistants and protectors of the jewels of the earth, as well as guardians of his city. Kubera is also the guardian of travelers and the giver of wealth to individuals, who please him. The rakshasas also serve Kubera,<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some cannibalistic rakshasas are described to have sided with Ravana in the battle against Kubera.<sup id="cite_ref-H142_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H142-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubera also developed as minor marriage-divinity. He is invoked with Shiva at weddings and is described as <i>Kameshvara</i> ("Lord of <i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i> – pleasure, desire etc.").<sup id="cite_ref-H148_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H148-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is associated with fertility of the aquatic type.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Purana</i>s and the <i>Mahabharata</i> record that Kubera married <a href="/wiki/Bhadra" title="Bhadra">Bhadra</a> ("auspicious"), or Riddhi ("prosperity"), daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">demon</a> Mura. She is also called <i>Yakshi</i> – a female yaksha, <i>Kauberi</i> ("wife of Kubera") and <i>Charvi</i> ("splendour"). They had three sons: <a href="/wiki/Nalakuvara" title="Nalakuvara">Nalakubara</a> ("Reed-axle"), <a href="/wiki/Manibhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Manibhadra">Manigriva</a> ("Bejewled-neck") or Varna-kavi ("Colourful poet"), and Mayuraja ("king of animals resembling men"); and a daughter called Minakshi ("fish-eyed").<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alain_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilkins_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilkins-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the treasurer of the riches of the world, Kubera is prescribed to be worshipped. Kubera is also credited money to the deity <a href="/wiki/Venkateshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshwara">Venkateshwara</a> (a form of Vishnu) for his marriage with <a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Padmavati</a>. In remembrance of this, the reason devotees go to <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Venkateswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumala Venkateswara Temple">Tirupati</a> to donate money in Venkateshwara's <i>Hundi</i> ("Donation pot"), is so that he can pay it back to Kubera.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> for this reason, and is sometimes represented with her as Kubera Lakshmi. </p><p>While Kubera still enjoys prayers as the god of wealth, his role is largely taken by the god of wisdom, fortune and obstacle-removal, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, with whom he is generally associated.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Hinduism">Beyond Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beyond Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:632px;max-width:632px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jambhala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jambhala.jpg/200px-Jambhala.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jambhala.jpg/300px-Jambhala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jambhala.jpg/400px-Jambhala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="3801" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jambhala, the Buddhist Kubera, depicted similar to Kubera</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matanga_Yaksha_(God_of_Prosperity)_Ellora_Cave_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Matanga_Yaksha_%28God_of_Prosperity%29_Ellora_Cave_32.jpg/220px-Matanga_Yaksha_%28God_of_Prosperity%29_Ellora_Cave_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Matanga_Yaksha_%28God_of_Prosperity%29_Ellora_Cave_32.jpg/330px-Matanga_Yaksha_%28God_of_Prosperity%29_Ellora_Cave_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Matanga_Yaksha_%28God_of_Prosperity%29_Ellora_Cave_32.jpg/440px-Matanga_Yaksha_%28God_of_Prosperity%29_Ellora_Cave_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kubera on an elephant in the Jain caves of Ellora.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1963_-_Colnect_260592_-_National_Banking_Day.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1963_-_Colnect_260592_-_National_Banking_Day.jpeg/200px-Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1963_-_Colnect_260592_-_National_Banking_Day.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1963_-_Colnect_260592_-_National_Banking_Day.jpeg/300px-Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1963_-_Colnect_260592_-_National_Banking_Day.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1963_-_Colnect_260592_-_National_Banking_Day.jpeg/400px-Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1963_-_Colnect_260592_-_National_Banking_Day.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Indonesia often uses Hindu symbolism, such as Daneswara or Kuwera, to symbolise bank and wealth</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Kubera is recognized outside India and Hinduism as well. Kubera is a popular figure in Buddhist as well as Jain mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> Nagendra Kumar Singh remarked that, "Every <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian religion</a> has a Kubera after the Hindu prototype".<sup id="cite_ref-jain_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jain-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jambhala" title="Jambhala">Jambhala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa</a></div> <p>Kubera is the Buddhist Vaiśravaṇa or Jambhala, and the Japanese Bishamon. The Buddhist Vaisravana, like the Hindu Kubera, is the regent of the North, a <i>lokapala</i> and the Lord of yakshas. He is one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings</a>, each associated with a cardinal direction.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Buddhist legends, Kubera is also equated with <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cika" title="Pañcika">Pañcika</a>, whose wife <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a> is the symbol of abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iconography of Kubera and Pancika is so similar that in certain cases, A. Getty comments, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between Pancika and Kubera.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese Bishamon, also known as Tamon-Ten,<sup id="cite_ref-biswas184_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biswas184-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the Jūni-Ten (十二天), a group of 12 Hindu deities adopted in Buddhism as guardian deities (<i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a></i> or <i>ten</i>) who are found in or around Buddhist shrines. The Juni-Ten group of twelve deities were created by adding four deities to the older grouping of Happou-Ten, the eight guardians of the directions. Bishamon rules over the north, like his Hindu counterpart Kubera.<sup id="cite_ref-biswas184_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biswas184-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Jainism, Kubera is the attendant yaksha of the 19th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankar">Tirthankar</a> <a href="/wiki/Mallinath" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallinath">Mallinath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jain_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jain-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is usually called <i>Sarvanubhuti</i> or <i>Sarvahna</i>, and may be depicted with four faces, rainbow colours and eight arms. The <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> sect of Jainism gives him six weapons and three heads; while the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbaras</a> portray him with four to six arms, numerous choices of weapons, though his attributes, the money bag and citron fruit are consistent. He may ride a man or an elephant.<sup id="cite_ref-jain_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jain-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jose_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jose-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is related to the Buddhist Jambhala rather than the Hindu Kubera.<sup id="cite_ref-Jose_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jose-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kubera">"Kubera, Kuvera, Kuberā: 52 definitions"</a>. 15 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kubera%2C+Kuvera%2C+Kuber%C4%81%3A+52+definitions&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fkubera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2006" class="citation book cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wKK7KNnMzAC&dq=kubera+treasurer+devas&pg=PT42"><i>MYTH=MITHYA</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184750218" title="Special:BookSources/9788184750218"><bdi>9788184750218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MYTH%3DMITHYA&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788184750218&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8wKK7KNnMzAC%26dq%3Dkubera%2Btreasurer%2Bdevas%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmUssUXUFFYC&pg=PA359"><i>The Poems of Sūradāsa</i></a>. Abhinav publications. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170173694" title="Special:BookSources/9788170173694"><bdi>9788170173694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+S%C5%ABrad%C4%81sa&rft.pub=Abhinav+publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788170173694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmUssUXUFFYC%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knapp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2005" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Stephen (2005). <i>The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination</i>. iUniverse. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-79779-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-79779-2"><bdi>0-595-79779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Eastern+Path+to+Freedom%2C+Empowerment+and+Illumination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-595-79779-2&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubera.(2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 08, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/324235/Kubera">https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/324235/Kubera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H147-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H147_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H147_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H147_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1915">Hopkins 1915</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2001" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Thomas E. (2001). "Jambhala/Pancika". <i>Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa</i>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">329–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-406-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-406-6"><bdi>81-7017-406-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jambhala%2FPancika&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+the+Buddhist+Sculpture+of+Orissa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-7017-406-6&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prakash-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prakash_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prakash_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prakash_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prakash_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Prakash, Om (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UG9-HZ5icQ4C&q=kubera&pg=PA43">"Artha and Arthasastra in the Puranic Iconography and their symbolic implications"</a>. In Nagendra Kumar Singh (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Hinduism</i>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>45. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7488-168-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7488-168-9"><bdi>81-7488-168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artha+and+Arthasastra+in+the+Puranic+Iconography+and+their+symbolic+implications&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7488-168-9&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Om&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUG9-HZ5icQ4C%26q%3Dkubera%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMani,_Vettam1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/434">434</a>–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8426-0822-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8426-0822-2"><bdi>0-8426-0822-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Dictionary+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=434-7&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-8426-0822-2&rft.au=Mani%2C+Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alain-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alain_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1964" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (1964). "Kubera, the Lord of Riches". <i>The myths and gods of India</i>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kubera%2C+the+Lord+of+Riches&rft.btitle=The+myths+and+gods+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Company&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1991">Sutherland 1991</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monier-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monier_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monier_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0291-kudri.jpg">Monier-Williams Dictionary: Kubera</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S63-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S63_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S63_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S63_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1991">Sutherland 1991</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H142-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H142_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1915">Hopkins 1915</a>, pp. 142–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H144-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H144_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H144_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H144_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H144_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1915">Hopkins 1915</a>, pp. 144–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madan-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madan_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madan_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada"><i>India through the ages</i></a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/65">65</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George Mason (2003). "Kubera". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/190"><i>Handbook of Hindu mythology</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/190">190–1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-650-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-650-7"><bdi>1-85109-650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kubera&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+mythology&rft.pages=190-1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85109-650-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9791576071068%2Fpage%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe44/sbe44104.htm">"Satapatha Brahmana Part V (SBE44): Thirteenth Kânda: XIII, 4, 3. Third Brâhmana (13.4.3.10)"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Satapatha+Brahmana+Part+V+%28SBE44%29%3A+Thirteenth+K%C3%A2nda%3A+XIII%2C+4%2C+3.+Third+Br%C3%A2hmana+%2813.4.3.10%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fsbr%2Fsbe44%2Fsbe44104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H146-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H146_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1915">Hopkins 1915</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Loka-palas, <a href="#CITEREFHopkins1915">Hopkins 1915</a>, pp. 149–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkins-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilkins_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkins_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkins_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1990" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, W. J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp39.htm"><i>Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic</i></a>. Sacred texts archive. pp. <span class="nowrap">388–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-9308-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-9308-4"><bdi>1-4021-9308-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mythology%2C+Vedic+and+Puranic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=Sacred+texts+archive&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-4021-9308-4&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fhmvp%2Fhmvp39.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H148-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H148_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1915">Hopkins 1915</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1991">Sutherland 1991</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Fairs and Festivals of India</i>. Pustak Mahal. September 2006. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-223-0951-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-223-0951-8"><bdi>81-223-0951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairs+and+Festivals+of+India&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=81-223-0951-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jain-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jain_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jain_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jain_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagendra_Kumar_Singh2001" class="citation book cs1">Nagendra Kumar Singh, ed. (2001). <i>Encyclopaedia of Jainism</i>. Vol. 1. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 7280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-0691-3"><bdi>81-261-0691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Jainism&rft.pages=7280&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-261-0691-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2003" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (2003). "Chapter 2: Vaisravana, the Heavenly King". <i>Hindu gods and goddesses in Japan</i>. Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7936-009-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7936-009-1"><bdi>81-7936-009-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Vaisravana%2C+the+Heavenly+King&rft.btitle=Hindu+gods+and+goddesses+in+Japan&rft.pub=Vedams+eBooks+%28P%29+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7936-009-1&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Saroj+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland pp. 63–4, 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biswas184-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biswas184_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biswas184_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S Biswas (2000), Art of Japan, Northern, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172112691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172112691">978-8172112691</a>, page 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en">Twelve Heavenly Deities (Devas)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201634/http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nara National Museum, Japan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Snodgrass" title="Adrian Snodgrass">Adrian Snodgrass</a> (2007), The Symbolism of the Stupa, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807815" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807815">978-8120807815</a>, pages 120–124, 298–300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jose-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jose_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jose_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPereira1977" class="citation book cs1">Pereira, José (1977). <i>Monolithic Jinas The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora</i>. Motilal Banarsidas. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8426-1027-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8426-1027-8"><bdi>0-8426-1027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monolithic+Jinas+The+Iconography+of+the+Jain+Temples+of+Ellora&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidas&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8426-1027-8&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Washburn_Hopkins" title="Edward Washburn Hopkins">Hopkins, Edward Washburn</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/epicmythology00hopkuoft#page/n147/mode/2up/search/Kubera"><i>Epic mythology</i></a>. Strassburg K.J. Trübner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8426-0560-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8426-0560-6"><bdi>0-8426-0560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+mythology&rft.pub=Strassburg+K.J.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=0-8426-0560-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Edward+Washburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fepicmythology00hopkuoft%23page%2Fn147%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2FKubera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1991" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Gail Hinich (1991). <i>The disguises of the demon: the development of the Yakṣa in Hinduism and Buddhism</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY">SUNY</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0622-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0622-9"><bdi>0-7914-0622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+disguises+of+the+demon%3A+the+development+of+the+Yak%E1%B9%A3a+in+Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7914-0622-9&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Gail+Hinich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKubera" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223617#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata927" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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