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href="#Iconography_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iconography and symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedas_and_Brahmanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedas_and_Brahmanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vedas and Brahmanas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedas_and_Brahmanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Epics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stotram_and_sutras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stotram_and_sutras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stotram and sutras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stotram_and_sutras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subhasita,_genomic_and_didactic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subhasita,_genomic_and_didactic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Subhasita, genomic and didactic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subhasita,_genomic_and_didactic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manifestations_and_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifestations_and_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manifestations and aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manifestations_and_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_and_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_and_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Creation and legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worship and festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship and festivals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hymns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Major Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Outside Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incarnations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incarnations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Incarnations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incarnations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakshmi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A" title="لاكشمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاكشمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80" title="লক্ষ্মী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লক্ষ্মী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%9Fmi" title="Lakşmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lakşmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80" title="লক্ষ্মী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লক্ষ্মী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Лакшмі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лакшмі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="लक्ष्मी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लक्ष्मी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Лакшми – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лакшми" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1mi" title="Lakšmi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lakšmi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakxmi" title="Lakxmi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lakxmi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Лакшми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лакшми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1m%C3%AD" title="Lakšmí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lakšmí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1m%C4%AB" title="Lakšmī – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lakšmī" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Λάκσμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάκσμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksm%C3%AD" title="Laksmí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laksmí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%9Dmio" title="Lakŝmio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lakŝmio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C" title="لاکشمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاکشمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksjmy" title="Laksjmy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Laksjmy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80" title="લક્ષ્મી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લક્ષ્મી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="लक्ष्मी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लक्ष्मी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%EC%8A%88%EB%AF%B8" title="락슈미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="락슈미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B7%D5%B4%D5%AB" title="Լակշմի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լակշմի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="लक्ष्मी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लक्ष्मी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1mi" title="Lakšmi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lakšmi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksmi" title="Laksmi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laksmi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%E1%B9%A3m%C4%AB" title="Lakṣmī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lakṣmī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99" title="לקשמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לקשמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლაკშმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაკშმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Лакшми – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лакшми" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%E1%B9%A3m%C4%AB" title="Lakṣmī – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lakṣmī" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1mi" title="Lakšmi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lakšmi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1m%C4%97" title="Lakšmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lakšmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksmi_(istenn%C5%91)" title="Laksmi (istennő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laksmi (istennő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ലക്ഷ്മി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലക്ഷ്മി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="लक्ष्मी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लक्ष्मी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლაკშმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაკშმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%89_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87)" title="لاكشمى (اله) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاكشمى (اله)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯂꯛꯁꯃꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯛꯁꯃꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9k-si%C3%B2ng_Ti%C4%95ng-n%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Gék-siòng Tiĕng-nṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gék-siòng Tiĕng-nṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="लक्ष्मी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लक्ष्मी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="लक्ष्मी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लक्ष्मी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC" title="ラクシュミー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラクシュミー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksjmi" title="Laksjmi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Laksjmi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80" title="ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਕਸ਼ਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਕਸ਼ਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C" title="لکشمی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکشمی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8" title="ព្រះម៉ែលក្ម្សី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះម៉ែលក្ម្សី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakszmi" title="Lakszmi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lakszmi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Лакшми – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лакшми" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%83" title="लक्ष्मीः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लक्ष्मीः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱚᱠᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93_(%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9F%E0%B6%B1)" title="ලක්‍ෂ්මී (දෙවඟන) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලක්‍ෂ්මී (දෙවඟන)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%AA%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A" title="لڪشمي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لڪشمي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1m%C3%AD" title="Lakšmí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lakšmí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1mi" title="Lakšmi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lakšmi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Лакшми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лакшми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%A1mi" title="Lakšmi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lakšmi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="இலக்குமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்குமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Лакшми – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лакшми" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="లక్ష్మి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లక్ష్మి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="พระลักษมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระลักษมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80" title="ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%C5%9Fmi" title="Lakşmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lakşmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Лакшмі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лакшмі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C" title="لکشمی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لکشمی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lakshmi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major Hindu goddess; goddess of wealth and beauty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lakshmi (disambiguation)">Lakshmi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shridevi" redirects here. For the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese goddess of rice, see <a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a>. For the Indian actress, see <a href="/wiki/Sridevi" title="Sridevi">Sridevi</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mahalakshmi", "Dhanalakshmi", and "Sri Lakshmi" redirect here. For Mahalakshmi, see <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mahalakshmi (disambiguation)">Mahalakshmi (disambiguation)</a>. For Dhanalakshmi, see <a href="/wiki/Dhanalakshmi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dhanalakshmi (disambiguation)">Dhanalakshmi (disambiguation)</a>. For the actress, see <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lakshmi_(actress)" title="Sri Lakshmi (actress)">Sri Lakshmi (actress)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bhargavi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bhargavi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bhargavi (disambiguation)">Bhargavi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Lakshmi. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Lakshman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshman">Lakshman</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Lakshmi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Mother Goddess<br />Goddess of Wealth, Prosperity, Fortune, Fertility, Royal Power, Abundance and Beauty<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supreme Goddess in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Supreme_Goddess_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supreme_Goddess-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Pancha Prakriti</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Goddess_Lakshmi,_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg/330px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg/440px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Sri Gaja Lakshmi</i> by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> (1896)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Sri</li><li>Bhargavi</li><li>Kamala</li><li>Padma</li><li>Narayani</li><li>Vaishnavi</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">लक्ष्मी</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayana" title="Lakshmi Narayana">Lakshmi Narayana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ashta_Lakshmi" title="Ashta Lakshmi">Ashta Lakshmi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Ashtabharya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manidvipa" title="Manidvipa">Manidvipa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>ॐ श्रीं महालक्ष्म्यै नमः। (Om̐ Śrīm̐ Mahālakṣmyai Namaḥ)</li> <li>ॐ श्रीं श्रियें नमः। (Om̐ Śrī Sriyem̐ Namaḥ)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbols</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_lotus_in_religious_art#Hinduism" title="Sacred lotus in religious art">Padma (Lotus)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Jñāna_Mudrā" title="Mudra">Jnana Mudra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abhayamudra" title="Abhayamudra">Abhaya Mudra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varadamudra" title="Varadamudra">Varadamudra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Owl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varalakshmi_Vratam" title="Varalakshmi Vratam">Varalakshmi Vratam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Agrahayana" title="Agrahayana">Margashirsha Devi Vrat</a> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manabasa_Gurubara" title="Manabasa Gurubara">Manabasa Gurubara</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alakshmi" title="Alakshmi">Alakshmi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a><sup id="cite_ref-anandrao167_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandrao167-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>Bala and Utsaha (according to some <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lakshmi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pron_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pron-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">लक्ष्मी</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Lakṣmī</i></span></i>, sometimes spelled <b>Laxmi</b>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">she who leads to one's goal</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also known as <b>Shri</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">श्री</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śrī</i></span></i>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Noble</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Hb_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the principal goddesses in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, revered as the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">goddess</a> of wealth, fortune, prosperity, beauty, fertility, royal power and abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She along with <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Sarasvati</a>, forms the trinity called the <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakshmi has been a central figure in Hindu tradition since <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">pre-Buddhist times</a> (1500 to 500 BCE) and remains one of the most widely worshipped goddesses in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu pantheon</a>. Although she does not appear in the earliest <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic literature</a>, the personification of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Shri" title="Shri">shri</a></i>—auspiciousness, glory, and high rank, often associated with kingship—eventually led to the development of Sri-Lakshmi as a goddess in later Vedic texts, particularly the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%AB_S%C5%ABkta" title="Śrī Sūkta"><i>Shri Suktam</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her importance grew significantly during the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">late epic period</a> (around 400 CE), when she became particularly associated with the preserver god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as his consort. In this role, Lakshmi is seen as the ideal Hindu wife, exemplifying loyalty and devotion to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever Vishnu descended on the earth as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a>, Lakshmi accompanied him as consort, for example, as <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> as consorts of Vishnu's avatars <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Hb_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakshmi holds a prominent place in the Vishnu-centric sect <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, where she is not only regarded as the consort of Vishnu, the Supreme Being, but also as his divine energy (<i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she is also the Supreme Goddess in the sect and assists Vishnu to create, protect, and transform the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-anandrao167_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandrao167-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is an especially prominent figure in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> tradition, in which devotion to Lakshmi is deemed to be crucial to reach Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the goddess-oriented <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, Lakshmi is venerated as the prosperity aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Supreme goddess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eight prominent manifestations of Lakshmi, the <a href="/wiki/Ashtalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtalakshmi">Ashtalakshmi</a>, symbolise the eight sources of wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakshmi is depicted in Indian art as an elegantly dressed, prosperity-showering golden-coloured woman standing or sitting in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">padmasana</a> position upon a <a href="/wiki/Lotus_throne" title="Lotus throne">lotus throne</a>, while holding a lotus in her hand, symbolising fortune, self-knowledge, and spiritual liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p385_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p385-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her iconography shows her with <a href="/wiki/Chaturbhuja" title="Chaturbhuja">four hands</a>, which represent the four aspects of human life important to Hindu culture: <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ttgov_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttgov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is often accompanied by two elephants, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Gajalakshmi" title="Gajalakshmi">Gaja-Lakshmi</a> images, symbolising both fertility and royal authority. Archaeological discoveries and ancient coins suggest the recognition and reverence for Lakshmi existing by the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-usingh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usingh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashav_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashav-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakshmi's iconography and statues have also been found in Hindu temples throughout Southeast Asia, estimated to be from the second half of the 1st millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day of Lakshmi Puja during <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a>, and the festivals of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a> (Kojagiri Purnima) are celebrated in her honour.<sup id="cite_ref-joneskoja_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joneskoja-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_epithets">Etymology and epithets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG/220px-Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG/330px-Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG/440px-Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>A painting of Lakshmi on the inner walls of the <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple">Tanjore Big temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lakshmi in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> is derived from the root word <i>lakṣ</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">लक्ष्</span></span>) and <i>lakṣa</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">लक्ष</span></span>), meaning 'to perceive, observe, know, understand' and 'goal, aim, objective', respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These roots give Lakshmi the symbolism: <i>know</i> and <i>understand</i> your goal.<sup id="cite_ref-carol_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carol-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related term is <i>lakṣaṇa</i>, which means 'sign, target, aim, symbol, attribute, quality, lucky mark, auspicious opportunity'<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakshmi_(Banteay_Srei,_Angkor)_(6843511981).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lakshmi_%28Banteay_Srei%2C_Angkor%29_%286843511981%29.jpg/220px-Lakshmi_%28Banteay_Srei%2C_Angkor%29_%286843511981%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lakshmi_%28Banteay_Srei%2C_Angkor%29_%286843511981%29.jpg/330px-Lakshmi_%28Banteay_Srei%2C_Angkor%29_%286843511981%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lakshmi_%28Banteay_Srei%2C_Angkor%29_%286843511981%29.jpg/440px-Lakshmi_%28Banteay_Srei%2C_Angkor%29_%286843511981%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Gaja Lakshmi, Cambodia, ca. 944-968</figcaption></figure> <p>Lakshmi has numerous epithets and numerous ancient <a href="/wiki/Stotram" class="mw-redirect" title="Stotram">Stotram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> recite her various names:<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vkumara_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vkumara-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <i>Sri</i> (Radiance, eminence, splendor, wealth), <i> Padmā</i> (she who is mounted upon or dwelling in a lotus or She of the <a href="/wiki/Padma_(attribute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padma (attribute)">lotus</a>), <i> Kamalā</i> or <a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a> (She of the lotus), <i>Padmapriyā</i> (Lotus-lover), <i>Padmamālādhāra Devī</i> (Goddess bearing a garland of lotuses), <i> Padmamukhī</i> (Lotus-faced-she whose face is as like as a lotus), <i> Padmākṣī</i>: (Lotus-eyed - she whose eyes are as beautiful as a lotus), <i>Padmahasta</i>: (Lotus-hand - she whose hand is holding [a] lotus[es]), <i> Padmasundarī</i> (She who is as beautiful as a lotus), <i><a href="/wiki/Padmavathi" title="Padmavathi">Padmavati</a></i> (She who was born from a lotus),<i> Śrījā</i> (Jatika of Sri), <i>Narayani</i> (belonging to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Narayana</a> or the wife of Narayana), <i><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a></i> (worshipper of Vishnu or the power of Vishnu), <i> Viṣṇupriyā</i> (who is the beloved of Vishnu), <i>Nandika</i> (the one who gives pleasure). Shaktas also consider <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a>, who is praised with 1,000 names in the <a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a>, as Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199267_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199267-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakshmi Sahasranama of <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> praises Lakshmi as <i><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></i> (she who is the great goddess), <i>Mahamaya</i> (she who is a great illusion), <i>Karaveera Nivasini</i> (The Goddess Who lives in Karaveera/<a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>) and <i>Maha Astha Dasa Pithagne</i> (she who has 18 great <a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a>). She is also praised as <i>Mahalakshmi</i> (she who is great Lakshmi), <i><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></i> (she who is great Kali) and <i>Mahasaraswati</i> (she who is great Saraswati) who are the primary deities in <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>. The other prominent names included in this text are, <i><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a> (she who is the Queen or ruler of the Universe), </i><a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a><i> (she who is the daughter of sage Katyayana), </i><a href="/wiki/Kaushiki" title="Kaushiki">Kaushiki</a><i> (<a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> that came out of the sheath (or Kosha) of <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>), </i>Brahmani<i> (She who is the power of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>), </i><a href="/wiki/Kamakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakshi">Kamakshi</a><i> (she who fulfils desires by her eyes), </i><a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a><i> (she who killed <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>), </i><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a><i> (She who killed <a href="/wiki/Chanda_and_Munda" title="Chanda and Munda">Chanda and Munda</a>), </i>Madhu Kaidabha Bhanjini<i> (she who killed <a href="/wiki/Madhu-Kaitabha" title="Madhu-Kaitabha">Madhu and Kaidabha</a>), </i><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a><i> (she who killed Durgamasura), </i>Maheshvari<i> (she who is the power of Maheshvara), </i><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a><i> (she who is the power of <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>), </i>Narasimhi<i> (she who is the power of <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>), </i>Srividyaa<i> (she who is <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vidya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Vidya">Sri Vidya</a>), </i>Sri Manthra Raja Rajini<i> (the queen of Sri Vidya), </i>Shadadharadhi devata<i> (she who is the goddess of the six <a href="/wiki/Chakras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakras">chakras</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </i>Dutch author Dirk van der Plas says, "In Lakshmi Tantra, a text of Visnuite signature, the name Mahamaya is connected with third or destructive of Goddess' three partial functions, while in supreme form she is identified with Lakshmi"<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Her other names include:<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aishwarya, Akhila, Anagha, Anapagamini, Anumati, Apara, Aruna, Atibha, Avashya, Bala, <a href="/wiki/Bhargavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhargavi">Bhargavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhudevi</a>, Chakrika, <a href="/wiki/Chanchala" title="Chanchala">Chanchala</a>, Chandravadana, Chandrasahodari, Chandraroopa, <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, Deepta, <a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhruti</a>, Haripriya, Harini, Harivallabha, Hemamalini, Hiranyavarna, Indira, Jalaja, <a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambhavati</a>, Janaki, Janamodini, Jyoti, Jyotsna, Kalyani, Kamalika, Ketaki, Kriyalakshmi, Kshirsha, Kuhu, Lalima, Madhavi, Madhu, Malti, Manushri, Nandika, Nandini, Nikhila, <a href="/wiki/Niladevi" title="Niladevi">Nila Devi</a>, Nimeshika, Padmavati, Parama, Prachi, Purnima, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, Ramaa, <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>, Samruddhi, Samudra Tanaya, <a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a>, Shraddha, Shreeya, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, Smriti, Sridevi, Sudha, Sujata, Swarna Kamala, Taruni, Tilottama, Tulasi, Vasuda, Vasudhara, Vasundhara, Varada, Varalakshmi, Vedavati, Vidya, Vimala, and Viroopa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_symbolism">Iconography and symbolism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Lakshmi_Lustrated_by_Elephants_(Gaja-Lakshmi)_LACMA_M.85.62_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shri_Lakshmi_Lustrated_by_Elephants_%28Gaja-Lakshmi%29_LACMA_M.85.62_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Shri_Lakshmi_Lustrated_by_Elephants_%28Gaja-Lakshmi%29_LACMA_M.85.62_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shri_Lakshmi_Lustrated_by_Elephants_%28Gaja-Lakshmi%29_LACMA_M.85.62_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Shri_Lakshmi_Lustrated_by_Elephants_%28Gaja-Lakshmi%29_LACMA_M.85.62_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shri_Lakshmi_Lustrated_by_Elephants_%28Gaja-Lakshmi%29_LACMA_M.85.62_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Shri_Lakshmi_Lustrated_by_Elephants_%28Gaja-Lakshmi%29_LACMA_M.85.62_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>Lakshmi lustrated by elephants, Uttar Pradesh, Kausambi, 1st century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Torana,_Sanchi_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/North_Torana%2C_Sanchi_04.jpg/250px-North_Torana%2C_Sanchi_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/North_Torana%2C_Sanchi_04.jpg/375px-North_Torana%2C_Sanchi_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/North_Torana%2C_Sanchi_04.jpg/500px-North_Torana%2C_Sanchi_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="3425" /></a><figcaption>Bas relief of <i><a href="/wiki/GajaLakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="GajaLakshmi">GajaLakshmi</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a>, Stupa I, North gateway, <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a> sculpture, 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Lakshmi is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">triad</a> of great goddesses. She represents the <a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">Rajas</a> <i>guna</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iccha-shakti" title="Iccha-shakti">Iccha-shakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image, icons, and sculptures of Lakshmi are represented with symbolism. Her name is derived from Sanskrit root words for knowing the goal and understanding the objective.<sup id="cite_ref-carol_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carol-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her four arms are symbolic of the four goals of humanity that are considered good in Hinduism: <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> (pursuit of ethical, moral life), <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></i> (pursuit of wealth, means of life), <i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a></i> (pursuit of love, emotional fulfillment), and <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> (pursuit of self-knowledge, liberation).<sup id="cite_ref-ttgov_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttgov-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apara_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apara-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lakshmi's iconography, she is either sitting or standing on a lotus and typically carrying a lotus in one or two hands. The lotus carries symbolic meanings in Hinduism and other Indian traditions. It symbolizes knowledge, self-realization, and liberation in the Vedic context, and represents reality, consciousness, and <i>karma</i> ('work, deed') in the Tantra (<a href="/wiki/Sahasrara" title="Sahasrara">Sahasrara</a>) context.<sup id="cite_ref-Parthasarathy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parthasarathy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lotus, a flower that blooms in clean or dirty water, also symbolises purity regardless of the good or bad circumstances in which it grows. It is a reminder that good and prosperity can bloom and not be affected by evil in one's surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below, behind, or on the sides, Lakshmi is very often shown with one or two elephants, known as <a href="/wiki/Gajalakshmi" title="Gajalakshmi">Gajalakshmi</a>, and occasionally with an owl.<sup id="cite_ref-amazzona104_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazzona104-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephants symbolise work, activity, and strength, as well as water, rain and fertility for abundant prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owl signifies the patient striving to observe, see, and discover knowledge, particularly when surrounded by darkness. As a bird reputedly blinded by daylight, the owl also serves as a symbolic reminder to refrain from blindness and greed after knowledge and wealth have been acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Dharmananda_Kosambi" title="Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi">D. D. Kosambi</a>, most of the Imperial Gupta kings were <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnavas</a> and held the goddess Lakshmi in the highest esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi_1977_97_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi_1977_97-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goddess Lakshmi is Simhavahini (mount as lion) on most of the coins during their rule.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins during the rule of Prakashadiya, a Gupta ruler, contain the Garudadhvaja on the obverse and Lakshmi on the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi_1977_97_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi_1977_97-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta period</a> sculpture only used to associate lions with Lakshmi but was later attributed to <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> or a combined form of both goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal198679_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal198679-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Journal,_Volumes_6-7_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal,_Volumes_6-7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lions</a> are also associated with <i>Veera Lakshmi</i>, who is one of the Ashtalakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian B. C. Bhattacharya says, "An image of Gajalakshmi is found with two lions — one on either side of her. Two elephants are also shown near her head and by this we can say that Lion is also the vahana of Lakshmi along with <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some representations, wealth either symbolically pours out from one of her hands or she simply holds a jar of money. This symbolism has a dual meaning: wealth manifested through Lakshmi means both materials as well as spiritual wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Parthasarathy_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parthasarathy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her face and open hands are in a mudra that signifies compassion, giving or <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dāna</a></i> ('charity').<sup id="cite_ref-apara_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apara-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakshmi typically wears a red dress embroidered with golden threads, which symbolizes fortune and wealth. She, goddess of wealth and prosperity, is often represented with her husband Vishnu, the god who maintains human life filled with justice and peace. This symbolism implies wealth and prosperity are coupled with the maintenance of life, justice, and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Parthasarathy_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parthasarathy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lakshmi and Vishnu appear together in images and statues, she is significantly smaller, which is often used to portray her devotional status as a wife. A frequently depicted scene of the pair illustrates Lakshmi massaging Vishnu's feet.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, Lakshmi Sahasranama of <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Tantra" title="Lakshmi Tantra">Lakshmi Tantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a> describe Lakshmi as having eighteen hands and is described as holding rosary, axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, pitcher, rod, sakti, sword, shield, conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus in her eighteen hands, and as sitting on <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D._R._Rajeswari_1989_19_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._R._Rajeswari_1989_19-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saligrama_Krishna_Ramachandra_Rao_1991_65_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saligrama_Krishna_Ramachandra_Rao_1991_65-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H._C._Das_1985_337_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._C._Das_1985_337-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Tantra" title="Lakshmi Tantra">Lakshmi Tantra</a>, the goddess Lakshmi, in her ultimate form of Mahasri, has four arms of a golden complexion, and holds a citron, a club, a shield, and a vessel containing <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">amrita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Skanda Purana and the <i>Venkatachala Mahatmayam</i>, Sri, or Lakshmi, is praised as the mother of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, where Lakshmi is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Kisshōten</a></i>, she is commonly depicted with the <a href="/wiki/Cintamani#Nomenclature.2C_orthography_and_etymology" title="Cintamani">Nyoihōju gem (如意宝珠)</a> in her hand.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Goddess Lakshmi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:250px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:115px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gajalaxmi_-_Medallion_-_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Red_Sand_Stone_-_Bharhut_Stupa_Railing_Pillar_-_Madhya_Pradesh_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2012-11-16_1837_Cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gajalaxmi_-_Medallion_-_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Red_Sand_Stone_-_Bharhut_Stupa_Railing_Pillar_-_Madhya_Pradesh_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2012-11-16_1837_Cropped.JPG/115px-Gajalaxmi_-_Medallion_-_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Red_Sand_Stone_-_Bharhut_Stupa_Railing_Pillar_-_Madhya_Pradesh_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2012-11-16_1837_Cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="115" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gajalaxmi_-_Medallion_-_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Red_Sand_Stone_-_Bharhut_Stupa_Railing_Pillar_-_Madhya_Pradesh_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2012-11-16_1837_Cropped.JPG/173px-Gajalaxmi_-_Medallion_-_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Red_Sand_Stone_-_Bharhut_Stupa_Railing_Pillar_-_Madhya_Pradesh_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2012-11-16_1837_Cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gajalaxmi_-_Medallion_-_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Red_Sand_Stone_-_Bharhut_Stupa_Railing_Pillar_-_Madhya_Pradesh_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2012-11-16_1837_Cropped.JPG/230px-Gajalaxmi_-_Medallion_-_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Red_Sand_Stone_-_Bharhut_Stupa_Railing_Pillar_-_Madhya_Pradesh_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2012-11-16_1837_Cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="2591" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a>, circa 110 BCE</div></td><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:115px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg/117px-Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg/177px-Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg/235px-Coin_of_Azilises_showing_Gaja_Lakshmi_standing_on_a_lotus_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1060" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Coins of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, 1st century BCE</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:115px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg/111px-Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg/167px-Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg/222px-Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Coinage of <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></div></td><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:115px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prasat_Kravan_0637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Prasat_Kravan_0637.jpg/86px-Prasat_Kravan_0637.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Prasat_Kravan_0637.jpg/130px-Prasat_Kravan_0637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Prasat_Kravan_0637.jpg/172px-Prasat_Kravan_0637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Cambodia</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:115px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandstone_Lakshmi_statue_(10th_century),_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_20121014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sandstone_Lakshmi_statue_%2810th_century%29%2C_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_20121014.JPG/77px-Sandstone_Lakshmi_statue_%2810th_century%29%2C_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_20121014.JPG" decoding="async" width="77" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sandstone_Lakshmi_statue_%2810th_century%29%2C_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_20121014.JPG/116px-Sandstone_Lakshmi_statue_%2810th_century%29%2C_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_20121014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Sandstone_Lakshmi_statue_%2810th_century%29%2C_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_20121014.JPG/154px-Sandstone_Lakshmi_statue_%2810th_century%29%2C_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History%2C_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_20121014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Vietnam, 10th century</div></td><td style="width:125px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:125px;height:115px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_Saraswati_Lakshmi_in_Hindu_Temple_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ganesha_Saraswati_Lakshmi_in_Hindu_Temple_Malaysia.jpg/125px-Ganesha_Saraswati_Lakshmi_in_Hindu_Temple_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ganesha_Saraswati_Lakshmi_in_Hindu_Temple_Malaysia.jpg/188px-Ganesha_Saraswati_Lakshmi_in_Hindu_Temple_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ganesha_Saraswati_Lakshmi_in_Hindu_Temple_Malaysia.jpg/250px-Ganesha_Saraswati_Lakshmi_in_Hindu_Temple_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3022" data-file-height="2266" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Malaysia</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="infobox-caption">Lakshmi is one of the <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">tridevi of Hindu goddesses</a>. Her iconography is found in ancient and modern Hindu and Buddhist temples.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedas_and_Brahmanas">Vedas and Brahmanas</h3></div> <p>The meaning and significance of Lakshmi evolved in ancient Sanskrit texts.<sup id="cite_ref-jmuir_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmuir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakshmi is mentioned once in <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, in which the name is used to mean 'kindred mark, sign of auspicious fortune'<i>.</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">भद्रैषां <b>लक्ष्मी</b>र्निहिताधि वाचि</span></span><br /> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhadraiṣāṁ <b>lakṣmī</b>rnihitādhi vāci</i></span></i> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>"an auspicious fortune is attached to their words" </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Rig Veda, x.71.2 </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Muir_(indologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Muir (indologist)">John Muir</a><sup id="cite_ref-jmuir_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmuir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva Veda</a>, transcribed about 1000 BCE, Lakshmi evolves into a complex concept with plural manifestations. Book 7, Chapter 115 of Atharva Veda describes the plurality, asserting that a hundred Lakshmis are born with the body of a mortal at birth, some good, <i>Punya</i> ('virtuous') and auspicious, while others bad, <i>paapi</i> ('evil') and unfortunate. The good are welcomed, while the bad are urged to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-jmuir_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmuir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept and spirit of Lakshmi and her association with fortune and the good is significant enough that Atharva Veda mentions it in multiple books: for example, in Book 12, Chapter 5 as <i>Punya Lakshmi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some chapters of Atharva Veda, Lakshmi connotes the good, an auspicious sign, good luck, good fortune, prosperity, success, and happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Lakshmi is referred to as the goddess of fortune, identified with Sri and regarded as the wife of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Viṣṇu</i></span></i> (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nārāyaṇa</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a>, variously estimated to be composed between 800 BCE and 300 BCE, Sri (Lakshmi) is part of one of many theories, in ancient India, about the creation of the universe. In Book 9 of Shatapatha Brahmana, Sri emerges from Prajapati, after his intense meditation on the creation of life and nature of the universe. Sri is described as a resplendent and trembling woman at her birth with immense energy and powers.<sup id="cite_ref-jmuir_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmuir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gods are bewitched, desire her, and immediately become covetous of her. The gods approach Prajapati and request permission to kill her and then take her powers, talents, and gifts. Prajapati refuses, tells the gods that men should not kill women and that they can seek her gifts without violence.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gods then approach Lakshmi. <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> gets food, Soma gets kingly authority, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> gets imperial authority, Mitra acquires martial energy, Indra gets force, <a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bṛhaspati">Brihaspati</a> gets priestly authority, Savitri acquires dominion, Pushan gets splendour, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> takes nourishment and Tvashtri gets forms.<sup id="cite_ref-jmuir_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmuir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymns of Shatapatha Brahmana thus describe Sri as a goddess born with and personifying a diverse range of talents and powers. </p><p>According to another legend, she emerges during the creation of universe, floating over the water on the expanded petals of a lotus flower; she is also variously regarded as wife of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma">Kāma</a>, sister or mother of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dhātṛ</i></span> and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vidhātṛ</i></span>, wife of Dattatreya, one of the nine Shaktis of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Viṣṇu</i></span>, a manifestation of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prakṛti</i></span> as identified with <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Dākshāyaṇī</i></span> in Bharatasrama and as <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103–12">: 103–12 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epics">Epics</h3></div> <p>In the Epics of Hinduism, such as in <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, Lakshmi personifies wealth, riches, happiness, loveliness, grace, charm, and splendor.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another Hindu legend about the creation of the universe as described in <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakshmi springs with other precious things from the foam of the ocean of milk when it is churned by the gods and demons for the recovery of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Amṛta</i></span>. She appeared with a lotus in her hand and so she is also called Padmā.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108–11">: 108–11 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, the female protagonist of the <i>Ramayana</i> and her husband, the god-king <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> are considered as <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of Lakshmi and Vishnu, respectively. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a> is described as a partial incarnation of Sri (Lakshmi).<sup id="cite_ref-Draupadi_as_Goddess_Sri_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draupadi_as_Goddess_Sri-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other chapter of the epic states that Lakshmi took the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>, the chief-wife of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DorR_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DorR-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h3></div> <p>Shakta <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> are dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> of goddesses—Lakshmi, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a> describes the qualities, characteristics, and powers of Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-mahadeva_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahadeva-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second part of the Upanishad, the emphasis shifts to the use of yoga and transcendence from material craving to achieve spiritual knowledge and self-realization, the true wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saubhagya-Lakshmi Upanishad synonymously uses Sri to describe Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-mahadeva_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahadeva-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stotram_and_sutras">Stotram and sutras</h3></div> <p>Numerous ancient <a href="/wiki/Stotram" class="mw-redirect" title="Stotram">Stotram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> of Hinduism recite hymns dedicated to Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is a major goddess in <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> of Hinduism. In ancient scriptures of India, all women are declared to be embodiments of Lakshmi. For example:<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Vaishnavism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Supreme deity</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Important deities</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Holy scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Sampradayas</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Teachers—acharyas</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#001A57">Related traditions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every woman is an embodiment of you. <br /> You exist as little girls in their childhood, <br /> As young women in their youth <br /> And as elderly women in their old age.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sri Kamala Stotram</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every woman is an emanation of you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sri Daivakrta Laksmi Stotram</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ancient prayers dedicated to Lakshmi seek both material and spiritual wealth in prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Through illusion,<br /> A person can become disconnected,<br /> From his higher self,<br /> Wandering about from place to place,<br /> Bereft of clear thought,<br /> Lost in destructive behavior.<br /> It matters not how much truth,<br /> May shine forth in the world,<br /> Illuminating the entire creation,<br /> For one cannot acquire wisdom,<br /> Unless it is experienced,<br /> Through the opening on the heart.... </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas">Puranas</h3></div><p> Lakshmi features prominently in <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> of Hinduism. Vishnu Purana, in particular, dedicates many sections to her and also refers to her as Sri.<sup id="cite_ref-buitenen_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buitenen-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">J. A. B. van Buitenen</a> translates passages describing Lakshmi in Vishnu Purana:<sup id="cite_ref-buitenen_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buitenen-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Sri, loyal to Vishnu, is the mother of the world. Vishnu is the meaning, Sri is the speech. She is the conduct, he the behavior. Vishnu is knowledge, she the insight. He is dharma, she the virtuous action. She is the earth, the earth's upholder. She is contentment, he the satisfaction. She wishes, he is the desire. Sri is the sky, Vishnu the Self of everything. He is the Sun, she the light of the Sun. He is the ocean, she is the shore.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subhasita,_genomic_and_didactic_literature"><span id="Subhasita.2C_genomic_and_didactic_literature"></span>Subhasita, genomic and didactic literature</h3></div> <p>Lakshmi, along with Parvati and Saraswati, is a subject of extensive <a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a>, genomic and didactic literature of India.<sup id="cite_ref-ls_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composed in the 1st millennium BCE through the 16th century CE, they are short poems, proverbs, couplets, or <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> in Sanskrit written in a precise meter. They sometimes take the form of a dialogue between Lakshmi and Vishnu or highlight the spiritual message in Vedas and ethical maxims from Hindu Epics through Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-ls_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example Subhashita is <i>Puranartha Samgraha</i>, compiled by Vekataraya in South India, where Lakshmi and Vishnu discuss <i>niti</i> ('right, moral conduct') and <i>rajaniti</i> ('statesmanship' or 'right governance')—covering in 30 chapters and ethical and moral questions about personal, social and political life.<sup id="cite_ref-ls_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manifestations_and_aspects">Manifestations and aspects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_god_Narayana_with_his_consort_Lakshmi_(Lakshminarayana)_in_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_at_Halebidu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Relief_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_god_Narayana_with_his_consort_Lakshmi_%28Lakshminarayana%29_in_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_at_Halebidu.jpg/220px-Relief_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_god_Narayana_with_his_consort_Lakshmi_%28Lakshminarayana%29_in_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_at_Halebidu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Relief_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_god_Narayana_with_his_consort_Lakshmi_%28Lakshminarayana%29_in_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_at_Halebidu.jpg/330px-Relief_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_god_Narayana_with_his_consort_Lakshmi_%28Lakshminarayana%29_in_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_at_Halebidu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Relief_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_god_Narayana_with_his_consort_Lakshmi_%28Lakshminarayana%29_in_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_at_Halebidu.jpg/440px-Relief_sculpture_of_the_Hindu_god_Narayana_with_his_consort_Lakshmi_%28Lakshminarayana%29_in_the_Hoysaleshwara_temple_at_Halebidu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and Goddess Lakshmi at <a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Temple" title="Hoysaleswara Temple">Hoysaleswara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Inside temples, Lakshmi is often shown together with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. In certain parts of India, Lakshmi plays a special role as the mediator between her husband Vishnu and his worldly devotees. When asking Vishnu for grace or forgiveness, the devotees often approach him through the intermediary presence of Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198831–32_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198831–32-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also the personification of spiritual fulfillment. Lakshmi embodies the spiritual world, also known as <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a>, the abode of Lakshmi and Vishnu (collectively called <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Narayan">Lakshmi Narayana</a>). Lakshmi is the embodiment of the creative energy of Vishnu,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and primordial <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a> who creates the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg/250px-Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg/375px-Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg/500px-Sheshashayi_-_Laxminarayan_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>An early 20th-century painting depicting Vishnu resting on <a href="/wiki/Ananta-Shesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananta-Shesha">Ananta-Shesha</a>, with Lakshmi massaging his feet.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i>, Lakshmi is considered as <i><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></i> (Mahalakshmi) and is identified with three forms — Sri, Bhu and Durga. The three forms consist of <a href="/wiki/Satva" class="mw-redirect" title="Satva">Satva</a> ('goodness'),<sup id="cite_ref-mmwlak_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a> ('darkness') gunas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200182_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200182-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assists Vishnu (<a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>) in creation, preservation and destruction of the entire universe. <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>'s form represents the power to fight, conquer and punish the demons and anti-gods. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaktism" title="Category:Shaktism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/100px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/150px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/200px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures and texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Rahasya" title="Tripura Rahasya">Tripura Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>other texts</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annada_Mangal" title="Annada Mangal">Annada Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vidya margam</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vamachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshinachara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kula margam</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjikamata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Pattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abirami Pattar">Abhirami Bhattar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saktism" title="Template talk:Saktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Tantra" title="Lakshmi Tantra">Lakshmi Tantra</a></i> and Lakshmi Sahasranama of <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, Lakshmi is given the status of the primordial goddess. According to these texts, Durga and the other forms, such as Mahalakshmi, Mahakali and Mahasaraswati and all the Shaktis that came out of all gods such as <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200027_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200027-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are all various forms of Goddess Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Tantra" title="Lakshmi Tantra">Lakshmi Tantra</a>, Lakshmi tells <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> that she got the name Durga after killing an asura named Durgama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200052_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200052-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indologists and authors Chitralekha Singh and Prem Nath says, "<a href="/wiki/Narada_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Purana">Narada Purana</a> describes the powerful forms of Lakshmi as Durga, Mahakali, Bhadrakali, Chandi, Maheshwari, Mahalakshmi, Vaishnavi and Andreye".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakshmi, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> are typically conceptualized as distinct in most of India, but in states such as West Bengal and Odisha, they are regionally believed to be forms of Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu Bengali culture, Lakshmi, along with Saraswati, are seen as the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>. They are worshipped during <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South India, Lakshmi is seen in two forms, Sridevi and <a href="/wiki/Bhudevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhudevi">Bhudevi</a>, both at the sides of <a href="/wiki/Venkateshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshwara">Venkateshwara</a>, a form of Vishnu. Bhudevi is the representation and totality of the material world or energy, called the <i>Apara Prakriti</i>, or Mother Earth; Sridevi is the spiritual world or energy called the <i><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-anandrao167_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anandrao167-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Tantra" title="Lakshmi Tantra">Lakshmi Tantra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nila_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nila Devi">Nila Devi</a>, one of the manifestations or incarnations of Lakshmi is the third wife of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each goddess of the triad is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%AB_S%C5%ABkta" title="Śrī Sūkta">Śrī Sūkta</a>, Bhu Sūkta and Nila Sūkta, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-US438_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US438-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This threefold goddess can be found, for example, in Sri Bhu Neela Sahita Temple near <a href="/wiki/Dwaraka_Tirumala" title="Dwaraka Tirumala">Dwaraka Tirumala</a>, Andhra Pradesh, and in Adinath Swami Temple in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many parts of the region, <a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a> is considered as an incarnation of Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtalakshmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ashtalakshmi.jpg/220px-Ashtalakshmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ashtalakshmi.jpg/330px-Ashtalakshmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ashtalakshmi.jpg/440px-Ashtalakshmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Ashtalakshmi - Eight forms of Lakshmi</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ashta_Lakshmi" title="Ashta Lakshmi">Ashta Lakshmi</a> (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अष्टलक्ष्मी</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aṣṭalakṣmī</i></span>, 'eight Lakshmis') is a group of eight secondary manifestations of Lakshmi. The Ashta Lakshmi presides over eight sources of wealth and thus represents the eight powers of Shri Lakshmi. Temples dedicated to Ashta Lakshmi are found in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ashtalakshmi_Kovil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtalakshmi Kovil">Ashtalakshmi Kovil</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and many other states of India.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ashta Lakshmi </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Adi Lakshmi </td> <td>The First manifestation of Lakshmi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dhanya Lakshmi </td> <td>Granary Wealth </td></tr> <tr> <td>Veera Lakshmi </td> <td>Wealth of Courage </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaja Lakshmi </td> <td>Elephants spraying water, the wealth of fertility, rains, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Santana Lakshmi </td> <td>Wealth of Continuity, Progeny </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vidya Lakshmi </td> <td>Wealth of Knowledge and Wisdom </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vijaya Lakshmi </td> <td>Wealth of Victory </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dhana / Aishwarya Lakshmi </td> <td>Wealth of prosperity and fortune </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_and_legends">Creation and legends</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagar_Manthan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sagar_Manthan.jpg/220px-Sagar_Manthan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sagar_Manthan.jpg/330px-Sagar_Manthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sagar_Manthan.jpg/440px-Sagar_Manthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting Samudra Manthana, with Lakshmi emerging with the lotus in her hands.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)"><i>Devas</i></a> (gods) and <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura"><i>asuras</i></a> (demons) were both mortal at one time in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">Amrita</a>, the divine nectar that grants immortality, could only be obtained by churning <a href="/wiki/Kshira_Sagara" title="Kshira Sagara">Kshira Sagara</a> ('Ocean of Milk'). The devas and asuras both sought immortality and decided to churn the Kshira Sagara with Mount Mandhara. The <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a> commenced with the devas on one side and the asuras on the other. <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> incarnated as Kurma, the tortoise, and a mountain was placed on the tortoise as a churning pole. <a href="/wiki/Vasuki_(snake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasuki (snake)">Vasuki</a>, the great venom-spewing serpent-god, was wrapped around the mountain and used to churn the ocean. A host of divine celestial objects came up during the churning. Along with them emerged the goddess Lakshmi. In some versions, she is said to be the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">sea god</a> since she emerged from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>, Lakshmi is said to have been born as the daughter of the divine sage <a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a> and his wife Khyati and was named <i>Bhargavi</i>. According to Vishnu Purana, the universe was created when the devas and asuras churned the cosmic Kshira Sagara. Lakshmi came out of the ocean, bearing a lotus, along with the divine cow <a href="/wiki/Kamadhenu" title="Kamadhenu">Kamadhenu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuni" title="Varuni">Varuni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parijat" class="mw-redirect" title="Parijat">Parijat</a> tree, the <a href="/wiki/Apsaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsaras">Apsaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a> (the moon), and <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a> with <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">Amrita</a> ('nectar of immortality'). When she appeared, she had a choice to go to the Devas or the Asuras. She chose the Devas' side and among thirty deities, she chose to be with Vishnu. Thereafter, in all three worlds, the lotus-bearing goddess was celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-buitenen_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buitenen-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_festivals">Worship and festivals</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <p>Many Hindus worship Lakshmi on <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a> (Diwali), the festival of lights.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is celebrated in autumn, typically October or November every year.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil and hope over despair.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/250px-Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/375px-Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/500px-Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Deepavali celebrations include <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> (prayers) to Lakshmi and Ganesha. Lakshmi is of the Vaishnavism tradition, while Ganesha of the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198833–34_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198833–34-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the night of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a>, people clean, renovate and decorate their homes and offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Raat_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raat-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of Deepavali, Hindus dress up in new clothes or their best outfits, light up <a href="/wiki/Diya_(light)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (light)">diyas</a> (lamps and candles) inside and outside their home, and participate in family <i><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a></i> (prayers) typically to Lakshmi. After the <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a>, fireworks follow,<sup id="cite_ref-Firecracker1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firecracker1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then a family feast including <i><a href="/wiki/Mithai_(confectionery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithai (confectionery)">mithai</a></i> (sweets), and an exchange of gifts between family members and close friends. Deepavali also marks a major shopping period, since Lakshmi connotes auspiciousness, wealth and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This festival dedicated to Lakshmi is considered by Hindus to be one of the most important and joyous festivals of the year. </p><p>A very sacred day for the worship of Goddess Lakshmi falls on <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> Shukla Panchami, also called, <i>Lakshmi Panchami</i>, Shri Panchami, Kalpadi and Shri Vrata. As this worship is in the first week of the Hindu new year, by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, it is considered very auspicious.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Varalakshmi_Vratam" title="Varalakshmi Vratam">Varalakshmi Vratam</a> is celebrated by married Hindu women to pray for the well-being of their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gaja" title="Gaja">Gaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Pujan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmi Pujan">Lakshmi Puja</a> is another autumn festival celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a> in many parts of India on the full-moon day in the month of <a href="/wiki/Ashvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvin">Ashvin</a> (October).<sup id="cite_ref-joneskoja_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joneskoja-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a>, also called Kojaagari Purnima or Kuanr Purnima, is a <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival marking</a> the end of <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season. There is a traditional celebration of the moon called the <i>Kaumudi celebration</i>, Kaumudi meaning moonlight.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Sharad Purnima night, goddess Lakshmi is thanked and worshipped for the harvests. Vaibhav Lakshmi <a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a> is observed on Friday for prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymns">Hymns</h3></div> <p>Numerous hymns, prayers, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Śloka"><i>shlokas</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">stotra</a></i>, songs, and legends dedicated to Lakshmi are recited during the ritual worship of the goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include:<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sri Mahalakshmi Ashtakam</li> <li>Sri Lakshmi Sahasaranama Stotra (by <a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Sanat Kumara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Stuti" title="Sri Stuti">Sri Stuti</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Stuti" title="Lakshmi Stuti">Lakshmi Stuti</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadh%C4%81ra_Stotram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadhāra Stotram">Kanakadhara Stotram</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuh_Shloki" title="Chatuh Shloki">Chatuh Shloki</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a>)</li> <li>Sri Lakshmi Sloka (by <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> Hari Swamiji)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sukta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sukta">Sri Sukta</a>, which is contained in the Vedas and includes the Lakshmi <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a> (<i>Om Sri Mahalakshmyai ca vidmahe Vishnu patnyai ca dhimahi tanno Lakshmi prachodayat, Om</i>)</li> <li>Lakshmi <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri mantra</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> (48.13) - (<i>Samudratayai vidmahe Vishnunaikena dhimahi tanno Radha prachodayat</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtalakshmi_Stotram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtalakshmi Stotram">Ashtalakshmi Stotram</a> (by U.V. Srinivasa Varadachariyar)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_Temples">Major Temples</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Lakshmi_,_Doddagaddavalli_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Goddess_Lakshmi_%2C_Doddagaddavalli_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Goddess_Lakshmi_%2C_Doddagaddavalli_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Goddess_Lakshmi_%2C_Doddagaddavalli_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Goddess_Lakshmi_%2C_Doddagaddavalli_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Goddess_Lakshmi_%2C_Doddagaddavalli_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Goddess_Lakshmi_%2C_Doddagaddavalli_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>Lakshmi Devi idol in Sanctum of temple at Doddagaddavalli, in <a href="/wiki/Hassan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan District">Hassan District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kallur_mahalakshmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kallur_mahalakshmi.jpg/220px-Kallur_mahalakshmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kallur_mahalakshmi.jpg/330px-Kallur_mahalakshmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Kallur_mahalakshmi.jpg/440px-Kallur_mahalakshmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Self emerged idol of goddess Lakshmi with Srinivasa in Kallur Mahalakshmi temple [Second Kolhapur]</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulebhavi_mahalakshmi_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sulebhavi_mahalakshmi_temple.jpg/220px-Sulebhavi_mahalakshmi_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sulebhavi_mahalakshmi_temple.jpg/330px-Sulebhavi_mahalakshmi_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sulebhavi_mahalakshmi_temple.jpg/440px-Sulebhavi_mahalakshmi_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Mahalaxmi temple Sulebhavi., Local form of goddess lakshmi</figcaption></figure><p>Some temples dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi are: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroha_Dham" title="Agroha Dham">Agroha Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtalakshmi_Temple,_Chennai" title="Ashtalakshmi Temple, Chennai">Ashtalakshmi Temple, Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhagiya_Manavala_Perumal_Temple" title="Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple">Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagyalakshmi_Temple" title="Bhagyalakshmi Temple">Bhagyalakshmi Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara_Temple" title="Chottanikkara Temple">Chottanikkara Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Desam" title="Divya Desam">108 Divya Desams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple,_Sripuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Temple, Sripuram">Golden Temple, Sripuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goravanahalli_Mahalakshmi_Temple" title="Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Temple">Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Temple</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lakshmi Temple, Orchha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Devi_Temple,_Doddagaddavalli" title="Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli">Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshminarayana_Temple,_Hosaholalu" title="Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu">Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Temple,_Khajuraho" title="Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho">Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxminarayan_Temple" title="Laxminarayan Temple">Laxminarayan Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li>Mahalakshmi Kollapuradamma Temple, Ratnagiri<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Dahanu" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Dahanu">Mahalakshmi Temple, Dahanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Mumbai" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai">Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mookambika_Temple,_Kollur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mookambika Temple, Kollur">Mookambika Temple, Kollur</a></li> <li>Namagiri Amman Temple, Namakkal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundarikakshan_Perumal_Temple" title="Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple">Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmakshi_Temple" title="Padmakshi Temple">Padmakshi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kanaka_Maha_Lakshmi_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Kanaka Maha Lakshmi Temple">Sri Kanaka Maha Lakshmi Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li>Mahalakshmi Temple Kallur [Second Kolhapur]</li> <li>Sri Lakshmi Kuberar Temple, Rathinamangalam</li> <li>Shree Mahalakshmi Temple, Ratlam</li> <li>Shree Mahalaxmi Mataji Temple, Patan</li> <li>Shree Mahalaxmi Mandir, Usha Nagar</li> <li>Mahalaksmi Temple Bandora, Panaji</li> <li>Mahalakshmi Temple, Uchila</li> <li>Mahalaxmi Mandir, Indore</li> <li>Mahalakshmi Mandir, Pune</li> <li>Mahalakshmi Temple, Bhadrak</li> <li>Mahalakshmi Temple Kendujhargarh, Odisha</li> <li>Shri Mahalaxmi Mata Mandir, Shivdarshan, Pune</li> <li>Kanakadhara Mahalakshmi Temple, Punnorkode, Pazhamthottam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannati" title="Sannati">Sri Lakshmi Chandrala Parameshwari Temple</a>, Karnataka</li> <li>Shri Mahalakshmi Ammanavara Temple, Sulebhavi</li> <li>Shri Mahalaxmi Devi Temple, Khandwa</li> <li>Sweta Lakshmi Varahi Temple, Telanagana</li> <li>Astabhuja Mahalakshmi Temple, Haldwani</li> <li>Shri Kollapuradamma Sri Mahalakshmi temple, Chitradurga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lakshmi_Temple,_Ashland,_Massachusetts" title="Sri Lakshmi Temple, Ashland, Massachusetts">Sri Lakshmi Temple, Ashland, Massachusetts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP253395.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MET_DP253395.jpg/220px-MET_DP253395.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MET_DP253395.jpg/330px-MET_DP253395.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/MET_DP253395.jpg/440px-MET_DP253395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Greek-influenced statue of Gaja Lakshmi, holding lotus and cornucopia, flanked by two elephants and two lions. From Kashmir, 6th century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>A representation of the goddess as Gaja Lakshmi or Lakshmi flanked by two elephants spraying her with water, is one of the most frequently found in archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-usingh_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usingh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashav_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashav-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ancient sculpture of Gaja Lakshmi (from Sonkh site at <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>) dates to the pre-<a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-usingh_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usingh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atranjikhera site in modern <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> has yielded <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> plaque with images of Lakshmi dating to the 2nd century BCE. Other archaeological sites with ancient Lakshmi terracotta figurines from the 3rd century BCE include Vaisali, Sravasti, Kausambi, Campa, and Candraketugadh.<sup id="cite_ref-ashav_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashav-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goddess Lakshmi is frequently found in ancient coins of various Hindu kingdoms from Afghanistan to India. Gaja Lakshmi has been found on coins of <a href="/wiki/Scythians#Archaeology" title="Scythians">Scytho-Parthian</a> kings <a href="/wiki/Azes_II" title="Azes II">Azes II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azilises" title="Azilises">Azilises</a>; she also appears on <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> king Jyesthamitra era coins, both dating to 1st millennium BCE. Coins from 1st through 4th century CE found in various locations in India such as Ayodhya, Mathura, Ujjain, Sanchi, Bodh Gaya, Kanauj, all feature Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, ancient Greco-Indian gems and seals with images of Lakshmi have been found, estimated to be from 1st-millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1400-year-old rare granite sculpture of Lakshmi has been recovered at the Waghama village along <a href="/wiki/Jehlum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehlum">Jehlum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anantnag" title="Anantnag">Anantnag</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pompeii_Lakshmi" title="Pompeii Lakshmi">Pompeii Lakshmi</a>, a statuette supposedly thought to be of Lakshmi found in Pompeii, Italy, dates to before the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Hinduism">Outside Hinduism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sravanbelagola_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sravanbelagola_Temple.jpg/250px-Sravanbelagola_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sravanbelagola_Temple.jpg/375px-Sravanbelagola_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sravanbelagola_Temple.jpg/500px-Sravanbelagola_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gajalakshmi" title="Gajalakshmi">Gaja Lakshmi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> Temple, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lakshmi is also an important deity in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and found in Jain temples.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> temples also depict Sri Lakshmi as a goddess of <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></i> ('wealth') and <i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a></i> ('pleasure'). For example, she is exhibited with Vishnu in Parshvanatha Jain Temple at the <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho Monuments</a> of Madhya Pradesh,<sup id="cite_ref-vidya_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vidya-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she is shown pressed against Vishnu's chest, while Vishnu cups a breast in his palm. The presence of Vishnu-Lakshmi iconography in a Jain temple built near the Hindu temples of Khajuraho, suggests the sharing and acceptance of Lakshmi across a spectrum of Indian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-vidya_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vidya-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This commonality is reflected in the praise of Lakshmi found in the Jain text <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jyoruriji_Kissyoten_Srii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jyoruriji_Kissyoten_Srii.jpg/170px-Jyoruriji_Kissyoten_Srii.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jyoruriji_Kissyoten_Srii.jpg/255px-Jyoruriji_Kissyoten_Srii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jyoruriji_Kissyoten_Srii.jpg/340px-Jyoruriji_Kissyoten_Srii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Kishijoten</a> is adapted from Lakshmi.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, Lakshmi has been viewed as a goddess of abundance and fortune, and is represented on the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> and cave temples of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Buddhist sects of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Vasudhara</a> mirrors the characteristics and attributes of the Hindu Goddess, with minor iconographic differences.<sup id="cite_ref-miranda_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miranda-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chinese Buddhism, Lakshmi is referred to as either Gōngdétiān (功德天, lit "Meritorious god" ) or Jíxiáng Tiānnǚ (吉祥天女, lit "Auspicious goddess") and is the goddess of fortune and prosperity. She is regarded as the sister of <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a#In_China" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Píshāméntiān</a> (毗沙門天), or Vaiśravaṇa, one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings</a>. She is also regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">twenty-four protective deities</a>, and her image is frequently enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Mahavira_Hall" title="Mahavira Hall">Mahavira Hall</a> of most Chinese Buddhist monasteries together with the other deities. Her mantra, the Sri Devi Dharani (Chinese: 大吉祥天女咒; pinyin: Dà Jíxiáng Tiānnǚ Zhòu) is classified as one of the <a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Ten Small Mantras</a> (Chinese: 十小咒; pinyin: Shí xiǎo zhòu), which are a collection of <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a> that are commonly recited in Chinese Buddhist temples during morning liturgical services.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Dharani is as follows:</p><blockquote><p>Namo buddhāya, Namo dharmāya, Namah samghāya, Namah Śrī Mahādevīye, Tadyathā Om paripūraņa cāre samanta darśane. Mahā vihāra gate samanta vidhamane. Mahā kārya pratişţhāpane, sarvārtha sādhane, supratipūri ayatna dharmatā. Mahā vikurvite, mahā maitrī upasamhite, mahārşi susamgŗhīte samantārtha anupālane svāhā.</p></blockquote><p>In Japanese Buddhism, Lakshmi is known as <a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Kishijoten</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:吉祥天">吉祥天</a></span></span>, 'Auspicious Heavens') and is also the goddess of fortune and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like in China, Kishijoten is considered the sister of <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a#In_Japan" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Bishamon</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">毘沙門</span></span>, also known as Tamon or Bishamon-ten), who protects human life, fights evil, and brings good fortune. In ancient and medieval Japan, Kishijoten was the goddess worshiped for luck and prosperity, particularly on behalf of children. Kishijoten was also the guardian goddess of <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geishas</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, Lakshmi is an important deity, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> School. She has both peaceful and wrathful forms; the latter form is known as <a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Palden Lhamo</a>, Shri Devi Dudsol Dokam, or Kamadhatvishvari, and is the principal female protector of (Gelug) Tibetan Buddhism and of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa, Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Lakshmi and Vaiśravaṇa are found in ancient Chinese and Japanese Buddhist literature, their roots have been traced to deities in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakshmi is closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a>, who is worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> as the goddess of fertility and agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incarnations">Incarnations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuola_di_bilaspur,_vishnu_e_lakshmi,_1810_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/170px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/255px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg/340px-Scuola_di_bilaspur%2C_vishnu_e_lakshmi%2C_1810_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="4002" /></a><figcaption>Miniature painting of Vishnu and Lakshmi</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout various texts and scriptures, Lakshmi incarnated as the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedavati" title="Vedavati">Vedavati</a> – Vedavati is the possessor of the Vedas and is also considered the previous birth of goddess Sita.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> – Bhumi is the goddess of the Earth and the consort of Vishnu's 3rd avatar <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is regarded as the mother of <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a> and Sita.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a> – Varahi is the female energy and consort of Varaha. She is the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyangira" title="Pratyangira">Pratyangira</a> – Pratyangira is the consort of <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> and the pure manifestation of the wrath of <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripurasundari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyril_orji_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyril_orji-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namagiri_Thayar" class="mw-redirect" title="Namagiri Thayar">Namagiri Thayar</a> – Namagiri Thayar is the consort of Narasimha, 4th avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dharani – Dharani is the wife of sage <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, the 6th avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> – Sita is the female protagonist of the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the consort of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, Vishnu's 7th avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the chief goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Rama-centric</a> Hindu traditions and is the goddess of beauty, devotion and ploughshare.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> – Radha is the goddess of love, tenderness, compassion and devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the eternal and chief consort of Krishna and she is also the personification of <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Mūlaprakriti</a>, who is the feminine counterpart and internal potency (<i>hladini <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, Vishnu's 8th avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-Diana_Dimitrova_2018_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diana_Dimitrova_2018-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a> – Rukmini is the first and supreme queen of Krishna. She is the goddess of fortune and the queen of <a href="/wiki/Dvaraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka">Dvaraka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavati" title="Jambavati">Jambavati</a> – Jambavati is the second queen of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhama" title="Satyabhama">Satyabhama</a> – Satyabhama is the third queen of Krishna and personification of goddess Bhumi.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Kalindi</a> – Kalindi is the fourth queen of Krishna and is worshipped as river goddess Yamuna.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnajiti" title="Nagnajiti">Nagnajiti</a> – Nagnajiti is the fifth queen of Krishna and the personification of <a href="/wiki/Niladevi" title="Niladevi">Niladevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitravinda" title="Mitravinda">Mitravinda</a> – Mitravinda is the sixth queen of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)">Lakshmana</a> – Lakshmana is the seventh queen of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Bhadra (Krishna's wife)">Bhadra</a> – Bhadra is the eighth queen of Krishna (varies) .<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabharya" title="Ashtabharya">Madri</a> – according to Harivamsa Madri is the eighth queen of Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopis</a> – Gopis are considered as the consorts and devotees of Krishna, and expansion of goddess Radha, among all the Gopi devotees of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sakhi" title="Lalita Sakhi">Lalita</a> is the most prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_wives_of_Krishna" title="Junior wives of Krishna">Junior wives of Krishna</a> – They were several thousand women, Krishna married after rescuing them from the demon <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(Krishna%27s_wife)" title="Rohini (Krishna's wife)">Rohini</a> was considered the chief queen of them all.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revati" title="Revati">Revati</a> – Revati is the goddess of Opulence and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Balrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrama">Balrama</a>, who is considered as Vishnu's avatar in some traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vatikā – Vatikā is the wife of sage <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, who is considered as a partial incarnation of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmavathi" title="Padmavathi">Padmavathi</a> – Padmavathi is the consort of <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateswara</a>, an avatar of Vishnu. She is the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhargavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhargavi">Bhargavi</a> – Bhargavi is the daughter of sage <a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a> and is wife <a href="/wiki/Khyati" title="Khyati">Khyati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a> – Vaishnavi is seen as the potency of Vishnu and is worshipped as a combined avatar of <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahasaraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasaraswati">Mahasarasvati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganayaki" title="Ranganayaki">Ranganayaki</a> – Ranganayaki is the chief consort of <a href="/wiki/Ranganatha" title="Ranganatha">Ranganatha</a>, an avatar of Vishnu. She is the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andal" title="Andal">Andal</a> – Andal is the consort of Ranganatha and the personification of Bhumi. She is the only female <a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Archi (Hindu goddess)">Archi</a> – Archi is the consort of <a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a>, an avatar of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deepalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepalakshmi">Deepalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddagaddavalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Doddagaddavalli">Doddagaddavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Lakshmi" title="Star of Lakshmi">Star of Lakshmi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pron-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pron_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This pronunciation has a closer approximation of the Hindustani pronunciation. Pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DorR-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DorR_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some scholars propose a theory that Sri and Lakshmi may have originally been different goddesses, who merged into one figure.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrasts, other scholars state that the association of Rukmini was a later interpolation in the epic.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPBtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of Historical Research, Volumes 28-30</i></a>. Department of History, Ranchi University. 1991. p. 3. <q>Lord Visnu is the refuge of the world and Goddess Lakshmi is the energy behind the Universe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Historical+Research%2C+Volumes+28-30&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Department+of+History%2C+Ranchi+University&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPBtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Amulya Mohapatra; Bijaya Mohapatra (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpiU9m7T_tQC"><i>Hinduism: Analytical Study</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-388-9"><bdi>978-81-7099-388-9</bdi></a>. <q>Sri or Laxmi is the goddess of wealth and fortune , power and beauty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Analytical+Study&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-388-9&rft.au=Amulya+Mohapatra&rft.au=Bijaya+Mohapatra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpiU9m7T_tQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bulbul Sharma (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC"><i>The Book of Devi</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306766-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306766-5"><bdi>978-0-14-306766-5</bdi></a>. <q>Sri or Lakshmi, as depicted in the sacred texts, is the goddess of wealth and fortune, royal power and beauty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Devi&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306766-5&rft.au=Bulbul+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Don_ZhlB5taUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stephen Knapp (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIqyv8A9XBAC"><i>Hindu Gods & Goddesses</i></a>. Jaico Publishing House. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8495-366-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8495-366-4"><bdi>978-81-8495-366-4</bdi></a>. <q>Goddess Lakshmi is the consort and shakti, or potency, of Lord Vishnu. Lakshmi, or Sri when she is especially known as the goddess of beauty (though sometimes considered to be separate entities), is the goddess of fortune, wealth, power, and loveliness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Gods+%26+Goddesses&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-8495-366-4&rft.au=Stephen+Knapp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIqyv8A9XBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">David Kinsley (1 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82oFlfs3MpwC&pg=PA55"><i>The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-836-2"><bdi>978-0-88706-836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddesses%27+Mirror%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+from+East+and+West&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-836-2&rft.au=David+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82oFlfs3MpwC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">David Monaghan; Ariane Hudelet; John Wiltshire (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0EPYqh8C2VgC"><i>The Cinematic Jane Austen: Essays on the Filmic Sensibility of the Novels</i></a>. McFarland & Company. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5322-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5322-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-5322-1</bdi></a>. <q>In Hindu mythology, Lakshmi is the goddess of wealth, power and beauty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinematic+Jane+Austen%3A+Essays+on+the+Filmic+Sensibility+of+the+Novels&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5322-1&rft.au=David+Monaghan&rft.au=Ariane+Hudelet&rft.au=John+Wiltshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0EPYqh8C2VgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kaushal Kishore Sharma (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kkOn2T9D4C&pg=PA26"><i>Rabindranath Tagore's Aesthetics</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-237-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-237-6"><bdi>978-81-7017-237-6</bdi></a>. <q>Lakshmi, our Goddess of wealth, represents not only beauty and power but also the spirit of goodness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabindranath+Tagore%27s+Aesthetics&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-237-6&rft.au=Kaushal+Kishore+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3kkOn2T9D4C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-mmwlak-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwlak_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html">lakṣmī</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520235132/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams'</a> <i>Sanskrit–English Dictionary</i>, University of Washington Archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supreme_Goddess-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Supreme_Goddess_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pENlKmZ4r94C&q=supreme"><i>Lakshmi Tantra, Volumes -13</i></a>. Motilal Banarasidas Publishers. 2007. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1735-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakshmi+Tantra%2C+Volumes+-13&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidas+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1735-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpENlKmZ4r94C%26q%3Dsupreme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tea-with-life/translating-the-secrets-of-makara-sankranti/">"Translating the secrets of Makara Sankranti"</a>. Times of India. 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Translating+the+secrets+of+Makara+Sankranti&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Ftea-with-life%2Ftranslating-the-secrets-of-makara-sankranti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com/articles/margashirsha-thursday?srsltid=AfmBOorF_TEakNWzn5rOrkyPMgnTMQorurk20fZnLlYTlz438iA-REU_">https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com/articles/margashirsha-thursday?srsltid=AfmBOorF_TEakNWzn5rOrkyPMgnTMQorurk20fZnLlYTlz438iA-REU_</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebroy2005" class="citation book cs1">Debroy, Bibek (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCxAAQAAIAAJ&q=Bala+and+Utsaha"><i>The History of Puranas</i></a>. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4"><bdi>978-81-8090-062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Puranas&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8090-062-4&rft.aulast=Debroy&rft.aufirst=Bibek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCxAAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DBala%2Band%2BUtsaha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anandrao167-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anandrao167_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anandrao167_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anandrao167_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand_Rao2004" class="citation book cs1">Anand Rao (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxGEy6m4N9kC&pg=PA167"><i>Soteriologies of India</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7205-2"><bdi>978-3-8258-7205-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035521/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxGEy6m4N9kC&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soteriologies+of+India&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-7205-2&rft.au=Anand+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxGEy6m4N9kC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116120249/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Lakshmi">"Lakshmi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lakshmi">the original</a> on 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lakshmi&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FLakshmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Lakshmi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Lakshmi">"Lakshmi"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lakshmi&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DLakshmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hb-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hb_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hb_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulterTurner2013" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=lakshmi+also+known+as+sri&pg=PA285"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3"><bdi>978-1-135-96390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96390-3&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft.au=Turner%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEIngqiKOugC%26q%3Dlakshmi%2Balso%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bsri%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1998" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC&q=david+kinsley+10+mahavidya"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0394-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0394-7&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgTOZEyrVtIC%26q%3Ddavid%2Bkinsley%2B10%2Bmahavidya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2001" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (15 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&q=Lakshmi"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2001-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC%26q%3DLakshmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_W._Muesse" class="citation book cs1">Mark W. Muesse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlQBfbwk7CwC"><i>The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1400-4"><bdi>978-1-4514-1400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Traditions%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1400-4&rft.au=Mark+W.+Muesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlQBfbwk7CwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishore2001" class="citation book cs1">Kishore, B. R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3WzDipk9xwC&pg=PA87"><i>Hinduism</i></a>. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7182-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7182-073-3"><bdi>978-81-7182-073-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7182-073-3&rft.aulast=Kishore&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3WzDipk9xwC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George M. (2003). <i>Handbook of Hindu Mythology</i>. ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. 196–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-650-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-650-7"><bdi>1-85109-650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pages=196-8&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85109-650-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2010" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (31 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Radha"><i>Goddesses in World Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+World+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35465-6&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqotjet-Hb0MC%26q%3DRadha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSashi_Bhusan_Dasgupta2004" class="citation book cs1">Sashi Bhusan Dasgupta (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NbtiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20"><i>Evolution of Mother Worship in India</i></a>. Advaita Ashrama (A Publication House of Ramakrishna Math, Belur Math). p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7505-886-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7505-886-6"><bdi>978-81-7505-886-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Mother+Worship+in+India&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Advaita+Ashrama+%28A+Publication+House+of+Ramakrishna+Math%2C+Belur+Math%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7505-886-6&rft.au=Sashi+Bhusan+Dasgupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNbtiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmanVasudha_Narayanan1989" class="citation book cs1">Carman, John Braisted; Vasudha Narayanan (1989). <i>The Tamil Veda : Piḷḷān's interpretation of the Tiruvāymol̲i</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-09305-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-09305-0"><bdi>0-226-09305-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18624684">18624684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tamil+Veda+%3A+Pi%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7%C4%81n%27s+interpretation+of+the+Tiruv%C4%81ymol%CC%B2i&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18624684&rft.isbn=0-226-09305-0&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=John+Braisted&rft.au=Vasudha+Narayanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpendra_Nath_Dhal1978" class="citation book cs1">Upendra Nath Dhal (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSQKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Goddess Laksmi: Origin and Development</i></a>. Oriental Publishers & Distributors. p. 109. <q>Goddess Lakşmī is stated as the genetrix of the world; she maintains them as a mother ought to do . So she is often called as the Mātā.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Laksmi%3A+Origin+and+Development&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Oriental+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Upendra+Nath+Dhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSQKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2001" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (15 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p385-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p385_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 385–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=385-386&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Robert_Zimmer2015" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich Robert Zimmer (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IYVBgAAQBAJ"><i>Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6684-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-6684-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Indian+Art+and+Civilization&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6684-7&rft.au=Heinrich+Robert+Zimmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5IYVBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, Constantina. 2011. <i>Invoking Lakshmi: The Goddess of Wealth in Song and Ceremony</i>. State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3320-2">978-1-4384-3320-2</a>. pp. 29–47, 220–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ttgov-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ttgov_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ttgov_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108012904/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Divali/tabid/168/Default.aspx?PageContentID=121">Divali – THE SYMBOLISM OF LAKSHMI</a>." Trinidad and Tobago: National Library and Information System Authority. 2009. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Divali/tabid/168/Default.aspx?PageContentID=121">original</a> on 8 November 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usingh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usingh_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usingh_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usingh_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Upinder. 2009. <i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0">978-81-317-1120-0</a>, Pearson Education. p. 438</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashav-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashav_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashav_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashav_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vishnu, Asha. 1993. <i>Material life of northern India: Based on an archaeological study, 3rd century B.C. to 1st century BCE</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-410-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-410-7">978-81-7099-410-7</a>. pp. 194–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roveda, Vitorio. 2004. "The Archaeology of Khmer Images." <i><a href="/wiki/As%C3%A9anie" class="mw-redirect" title="Aséanie">Aséanie</a></i> 13(13):11–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Soumya (Fall 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109193738/https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/2007fFeature-Goddess.pdf">"O goddess where art thou?: Reexamining the Female Divine Presence in Khmer art"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Southeast_Asia_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell Southeast Asia Program">SEAP Bulletin</a></i>: 28–31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/2007fFeature-Goddess.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEAP+Bulletin&rft.atitle=O+goddess+where+art+thou%3F%3A+Reexamining+the+Female+Divine+Presence+in+Khmer+art&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=28-31&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Soumya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseap.einaudi.cornell.edu%2Fsites%2Fseap.einaudi.cornell.edu%2Ffiles%2F2007fFeature-Goddess.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joneskoja-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joneskoja_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joneskoja_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance (2011). <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. G. Melton</a> (ed.). <i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i>. pp. 253–254, 798. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=253-254%2C+798&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-205-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html">lakṣ, लक्ष्</a>." <i>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>. Germany: University of Koeln. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520235132/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carol-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carol_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carol_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Plum-Ucci" title="Carol Plum-Ucci">Plum-Ucci, Carol</a>. <i>Celebrate Diwali</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-2778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-2778-7">978-0-7660-2778-7</a>. pp. 79–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html">lakṣaṇa</a>." <i>Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>. Germany: University of Koeln. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520235132/http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes, Constantina. 2011. <i>Invoking Lakshmi: The Goddess of Wealth in Song and Ceremony</i>. State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3320-2">978-1-4384-3320-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vkumara-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vkumara_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vijaya Kumara, 108 Names of Lakshmi, Sterling Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2028-2">978-81-207-2028-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199267-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199267_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1992">Brooks 1992</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhakar_T._Malshe1974" class="citation book cs1">Prabhakar T. Malshe (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gw8AAAAMAAJ"><i>Kolhapur: A Study in Urban Geography</i></a>. University of Poona. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolhapur%3A+A+Study+in+Urban+Geography&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Poona&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Prabhakar+T.+Malshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gw8AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunindra_Misra2015" class="citation book cs1">Munindra Misra (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbBNCgAAQBAJ"><i>Lord Vishnu & Goddess Lakshmi</i></a>. Osmora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7659-1672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7659-1672-7"><bdi>978-2-7659-1672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Vishnu+%26+Goddess+Lakshmi&rft.pub=Osmora+Publishing&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.isbn=978-2-7659-1672-7&rft.au=Munindra+Misra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbBNCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_van_der_Plas1987" class="citation book cs1">Dirk van der Plas (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ops3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Effigies Dei: Essays on the History of Religions</i></a>. Brill. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effigies+Dei%3A+Essays+on+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Dirk+van+der+Plas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dops3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stotranidhi.com/en/sri-lakshmi-ashtottara-shatanamavali-in-english/">"Sri Lakshmi Ashtottara Shatanamavali - śrī lakṣmī aṣṭōttaraśatanāmāvalī"</a>. <i>Stotra Nidhi</i>. 2 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stotra+Nidhi&rft.atitle=Sri+Lakshmi+Ashtottara+Shatanamavali+-+%C5%9Br%C4%AB+lak%E1%B9%A3m%C4%AB+a%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C5%8Dttara%C5%9Batan%C4%81m%C4%81val%C4%AB&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstotranidhi.com%2Fen%2Fsri-lakshmi-ashtottara-shatanamavali-in-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Toranas are dated to the 1st century CE. See: Ornament in Indian Architecture, Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991, p.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=PA18">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8oAAAAYAAJ&q=does+lakshmi+represent+rajas+gunna&pg=PA35">"The Calcutta Review"</a>. 1855.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Calcutta+Review&rft.date=1855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQm8oAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Ddoes%2Blakshmi%2Brepresent%2Brajas%2Bgunna%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanamali2008" class="citation book cs1">Vanamali (21 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FwoDwAAQBAJ&q=lakshmi+adi+shakti&pg=PT204"><i>Shakti: Realm of the Divine Mother</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-785-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-785-1"><bdi>978-1-59477-785-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakti%3A+Realm+of+the+Divine+Mother&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-785-1&rft.au=Vanamali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FwoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlakshmi%2Badi%2Bshakti%26pg%3DPT204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apara-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apara_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apara_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parasarthy, A. 1983. <i>Symbolism in Hinduism</i>. Chinmaya Mission Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3">978-81-7597-149-3</a>. pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parthasarathy-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parthasarathy_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parthasarathy_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parthasarathy_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parasarthy, A. 1983. <i>Symbolism in Hinduism</i>. Chinmaya Mission Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3">978-81-7597-149-3</a>. pp. 91–92, 160–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan, R. S. 1983. <i>Symbolism in Hinduism</i>. Chinmaya Mission Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3">978-81-7597-149-3</a>. p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, Lynne. 2002. <i>Hinduism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-33619-6">978-0-435-33619-6</a>. p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amazzona104-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amazzona104_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012" class="citation book cs1">Laura Amazzone (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC&pg=PA103"><i>Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</i></a>. University Press of America. pp. 103–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-5314-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035523/https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Durga+and+Sacred+Female+Power&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5&rft.au=Laura+Amazzone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM_TNDu8NHUC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werness, Hope. 2007. <i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art</i>. Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1913-2">978-0-8264-1913-2</a>. pp. 159–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ajnatanama. 1983. <i>Symbolism in Hinduism</i>. Chinmaya Mission Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7597-149-3">978-81-7597-149-3</a>. pp. 317–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi_1977_97-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi_1977_97_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi_1977_97_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi1977" class="citation book cs1">Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4MCAAAAMAAJ"><i>D. D. Kosambi Commemoration Volume</i></a>. Banaras Hindu University. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+D.+Kosambi+Commemoration+Volume&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Banaras+Hindu+University&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Damodar+Dharmanand+Kosambi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4MCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi1977" class="citation book cs1">Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4MCAAAAMAAJ"><i>D. D. Kosambi Commemoration Volume</i></a>. Banaras Hindu University. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+D.+Kosambi+Commemoration+Volume&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Banaras+Hindu+University&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Damodar+Dharmanand+Kosambi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4MCAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal198679-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal198679_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPal1986">Pal 1986</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal,_Volumes_6-7-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Journal,_Volumes_6-7_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Adk7AQAAIAAJ"><i>Journal, Volumes 6-7</i></a>. Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India). 1964. p. 96. <q>From the occurrence of cornucopiae, lotus flower and lion mount the goddess has been described as Lakshmi - Ambikā — a composite icon combining the concepts of Śrī or Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity, and Ambikā, the mother aspect of Durga.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal%2C+Volumes+6-7&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+%28Kolkata%2C+India%29&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdk7AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackie_Menzies2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackie Menzies (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzLqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Goddess: Divine Energy</i></a>. Art Gallery of New South Wales. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7347-6396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7347-6396-9"><bdi>978-0-7347-6396-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess%3A+Divine+Energy&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Art+Gallery+of+New+South+Wales&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7347-6396-9&rft.au=Jackie+Menzies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzLqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihindukalasūrya_Ār._Pī._Susantā_Pranāndu2005" class="citation book cs1">Mihindukalasūrya Ār. Pī. Susantā Pranāndu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h94SAQAAIAAJ"><i>Rituals, Folk Beliefs, and Magical Arts of Sri Lanka</i></a>. Susan International. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-96318-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-96318-3-5"><bdi>978-955-96318-3-5</bdi></a>. <q>Lion: It was a 'vahana' of Lakshmi, the Goddess of Prosperity, and Parvati, the wife of Siva.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituals%2C+Folk+Beliefs%2C+and+Magical+Arts+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Susan+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-955-96318-3-5&rft.au=Mihindukalas%C5%ABrya+%C4%80r.+P%C4%AB.+Susant%C4%81+Pran%C4%81ndu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh94SAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._R._Rajeswari1989" class="citation book cs1">D. R. Rajeswari (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK-fAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sakti Iconography</i></a>. Intellectual Publishing House. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7076-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7076-015-3"><bdi>978-81-7076-015-3</bdi></a>. <q>In some places Gazalakshmi also has been given Lion as her Vahana. In South India Veera Lakshmi, one of the forms of eight Lakshmis is having Lion as her Vahana. In Rameshwaram also for Veera Lakshmi Lion is Vahana. She carries Trisula, Sphere, Sankha, Chakra, and Abhaya and Varada mudras.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sakti+Iconography&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Intellectual+Publishing+House&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7076-015-3&rft.au=D.+R.+Rajeswari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK-fAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrmila_Agarwal1995" class="citation book cs1">Urmila Agarwal (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3bqAAAAMAAJ"><i>North Indian temple sculpture</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0458-4"><bdi>978-81-215-0458-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Indian+temple+sculpture&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0458-4&rft.au=Urmila+Agarwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3bqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <i>The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Hinduism</i> (2 ed.). New York, USA: The Rosen Publishing Group Inc. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-3180-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-3180-3"><bdi>0-8239-3180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopaedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=386&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8239-3180-3&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._R._Rajeswari_1989_19-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D._R._Rajeswari_1989_19_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._R._Rajeswari1989" class="citation book cs1">D. R. Rajeswari (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK-fAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sakti Iconography</i></a>. Intellectual Publishing House. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7076-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7076-015-3"><bdi>978-81-7076-015-3</bdi></a>. <q>According to Sapta Sati the iconographical characteristics of Lakshmi are as follows: She is having 18 hands carrying rosary, axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, pitcher, rod, Sakti, Sword, Shield, Conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sakti+Iconography&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Intellectual+Publishing+House&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7076-015-3&rft.au=D.+R.+Rajeswari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK-fAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saligrama_Krishna_Ramachandra_Rao_1991_65-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saligrama_Krishna_Ramachandra_Rao_1991_65_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaligrama_Krishna_Ramachandra_Rao1991" class="citation book cs1">Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra Rao (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIzrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pratima Kosha: Descriptive Glossary of Indian Iconography, Volume 5</i></a>. IBH Prakashana. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratima+Kosha%3A+Descriptive+Glossary+of+Indian+Iconography%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=IBH+Prakashana&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Saligrama+Krishna+Ramachandra+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIzrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._C._Das_1985_337-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H._C._Das_1985_337_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._C._Das1985" class="citation book cs1">H. C. Das (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w80dAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cultural Development in Orissa</i></a>. Punthi Pustak. p. 337. <q>The Bisvakarmasastra depicts her holding a pot, a club in her right hands, and a shield and a wood apple in the left. The Markandeya Purana describes the developed form of Laksmi having as many as 18 hands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Development+in+Orissa&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Punthi+Pustak&rft.date=1985&rft.au=H.+C.+Das&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw80dAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjukta_Gupta2007" class="citation book cs1">Sanjukta Gupta (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pENlKmZ4r94C&q=GOLDEN+COMPLEXION"><i>Lakshmi Tantra</i></a>. MOTILAL BANARIDAS. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1734-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1734-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1734-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakshmi+Tantra&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=MOTILAL+BANARIDAS&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1734-0&rft.au=Sanjukta+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpENlKmZ4r94C%26q%3DGOLDEN%2BCOMPLEXION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaitentra_Prakash_Jain1951" class="citation book cs1">Jaitentra Prakash Jain (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017061141/https://holybooks-lichtenbergpress.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Skanda-Purana-Part-4.pdf"><i>Skand Puran</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Motilal banarasidas. p. 66. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holybooks-lichtenbergpress.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Skanda-Purana-Part-4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>Obeisance to Sri. the mother of the worlds. Obeisance, obeisance to the mother of Brahma. Hail to you, to the lotuseyed one. Obeisance, obeisance to the lotus-faced one</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skand+Puran&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Motilal+banarasidas&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Jaitentra+Prakash+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholybooks-lichtenbergpress.netdna-ssl.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FThe-Skanda-Purana-Part-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010061804/http://www.lib.ehime-u.ac.jp/SUZUKA/316/index.html">"Butsuzōzui (Illustrated Compendium of Buddhist Images)"</a> (in Japanese). Ehime University Library. 1796. p. (059.jpg). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.ehime-u.ac.jp/SUZUKA/316/index.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(digital photos)</span> on 10 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Butsuz%C5%8Dzui+%28Illustrated+Compendium+of+Buddhist+Images%29&rft.place=Ehime+University+Library&rft.pages=%28059.jpg%29&rft.date=1796&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.ehime-u.ac.jp%2FSUZUKA%2F316%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmuir-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jmuir_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmuir_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmuir_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmuir_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmuir_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muir, John, ed. 1870. "Lakshmi and Shri." Pp. 348–49 in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ymLZAAAAMAAJ">Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India – Their Religions and Institutions</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, volume 5. London: Trubner & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अप क्रामति सूनृता वीर्यं पुन्या लक्ष्मीः</span></span>"; <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/अथर्ववेदः/अथर्ववेद:_काण्डं_12">अथर्ववेद: काण्डं 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008103125/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82_12">Archived</a> 8 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Atharva Veda Sanskrit Original Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naama Drury (2010), The Sacrificial Ritual in the Satapatha Brahmana, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2665-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2665-6">978-81-208-2665-6</a>, pages 61–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Williams, Monier</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/religiousthough00wilgoog">Religious Thought and Life in India</a></i>, Part 1 (2nd ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316110338/https://archive.org/stream/religiousthough00wilgoog#page/n125/mode/2up">Archived</a> 16 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramayana, i.45.40–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draupadi_as_Goddess_Sri-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Draupadi_as_Goddess_Sri_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18004.htm">"Svargarohanika parva"</a>. Sacred-texts.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svargarohanika+parva&rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm18%2Fm18004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Shri+Lakshmi+Draupadi+Rukmini"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-277-9&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DShri%2BLakshmi%2BDraupadi%2BRukmini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodbeckBlack2007" class="citation book cs1">Brodbeck, Simon; Black, Brian (9 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56fr2p5f7l0C&q=Sri+Rukmini&pg=PA193"><i>Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11995-0"><bdi>978-1-134-11995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Narrative+in+the+Mahabharata&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-134-11995-0&rft.aulast=Brodbeck&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Black%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56fr2p5f7l0C%26q%3DSri%2BRukmini%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahadeva-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mahadeva_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mahadeva_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahadeva, A. 1950. "Saubhagya-Lakshmi Upanishad." In <i>The Shakta Upanishads with the Commentary of Sri Upanishad Brahma Yogin</i>, Adyar Library Series 10. Madras.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/saubhagya_sa.html">Saubhagya Lakshmi Upanishad</a> (Original text, in Sanskrit). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108232748/http://www.sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/saubhagya_sa.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warrier, A. G. Krishna, trans. 1931. <i>Saubhagya Lakshmi Upanishad</i>. Chennai: <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Publishing House">Theosophical Publishing House</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-7318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-7318-1">978-0-8356-7318-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buitenen-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buitenen_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buitenen_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buitenen_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">van Buitenen, J. A. B.</a>, trans. <i>Classical Hinduism: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</i>, edited by Cornelia Dimmitt. Temple University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-122-7">978-0-87722-122-7</a>. pp. 95–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ls-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ls_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ls_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ls_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sternbach, Ludwik. 1974. <i>Subhasita, Gnomic and Didactic Literature</i>, A History of Indian Literature 4. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01546-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01546-2">978-3-447-01546-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198831–32-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198831–32_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1988">Kinsley 1988</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA285"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3"><bdi>978-1-135-96390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96390-3&rft.au=Charles+Russell+Coulter&rft.au=Patricia+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEIngqiKOugC%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2001" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-c_j8Xggl0gC&pg=PA85"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5007-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-5007-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5007-9&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-c_j8Xggl0gC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200182-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200182_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPintchman2001">Pintchman 2001</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200027-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200027_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2000">Gupta 2000</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2000">Gupta 2000</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta200052-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta200052_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta2000">Gupta 2000</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitralekha_SinghPrem_Nath2001" class="citation book cs1">Chitralekha Singh; Prem Nath (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpkRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Lakshmi</i></a>. Crest Publishing House. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-242-0173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-242-0173-2"><bdi>978-81-242-0173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakshmi&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Crest+Publishing+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-242-0173-2&rft.au=Chitralekha+Singh&rft.au=Prem+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpkRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, Christopher John. 2004. <i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5">978-0-691-12048-5</a>. p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&q=lakshmi+daughter+Durga&pg=PA986"><i>Concise Encyclopaedia of India</i></a>. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0"><bdi>978-81-269-0639-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0639-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dNOT9iYxcMC%26q%3Dlakshmi%2Bdaughter%2BDurga%26pg%3DPA986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Balfour1873" class="citation book cs1">Edward Balfour (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia</i></a>. Adelphi Press. pp. 10–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035522/https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Adelphi+Press&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Edward+Balfour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeoNRAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._N._Srinivasan1982" class="citation book cs1">T. N. Srinivasan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGPqAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Hand Book of South Indian Images: An Introduction to the Study of Hindu Iconography</i></a>. Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hand+Book+of+South+Indian+Images%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Hindu+Iconography&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Tirumalai-Tirupati+Devasthanams&rft.date=1982&rft.au=T.+N.+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGPqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1994" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC"><i>Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+Its+Philosophy%2C+Theology%2C+and+Religious+Discipline&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1098-3&rft.au=S.+M.+Srinivasa+Chari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevmiLInyxBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US438-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US438_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA438"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113185415/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA438">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1994" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evmiLInyxBMC"><i>Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1098-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%3A+Its+Philosophy%2C+Theology%2C+and+Religious+Discipline&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1098-3&rft.au=S.+M.+Srinivasa+Chari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevmiLInyxBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitta_Ranjan_Prasad_Sinha2000" class="citation book cs1">Chitta Ranjan Prasad Sinha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrLWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Proceedings of the 9th Session of Indian Art History Congress, Hyderabad, November 2000</i></a>. Indian Art History Congress. p. 61. <q>Of the four Vedas : Rig, Yajur, Sāma and Atharva, Puruşa Sukta of Rig Veda identifies Lord Vişņu as the Cosmic God . Sri Suktam, Bhu Suktam and Nila Suktam of Rig Veda reveals the glory of Lakşmi and her forms Sri, Bhū and Nila.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+9th+Session+of+Indian+Art+History+Congress%2C+Hyderabad%2C+November+2000&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Indian+Art+History+Congress&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Chitta+Ranjan+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrLWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knapp, Stephen. <i>Spiritual India Handbook</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8495-024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8495-024-3">978-81-8495-024-3</a>. p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2012" class="citation book cs1">Rao, A.V. Shankaranarayana (2012). <i>Temples of Tamil Nadu</i>. Vasan Publications. pp. 195–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8468-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8468-112-3"><bdi>978-81-8468-112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pages=195-199&rft.pub=Vasan+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-8468-112-3&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=A.V.+Shankaranarayana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dehejia" title="Vidya Dehejia">Dehejia, Vidya</a>, and Thomas Coburn. <i>Devi: the great goddess: female divinity in South Asian art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-2129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-2129-5">978-3-7913-2129-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dallapiccola, Anna. 2007. <i>Indian Art in Detail</i>. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02691-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02691-9">978-0-674-02691-9</a>. pp. 11–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.webdunia.com/article/hinduism-gods-goddess/why-lakshmi-goes-to-wrong-people-116102600013_1.html">"Why Lakshmi goes to wrong people?"</a>. <i>english.webdunia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220082748/http://english.webdunia.com/article/hinduism-gods-goddess/why-lakshmi-goes-to-wrong-people-116102600013_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.webdunia.com&rft.atitle=Why+Lakshmi+goes+to+wrong+people%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.webdunia.com%2Farticle%2Fhinduism-gods-goddess%2Fwhy-lakshmi-goes-to-wrong-people-116102600013_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera2010" class="citation book cs1">Vera, Zak (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HhVcspIBU4C&pg=PA179"><i>Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-0020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-0020-9"><bdi>978-1-4389-0020-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226115252/https://books.google.com/books?id=8HhVcspIBU4C&pg=PA179">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>First Diwali day called <i>Dhanteras</i> or wealth worship. We perform Laskshmi-Puja in evening when clay diyas lighted to drive away shadows of evil spirits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+River%3A+Sir+Richard%27s+Last+Mission&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2010-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4389-0020-9&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=Zak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HhVcspIBU4C%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali">Diwali</a>." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114050823/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali">Archived</a> 14 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, Jean. <i>How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7">978-0-237-53412-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006">Om Lata Bahadur 2006</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198833–34-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198833–34_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsley1988">Kinsley 1988</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raat-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raat_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramodkumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Pramodkumar (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6A9EZRQIT9kC&q=lamps+kept+on+diwali+lakshmi&pg=PA109"><i>Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1240-9"><bdi>978-1-4357-1240-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804143023/https://books.google.com/books?id=6A9EZRQIT9kC&pg=PA109&dq=lamps+kept+on+diwali+lakshmi">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>It is extremely important to keep the house spotlessly clean and pure on Diwali. Lamps are lit in the evening to welcome the goddess. They are believed to light up her path.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meri+Khoj+Ek+Bharat+Ki&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2008-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4357-1240-9&rft.au=Pramodkumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6A9EZRQIT9kC%26q%3Dlamps%2Bkept%2Bon%2Bdiwali%2Blakshmi%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firecracker1-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Firecracker1_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolski2008" class="citation book cs1">Solski, Ruth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ni2z5Z35htkC&pg=PA54"><i>Big Book of Canadian Celebrations</i></a>. S&S Learning Materials. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55035-849-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55035-849-0"><bdi>978-1-55035-849-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075537/https://books.google.com/books?id=ni2z5Z35htkC&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Fireworks and firecrackers are set off to chase away evil spirits, so it is a noisy holiday too.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Book+of+Canadian+Celebrations&rft.pub=S%26S+Learning+Materials&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55035-849-0&rft.aulast=Solski&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dni2z5Z35htkC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130421024513/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/08/23/india-journal-tis-the-season-to-be-shopping/">India Journal: 'Tis the Season to be Shopping</a> Devita Saraf, The Wall Street Journal (August 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/lakshmi-panchami-2021-date-significance-time-puja-1791614-2021-04-16">"Lakshmi Panchami 2021: Date, significance, time, puja"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Lakshmi+Panchami+2021%3A+Date%2C+significance%2C+time%2C+puja&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Finformation%2Fstory%2Flakshmi-panchami-2021-date-significance-time-puja-1791614-2021-04-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Fieldhouse, Paul (2017). <i>Food, feasts, and faith : an encyclopedia of food culture in world religions</i>. Santa Barbara, California. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-411-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-411-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959260516">959260516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+feasts%2C+and+faith+%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+food+culture+in+world+religions&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959260516&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-411-7&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indif.com/nri/festivals/sharad_poornima.asp">"Sharad Poornima"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121229173010/http://www.indif.com/nri/festivals/sharad_poornima.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sharad+Poornima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indif.com%2Fnri%2Ffestivals%2Fsharad_poornima.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/hindu-mythology/observe-vaibhav-laxmi-fast-on-friday-for-prosperity/articleshow/70390018.cms">"Observe Vaibhav Laxmi fast on Friday for prosperity - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 26 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229124255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/hindu-mythology/observe-vaibhav-laxmi-fast-on-friday-for-prosperity/articleshow/70390018.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Observe+Vaibhav+Laxmi+fast+on+Friday+for+prosperity+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fastrology%2Fhindu-mythology%2Fobserve-vaibhav-laxmi-fast-on-friday-for-prosperity%2Farticleshow%2F70390018.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/sanskrit/by-category/lakshmi.php">Lakshmi Stotra</a>. Sanskrit documents. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912054623/http://sanskritdocuments.org/sanskrit/by-category/lakshmi.php">Archived</a> 12 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1975" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Barbara Stoler (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601022">"Rādhā: Consort of Kṛṣṇa's Vernal Passion"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>95</b> (4): 655–671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601022">10.2307/601022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601022">601022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=R%C4%81dh%C4%81%3A+Consort+of+K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%27s+Vernal+Passion&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=655-671&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601022&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Stoler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawleyWulff1996" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NbcwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108"><i>Devi: Goddesses of India</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20058-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20058-6"><bdi>978-0-520-20058-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devi%3A+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20058-6&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Wulff%2C+Donna+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNbcwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karnataka.com/tumkur/mahalakshmi-temple-goravanahalli/">"Sri Mahalakshmi Temple in Goravanahalli"</a>. <i>www.karnataka.com</i>. 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.karnataka.com&rft.atitle=Sri+Mahalakshmi+Temple+in+Goravanahalli&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnataka.com%2Ftumkur%2Fmahalakshmi-temple-goravanahalli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://templesinindiainfo.com/ratnagiri-kollapuradamma-temple-timings/">"Ratnagiri Kollapuradamma Temple"</a>. <i>templesinindiainfo.com</i>. 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=templesinindiainfo.com&rft.atitle=Ratnagiri+Kollapuradamma+Temple&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftemplesinindiainfo.com%2Fratnagiri-kollapuradamma-temple-timings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upinder Singh (2009), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0">978-81-317-1120-0</a>, Pearson Education, pages 438, 480 for image</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffield Osborne (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/497307">A Graeco-Indian Engraved Gem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201070905/http://www.jstor.org/stable/497307">Archived</a> 1 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 18, No. 1, pages 32–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090413/j&k.htm#20">"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Jammu & Kashmir"</a>. Tribuneindia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102180808/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090413/j%26k.htm#20">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tribune%2C+Chandigarh%2C+India+%E2%80%93+Jammu+%26+Kashmir&rft.pub=Tribuneindia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2009%2F20090413%2Fj%26k.htm%2320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/R1/1%2008%2005.htm">"Casa della Statuetta Indiana or House of the Indian Statuette"</a>. Pompeii in Pictures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323044310/http://www.pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/R1/1%2008%2005.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casa+della+Statuetta+Indiana+or+House+of+the+Indian+Statuette&rft.pub=Pompeii+in+Pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pompeiiinpictures.com%2Fpompeiiinpictures%2FR1%2F1%252008%252005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dehejia2013" class="citation book cs1">Vidya Dehejia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkDk5QllVRoC&pg=PA151"><i>The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51266-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51266-4"><bdi>978-0-231-51266-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Vishnu-Lakshmi imagery on the Jain temple speaks of the close links between various Indian belief systems and the overall acceptance by each of the values adopted by the other</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+Adorned%3A+Sacred+and+Profane+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51266-4&rft.au=Vidya+Dehejia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkDk5QllVRoC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._EllwoodGregory_D._Alles2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Ellwood; Gregory D. Alles (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA262"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1038-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706014649/https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7&rft.au=Robert+S.+Ellwood&rft.au=Gregory+D.+Alles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vidya-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vidya_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vidya_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dehejia, Vidya. 2009. <i>The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art</i>. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14028-7">978-0-231-14028-7</a>. p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Jacobi, Hermann</a>. <i>The Golden Book of Jainism</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Muller</a>, and Mahendra Kulasrestha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-014-1">978-81-8382-014-1</a>. p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangu2003" class="citation book cs1">Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422103556/https://books.google.com/books?id=k8y-vKtqCmIC&pg=PA57"><i>Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-416-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-416-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8y-vKtqCmIC&pg=PA57">the original</a> on 22 April 2019. <q>The Goddess Lakshmi in Buddhist Art: The goddess of abundance and good fortune, Lakshmi, reflected the accumulated wealth and financial independence of the Buddhist monasteries. Her image became one of the popular visual themes carved on their monuments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Indian+Goddesses%3A+Myths%2C+Meanings%2C+and+Models&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-416-5&rft.aulast=Wangu&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Bazaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk8y-vKtqCmIC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Robert_Zimmer2015" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich Robert Zimmer (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IYVBgAAQBAJ"><i>Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6684-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-6684-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906092006/https://books.google.com/books?id=5IYVBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Indian+Art+and+Civilization&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6684-7&rft.au=Heinrich+Robert+Zimmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5IYVBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miranda-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miranda_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Miranda. 2006. "Chapter 13." Pp. 258–62 in <i>Buddhist Goddesses of India</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12758-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12758-3">978-0-691-12758-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php">"Ten Small Mantras"</a>. <i>www.buddhamountain.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddhamountain.ca&rft.atitle=Ten+Small+Mantras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhamountain.ca%2FTen_Small_Mantras.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 102, 285, 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3"><bdi>978-1-135-96390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pages=102%2C+285%2C+439&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96390-3&rft.au=Charles+Russell+Coulter&rft.au=Patricia+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEIngqiKOugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span> p. 102: "Kishijoten, a goddess of luck who corresponds to Lakshmi, the Indian goddess of fortune..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellZiegler2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Ziegler, Donald S. Lopez Jr.; with the assistance of Juhn Ahn, J. Wayne Bass, William Chu, Amanda Goodman, Hyoung Seok Ham, Seong-Uk Kim, Sumi Lee, Patrick Pranke, Andrew Quintman, Gareth Sparham, Maya Stiller, Harumi (2013). Buswell, Robert E; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (eds.). <i>Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism.&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.%3B+with+the+assistance+of+Juhn+Ahn%2C+J.+Wayne+Bass%2C+William+Chu%2C+Amanda+Goodman%2C+Hyoung+Seok+Ham%2C+Seong-Uk+Kim%2C+Sumi+Lee%2C+Patrick+Pranke%2C+Andrew+Quintman%2C+Gareth+Sparham%2C+Maya+Stiller%2C+Harumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rViYDwAAQBAJ&dq=vedavati+goddess+of&pg=PA601"><i>The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VII: Uttarakāṇḍa</i></a>. Princeton University Press. 11 September 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18292-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18292-6"><bdi>978-0-691-18292-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India%2C+Volume+VII%3A+Uttarak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18292-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrViYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dvedavati%2Bgoddess%2Bof%26pg%3DPA601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffyMair2017" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Michelle; Mair, Judith (7 August 2017). "Social inclusion, social exclusion and encounter". <i>Festival Encounters</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315644097-8">10.4324/9781315644097-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-64409-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-64409-7"><bdi>978-1-315-64409-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+inclusion%2C+social+exclusion+and+encounter&rft.btitle=Festival+Encounters&rft.pages=83-93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315644097-8&rft.isbn=978-1-315-64409-7&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Mair%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani2015" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142"><i>Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0597-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0597-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Work+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0597-2&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvXsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinsley p. 156, Devi Mahatmya verses 8.62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyril_orji-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyril_orji_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GrIWEAAAQBAJ&dq=vaishnavi+matrika+consort+of+vishnu&pg=PT220"><i>An Introduction to Religious and Theological Studies, Second Edition</i></a>. Cyril orji. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-8593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-8593-4"><bdi>978-1-5326-8593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Religious+and+Theological+Studies%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Cyril+orji&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-8593-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrIWEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dvaishnavi%2Bmatrika%2Bconsort%2Bof%2Bvishnu%26pg%3DPT220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rajan, V. G. (19 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757426">"Nr̥siṁha Cave Temple at Nāmakkal: Its Iconographical Significance"</a>. <i>East and West</i>. <b>49</b> (1/4): 189–194. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757426">29757426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Nr%CC%A5si%E1%B9%81ha+Cave+Temple+at+N%C4%81makkal%3A+Its+Iconographical+Significance&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=189-194&rft.date=1999-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulterTurner2013" class="citation book cs1">Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=Dharani&pg=PA285"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96390-3"><bdi>978-1-135-96390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96390-3&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Charles+Russell&rft.au=Turner%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEIngqiKOugC%26q%3DDharani%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan_Aravamudan2014" class="citation book cs1">Krishnan Aravamudan (22 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJe9BAAAQBAJ&dq=sita+goddess+of+purity+mother+goddess&pg=PA213"><i>Pure Gems of Ramayanam</i></a>. PartridgeIndia. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-3720-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-3720-9"><bdi>978-1-4828-3720-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+Gems+of+Ramayanam&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=PartridgeIndia&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-3720-9&rft.au=Krishnan+Aravamudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJe9BAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsita%2Bgoddess%2Bof%2Bpurity%2Bmother%2Bgoddess%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattangadi2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/sita.pdf">"सीतोपनिषत् (Sita Upanishad)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Sanskrit)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%28Sita+Upanishad%29&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hattangadi&rft.aufirst=Sunder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fdoc_upanishhat%2Fsita.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokhaleLal2018" class="citation book cs1">Gokhale, Namita; Lal, Malashri (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWJ7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Finding+Radha%3A+The+Quest+for+Love&pg=PT8"><i>Finding Radha: The Quest for Love</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-361-1"><bdi>978-93-5305-361-1</bdi></a>. <q>Like Sita, Radha is also a manifestation of Lakshmi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Radha%3A+The+Quest+for+Love&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.isbn=978-93-5305-361-1&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=Namita&rft.au=Lal%2C+Malashri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWJ7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFinding%2BRadha%253A%2BThe%2BQuest%2Bfor%2BLove%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diana_Dimitrova_2018-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diana_Dimitrova_2018_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Dimitrova2018" class="citation book cs1">Diana Dimitrova (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HHbtAEACAAJ"><i>Divinizing in South Asian Traditions</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-5781-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-5781-0"><bdi>978-0-8153-5781-0</bdi></a>. <q>Radha is mentioned as the personification of the Mūlaprakriti, the "Root nature", that original seed from which all material forms evolved</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinizing+in+South+Asian+Traditions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-5781-0&rft.au=Diana+Dimitrova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HHbtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/rukminisha-vijaya-1-sri-vadiraja-tirtha-t.-s.-raghavendran"><i>Rukminisha Vijaya - 1 - Sri Vadiraja Tirtha, T.S.Raghavendran</i></a>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rukminisha+Vijaya+-+1+-+Sri+Vadiraja+Tirtha%2C+T.S.Raghavendran&rft.pages=31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frukminisha-vijaya-1-sri-vadiraja-tirtha-t.-s.-raghavendran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandarkar1987" class="citation book cs1">Bhandarkar, Ramkrishna Gopal (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5zKrCIBmBwC&dq=rukmini+chief+consort&pg=PA161"><i>Vaiṣṇavism, Ṡaivism and Minor Religious Systems</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0122-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0122-2</bdi></a>. <q>expressed a desire for as good a son as Rukmini, his chief consort, had.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87avism%2C+%E1%B9%A0aivism+and+Minor+Religious+Systems&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0122-2&rft.aulast=Bhandarkar&rft.aufirst=Ramkrishna+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5zKrCIBmBwC%26dq%3Drukmini%2Bchief%2Bconsort%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedabase.net/sb/10/83/9/en1">Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 10 Chapter 83 Verse 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927085815/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/83/9/en1">Archived</a> 27 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vedabase.net. Retrieved on 2013-05-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/hv_1_38.html">"Harivamsa ch.38, 45-48"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harivamsa+ch.38%2C+45-48&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahabharata-resources.org%2Fharivamsa%2Fhv_1_38.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation cs2">Dalal, Roshen (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA398"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</i></a>, Penguin Books India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajan1988" class="citation book cs1">Rajan, K. V. Soundara (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLAltYhW-JQC&dq=Radha+niladevi&pg=PA17"><i>Secularism in Indian Art</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-245-1"><bdi>978-81-7017-245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-245-1&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=K.+V.+Soundara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLAltYhW-JQC%26dq%3DRadha%2Bniladevi%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2017" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (28 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mitravinda">"Mitravinda, Mitravindā, Mitra-vinda: 7 definitions"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Mitravinda%2C+Mitravind%C4%81%2C+Mitra-vinda%3A+7+definitions&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fmitravinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322132816/http://krsnabook.com/ch58.html">"Five Ques married by Krishna"</a>. Krishnabook.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krsnabook.com/ch58.html">the original</a> on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ques+married+by+Krishna&rft.pub=Krishnabook.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrsnabook.com%2Fch58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorace_Hayman_Wilson1870" class="citation book cs1">Horace Hayman Wilson (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition</i></a>. Trübner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n85">82</a>–3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vish%C5%84u+Pur%C3%A1%C5%84a%3A+a+system+of+Hindu+mythology+and+tradition&rft.pages=82-3&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Horace+Hayman+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> name=Harivamsha><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/vishnuparva/hv_2_103.html">"Harivamsha Maha Puraaam - Vishnu Parvaharivamsha in the Mahabharata - Vishnuparva Chapter 103 - narration of the Vrishni race"</a>. Mahabharata Resources Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harivamsha+Maha+Puraaam+-+Vishnu+Parvaharivamsha+in+the+Mahabharata+-+Vishnuparva+Chapter+103+-+narration+of+the+Vrishni+race&rft.pub=Mahabharata+Resources+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahabharata-resources.org%2Fharivamsa%2Fvishnuparva%2Fhv_2_103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJestice2004" class="citation book cs1">Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&dq=Gopis+incarnations+radha&pg=PA316"><i>Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 316–317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=316-317&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-355-1&rft.aulast=Jestice&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5cQH17-HnMC%26dq%3DGopis%2Bincarnations%2Bradha%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Mani, Vettam</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/531">531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia%3A+a+Comprehensive+Dictionary+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2019" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sudipta (8 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOV8DwAAQBAJ&dq=revati+goddess&pg=PA437"><i>Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24267-6"><bdi>978-0-300-24267-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganges%3A+The+Many+Pasts+of+an+Indian+River&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24267-6&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sudipta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOV8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drevati%2Bgoddess%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1999" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Bruce M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XO3Im3OMi8C&q=birth+date+of+Vyasa"><i>Seer of the Fifth Veda: Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1676-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1676-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seer+of+the+Fifth+Veda%3A+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+Dvaip%C4%81yana+Vy%C4%81sa+in+the+Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1676-3&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XO3Im3OMi8C%26q%3Dbirth%2Bdate%2Bof%2BVyasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sri Ramakrishna Dikshitulu and Oppiliappan Koil Sri Varadachari Sathakopan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srihayagrivan.org/ebooks/031_sva_v1p1.pdf"><i>Sri Vaikhasana Bhagavad Sastram (An Introduction)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203070421/http://www.srihayagrivan.org/ebooks/031_sva_v1p1.pdf">Archived</a> 3 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2020" class="citation news cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bhrigu-the-father-of-fortune/articleshow/79213947.cms">"Bhrigu: The Father of Fortune"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Bhrigu%3A+The+Father+of+Fortune&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fbhrigu-the-father-of-fortune%2Farticleshow%2F79213947.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izQ1EAAAQBAJ&dq=vaishno+devi+incarnation+of&pg=PA154"><i>Understanding Culture and Society in India</i></a>. Springer Nature Singapore. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-1598-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-1598-6"><bdi>978-981-16-1598-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Culture+and+Society+in+India&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-981-16-1598-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizQ1EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dvaishno%2Bdevi%2Bincarnation%2Bof%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViswanatha2016" class="citation book cs1">Viswanatha (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujdxCwAAQBAJ&dq=ranganayaki+visit&pg=PT68"><i>Theology and Tradition of Eternity: Philosophy of Adi Advaita</i></a>. Partridge Publishing. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-6982-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-6982-8"><bdi>978-1-4828-6982-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Tradition+of+Eternity%3A+Philosophy+of+Adi+Advaita&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-6982-8&rft.au=Viswanatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujdxCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dranganayaki%2Bvisit%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Srinivasa_Chari1997" class="citation book cs1">S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&pg=PA10"><i>Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1342-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1342-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Theistic+Mysticism+of+the+%C4%80l%CC%B2v%C4%81rs&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1342-7&rft.au=S.+M.+Srinivasa+Chari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TwHhuZrZ-wC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapasyananda" class="citation book cs1">Tapasyananda, Swami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNyBDwAAQBAJ&dq=prithu+archi&pg=PA50-IA60"><i>Srimad Bhagavata – Volume 1</i></a>. Sri Ramakrishna Math(vedantaebooks.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad+Bhagavata+%E2%80%93+Volume+1&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math%28vedantaebooks.org%29&rft.aulast=Tapasyananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNyBDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dprithu%2Barchi%26pg%3DPA50-IA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=salQJBpUkGkC"><i>Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism in South India</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1146-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1146-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-1146-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auspicious+Wisdom%3A+The+Texts+and+Traditions+of+Srividya+Sakta+Tantrism+in+South+India&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1146-9&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Renfrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsalQJBpUkGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2000" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Sanjukta (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LakshmiTantraAPancharatraTextSanjuktaGupta"><i>Laksmi Tantra</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1735-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1735-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laksmi+Tantra&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1735-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sanjukta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLakshmiTantraAPancharatraTextSanjuktaGupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaeva1993" class="citation book cs1">Isaeva, N. V. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C"><i>Shankara and Indian Philosophy</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1281-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-1281-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shankara+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1281-7&rft.aulast=Isaeva&rft.aufirst=N.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhshaWu0m1D4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0394-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0394-7&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgTOZEyrVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006" class="citation book cs1">Om Lata Bahadur (2006). John Stratton Hawley; Vasudha Narayanan (eds.). <i>The Life of Hinduism</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24914-1&rft.au=Om+Lata+Bahadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal1986" class="citation cs2">Pal, Pratapaditya (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC"><i>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05991-7"><bdi>978-0-520-05991-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+Circa+500+B.C.-A.D.+700&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05991-7&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Pratapaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclUmKaWRFTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKododwala2004" class="citation book cs1">Kododwala, Dilip (2004). <i>Divali</i>. Evans. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52858-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52858-4"><bdi>978-0-237-52858-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divali&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Evans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-237-52858-4&rft.aulast=Kododwala&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati2001" class="citation book cs1">Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (March 2001). <i>Lakshmi Puja and Thousand Names</i>. Devi Mandir Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887472-84-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-887472-84-3"><bdi>1-887472-84-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakshmi+Puja+and+Thousand+Names&rft.pub=Devi+Mandir+Publications&rft.date=2001-03&rft.isbn=1-887472-84-3&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Swami+Satyananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkatadhvari1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Venkatadhvari (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/shrlakshmsahsram01venkuoft#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Sri Lakshmi Sahasram</i></a> (in Sanskrit). Chowkhamba Sanskrit Depot, Benares.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lakshmi+Sahasram&rft.pub=Chowkhamba+Sanskrit+Depot%2C+Benares&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Venkatadhvari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fshrlakshmsahsram01venkuoft%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakshmi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Lakshmi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lakshmi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Lakshmi">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 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title="q:Lakshmi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lakshmi" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Lakshmi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/deities/lakshmi.shtml">British Broadcasting Corporation – Lakshmi</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shaktism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaktism" title="Template:Shaktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/80px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/120px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/160px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmani">Brahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani_(Matrika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani (Matrika)">Indrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)" title="Tara (Mahavidya)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaratri" title="Kalaratri">Kalaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhidhatri" title="Siddhidhatri">Siddhidhatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Temple" title="Vimala Temple">Bimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taratarini_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratarini Temple">Taratarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Shakta_pithas" title="Category:Shakta pithas">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Regional variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nats_and_spirits_of_Burmese_folk_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burmese_nats" title="Template:Burmese nats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Burmese_nats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Burmese nats (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burmese_nats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burmese nats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nats_and_spirits_of_Burmese_folk_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Nats</a> and spirits of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese folk religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official pantheon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thagyamin" title="Thagyamin">Thagyamin</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagiri" title="Mahagiri">Mahagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnamadawgyi" title="Hnamadawgyi">Hnamadawgyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Nabay" title="Shwe Nabay">Shwe Nabay</a> (Naga Medaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonbanhla" title="Thonbanhla">Thonbanhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungoo_Mingaung" title="Taungoo Mingaung">Taungoo Mingaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabya_of_Ava" title="Tarabya of Ava">Mintara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandawgan" title="Thandawgan">Thandawgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Nawrahta" title="Shwe Nawrahta">Shwe Nawrahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aungzwamagyi" title="Aungzwamagyi">Aungzwamagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyawswa_I_of_Pinya" title="Kyawswa I of Pinya">Ngazishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thihathu_of_Ava" title="Thihathu of Ava">Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungmagyi" title="Taungmagyi">Taungmagyi</a> (Shin Nyo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maungminshin" title="Maungminshin">Maungminshin</a> (Shin Byu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindaw" title="Shindaw">Shindaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaunggyin" title="Nyaunggyin">Nyaunggyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minye_Aungdin" title="Minye Aungdin">Minye Aungdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Sitthin" title="Shwe Sitthin">Shwe Sitthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaw_Shwezaga" title="Medaw Shwezaga">Medaw Shwezaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maung_Po_Tu" title="Maung Po Tu">Maung Po Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Bayin" title="Yun Bayin">Yun Bayin</a> (Mekuti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maung_Minbyu" title="Maung Minbyu">Maung Minbyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Bodaw" title="Mandalay Bodaw">Mandalay Bodaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Hpyin_Naungdaw" title="Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw">Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Hpyin_Nyidaw" title="Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw">Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintha_Maungshin" title="Mintha Maungshin">Mintha Maungshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htibyuhsaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Htibyuhsaung">Htibyuhsaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htibyuhsaung_Medaw" title="Htibyuhsaung Medaw">Htibyuhsaung Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareinma_Shin_Mingaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareinma Shin Mingaung">Pareinma Shin Mingaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Sithu" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Sithu">Min Sithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Kyawzwa" title="Min Kyawzwa">Min Kyawzwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myaukhpet_Shinma" title="Myaukhpet Shinma">Myaukhpet Shinma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anauk_Mibaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anauk Mibaya">Anauk Mibaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_(nat)" title="Shingon (nat)">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingwa" title="Shingwa">Shingwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Nemi" title="Shin Nemi">Shin Nemi</a> (Ma Hnelay)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg/128px-Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg/192px-Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg/256px-Mount_Popa_Nat_Worship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">nats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Beikthano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Byamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Maha Peinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Sandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Thiwa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Paramethwa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurathadi" title="Thurathadi">Thuyathadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Thukanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popa nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popa_Medaw" title="Popa Medaw">Popa Medaw</a> (Me Wunna)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyin_Maung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyin Maung (page does not exist)">Koyin Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungdaw_Thakhinma" title="Taungdaw Thakhinma">Taungdaw Thakhinma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ayeyarwady Delta nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U_Shin_Gyi" title="U Shin Gyi">U Shin Gyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwin_Paing_Ahpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwin Paing Ahpo (page does not exist)">Kwin Paing Ahpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bago nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bago_Medaw" title="Bago Medaw">Bago Medaw</a> (Nankaraing Medaw)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko_Aung_Naing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ko Aung Naing (page does not exist)">Ko Aung Naing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine Towns nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ko Myo Shin</li> <li>Pale Yin (Amay Pale)</li> <li>Hkuncho</li> <li>Hkuntha</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lord of the<br />White Horse nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yamma Myinbyushin</li> <li>Kanni Myinbyushin</li> <li>Shwepyay Myinbyushin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Sitthin" title="Shwe Sitthin">Shwesitthin Myinbyushin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five Mother nats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashay_Medaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashay Medaw (page does not exist)">Ashay Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amay_Yay_Yin" title="Amay Yay Yin">Anauk Medaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amay_Yay_Yin" title="Amay Yay Yin">Amay Yay Yin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taung_Medaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taung Medaw (page does not exist)">Taung Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myauk_Medaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myauk Medaw (page does not exist)">Myauk Medaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amay_Gyan" title="Amay Gyan">Amay Gyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Upagutta" title="Shin Upagutta">Shin Upagutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABvali" title="Sīvali">Shin Thiwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhtwar" title="Panhtwar">Beikthano Nat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmagyi" title="Ponmagyi">Ponmagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Bo_Gyi" title="Bo Bo Gyi">Bo Bo Gyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koe_Thein_Shin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koe Thein Shin (page does not exist)">Koe Thein Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Din_Kyaw_Khaung" title="U Din Kyaw Khaung">U Din Kyaw Khaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Lawka Nat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lay_Kyun_Maung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lay Kyun Maung (page does not exist)">Lay Kyun Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ngwe_Taung" title="Ma Ngwe Taung">Ma Ngwe Taung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medaw_Lay_Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medaw Lay Ba (page does not exist)">Medaw Lay Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogaung_Kyawzwa" title="Mogaung Kyawzwa">Mogaung Kyawzwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mya_Nan_Nwe" title="Mya Nan Nwe">Mya Nan Nwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakhan_U_Min_Gyaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakhan U Min Gyaw (page does not exist)">Pakhan U Min Gyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinma_Aungphyu" title="Shinma Aungphyu">Shinma Aungphyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Phae_Wah" title="Ma Phae Wah">Ma Phae Wah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathaso" title="Akathaso">Akathaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhummaso" title="Bhummaso">Bhummaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokkaso" title="Yokkaso">Yokkaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Mae_Thorani" title="Phra Mae Thorani">Wathondare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimekhala" title="Manimekhala">Mani Maykhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayin_Maunghnama" title="Kayin Maunghnama">Kayin Maunghnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwe_Kyunbin_Maunghnama" title="Shwe Kyunbin Maunghnama">Shwe Kyunbin Maunghnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelepyin_Maunghnama" title="Pyelepyin Maunghnama">Pyelepyin Maunghnama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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