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aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_Unix_and_Unix-like_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Unix_and_Unix-like_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Free Unix and Unix-like variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Unix_and_Unix-like_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ARPANET" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ARPANET"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>ARPANET</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ARPANET-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Branding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unix</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="يونكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউনিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউনিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikso" title="Unikso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unikso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="유닉스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Յունիքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յունիքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="यूनिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನಿಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುನಿಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_.uniks." title="lo .uniks. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo .uniks." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Уникс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уникс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യുണിക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുണിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="युनिक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယူးနစ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူးနစ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="युनिक्स् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युनिक्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونیکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یونیکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="යුනික්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුනික්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یوونیکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یوونیکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யுனிக்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுனிக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యునిక్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యునిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ยูนิกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูนิกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="یونکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unix" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="יוניקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יוניקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="UNIX" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of computer operating systems</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Unix</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIX_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UNIX_logo.svg/220px-UNIX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UNIX_logo.svg/330px-UNIX_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/UNIX_logo.svg/440px-UNIX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png/250px-Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png/500px-Simh-pdp11-unix-sysiii.png 1.5x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="544" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Unix_System_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix System III">Unix System III</a> running on a <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> simulator</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data">Unix</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data">Historically <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, while some Unix projects (including <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> family and <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> and historical Unix source code is archived.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">Development started in 1969<br />First manual published <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">internally</a> in November 1971<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971-11</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-reader_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Announced outside Bell Labs in October 1973<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973-10</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies; <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">hybrid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line interface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a> and <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>; <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="/wiki/SurfaceFlinger" class="mw-redirect" title="SurfaceFlinger">SurfaceFlinger</a>; <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Varies; some versions are <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>, others are <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free/libre</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/unix">www<wbr />.opengroup<wbr />.org<wbr />/unix</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Articles in the series</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: center">Unix all code Archive: <hr /> <p><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl">www<wbr />.tuhs<wbr />.org<wbr />/cgi-bin<wbr />/utree<wbr />.pl</a></span> </p> <hr /></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><span class="anchor" id="Internet_History_Timeline"></span><span class="anchor" id="Internet_history_timeline"></span><b>Internet history timeline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i><b>Early research and development:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1960–1964: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1962–1964: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1965<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1966<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1969<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1970<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1970</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1971<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1974<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1974</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1975<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1976<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1978<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1979<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Merging the networks and creating the Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1984<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1985<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1987<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">ARPANET decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2013<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2014<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Examples of Internet services:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unix</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c8\/En-us-Unix.oga\/En-us-Unix.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Unix.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/En-us-Unix.oga/En-us-Unix.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Unix.oga" title="File:En-us-Unix.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOO</span>-niks</i></a>; trademarked as <b>UNIX</b>) is a family of <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_software" title="Multi-user software">multi-user</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> that derive from the original <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> Unix, whose development started in 1969<sup id="cite_ref-reader_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> research center by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially intended for use inside the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a>, AT&T <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licensed</a> Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a> (<a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>), and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (<a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>). </p><p>The early versions of Unix—which are retrospectively referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a>"—ran on computers such as the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> and <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>; Unix was commonly used on <a href="/wiki/Minicomputers" class="mw-redirect" title="Minicomputers">minicomputers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframes</a> from the 1970s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It distinguished itself from its predecessors as the first <a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a> operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> (in 1973), which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-dottcl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dottcl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unix systems are characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a> that is sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophy</a>". According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A unified and <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">filesystem</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> mechanism known as "<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipes</a>" serve as the main means of communication,<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> scripting and command language (the <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a>) is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7</a> in 1979 was the final widely released Research Unix, after which AT&T sold <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_III" title="UNIX System III">UNIX System III</a>, based on Version 7, commercially in 1982; to avoid confusion between the Unix variants, AT&T combined various versions developed by others and released it as <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">UNIX System V</a> in 1983. However as these were closed-source, the University of California, Berkeley continued developing BSD as an alternative. Other vendors that were beginning to create commercialized versions of Unix would base their version on either System V (like <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a>) or BSD (like SunOS). Amid the "<a href="/wiki/Unix_wars" title="Unix wars">Unix wars</a>" of standardization, AT&T alongside Sun merged System V, BSD, SunOS and Xenix, soldifying their features into one package as UNIX System V Release 4 (SVR4) in 1989, and it was commercialized by <a href="/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a>, an AT&T spinoff.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline-40-years_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-40-years-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rival Unix by other vendors was released as <a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a>, however most commercial Unix vendors eventually changed their distributions to be based on SVR4 with BSD features added on top. </p><p>AT&T sold Unix to <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> in 1992, who later sold the UNIX trademark to a new industry consortium called <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a> which allow the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> (SUS).<sup id="cite_ref-timeline-40-years_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-40-years-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, Unix systems have appeared on <a href="/wiki/Home_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Home computers">home-class computers</a>: <a href="/wiki/BSD/OS" title="BSD/OS">BSD/OS</a> was the first to be commercialized for <a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> computers and since then free <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> clones of existing systems have been developed, such as <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and the combination of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, the latter of which have since eclipsed Unix in popularity. Unix was, until 2005, the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However in the present day, Unix distributions like IBM AIX, Oracle Solaris and <a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a> continue to be widely used in certain fields.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/250px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/330px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png/500px-Version_7_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_DMR.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a> ancestor of all modern Unix systems</figcaption></figure> <p>Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system grew larger as the operating system started spreading in academic circles, and as users added their own tools to the system and shared them with colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, Unix was not designed to support <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multi-tasking</a><sup id="cite_ref-DMR_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to be <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dottcl_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dottcl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Unix gradually gained multi-tasking and <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a> capabilities in a <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> configuration, as well as portability. Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> for storing data; a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_file_system" title="Hierarchical file system">hierarchical file system</a>; treating devices and certain types of <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> (IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">software tools</a>, small programs that can be strung together through a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">command-line interpreter</a> using <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipes</a>, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophy</a>". <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> summarize this in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment" title="The Unix Programming Environment">The Unix Programming Environment</a></i> as "the idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1980s, users began seeing Unix as a potential universal operating system, suitable for computers of all sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unix environment and the <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> program model were essential elements in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the reshaping of computing as centered in <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a> rather than in individual computers. </p><p>Both Unix and the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> were developed by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> and distributed to government and academic institutions, which led to both being ported to a wider variety of machine families than any other operating system. </p><p>The Unix operating system consists of many libraries and utilities along with the master control program, the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handles the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and other common "low-level" tasks that most programs share, and schedules access to avoid conflicts when programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously. To mediate such access, the kernel has special rights, reflected in the distinction of <i>kernel space</i> from <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">user space</a>, the latter being a lower priority realm where most application programs operate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History of Unix</a></div> <p>The origins of Unix date back to the mid-1960s when the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> were developing <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> operating system for the <a href="/wiki/GE_645" title="GE 645">GE 645</a> mainframe computer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multics featured <a href="/wiki/Multics#Novel_ideas" title="Multics">several innovations</a>, but also presented severe problems. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics, but not by its goals, individual researchers at Bell Labs started withdrawing from the project. The last to leave were <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who decided to reimplement their experiences in a new project of smaller scale. This new operating system was initially without organizational backing, and also without a name. </p><p>The new operating system was a single-tasking system.<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, the group coined the name <i>Unics</i> for <i>Uniplexed Information and Computing Service</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">pun</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></i>, which stood for <i>Multiplexed Information and Computer Services</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> takes credit for the idea, but adds that "no one can remember" the origin of the final spelling <i>Unix</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dennis Ritchie,<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doug McIlroy,<sup id="cite_ref-reader_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Neumann" title="Peter G. Neumann">Peter G. Neumann</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also credit Kernighan. </p><p>The operating system was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, but in 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> faced multiple challenges attempting the kernel port due to the evolving state of C, which lacked key features like structures at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-DMR_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version 4 Unix, however, still had much <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> specific code, and was not suitable for porting. The first port to another platform was a port of Version 6, made four years later (1977) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Interdata_7/32_and_8/32" title="Interdata 7/32 and 8/32">Interdata 7/32</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a Bell Labs port of Version 7 to the <a href="/wiki/Interdata_7/32_and_8/32" title="Interdata 7/32 and 8/32">Interdata 8/32</a> during 1977 and 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are collectively referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i>. In 1975, the first source license for <i>UNIX</i> was sold to <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Gillies" title="Donald B. Gillies">Donald B. Gillies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign</a> (UIUC) Department of Computer Science.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of Unix (<a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a>) by commercial startups, which in turn led to Unix fragmenting into multiple, similar — but often slightly and mutually incompatible — systems including <a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>. In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> developed System V Release 4 (<a href="/wiki/SVR4" class="mw-redirect" title="SVR4">SVR4</a>), which was subsequently adopted by many commercial Unix vendors. </p><p>In the 1990s, Unix and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems grew in popularity and became the operating system of choice for <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems#Supercomputers" title="Usage share of operating systems">over 90% of the world's top 500 fastest supercomputers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-top500osfam201706_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500osfam201706-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions were developed through collaboration by a worldwide network of programmers. In 2000, Apple released <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>, also a Unix system, which became the core of the Mac OS X operating system, later renamed <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unix-like operating systems are widely used in modern <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png/220px-CDE_2012_on_Linux.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png/330px-CDE_2012_on_Linux.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/CDE_2012_on_Linux.png/440px-CDE_2012_on_Linux.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment" title="Common Desktop Environment">Common Desktop Environment</a> (CDE), part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment" title="Common Open Software Environment">COSE initiative</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1980s, an open operating system standardization effort now known as <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> provided a common baseline for all operating systems; <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> based POSIX around the common structure of the major competing variants of the Unix system, publishing the first POSIX standard in 1988. In the early 1990s, a separate but very similar effort was started by an industry consortium, the <a href="/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment" title="Common Open Software Environment">Common Open Software Environment</a> (COSE) initiative, which eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> (SUS) administered by <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>. Starting in 1998, the Open Group and IEEE started the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Group" title="Austin Group">Austin Group</a>, to provide a common definition of POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification, which, by 2008, had become the Open Group Base Specification. </p><p>In 1999, in an effort towards compatibility, several Unix system vendors agreed on SVR4's <a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">Executable and Linkable Format</a> (ELF) as the standard for binary and object code files. The common format allows substantial binary compatibility among different Unix systems operating on the same CPU architecture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" title="Filesystem Hierarchy Standard">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</a> was created to provide a reference directory layout for Unix-like operating systems; it has mainly been used in Linux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">List of Unix commands</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Unix">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unix%22">"Unix"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unix%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unix%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unix%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unix%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unix%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Unix system is composed of several components that were originally packaged together. By including the development environment, libraries, documents and the portable, modifiable source code for all of these components, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> of an operating system, Unix was a self-contained software system. This was one of the key reasons it emerged as an important teaching and learning tool and has had a broad influence. See <a href="#Impact">§ Impact</a>, below. </p><p>The inclusion of these components did not make the system large –  the original V7 UNIX distribution, consisting of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus all of the source code and documentation occupied less than 10 MB and arrived on a single nine-track <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">magnetic tape</a>, earning its reputation as a portable system.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The printed documentation, typeset from the online sources, was contained in two volumes. </p><p>The names and filesystem locations of the Unix components have changed substantially across the history of the system. Nonetheless, the V7 implementation has the canonical early structure: </p> <ul><li><i>Kernel</i> –  source code in /usr/sys, composed of several sub-components: <ul><li><i>conf</i> –  configuration and machine-dependent parts, including boot code</li> <li><i>dev</i> –  device drivers for control of hardware (and some pseudo-hardware)</li> <li><i>sys</i> –  operating system "kernel", handling memory management, process scheduling, system calls, etc.</li> <li><i>h</i> –  header files, defining key structures within the system and important system-specific invariables</li></ul></li> <li><i>Development environment</i> –  early versions of Unix contained a development environment sufficient to recreate the entire system from source code: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ed_(software)" title="Ed (software)">ed</a></i> –  text editor, for creating source code files</li> <li><i>cc</i> –  <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a> compiler (first appeared in V3 Unix)</li> <li><i>as</i> –  machine-language assembler for the machine</li> <li><i>ld</i> –  <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linker</a>, for combining object files</li> <li><i>lib</i> –  object-code libraries (installed in /lib or /usr/lib). <i><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">libc</a></i>, the system library with C run-time support, was the primary library, but there have always been additional libraries for things such as mathematical functions (<i><a href="/wiki/Libm" class="mw-redirect" title="Libm">libm</a></i>) or database access. V7 Unix introduced the first version of the modern "Standard I/O" library <i>stdio</i> as part of the system library. Later implementations increased the number of libraries significantly.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></i> –  build manager (introduced in <a href="/wiki/PWB/UNIX" title="PWB/UNIX">PWB/UNIX</a>), for effectively automating the build process</li> <li><i>include</i> –  header files for software development, defining standard interfaces and system invariants</li> <li><i>Other languages</i> –  V7 Unix contained a Fortran-77 compiler, a programmable arbitrary-precision calculator (<i>bc</i>, <i>dc</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a> scripting language; later versions and implementations contain many other language compilers and toolsets. Early BSD releases included <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> tools, and many modern Unix systems also include the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> as well as or instead of a proprietary compiler system.</li> <li><i>Other tools</i> –  including an object-code archive manager (<i><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></i>), symbol-table lister (<i>nm</i>), compiler-development tools (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a></i>), and debugging tools.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Commands</i> –  Unix makes little distinction between commands (user-level programs) for system operation and maintenance (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">cron</a></i>), commands of general utility (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></i>), and more general-purpose applications such as the text formatting and typesetting package. Nonetheless, some major categories are: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">sh</a></i> –  the "shell" programmable <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">command-line interpreter</a>, the primary user interface on Unix before window systems appeared, and even afterward (within a "command window").</li> <li><i>Utilities</i> –  the core toolkit of the Unix command set, including <i><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></i> and many others. Subcategories include: <ul><li><i>System utilities</i> –  administrative tools such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mkfs" title="Mkfs">mkfs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a></i>, and many others.</li> <li><i>User utilities</i> –  environment management tools such as <i>passwd</i>, <i>kill</i>, and others.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Document formatting</i> –  Unix systems were used from the outset for document preparation and typesetting systems, and included many related programs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nroff" title="Nroff">nroff</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tbl" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbl">tbl</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eqn_(software)" title="Eqn (software)">eqn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Refer_(software)" title="Refer (software)">refer</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/PIC_(markup_language)" title="PIC (markup language)">pic</a></i>. Some modern Unix systems also include packages such as <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghostscript" title="Ghostscript">Ghostscript</a>.</li> <li><i>Graphics</i> –  the <i>plot</i> subsystem provided facilities for producing simple vector plots in a device-independent format, with device-specific interpreters to display such files. Modern Unix systems also generally include <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a> as a standard windowing system and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>, and many support <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>.</li> <li><i>Communications</i> –  early Unix systems contained no inter-system communication, but did include the inter-user communication programs <i>mail</i> and <i>write</i>. V7 introduced the early inter-system communication system <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a>, and systems beginning with BSD release 4.1c included <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> utilities.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Documentation</i> –  Unix was one of the first operating systems to include all of its documentation online in machine-readable form.<sup id="cite_ref-PowersPeekO'Reilly2003_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PowersPeekO'Reilly2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentation included: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man</a></i> –  manual pages for each command, library component, <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a>, header file, etc.</li> <li><i>doc</i> –  longer documents detailing major subsystems, such as the C language and troff</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg/250px-Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ken_Thompson_and_Dennis_Ritchie--1973.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, principal developers of <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenix84_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/250px-Usenix84_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/330px-Usenix84_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Usenix84_1.jpg/500px-Usenix84_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption>Photo from <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> 1984, including <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> (center)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Unix system had a significant impact on other operating systems. It achieved its reputation by its interactivity, by providing the software at a nominal fee for educational use, by running on inexpensive hardware, and by being easy to adapt and move to different machines. Unix was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, but was soon rewritten in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this followed the lead of <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">Burroughs MCP</a>, it was Unix that popularized the idea. </p><p>Unix had a drastically simplified file model compared to many contemporary operating systems: treating all kinds of files as simple byte arrays. The file system hierarchy contained machine services and devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminals</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Disk_storage" title="Disk storage">disk drives</a>), providing a uniform interface, but at the expense of occasionally requiring additional mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a> and mode flags to access features of the hardware that did not fit the simple "stream of bytes" model. The <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> operating system pushed this model even further and eliminated the need for additional mechanisms. </p><p>Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics. DEC's <a href="/wiki/RSX-11M" class="mw-redirect" title="RSX-11M">RSX-11M</a>'s "group, user" hierarchy evolved into <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> directories, <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>'s volumes evolved into <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> 2.0+ subdirectories, and HP's <a href="/wiki/HP_Multi-Programming_Executive" title="HP Multi-Programming Executive">MPE</a> group.account hierarchy and IBM's <a href="/wiki/System_Support_Program" title="System Support Program">SSP</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/400">OS/400</a> library systems were folded into broader POSIX file systems. </p><p>Making the command interpreter an ordinary user-level program, with additional commands provided as separate programs, was another Multics innovation popularized by Unix. The <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a> used the same language for interactive commands as for scripting (<a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a> – there was no separate job control language like IBM's <a href="/wiki/Job_Control_Language" title="Job Control Language">JCL</a>). Since the shell and OS commands were "just another program", the user could choose (or even write) their own shell. New commands could be added without changing the shell itself. Unix's innovative command-line syntax for creating modular chains of producer-consumer processes (<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipelines</a>) made a powerful programming paradigm (<a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a>) widely available. Many later command-line interpreters have been inspired by the Unix shell. </p><p>A fundamental simplifying assumption of Unix was its focus on <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a>-<a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimited</a> text for nearly all file formats. There were no "binary" editors in the original version of Unix – the entire system was configured using textual shell command scripts. The common denominator in the I/O system was the byte – unlike <a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">"record-based" file systems</a>. The focus on text for representing nearly everything made Unix pipes especially useful and encouraged the development of simple, general tools that could easily be combined to perform more complicated <i>ad hoc</i> tasks. The focus on text and bytes made the system far more scalable and portable than other systems. Over time, text-based applications have also proven popular in application areas, such as printing languages (<a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">ODF</a>), and at the application layer of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocols</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a>. </p><p>Unix popularized a syntax for <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> that found widespread use. The Unix programming interface became the basis for a widely implemented operating system interface standard (POSIX, see above). The <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> soon spread beyond Unix, and is now ubiquitous in systems and applications programming. </p><p>Early Unix developers were important in bringing the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modularity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusability</a> into <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> practice, spawning a "software tools" movement. Over time, the leading developers of Unix (and programs that ran on it) established a set of cultural norms for developing software, norms which became as important and influential as the technology of Unix itself; this has been termed the <a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix philosophy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP networking protocols</a> were quickly implemented on the Unix versions widely used on relatively inexpensive computers, which contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> explosion of worldwide, real-time connectivity and formed the basis for implementations on many other platforms. </p><p>The Unix policy of extensive on-line documentation and (for many years) ready access to all system source code raised programmer expectations, and contributed to the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">free software movement</a> in 1983. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Unix_and_Unix-like_variants">Free Unix and Unix-like variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Free Unix and Unix-like variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operating_system#Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems" title="Operating system">Operating system § Unix and Unix-like operating systems</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png/250px-Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png/330px-Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png/500px-Debian_6.0_Console_Login.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png/220px-FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png/330px-FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png/440px-FreeBSD_9.1_Console_Login.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Console screenshots of <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> (top, a popular <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>) and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (bottom, a popular <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating system)</div></div></div></div> <p>In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (short for "GNU's Not Unix") project, an ambitious effort to create a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> system—"free" in the sense that everyone who received a copy would be free to use, study, modify, and redistribute it. The GNU project's own kernel development project, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, had not yet produced a working kernel, but in 1991 <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> as free software under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. In addition to their use in the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> operating system, many GNU packages – such as the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">GNU toolchain</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">GNU C library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a> – have gone on to play central roles in other free Unix systems as well. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, consisting of the Linux kernel and large collections of compatible software have become popular both with individual users and in business. Popular distributions include <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A free derivative of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> Unix, <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>, was released in 1992 and led to the <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> projects. With the 1994 settlement of a lawsuit brought against the University of California and Berkeley Software Design Inc. (<i><a href="/wiki/USL_v._BSDi" class="mw-redirect" title="USL v. BSDi">USL v. BSDi</a></i>) by <a href="/wiki/Unix_System_Laboratories" title="Unix System Laboratories">Unix System Laboratories</a>, it was clarified that Berkeley had the right to distribute BSD Unix for free if it so desired. Since then, BSD Unix has been developed in several different product branches, including <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a>. </p><p>Because of the modular design of the Unix model, sharing components is relatively common: most or all Unix and Unix-like systems include at least some BSD code, while some include GNU utilities in their distributions. Linux and BSD Unix are increasingly filling market needs traditionally served by proprietary Unix operating systems, expanding into new markets such as the <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">consumer desktop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded devices</a>. </p><p>In a 1999 interview, Dennis Ritchie voiced his opinion that Linux and BSD Unix operating systems are a continuation of the basis of the Unix design and are derivatives of Unix:<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_1999_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_1999-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be among the healthiest of the direct Unix derivatives, though there are also the various BSD systems as well as the more official offerings from the workstation and mainframe manufacturers.</p></blockquote> <p>In the same interview, he states that he views both Unix and Linux as "the continuation of ideas that were started by Ken and me and many others, many years ago".<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_1999_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_1999-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, which included a <a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a>-licensed kernel and a primarily <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> userland. However, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> discontinued the project upon their acquisition of Sun, which prompted a group of former Sun employees and members of the OpenSolaris community to fork OpenSolaris into the <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> kernel. As of 2014, illumos remains the only active, open-source System V derivative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ARPANET">ARPANET</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ARPANET"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1975, RFC 681 described the development of <i>Network Unix</i> by the Center for Advanced Computation at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc681_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc681-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unix system was said to "present several interesting capabilities as an <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> mini-host". At the time, Unix required a license from <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> that cost US$20,000 for non-university institutions, while universities could obtain a license for a nominal fee of $150. It was noted that Bell was "open to suggestions" for an ARPANET-wide license. </p><p>The RFC specifically mentions that Unix "offers powerful local processing facilities in terms of user programs, several <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">editor</a> based on <a href="/wiki/QED_(text_editor)" title="QED (text editor)">QED</a>, a versatile document preparation system, and an efficient <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> featuring sophisticated access control, <a href="/wiki/Mount_(computing)" title="Mount (computing)">mountable</a> and de-mountable volumes, and a unified treatment of peripherals as <a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">special files</a>." The latter permitted the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Program_(ARPANET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Control Program (ARPANET)">Network Control Program</a> (NCP) to be integrated within the Unix file system, treating <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">network connections</a> as special files that could be accessed through standard Unix <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">I/O calls</a>, which included the added benefit of closing all connections on program exit, should the user neglect to do so. In order "to minimize the amount of code added to the basic Unix <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>", much of the NCP code ran in a <a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">swappable</a> user process, running only when needed.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc681_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc681-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branding">Branding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Branding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">List of Unix systems</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG/250px-UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG/330px-UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG/500px-UNIX-Licence-Plate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Promotional <a href="/wiki/License_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="License plate">license plate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>. Actual license plate is used by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)" title="Jon Hall (programmer)">Jon Hall</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg/250px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg/330px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg/500px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> running <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, a certified Unix operating system</figcaption></figure> <p>AT&T originally did not allow licensees to use the Unix name; thus Microsoft called its variant Xenix, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-bytelines198211_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bytelines198211-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1988, they allowed licensees to use the UNIX trademark for systems based on System V Release 3.2, if certain conditions were met.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1993, <a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>, the company that owned the rights to the Unix System V source at the time, transferred the <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> of Unix to the X/Open Company (now <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1995 sold the related business operations to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Operation" title="Santa Cruz Operation">Santa Cruz Operation</a> (SCO).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether Novell also sold the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a> to the actual software was the subject of a federal lawsuit in 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/SCO_v._Novell" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO v. Novell">SCO v. Novell</a></i>, which Novell won. The case was appealed, but on August 30, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed the trial decisions, closing the case.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unix vendor <a href="/wiki/SCO_Group" title="SCO Group">SCO Group Inc.</a> accused Novell of <a href="/wiki/Slander_of_title" title="Slander of title">slander of title</a>. </p><p>The present owner of the trademark <i>UNIX</i> is The Open Group, an industry standards consortium. Only systems fully compliant with and certified to the <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> qualify as "UNIX" (others are called "<a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>"). </p><p>By decree of The Open Group, the term "UNIX" refers more to a class of operating systems than to a specific implementation of an operating system; those operating systems which meet The Open Group's Single UNIX Specification should be able to bear the <a href="/wiki/UNIX_98" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX 98">UNIX 98</a> or <a href="/wiki/UNIX_03" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX 03">UNIX 03</a> trademarks today, after the operating system's vendor pays a substantial certification fee and annual trademark royalties to The Open Group.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems that have been licensed to use the UNIX trademark include <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inspur_K-UX" title="Inspur K-UX">Inspur K-UX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a> (formerly "Digital UNIX", or <a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, EulerOS and Inspur K-UX are Linux distributions certified as UNIX 03 compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes a representation like <i>Un*x</i>, <i>*NIX</i>, or <i>*N?X</i> is used to indicate all operating systems similar to Unix. This comes from the use of the asterisk (<i>*</i>) and the question mark characters as wildcard indicators in many utilities. This notation is also used to describe other Unix-like systems that have not met the requirements for UNIX branding from the Open Group. </p><p>The Open Group requests that <i>UNIX</i> always be used as an adjective followed by a generic term such as <i>system</i> to help avoid the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a>. </p><p><i>Unix</i> was the original formatting,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (September 2019)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Unix#Original_formatting_of_the_name_-_"Unix"_or_"UNIX"?" title="Talk:Unix">discuss</a></i>]</sup> but the usage of <i>UNIX</i> remains widespread because it was once typeset in <a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">small caps</a> (<i><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Unix</span></i>). According to <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, when presenting the original Unix paper to the third Operating Systems Symposium of the American <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM), "we had a new typesetter and <i><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></i> had just been invented and we were intoxicated by being able to produce small caps".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the operating system's predecessors and contemporaries used all-uppercase lettering, so many people wrote the name in upper case due to force of habit. It is not an acronym.<sup id="cite_ref-USDT_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDT-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trademark names can be registered by different entities in different countries and trademark laws in some countries allow the same trademark name to be controlled by two different entities if each entity uses the trademark in easily distinguishable categories. The result is that Unix has been used as a brand name for various products including bookshelves, ink pens, bottled glue, diapers, hair driers and food containers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several plural forms of Unix are used casually to refer to multiple brands of Unix and Unix-like systems. Most common is the conventional <i>Unixes</i>, but <i>Unices</i>, treating Unix as a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> noun of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension#Third_declension_(i)" title="Latin declension">third declension</a>, is also popular. The pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon language">Anglo-Saxon</a> plural form <i>Unixen</i> is not common, although occasionally seen. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, developer of the Solaris variant, has asserted that the term <i>Unix</i> is itself plural, referencing its many implementations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">free and proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">Unix systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">Unix commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Market share of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_2038_problem" title="Year 2038 problem">Year 2038 problem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-reader-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reader_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reader_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reader_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcIlroy1987" class="citation techreport cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug McIlroy">McIlroy, M. D.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf"><i>A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151817/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Research+Unix+reader%3A+annotated+excerpts+from+the+Programmer%27s+Manual%2C+1971%E2%80%931986&rft.series=CSTR&rft.pub=Bell+Labs&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=McIlroy&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.dartmouth.edu%2F~doug%2Freader.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchieThompson1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, D. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Thompson, K.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cacm.pdf">"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>17</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.1214">10.1.1.118.1214</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361011.361061">10.1145/361011.361061</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53235982">53235982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114359/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cacm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+UNIX+Time-Sharing+System&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.118.1214%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53235982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F361011.361061&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fcacm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1977" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/retro.pdf"><i>The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114405/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/retro.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2024</span>. <q>a good case can be made that [UNIX] is in essence a modern implementation of MIT's CTSS system</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Unix+Time-sharing+System%3A+A+retrospective&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fretro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritchie-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchieThompson,_K.1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, D.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Thompson, K.</a> (July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bstj57-6-1905">"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"</a>. <i>Bell System Tech. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Microsoft%27s+Next+Trials&rft.date=2000-06-11&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F2000%2F06%2F11%2Fmicrosofts-next-trials%2F4087113f-05e9-4ce2-bb3d-3ea0ee2faf9b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dottcl-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dottcl_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dottcl_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1993" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf">"The Development of the C Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114354/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Long live Unix!"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unix+is+dead.+Long+live+Unix%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2023%2F01%2F17%2Funix_is_dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric Steven</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch03s01.html">"The Elements of Operating-System Style"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/"><i>The Art of Unix Programming</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The right to use the UNIX Trademark requires the Licensee to pay to The Open Group an additional annual fee, calculated in accordance with the fee table set out below.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Open+Brand+Fee+Schedule&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2FBrandfees.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3576.htm">"AIX 6 Operating System V6.1.2 with SP1 or later certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408231050/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3576.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIX+6+Operating+System+V6.1.2+with+SP1+or+later+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3576.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group2016" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group (September 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3622.htm">"Huawei EulerOS 2.0 certification"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+EulerOS+2.0+certification&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3622.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3543.htm">"HP-UX 11i V3 Release B.11.31 or later certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408224320/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3543.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP-UX+11i+V3+Release+B.11.31+or+later+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3543.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3596.htm">"Inspur K-UX 2.0 certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709002355/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3596.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inspur+K-UX+2.0+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3596.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand2686.htm">"IRIX 6.5.28 with patches (4605 and 7029) certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043134/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand2686.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRIX+6.5.28+with+patches+%284605+and+7029%29+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand2686.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm">"macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002105135/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+10.12+Sierra+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3627.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Open_Group" class="citation web cs1">The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3585.htm">"Oracle Solaris 11 FCS and later certification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073536/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3585.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oracle+Solaris+11+FCS+and+later+certification&rft.au=The+Open+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3585.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_Talerico" class="citation web cs1">Bonnie Talerico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/RID=dec%252FXU2%252F1.html">"Hewlett-Packard Company Conformance Statement"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210212245/http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/RID=dec%252FXU2%252F1.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hewlett-Packard+Company+Conformance+Statement&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft.au=Bonnie+Talerico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fcsq%2Frepository%2FRID%3Ddec%25252FXU2%25252F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVivian_W._Morabito" class="citation web cs1">Vivian W. Morabito. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/norationale=1&noreferences=1&RID=ibm%252FXU1%252F6.html">"IBM Corporation Conformance Statement"</a>. The Open Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Corporation+Conformance+Statement&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft.au=Vivian+W.+Morabito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fcsq%2Frepository%2Fnorationale%3D1%26noreferences%3D1%26RID%3Dibm%25252FXU1%25252F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeng_Shen" class="citation web cs1">Peng Shen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/norationale=1&noreferences=1&RID=huawei%252FXY1%252F1.html">"Huawei Conformance Statement"</a>. The Open Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+Conformance+Statement&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft.au=Peng+Shen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fcsq%2Frepository%2Fnorationale%3D1%26noreferences%3D1%26RID%3Dhuawei%25252FXY1%25252F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeng_Shen" class="citation web cs1">Peng Shen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/csq/repository/norationale=1&noreferences=1&RID=huawei%252FCX1%252F1.html">"Huawei Conformance Statement: Commands and Utilities V4"</a>. The Open Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+Conformance+Statement%3A+Commands+and+Utilities+V4&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft.au=Peng+Shen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fcsq%2Frepository%2Fnorationale%3D1%26noreferences%3D1%26RID%3Dhuawei%25252FCX1%25252F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Eric S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catb.org/jargon/html/U/Unix.html">"Unix"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jargon_File" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jargon File">The Jargon File</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604153220/http://catb.org/jargon/html/U/Unix.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jargon+File&rft.atitle=Unix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatb.org%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FU%2FUnix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDT-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDT_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTroy1990" class="citation book cs1">Troy, Douglas (1990). <i>UNIX Systems</i>. Computing Fundamentals. Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-19827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-19827-0"><bdi>978-0-201-19827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNIX+Systems&rft.series=Computing+Fundamentals&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCumming+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-201-19827-0&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherunix.html">"Autres Unix, autres moeurs (OtherUnix)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a></i>. April 1, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403063714/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/otherunix.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bell+Laboratories&rft.atitle=Autres+Unix%2C+autres+moeurs+%28OtherUnix%29&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fotherunix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/csce351/howto/history_of_solaris.pdf">"History of Solaris"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318195534/http://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/csce351/howto/history_of_solaris.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 18, 2017. <q>UNIX is plural. It is not one operating system but, many implementations of an idea that originated in 1965.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Solaris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcse.unl.edu%2F~witty%2Fclass%2Fcsce351%2Fhowto%2Fhistory_of_solaris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRitchieThompson1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, D.M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Thompson, K.</a> (July–August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103053325/http://bstj.bell-labs.com/oldfiles/year.1978/BSTJ.1978.5706-2.html">"The UNIX Time-Sharing System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Technical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell System Technical Journal">Bell System Technical Journal</a></i>. <b>57</b> (6). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bstj.bell-labs.com/oldfiles/year.1978/BSTJ.1978.5706-2.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+UNIX+Time-Sharing+System&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1978-07%2F1978-08&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbstj.bell-labs.com%2Foldfiles%2Fyear.1978%2FBSTJ.1978.5706-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levenez.com/unix/">"UNIX History"</a>. <i>www.levenez.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.levenez.com&rft.atitle=UNIX+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levenez.com%2Funix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unixguide.net/">"AIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris, Tru64"</a>. <i>UNIXguide.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNIXguide.net&rft.atitle=AIX%2C+FreeBSD%2C+HP-UX%2C+Linux%2C+Solaris%2C+Tru64&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unixguide.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/2002/0221/bigpage.php3">"Linux Weekly News, February 21, 2002"</a>. <i>lwn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lwn.net&rft.atitle=Linux+Weekly+News%2C+February+21%2C+2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2F2002%2F0221%2Fbigpage.php3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lions" title="John Lions">Lions, John</a>: <i>Lions' <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/Lions/">"Commentary on the Sixth Edition UNIX Operating System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Sixth+Edition+UNIX+Operating+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemis.com%2Fgrog%2FDocumentation%2FLions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span> with Source Code</i>, Peer-to-Peer Communications, 1996; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57398-013-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57398-013-7">1-57398-013-7</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Salus" title="Peter H. Salus">Salus, Peter H.</a>: <i>A Quarter Century of UNIX</i>, Addison Wesley, June 1, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54777-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-54777-5">0-201-54777-5</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Television</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a> (1985). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/UNIX1985">UNIX</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Chronicles" title="Computer Chronicles">Computer Chronicles</a> (1989). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unix_2">Unix</a>".</li></ul> <dl><dt>Talks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKen_Thompson2019" class="citation interview cs1">Ken Thompson (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY6q5dv_B-o">"VCF East 2019 -- Brian Kernighan interviews Ken Thompson"</a> (Interview).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VCF+East+2019+--+Brian+Kernighan+interviews+Ken+Thompson&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Ken+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEY6q5dv_B-o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Kirk_McKusick2006" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Marshall Kirk McKusick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckusick.com/history/index.html"><i>History of the Berkeley Software Distributions (three one-hour lectures)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Berkeley+Software+Distributions+%28three+one-hour+lectures%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Marshall+Kirk+McKusick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckusick.com%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnix" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unix&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Unix</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Unix" class="extiw" title="wikt:Unix">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Unix">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Unix" class="extiw" title="q:Unix">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix" class="extiw" title="b:Guide to Unix">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11368" class="extiw" title="d:Q11368">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opengroup.org/unix">The UNIX Standard</a>, at <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Group" title="The Open Group">The Open Group</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408054606/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html">The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 8, 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402192351/http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/">The Creation of the UNIX Operating System</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 2, 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/">The Unix Tree: files from historic releases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dspinellis/unix-history-repo">Unix History Repository — a git repository representing a reconstructed version of the Unix history</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/1stEdman.html">The Unix 1st Edition Manual</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/">1st Edition manual rendered to HTML</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tc4ROCJYbm0"><span class="plainlinks">AT&T Tech Channel Archive: The UNIX Operating System: Making Computers More Productive (1982)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (film about Unix featuring Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Brian Kernighan, Alfred Aho, and more)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvDZLjaCJuw"><span class="plainlinks">AT&T Tech Channel Archive: The UNIX System: Making Computers Easier to Use (1982)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (complementary film to the preceding "Making Computers More Productive")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bsdtalk170">audio bsdtalk170 - Marshall Kirk McKusick at DCBSDCon -- on history of tcp/ip (in BSD) -- abridgement of the three lectures on the history of BSD.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinsys.com/history/hist.html">A History of UNIX before Berkeley: UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1986-09/1986_09_BYTE_11-09_The_68000_Family#page/n171/mode/2up">BYTE Magazine, September 1986: UNIX and the MC68000</a> –  a software perspective on the MC68000 CPU architecture and UNIX compatibility</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br />layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix_commands" title="Template:Unix commands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix_commands" title="Template talk:Unix commands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix_commands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix commands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattr" title="Chattr">chattr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chown" title="Chown">chown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmp_(Unix)" title="Cmp (Unix)">cmp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_(Unix)" title="Du (Unix)">du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Df_(Unix)" title="Df (Unix)">df</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(command)" title="File (command)">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuser_(Unix)" title="Fuser (Unix)">fuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ln_(Unix)" title="Ln (Unix)">ln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(command)" title="Pax (command)">pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_(Unix)" title="Type (Unix)">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umask" title="Umask">umask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">bg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_(Unix)" title="Nice (Unix)">nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_(Unix)" title="Time (Unix)">time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Env" title="Env">env</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesg" title="Mesg">mesg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tput" title="Tput">tput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(Unix)" title="Fold (Unix)">fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(Unix)" title="Head (Unix)">head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_(computer_language)" title="M4 (computer language)">m4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nl_(Unix)" title="Nl (Unix)">nl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(Unix)" title="Read (Unix)">read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wait_(command)" title="Wait (command)">wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nm_(Unix)" title="Nm (Unix)">nm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)">bc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_(command)" title="Cal (command)">cal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expr" title="Expr">expr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_V_printing_system" title="System V printing system">lp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standard_Unix_programs" title="Category:Standard Unix programs">Standard Unix programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix_SUS2008_utilities" title="Category:Unix SUS2008 utilities">Unix SUS2008 utilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_POSIX_commands" title="List of POSIX commands">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ken_Thompson90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ken_Thompson" title="Template:Ken Thompson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_(chess_machine)" title="Belle (chess machine)">Belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_(text_editor)" title="Sam (text editor)">sam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)" title="Space Travel (video game)">Space Travel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_shell" title="Thompson shell">Thompson shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rob_Pike75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rob_Pike" title="Template:Rob Pike"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rob_Pike" title="Template talk:Rob Pike"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rob_Pike" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rob Pike"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rob_Pike75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acme_(text_editor)" title="Acme (text editor)">acme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blit_(computer_terminal)" title="Blit (computer terminal)">Blit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_(text_editor)" title="Sam (text editor)">sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_(windowing_system)" title="Rio (windowing system)">rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8%C2%BD_(Plan_9)" class="mw-redirect" title="8½ (Plan 9)">8½</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice_of_Programming" title="The Practice of Programming">The Practice of Programming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unix_Programming_Environment" title="The Unix Programming Environment">The Unix Programming Environment</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_French" title="Renée French">Renée French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_V._Shaney" title="Mark V. Shaney">Mark V. Shaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time-sharing_operating_systems209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time-sharing_operating_systems" title="Template:Time-sharing operating systems"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/BBN_Time-Sharing_System" title="BBN Time-Sharing System">BBN Time-Sharing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Timesharing_System" title="Berkeley Timesharing System">Berkeley Timesharing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_MCP" title="Burroughs MCP">Burroughs MCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Kronos" title="CDC Kronos">CDC Kronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Operating_System_(COS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Operating System (COS)">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cray_Time_Sharing_System" title="Cray Time Sharing System">Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">DTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Multiple_Access_System" title="Edinburgh Multiple Access System">EMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_Time_Sharing_System" title="Livermore Time Sharing System">LTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Console_Time_Sharing_System" title="Multiple Console Time Sharing System">MCTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System" title="Michigan Terminal System">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC/SP" title="MUSIC/SP">MUSIC/SP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(operating_system)" title="NOS (operating system)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS/VE" title="NOS/VE">NOS/VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">ORVYL and WYLBUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS4000" title="OS4000">OS4000</a></li> <li><a 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system)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP/CSS" title="VP/CSS">VP/CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPS/VM" title="VPS/VM">VPS/VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAITS" title="WAITS">WAITS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time-sharing_operating_systems" title="Category:Time-sharing operating systems">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this 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systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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