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<ul id="toc-By_electromagnetic_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_and_submillimeter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_and_submillimeter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Radio and submillimeter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_and_submillimeter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Infrared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Visible light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultraviolet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraviolet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ultraviolet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraviolet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>X-ray</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma_ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma_ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Gamma ray</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma_ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_telescopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_telescopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lists of telescopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_telescopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telescope</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskoop" title="Teleskoop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Teleskoop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%88%8C%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE%E1%8D%95" title="ቴሌስኮፕ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቴሌስኮፕ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="مقراب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقراب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio" title="Telescopio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Telescopio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopu" title="Telescopu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Telescopu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopiu" title="Telescopiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Telescopiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="দূরবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দূরবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A0u-ki%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Tiàu-kiàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiàu-kiàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Тэлескоп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлескоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Тэлескоп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэлескоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="दूरबीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दूरबीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopyo" title="Teleskopyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Teleskopyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuawaziaga_(Reflektor)" title="Zuawaziaga (Reflektor) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zuawaziaga (Reflektor)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopi" title="Telescopi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telescopi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalekohled" title="Dalekohled – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dalekohled" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongorahweva" title="Dongorahweva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dongorahweva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopiu" title="Telescopiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Telescopiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesgop" title="Telesgop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Telesgop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkert" title="Kikkert – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kikkert" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskoop" title="Teleskoop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teleskoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τηλεσκόπιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεσκόπιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio" title="Telescopio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telescopio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopo" title="Teleskopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teleskopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopio" title="Teleskopio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teleskopio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="تلسکوپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلسکوپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope" title="Télescope – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télescope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskoop" title="Teleskoop – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Teleskoop" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teileasc%C3%B3p" title="Teileascóp – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teileascóp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodreayrtan" title="Fodreayrtan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fodreayrtan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio" title="Telescopio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Telescopio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Седкъатурмал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Седкъатурмал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="望遠鏡 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="ખગોળીય દૂરબીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખગોળીય દૂરબીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3" title="दुर्बीण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="दुर्बीण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="망원경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망원경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Աստղադիտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղադիտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="दूरदर्शी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूरदर्शी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopo" title="Teleskopo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teleskopo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio" title="Telescopio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Telescopio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isihlongamkhathi" title="Isihlongamkhathi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isihlongamkhathi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nauki" title="Sjónauki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjónauki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio" title="Telescopio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telescopio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4" title="טלסקופ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלסקופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95" title="ದೂರದರ್ಶಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೂರದರ್ಶಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ტელესკოპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტელესკოპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="دُربیٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دُربیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darubini" title="Darubini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Darubini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesk%C3%B2p" title="Teleskòp – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Teleskòp" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9sk%C3%B2p" title="Téléskòp – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Téléskòp" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopium" title="Telescopium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Telescopium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskops" title="Teleskops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teleskops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopas" title="Teleskopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teleskopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoop" title="Telescoop – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Telescoop" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopi" title="Telescopi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Telescopi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1vcs%C5%91" title="Távcső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Távcső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ദൂരദർശിനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദൂരദർശിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A3" title="दुर्बीण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुर्बीण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ტელესკოპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტელესკოპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8" title="تليسكوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تليسكوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C4%95ng-l%C4%AB-gi%C3%A1ng" title="Chiĕng-lī-giáng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chiĕng-lī-giáng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telsc%C3%B3pio" title="Telscópio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Telscópio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အဝေးကြည့်မှန်ပြောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဝေးကြည့်မှန်ပြောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoop_(optica)" title="Telescoop (optica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telescoop (optica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="टेलिस्कोप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टेलिस्कोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="लुसाः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुसाः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="望遠鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucchiarone" title="Ucchiarone – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ucchiarone" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B2pi" title="Telescòpi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Telescòpi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleessituu(Telescope)" title="Kaleessituu(Telescope) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaleessituu(Telescope)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਟੈਲੀਸਕੋਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਲੀਸਕੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="ٹیلیسکوپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیلیسکوپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teliskuop" title="Teliskuop – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Teliskuop" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B2pi" title="Telescòpi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Telescòpi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio" title="Telescópio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telescópio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescop" title="Telescop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Telescop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuqhawana" title="Karuqhawana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karuqhawana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Telescope" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelesek%C3%B4po" title="Thelesekôpo – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thelesekôpo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopi" title="Teleskopi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teleskopi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopiu" title="Telescopiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Telescopiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="දුරේක්‍ෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දුරේක්‍ෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Telescope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop_(optika)" title="Teleskop (optika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teleskop (optika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljnogled" title="Daljnogled – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Daljnogled" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE" title="تەلەسکۆپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلەسکۆپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukoputki" title="Kaukoputki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaukoputki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopyo" title="Teleskopyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teleskopyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="தொலைநோக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைநோக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E2%80%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="దూరదర్శిని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దూరదర్శిని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%AB%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%A2" title="ᏭᎪᎫᎦᏢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᎪᎫᎦᏢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Телескоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телескоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوربین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوربین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%82esc%C3%B2pio" title="Tełescòpio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tełescòpio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_vi%E1%BB%85n_v%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Kính viễn vọng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kính viễn vọng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%BA%E9%8F%A1" title="窺鏡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="窺鏡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskopy%C3%B3" title="Teleskopyó – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Teleskopyó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="望远镜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="望远镜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4" title="טעלעסקאפ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעלעסקאפ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%ADsk%C3%B3p%C3%B9" title="Tẹ́lískópù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tẹ́lískópù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="望遠鏡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="望远镜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="望远镜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8k%C3%A8r_bintang" title="Kèkèr bintang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kèkèr bintang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4213#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Telescope" rel="discussion" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Instrument that makes distant objects appear magnified</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Telescope_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Telescope (disambiguation)">Telescope (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100inchHooker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/100inchHooker.jpg/220px-100inchHooker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/100inchHooker.jpg/330px-100inchHooker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/100inchHooker.jpg/440px-100inchHooker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>The 100-inch (2.54 m) Hooker <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a> near Los Angeles, USA, used by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> to measure galaxy redshifts and discover the general expansion of the universe.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>telescope</b> is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, it was an <a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">optical instrument</a> using <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curved_mirror" title="Curved mirror">curved mirrors</a>, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">optical telescope</a>. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, and in some cases other types of detectors. </p><p>The first known practical telescopes were <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescopes</a> with glass <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lenses</a> and were invented in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a>, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope. </p><p>In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescopes</a> in the 1930s and <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescopes</a> in the 1960s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><b>telescope</b></i> was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Demisiani" title="Giovanni Demisiani">Giovanni Demisiani</a> for one of <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>'s instruments presented at a banquet at the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Starry_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Starry Messenger">Starry Messenger</a></i>, Galileo had used the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">perspicillum</i></span>. The root of the word is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> τῆλε, <a href="/wiki/Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a> <i>tele</i> 'far' and σκοπεῖν, <i>skopein</i> 'to look or see'; τηλεσκόπος, <i>teleskopos</i> 'far-seeing'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telescope" title="History of the telescope">History of the telescope</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileu_Galilei_1608-2008%3D400_anos_do_telesc%C3%B3pio_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Galileu_Galilei_1608-2008%3D400_anos_do_telesc%C3%B3pio_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Galileu_Galilei_1608-2008%3D400_anos_do_telesc%C3%B3pio_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Galileu_Galilei_1608-2008%3D400_anos_do_telesc%C3%B3pio_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>17th century telescope</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest existing record of a telescope was a 1608 patent submitted to the government in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> by Middelburg spectacle maker <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lipperhey" title="Hans Lipperhey">Hans Lipperhey</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual inventor is unknown but word of it spread through Europe. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> heard about it and, in 1609, built his own version, and made his telescopic observations of celestial objects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that the <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a>, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential advantages of using <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic mirrors</a>—reduction of <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a> and no <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a>—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1668, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_telescope" title="Newtonian telescope">Newtonian reflector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">achromatic lens</a> in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing <a href="/wiki/Speculum_metal" title="Speculum metal">speculum metal</a> mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (39 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 meters (33 feet), and work is underway on several 30–40m designs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursan_t%C3%A4htitorni_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ursan_t%C3%A4htitorni_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.JPG/220px-Ursan_t%C3%A4htitorni_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ursan_t%C3%A4htitorni_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.JPG/330px-Ursan_t%C3%A4htitorni_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ursan_t%C3%A4htitorni_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.JPG/440px-Ursan_t%C3%A4htitorni_sis%C3%A4lt%C3%A4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Two refracting telescopes (135 mm and 90 mm) along with more modern equipment at the <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Observatory" title="Ursa Observatory">Ursa Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki, Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> from <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray telescope">gamma-rays</a>. The first purpose-built radio telescope went into operation in 1937. Since then, a large variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_space">In space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></div> <p>Since the atmosphere is opaque for most of the electromagnetic spectrum, only a few bands can be observed from the Earth's surface. These bands are visible – near-infrared and a portion of the radio-wave part of the spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason there are no X-ray or far-infrared ground-based telescopes as these have to be observed from orbit. Even if a wavelength is observable from the ground, it might still be advantageous to place a telescope on a satellite due to issues such as clouds, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_seeing" title="Astronomical seeing">astronomical seeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution#Effect_on_astronomy" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disadvantages of launching a space telescope include cost, size, maintainability and upgradability.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of space telescopes from NASA are the Hubble Space Telescope that detects visible light, ultraviolet, and near-infrared wavelengths, the Spitzer Space Telescope that detects infrared radiation, and the Kepler Space Telescope that discovered thousands of exoplanets.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest telescope that was launched was the James Webb Space Telescope on December 25, 2021, in Kourou, French Guiana. The Webb telescope detects infrared light.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_electromagnetic_spectrum">By electromagnetic spectrum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By electromagnetic spectrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths_2.png/400px-Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths_2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths_2.png/600px-Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths_2.png/800px-Crab_Nebula_in_Multiple_Wavelengths_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Six views of the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a> at different wavelengths of light</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments. Most detect <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, but there are major differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light (electromagnetic radiation) in different frequency bands. </p><p>As wavelengths become longer, it becomes easier to use antenna technology to interact with electromagnetic radiation (although it is possible to make very tiny antenna). The near-infrared can be collected much like visible light; however, in the far-infrared and submillimetre range, telescopes can operate more like a radio telescope. For example, the <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell_Telescope" title="James Clerk Maxwell Telescope">James Clerk Maxwell Telescope</a> observes from wavelengths from 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 2000 μm (2 mm), but uses a parabolic aluminum antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>, observing from about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm) uses a mirror (reflecting optics). Also using reflecting optics, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Camera_3" title="Wide Field Camera 3">Wide Field Camera 3</a> can observe in the frequency range from about 0.2 μm (0.0002 mm) to 1.7 μm (0.0017 mm) (from ultra-violet to infrared light).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With photons of the shorter wavelengths, with the higher frequencies, glancing-incident optics, rather than fully reflecting optics are used. Telescopes such as <a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> use special mirrors to reflect <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">extreme ultraviolet</a>, producing higher resolution and brighter images than are otherwise possible. A larger aperture does not just mean that more light is collected, it also enables a finer angular resolution. </p><p>Telescopes may also be classified by location: ground telescope, <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Flying_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying telescope">flying telescope</a>. They may also be classified by whether they are operated by <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">professional astronomers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur astronomer">amateur astronomers</a>. A vehicle or permanent campus containing one or more telescopes or other instruments is called an <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_and_submillimeter">Radio and submillimeter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Radio and submillimeter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">Radio telescope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALMA_Greater_than_the_Sum_of_its_Parts_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ALMA_Greater_than_the_Sum_of_its_Parts_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-ALMA_Greater_than_the_Sum_of_its_Parts_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ALMA_Greater_than_the_Sum_of_its_Parts_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-ALMA_Greater_than_the_Sum_of_its_Parts_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ALMA_Greater_than_the_Sum_of_its_Parts_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-ALMA_Greater_than_the_Sum_of_its_Parts_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Three radio telescopes belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Radio telescopes are <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">directional</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_antennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antennas">radio antennas</a> that typically employ a large dish to collect radio waves. The dishes are sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> being observed. </p><p>Unlike an optical telescope, which produces a magnified image of the patch of sky being observed, a traditional radio telescope dish contains a single receiver and records a single time-varying signal characteristic of the observed region; this signal may be sampled at various frequencies. In some newer radio telescope designs, a single dish contains an array of several receivers; this is known as a <a href="/wiki/Focal-plane_array_(radio_astronomy)" title="Focal-plane array (radio astronomy)">focal-plane array</a>. </p><p>By collecting and correlating signals simultaneously received by several dishes, high-resolution images can be computed. Such multi-dish arrays are known as <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_interferometer" title="Astronomical interferometer">astronomical interferometers</a> and the technique is called <a href="/wiki/Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">aperture synthesis</a>. The 'virtual' apertures of these arrays are similar in size to the distance between the telescopes. As of 2005, the record array size is many times the diameter of the Earth – using space-based <a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">very-long-baseline interferometry</a> (VLBI) telescopes such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA</a> (Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy) VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program) satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aperture synthesis is now also being applied to optical telescopes using <a href="/wiki/Optical_interferometry#Astronomical_optical_interferometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical interferometry">optical interferometers</a> (arrays of optical telescopes) and <a href="/wiki/Aperture_masking_interferometry" title="Aperture masking interferometry">aperture masking interferometry</a> at single reflecting telescopes. </p><p>Radio telescopes are also used to collect <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radiation">microwave radiation</a>, which has the advantage of being able to pass through the atmosphere and interstellar gas and dust clouds. </p><p>Some radio telescopes such as the <a href="/wiki/Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a> are used by programs such as <a href="/wiki/Search_for_Extraterrestrial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence">SETI</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a> to search for extraterrestrial life.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared">Infrared</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared astronomy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_light">Visible light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Visible light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Visible-light astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auxilary_VLT_telescope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dome-like telescope with extruding mirror mount" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Auxilary_VLT_telescope.png/220px-Auxilary_VLT_telescope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Auxilary_VLT_telescope.png/330px-Auxilary_VLT_telescope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Auxilary_VLT_telescope.png/440px-Auxilary_VLT_telescope.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>One of four auxiliary telescopes belong to the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> array</figcaption></figure> <p>An optical telescope gathers and <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focuses</a> light mainly from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optical telescopes increase the apparent <a href="/wiki/Angular_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular size">angular size</a> of distant objects as well as their apparent <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a>. For the image to be observed, photographed, studied, and sent to a computer, telescopes work by employing one or more curved optical elements, usually made from glass <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lenses</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>, to gather light and other electromagnetic radiation to bring that light or radiation to a focal point. Optical telescopes are used for <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and in many non-astronomical instruments, including: <i><a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolites</a></i> (including <i>transits</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scopes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monocular" title="Monocular">monoculars</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">camera lenses</a></i>, and <i>spyglasses</i>. There are three main optical types: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a> which uses lenses to form an image.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a> which uses an arrangement of mirrors to form an image.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric#Catadioptric_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Catadioptric">catadioptric telescope</a> which uses mirrors combined with lenses to form an image.</li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_imager" title="Fresnel imager">Fresnel imager</a> is a proposed ultra-lightweight design for a space telescope that uses a <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a> to focus light.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond these basic optical types there are many sub-types of varying optical design classified by the task they perform such as <a href="/wiki/Astrograph" title="Astrograph">astrographs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Comet_seeker" title="Comet seeker">comet seekers</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_telescope" title="Solar telescope">solar telescopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ultraviolet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet astronomy</a></div> <p>Most ultraviolet light is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-ray">X-ray</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: X-ray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASTRO-H_soft_X-ray_mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ASTRO-H_soft_X-ray_mirror.jpg/220px-ASTRO-H_soft_X-ray_mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ASTRO-H_soft_X-ray_mirror.jpg/330px-ASTRO-H_soft_X-ray_mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ASTRO-H_soft_X-ray_mirror.jpg/440px-ASTRO-H_soft_X-ray_mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3247" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)"><i>Hitomi</i> telescope</a>'s X-ray focusing mirror, consisting of over two hundred <a href="/wiki/Concentric_objects" title="Concentric objects">concentric</a> aluminium shells</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> are much harder to collect and focus than electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelengths. X-ray telescopes can use <a href="/wiki/X-ray_optics" title="X-ray optics">X-ray optics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wolter_telescope" title="Wolter telescope">Wolter telescopes</a> composed of ring-shaped 'glancing' mirrors made of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> that are able to reflect the rays just a few <a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a>. The mirrors are usually a section of a rotated <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabola</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbola" title="Hyperbola">hyperbola</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a>. In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolter" title="Hans Wolter">Hans Wolter</a> outlined 3 ways a telescope could be built using only this kind of mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of space observatories using this type of telescope are the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">Einstein Observatory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> X-ray Telescope was launched which uses <a href="/wiki/Wolter_telescope" title="Wolter telescope">Wolter telescope</a> design optics at the end of a long <a href="/wiki/Deployable_structure" title="Deployable structure">deployable</a> mast to enable photon energies of 79 keV.<sup id="cite_ref-nustar1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nustar1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gamma_ray">Gamma ray</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gamma ray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory_grappeled_by_Atlantis_(S37-99-056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory_grappeled_by_Atlantis_%28S37-99-056%29.jpg/220px-Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory_grappeled_by_Atlantis_%28S37-99-056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory_grappeled_by_Atlantis_%28S37-99-056%29.jpg/330px-Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory_grappeled_by_Atlantis_%28S37-99-056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory_grappeled_by_Atlantis_%28S37-99-056%29.jpg/440px-Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory_grappeled_by_Atlantis_%28S37-99-056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="4134" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a> released into orbit by the Space Shuttle in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Higher energy X-ray and gamma ray telescopes refrain from focusing completely and use <a href="/wiki/Coded_aperture" title="Coded aperture">coded aperture</a> masks: the patterns of the shadow the mask creates can be reconstructed to form an image. </p><p>X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes are usually installed on high-flying balloons<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Earth-orbiting <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> is opaque to this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this type of telescope is the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a> which was launched in June 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The detection of very high energy gamma rays, with shorter wavelength and higher frequency than regular gamma rays, requires further specialization. Such detections can be made either with the <a href="/wiki/IACT" title="IACT">Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes</a> (IACTs) or with Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs). Examples of IACTs are <a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System" title="High Energy Stereoscopic System">H.E.S.S.</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/VERITAS" title="VERITAS">VERITAS</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the next-generation gamma-ray telescope, the Cherenkov Telescope Array (<a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_Telescope_Array" title="Cherenkov Telescope Array">CTA</a>), currently under construction. <a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Water_Cherenkov_Experiment" title="High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment">HAWC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Large_High_Altitude_Air_Shower_Observatory" title="Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory">LHAASO</a> are examples of gamma-ray detectors based on the Water Cherenkov Detectors. </p><p>A discovery in 2012 may allow focusing gamma-ray telescopes.<sup id="cite_ref-wogan_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wogan-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At photon energies greater than 700 keV, the index of refraction starts to increase again.<sup id="cite_ref-wogan_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wogan-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_telescopes">Lists of telescopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lists of telescopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_telescopes" title="List of optical telescopes">List of optical telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical reflecting telescopes">List of largest optical reflecting telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_refracting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical refracting telescopes">List of largest optical refracting telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_historically" title="List of largest optical telescopes historically">List of largest optical telescopes historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_telescopes" title="List of radio telescopes">List of radio telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_telescopes" title="List of solar telescopes">List of solar telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space observatories">List of space observatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telescope_parts_and_construction" title="List of telescope parts and construction">List of telescope parts and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telescope_types" title="List of telescope types">List of telescope types</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_mass_(astronomy)" title="Air mass (astronomy)">Airmass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_telescope_making" title="Amateur telescope making">Amateur telescope making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">Angular resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCOM_(standard)" title="ASCOM (standard)">ASCOM</a> open standards for computer control of telescopes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahtinov_mask" title="Bahtinov mask">Bahtinov mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">Binoculars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioptics_(device)" title="Bioptics (device)">Bioptic telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carey_mask" title="Carey mask">Carey mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_shield" title="Dew shield">Dew shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynameter" title="Dynameter">Dynameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_light_(astronomy)" title="First light (astronomy)">First light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_mask" title="Hartmann mask">Hartmann mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_problem" title="Keyhole problem">Keyhole problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetariums" title="List of planetariums">Planetariums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Telescope_Markup_Language" title="Remote Telescope Markup Language">Remote Telescope Markup Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_telescope" title="Robotic telescope">Robotic telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_telescope_technology" title="Timeline of telescope technology">Timeline of telescope technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_telescopes,_observatories,_and_observing_technology" title="Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology">Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=TELESCOPE">"Telescope"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311113032/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=TELESCOPE">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Telescope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DTELESCOPE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-Sobel-2000">Sobel (2000, p.43)</a>, <a href="#Reference-Drake-1978">Drake (1978, p.196)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosen, Edward, <i>The Naming of the Telescope</i> (1947)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2015" class="citation book cs1">Jack, Albert (2015). <i>They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong</i>. Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1629147581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1629147581"><bdi>978-1629147581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Laughed+at+Galileo%3A+How+the+Great+Inventors+Proved+Their+Critics+Wrong&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1629147581&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html">galileo.rice.edu <i>The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope</i> by Al Van Helden: The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans Lipperhey of Middelburg, and then of </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040623033108/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html">Archived</a> 23 June 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Metius" title="Jacob Metius">Jacob Metius</a> of Alkmaar... another citizen of Middelburg, <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Janssen" title="Zacharias Janssen">Zacharias Janssen</a> is sometimes associated with the invention</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/telescope_feature_912.html">"NASA – Telescope History"</a>. <i>www.nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214151151/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/telescope_feature_912.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+Telescope+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Faudience%2Fforstudents%2F9-12%2Ffeatures%2Ftelescope_feature_912.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoker2017" class="citation book cs1">Loker, Aleck (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq1rd1ecFCYC&pg=PA15"><i>Profiles in Colonial History</i></a>. Aleck Loker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928874-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928874-16-4"><bdi>978-1-928874-16-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527140225/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq1rd1ecFCYC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Colonial+History&rft.pub=Aleck+Loker&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-928874-16-4&rft.aulast=Loker&rft.aufirst=Aleck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLq1rd1ecFCYC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2017" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Fred (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LZZginzib4C&q=intitle:Stargazer+digges+coins&pg=PA40"><i>Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74176-392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74176-392-8"><bdi>978-1-74176-392-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302184233/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LZZginzib4C&q=intitle:Stargazer+digges+coins&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stargazer%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Telescope&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-74176-392-8&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2LZZginzib4C%26q%3Dintitle%3AStargazer%2Bdigges%2Bcoins%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attempts by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi">Niccolò Zucchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician)">James Gregory</a> and theoretical designs by <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Cavalieri" title="Bonaventura Cavalieri">Bonaventura Cavalieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a>, and Gregory among others</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation book cs1">Hall, A. Rupert (1992). <i>Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521566698" title="Special:BookSources/9780521566698"><bdi>9780521566698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaac+Newton%3A+Adventurer+in+Thought&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521566698&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=A.+Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Chester-Moor-Hall">"Chester Moor Hall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517172124/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Chester-Moor-Hall">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chester+Moor+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FChester-Moor-Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pearson, The History of Astronomy, Astro Publication (2020), p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakich2003" class="citation book cs1">Bakich, Michael E. (10 July 2003). "Chapter Two: Equipment". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910020928/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/astronomy/features/amateur/files/p28-4.pdf"><i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Amateur Astronomy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521812986" title="Special:BookSources/9780521812986"><bdi>9780521812986</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+the+Telescope%3F&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.au=Lauren+Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F21950-who-invented-the-telescope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert1918" class="citation journal cs1">Rupert, Charles G. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1918PA.....26..525R">"1918PA.....26..525R Page 525"</a>. <i>Popular Astronomy</i>. <b>26</b>: 525. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1918PA.....26..525R">1918PA.....26..525R</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820090239/https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1918PA.....26..525R">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Astronomy&rft.atitle=1918PA.....26..525R+Page+525&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=525&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1918PA.....26..525R&rft.aulast=Rupert&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1918PA.....26..525R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13820-telescope-could-focus-light-without-a-mirror-or-lens/">"Telescope could focus light without a mirror or lens"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820084508/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13820-telescope-could-focus-light-without-a-mirror-or-lens/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Telescope+could+focus+light+without+a+mirror+or+lens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn13820-telescope-could-focus-light-without-a-mirror-or-lens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoechlinSerreDuchon2005" class="citation journal cs1">Koechlin, L.; Serre, D.; Duchon, P. (1 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/44/aa2880-05/aa2880-05.html">"High resolution imaging with Fresnel interferometric arrays: suitability for exoplanet detection"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>443</b> (2): 709–720. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0510383">astro-ph/0510383</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A&A...443..709K">2005A&A...443..709K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20052880">10.1051/0004-6361:20052880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119423063">119423063</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203102019/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/44/aa2880-05/aa2880-05.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=High+resolution+imaging+with+Fresnel+interferometric+arrays%3A+suitability+for+exoplanet+detection&rft.volume=443&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=709-720&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119423063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005A%26A...443..709K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0510383&rft.issn=0004-6361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20052880&rft.aulast=Koechlin&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Serre%2C+D.&rft.au=Duchon%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fabs%2F2005%2F44%2Faa2880-05%2Faa2880-05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astronomynow.com/2016/06/01/celestron-rowe-ackermann-schmidt-astrograph/">"Celestron Rowe-Ackermann Schmidt Astrograph – Astronomy Now"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001151936/https://astronomynow.com/2016/06/01/celestron-rowe-ackermann-schmidt-astrograph/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celestron+Rowe-Ackermann+Schmidt+Astrograph+%E2%80%93+Astronomy+Now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastronomynow.com%2F2016%2F06%2F01%2Fcelestron-rowe-ackermann-schmidt-astrograph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_1183753">"Telescope (Comet Seeker)"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Institution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820084507/https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_1183753">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Telescope+%28Comet+Seeker%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnmah_1183753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenflo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stenflo, J. O. (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ASPC..248..639S">"Limitations and Opportunities for the Diagnostics of Solar and Stellar Magnetic Fields"</a>. <i>Magnetic Fields Across the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram</i>. <b>248</b>: 639. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ASPC..248..639S">2001ASPC..248..639S</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820084507/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ASPC..248..639S">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magnetic+Fields+Across+the+Hertzsprung-Russell+Diagram&rft.atitle=Limitations+and+Opportunities+for+the+Diagnostics+of+Solar+and+Stellar+Magnetic+Fields&rft.volume=248&rft.pages=639&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001ASPC..248..639S&rft.aulast=Stenflo&rft.aufirst=J.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2001ASPC..248..639S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation book cs1">Allen, C. W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40473741"><i>Allen's astrophysical quantities</i></a>. Arthur N. Cox (4th ed.). New York: AIP Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-98746-0"><bdi>0-387-98746-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40473741">40473741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen%27s+astrophysical+quantities&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=AIP+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40473741&rft.isbn=0-387-98746-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F40473741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtizGuerrero2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ortiz, Roberto; Guerrero, Martín A. 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(1952), "Glancing Incidence Mirror Systems as Imaging Optics for X-rays", <i>Annalen der Physik</i>, <b>10</b> (1): 94–114, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952AnP...445...94W">1952AnP...445...94W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19524450108">10.1002/andp.19524450108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Glancing+Incidence+Mirror+Systems+as+Imaging+Optics+for+X-rays&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-114&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19524450108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952AnP...445...94W&rft.au=Wolter%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolter,_H.1952" class="citation cs2">Wolter, H. 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(1 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071">"The Large Area Telescope on Thefermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescopemission"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>697</b> (2): 1071–1102. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0902.1089">0902.1089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...697.1071A">2009ApJ...697.1071A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F697%2F2%2F1071">10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26361978">26361978</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820014256/https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Large+Area+Telescope+on+Thefermi+Gamma-Ray+Space+Telescopemission&rft.volume=697&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1071-1102&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26361978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApJ...697.1071A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0902.1089&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F697%2F2%2F1071&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft.au=Abdo%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Ackermann%2C+M.&rft.au=Althouse%2C+W.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+B.&rft.au=Axelsson%2C+M.&rft.au=Baldini%2C+L.&rft.au=Ballet%2C+J.&rft.au=Band%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Barbiellini%2C+G.&rft.au=Bartelt%2C+J.&rft.au=Bastieri%2C+D.&rft.au=Baughman%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Bechtol%2C+K.&rft.au=B%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A8de%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F697%2F2%2F1071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermannAjelloBaldiniBallet2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bellazzini, R.; Bissaldi, E.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonino, R.; Bottacini, E.; Brandt, T. J.; Bregeon, J.; Bruel, P.; Buehler, R. (13 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faa775a">"Search for Extended Sources in the Galactic Plane Using Six Years of<i>Fermi</i>-Large Area Telescope Pass 8 Data above 10 GeV"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>843</b> (2): 139. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.00476">1702.00476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...843..139A">2017ApJ...843..139A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faa775a">10.3847/1538-4357/aa775a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-4357">1538-4357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119187437">119187437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Search+for+Extended+Sources+in+the+Galactic+Plane+Using+Six+Years+ofFermi-Large+Area+Telescope+Pass+8+Data+above+10+GeV&rft.volume=843&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119187437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ApJ...843..139A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1702.00476&rft.issn=1538-4357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faa775a&rft.aulast=Ackermann&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Ajello%2C+M.&rft.au=Baldini%2C+L.&rft.au=Ballet%2C+J.&rft.au=Barbiellini%2C+G.&rft.au=Bastieri%2C+D.&rft.au=Bellazzini%2C+R.&rft.au=Bissaldi%2C+E.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+E.+D.&rft.au=Bonino%2C+R.&rft.au=Bottacini%2C+E.&rft.au=Brandt%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Bregeon%2C+J.&rft.au=Bruel%2C+P.&rft.au=Buehler%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-4357%252Faa775a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharonianAkhperjanianBazer-BachiBeilicke2006" class="citation journal cs1">Aharonian, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Bazer-Bachi, A. R.; Beilicke, M.; Benbow, W.; Berge, D.; Bernlöhr, K.; Boisson, C.; Bolz, O.; Borrel, V.; Braun, I.; Breitling, F.; Brown, A. M.; Bühler, R.; Büsching, I. (1 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2006/39/aa5351-06/aa5351-06.html">"Observations of the Crab nebula with HESS"</a>. <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i>. <b>457</b> (3): 899–915. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0607333">astro-ph/0607333</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...457..899A">2006A&A...457..899A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20065351">10.1051/0004-6361:20065351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+Crab+nebula+with+HESS&rft.volume=457&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=899-915&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0607333&rft.issn=0004-6361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20065351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006A%26A...457..899A&rft.aulast=Aharonian&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Akhperjanian%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Bazer-Bachi%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Beilicke%2C+M.&rft.au=Benbow%2C+W.&rft.au=Berge%2C+D.&rft.au=Bernl%C3%B6hr%2C+K.&rft.au=Boisson%2C+C.&rft.au=Bolz%2C+O.&rft.au=Borrel%2C+V.&rft.au=Braun%2C+I.&rft.au=Breitling%2C+F.&rft.au=Brown%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=B%C3%BChler%2C+R.&rft.au=B%C3%BCsching%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fabs%2F2006%2F39%2Faa5351-06%2Faa5351-06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrennrichBondBoyleBradbury2004" class="citation journal cs1">Krennrich, F.; Bond, I. H.; Boyle, P. J.; Bradbury, S. M.; Buckley, J. H.; Carter-Lewis, D.; Celik, O.; Cui, W.; Daniel, M.; D'Vali, M.; de la Calle Perez, I.; Duke, C.; Falcone, A.; Fegan, D. J.; Fegan, S. J. (1 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387647303003610">"VERITAS: the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System"</a>. <i>New Astronomy Reviews</i>. 2nd VERITAS Symposium on the Astrophysics of Extragalactic Sources. <b>48</b> (5): 345–349. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004NewAR..48..345K">2004NewAR..48..345K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newar.2003.12.050">10.1016/j.newar.2003.12.050</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F9414">10379/9414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1387-6473">1387-6473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Astronomy+Reviews&rft.atitle=VERITAS%3A+the+Very+Energetic+Radiation+Imaging+Telescope+Array+System&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=345-349&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10379%2F9414&rft.issn=1387-6473&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.newar.2003.12.050&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004NewAR..48..345K&rft.aulast=Krennrich&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Bond%2C+I.+H.&rft.au=Boyle%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Buckley%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Carter-Lewis%2C+D.&rft.au=Celik%2C+O.&rft.au=Cui%2C+W.&rft.au=Daniel%2C+M.&rft.au=D%27Vali%2C+M.&rft.au=de+la+Calle+Perez%2C+I.&rft.au=Duke%2C+C.&rft.au=Falcone%2C+A.&rft.au=Fegan%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Fegan%2C+S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1387647303003610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeekesCawleyFeganGibbs1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_C._Weekes" title="Trevor C. Weekes">Weekes, T. C.</a>; Cawley, M. F.; Fegan, D. J.; Gibbs, K. G.; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Michael_Hillas" title="Anthony Michael Hillas">Hillas, A. M.</a>; Kowk, P. W.; Lamb, R. C.; Lewis, D. A.; Macomb, D.; Porter, N. A.; Reynolds, P. T.; Vacanti, G. (1 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...342..379W">"Observation of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula Using the Atmospheric Cerenkov Imaging Technique"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>342</b>: 379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...342..379W">1989ApJ...342..379W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F167599">10.1086/167599</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119424766">119424766</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411132918/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...342..379W">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Observation+of+TeV+Gamma+Rays+from+the+Crab+Nebula+Using+the+Atmospheric+Cerenkov+Imaging+Technique&rft.volume=342&rft.pages=379&rft.date=1989-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F167599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119424766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ApJ...342..379W&rft.aulast=Weekes&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft.au=Cawley%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Fegan%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+K.+G.&rft.au=Hillas%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Kowk%2C+P.+W.&rft.au=Lamb%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Macomb%2C+D.&rft.au=Porter%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+P.+T.&rft.au=Vacanti%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1989ApJ...342..379W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wogan-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wogan_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wogan_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays">"Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays – Physics World"</a>. 9 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101728/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/may/09/silicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+%27prism%27+bends+gamma+rays+%E2%80%93+Physics+World&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F2012%2Fmay%2F09%2Fsilicon-prism-bends-gamma-rays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1966" class="citation cs2">Elliott, Robert S. (1966), <i>Electromagnetics</i>, <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electromagnetics&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1979" class="citation book cs1">King, Henry C. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6025190"><i>The history of the telescope</i></a>. H. Spencer Jones. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23893-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23893-8"><bdi>0-486-23893-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6025190">6025190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+telescope&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6025190&rft.isbn=0-486-23893-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F6025190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoff1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Pasachoff" title="Jay Pasachoff">Pasachoff, Jay M.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7734917"><i>Contemporary astronomy</i></a> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-057861-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-057861-2"><bdi>0-03-057861-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7734917">7734917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+astronomy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Pub&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7734917&rft.isbn=0-03-057861-2&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Jay+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7734917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashedMorelon1996" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"><i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i></a>, vol. 1 & 3, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2"><bdi>978-0-415-12410-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12410-2&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Roshdi&rft.au=Morelon%2C+R%C3%A9gis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabraHogendijk2003" class="citation book cs1">Sabra, A. I.; Hogendijk, J. P. (2003). <i>The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 85–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19482-2"><bdi>978-0-262-19482-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enterprise+of+Science+in+Islam%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=85-118&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19482-2&rft.aulast=Sabra&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft.au=Hogendijk%2C+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeFinger2001" class="citation cs2">Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", <i>Perception</i>, <b>30</b> (10): 1157–1177, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fp3210">10.1068/p3210</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11721819">11721819</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8185797">8185797</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perception&rft.atitle=The+eye+as+an+optical+instrument%3A+from+camera+obscura+to+Helmholtz%27s+perspective&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1157-1177&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8185797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11721819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fp3210&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Finger%2C+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Fred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173996168"><i>Stargazer : the life and times of the telescope</i></a>. Crows Nest, New South Wales, Australia: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74176-392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74176-392-8"><bdi>978-1-74176-392-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173996168">173996168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stargazer+%3A+the+life+and+times+of+the+telescope&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173996168&rft.isbn=978-1-74176-392-8&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F173996168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telescope&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Telescope" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Telescope">Telescope</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Telescope" class="extiw" title="commons:Telescope"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Telescope</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telescopes.stardate.org/"><i>Galileo to Gamma Cephei – The History of the Telescope</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508014125/http://telescopes.stardate.org/">Archived</a> 8 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/telescope.html"><i>The Galileo Project – The Telescope</i> by Al Van Helden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/tools/tools-first-telescopes.htm">"The First Telescopes". Part of an exhibit from Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409125917/http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/tools/tools-first-telescopes.htm">Archived</a> 9 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the American Institute of Physics</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorGill1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Taylor, Harold Dennis; Gill, David (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telescope"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Telescope">"Telescope" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 557–573.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telescope&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=557-573&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Harold+Dennis&rft.au=Gill%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/nonoptical/nonoptical.html">Outside the Optical: Other Kinds of Telescopes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayMerrifield,_Michael2009" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Meghan; Merrifield, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/telescope.htm">"Telescope Diameter"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&rft.atitle=Telescope+Diameter&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft.au=Merrifield%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Ftelescope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelescope" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomy_navbox" title="Template:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomy_navbox" title="Template talk:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_astronomy" title="Outline of astronomy">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">History</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">Timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">Astronomical object</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Glossary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">Observational</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_astronomy" title="Sidewalk astronomy">Sidewalk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Celestial subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Local system</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Solar</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">Far-infrared</a></span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Visible-light <span style="font-size:85%;">(optical)</span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Neutrino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_astronomy" title="Cosmic ray astronomy">Cosmic rays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational radiation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radar_astronomy" title="Radar astronomy">Radar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spherical_astronomy" title="Spherical astronomy">Spherical</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">Multi-messenger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_astronomy" title="Inuit astronomy">Inuit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Maya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_Serbia" title="Astronomy in Serbia">Serbian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">folk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_astronomy" title="Tibetan astronomy">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical<br />telescopes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_telescopes" title="List of optical telescopes">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telescopes" title="Category:Telescopes">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_large_telescope" title="Extremely large telescope">Extremely large telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">Extremely Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope">Southern African Large Telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroinformatics" title="Astroinformatics">Astroinformatics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">Astrology and astronomy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">Astroparticle physics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">Binoculars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">IAU</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomers" title="List of astronomers">List of astronomers</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_astronomers" title="List of French astronomers">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Notable_astronomers" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists" title="List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_astronomers" title="List of women astronomers">Women</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telescope</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telescope" title="History of the telescope">history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_telescopes" title="Lists of telescopes">lists</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomy" title="Category:Astronomy">Category</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astronomy">Commons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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