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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early modern period (1485–1640) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period_(1485–1640)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_to_Victorian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_to_Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Civil War to Victorian era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_to_Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pubs_and_brewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pubs_and_brewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Pubs and brewing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pubs_and_brewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Post-war redevelopment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Other events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lord_mayoralty_and_shrievalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_mayoralty_and_shrievalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lord mayoralty and shrievalty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_mayoralty_and_shrievalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westminster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westminster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Westminster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westminster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Universities and colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture and attractions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and attractions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Attractions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Art and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Theatres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Media and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Esoteric associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks,_gardens_and_open_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks,_gardens_and_open_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Parks, gardens and open spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks,_gardens_and_open_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Economy and infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Retail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Electricity supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses_and_coaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses_and_coaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Buses and coaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses_and_coaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 Proposed developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travellers'_comments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travellers'_comments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Travellers' comments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travellers'_comments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Twin cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Military units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Organisations and groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Norwich</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEwic" title="Norþwic – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþwic" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="نورتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noric" title="Noric – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Noric" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86" title="نوریچ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوریچ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A" title="নরিচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নরিচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Norwich (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Norwich (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Норидж – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Норидж" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Норыдж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Норыдж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Норыдж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Норыдж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Норич – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Норич" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Norwich (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Norwich (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Νόριτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόριτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86" title="نوریچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوریچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%98" title="노리치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노리치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Նորվիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորվիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Норидж – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Норидж" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="נוריץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוריץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Норидж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Норидж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordovicum" title="Nordovicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nordovicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norid%C5%BEa" title="Noridža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Noridža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norid%C5%BEas" title="Noridžas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Noridžas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="نوريتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوريتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="نورویچ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نورویچ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86" title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯤꯆ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯤꯆ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Norwich (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Norwich (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8" title="ノリッジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノリッジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C" title="ਨੌਰਿਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੌਰਿਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86" title="ناروچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناروچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Норидж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Норидж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86" title="نۆریچ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆریچ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Норич – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Норич" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Norwich" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Норвич – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Норвич" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="นอริช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอริช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norwich" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norwich&params=52_37_43_N_01_17_34_E_type:city_region:GB-ENG">52°37′43″N 01°17′34″E / 52.62861°N 1.29278°E / 52.62861; 1.29278</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and non-metropolitan district in Norfolk, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Norwich_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Norwich (disambiguation)">Norwich (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and non-metropolitan district in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Norwich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Norwich</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwichcollage2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Norwichcollage2019.png/250px-Norwichcollage2019.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Norwichcollage2019.png/500px-Norwichcollage2019.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1620" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norwich.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norwich"><img alt="Flag of Norwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Norwich.svg/130px-Flag_of_Norwich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Norwich.svg/195px-Flag_of_Norwich.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Norwich.svg/260px-Flag_of_Norwich.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Norwich.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Norwich"><img alt="Coat of arms of Norwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_Norwich.svg/120px-Arms_of_Norwich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_Norwich.svg/250px-Arms_of_Norwich.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="285" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location within Norfolk"><img alt="Location within Norfolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norwich_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Norwich_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norwich_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Norwich_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Norwich_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Norwich_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="886" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location within <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:England_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwich is located in England"><img alt="Norwich is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-England_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/England_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-England_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="2431" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.942%;left:91.917%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Norwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Norwich</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within England</div>Show map of England</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwich is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Norwich is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-United_Kingdom_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2083" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.762%;left:93.127%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Norwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Norwich</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United Kingdom</div>Show map of the United Kingdom</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwich is located in Europe"><img alt="Norwich is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.575%;left:24.284%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Norwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Norwich</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Norwich (Europe)</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norwich&params=52_37_43_N_01_17_34_E_type:city_region:GB-ENG">52°37′43″N 01°17′34″E / 52.62861°N 1.29278°E / 52.62861; 1.29278</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial County">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> as Northwic</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of cities in the United Kingdom">1094</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admin HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Norwich" title="City Hall, Norwich">City Hall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas of the city</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bowthorpe" title="Bowthorpe">Bowthorpe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_Norwich" title="Crown Point, Norwich">Crown Point</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eaton,_Norfolk" title="Eaton, Norfolk">Eaton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Friars_Quay" title="Friars Quay">Friars Quay</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Norwich)" title="Golden Triangle (Norwich)">Golden Triangle</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Heartsease_Estate,_Norwich" title="Heartsease Estate, Norwich">Heartsease Estate</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mile_Cross_Estate,_Norwich" title="Mile Cross Estate, Norwich">Mile Cross Estate</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Costessey" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costessey">New Costessey</a> (Part)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Lanes" title="Norwich Lanes">Norwich Lanes</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Over_the_Water" title="Norwich Over the Water">Norwich Over the Water</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Old_Catton" title="Old Catton">Old Catton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Riverside_(Norwich)" title="Riverside (Norwich)">Riverside</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Thorpe_Hamlet" title="Thorpe Hamlet">Thorpe Hamlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a> council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Local Authority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Council" title="Norwich City Council">Norwich City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Clive Lewis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Macdonald" title="Alice Macdonald">Alice Macdonald</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">20.3 sq mi (52.6 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">144,525 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">ranked 155th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">213,166</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000/sq mi (4,100/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">376,500 (<a href="/wiki/Travel_to_work_area" title="Travel to work area">TTWA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-norwich-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Norvician</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 87.1% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.5% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.1% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.8% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 53.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 33.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.0% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.8% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/NR_postcode_area" title="NR postcode area">NR</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Area code</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_direct_dialing" title="International direct dialing">IDD</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">01603</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom">Vehicle registration area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AO, AP, AR, AS, AT, AU</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ONS_coding_system" title="ONS coding system">ONS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33UK</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UK_railway_stations" title="UK railway stations">Major railway stations</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich Station</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary airport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Airport" title="Norwich Airport">Norwich Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Constabulary" title="Norfolk Constabulary">Norfolk Constabulary</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire and Rescue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service">Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England_Ambulance_Service" title="East of England Ambulance Service">East of England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norwich.gov.uk">norwich.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Norwich (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɒrɪdʒ, -ɪtʃ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/En-uk-Norwich.ogg\/En-uk-Norwich.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Norwich.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/En-uk-Norwich.ogg/En-uk-Norwich.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Norwich.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Norwich.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral city">cathedral city</a> and district of the county of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, England, of which it is the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>. It lies by the <a href="/wiki/River_Wensum" title="River Wensum">River Wensum</a>, about 100 mi (160 km) north-east of London, 40 mi (64 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> and 65 mi (105 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a>. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Council" title="Norwich City Council">Norwich City Council</a> local authority area was estimated to be 144,000 in 2021, which was an increase from 143,135 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-census2021-population-3">[3]</a> The wider Norwich <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">built-up area</a> had a population of 213,166 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-norwich-1">[1]</a> As the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">See</a> of Norwich, the city has one of the country's largest <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> cathedrals. For much of the second millennium, from medieval to just before <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> times, Norwich was one of the most prosperous and largest towns of England; at one point, it was <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_England_by_historical_population" title="List of towns and cities in England by historical population">second</a> only to London.<a href="#cite_note-brit01-4">[4]</a> Today, it is the largest settlement in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brit01-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage_and_status">Heritage and status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Heritage and status">edit</a>]</div> Norwich claims to be the most complete medieval city in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Visit_Norwich-5">[5]</a> It includes cobbled streets such as <a href="/wiki/Elm_Hill,_Norwich" title="Elm Hill, Norwich">Elm Hill</a>, Timber Hill and Tombland; ancient buildings such as <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_and_Blackfriars%27_Hall,_Norwich" title="St Andrew's and Blackfriars' Hall, Norwich">St Andrew's Hall</a>; half-timbered houses such as <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Hall,_Norwich" title="Dragon Hall, Norwich">Dragon Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Guildhall" title="Norwich Guildhall">The Guildhall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strangers%27_Hall" title="Strangers' Hall">Strangers' Hall</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> of the 1899 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arcade,_Norwich" title="Royal Arcade, Norwich">Royal Arcade</a>; many medieval lanes; and the winding River Wensum that flows through the city centre towards <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Castle" title="Norwich Castle">Norwich Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Visit_Norwich-5">[5]</a> In May 2012, Norwich was designated England's first <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> One of the UK's popular tourist destinations, it was voted by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> in 2016 as the "happiest city to work in the UK"<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and in 2013 as one of the best small cities in the world by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> Good University Guide.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 2018, 2019 and 2020, Norwich was voted one of the "Best Places To Live" in the UK by <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Norwich" title="Timeline of Norwich">Timeline of Norwich</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> The capital of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> tribe was a settlement located near to the village of <a href="/wiki/Caistor_St_Edmund" title="Caistor St Edmund">Caistor St Edmund</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tas" title="River Tas">River Tas</a> about 5 mi (8 km) to the south of modern Norwich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2006-11">[11]</a> After an uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> in about 60 AD, the Caistor area became the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> named <a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a>, literally "marketplace of the Iceni".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2006-11">[11]</a> This fell into disuse about 450 AD. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> settled the site of the modern city some time between the 5th and 7th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200511-12">[12]</a> founding the towns of Northwic ("North Harbour"), from which Norwich takes its name,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1970-13">[13]</a> and Westwic (at <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Over_the_Water" title="Norwich Over the Water">Norwich-over-the-Water</a>) and a lesser settlement at Thorpe. Norwich became settled as a town in the 10th century and then became a prominent centre of East Anglian trade and commerce attested by the presence of a mint.The name Norvic is attested on pennies minted during the reign of Æthelstan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_English_and_Norman_conquest">Early English and Norman conquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early English and Norman conquest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Cathedral,_spire_and_south_transept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Norwich_Cathedral%2C_spire_and_south_transept.jpg/220px-Norwich_Cathedral%2C_spire_and_south_transept.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Norwich_Cathedral%2C_spire_and_south_transept.jpg/330px-Norwich_Cathedral%2C_spire_and_south_transept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Norwich_Cathedral%2C_spire_and_south_transept.jpg/440px-Norwich_Cathedral%2C_spire_and_south_transept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a> is one of the great Norman buildings of England.</figcaption></figure> It is possible that three separate early Anglo-Saxon settlements, one north of the river and two either side on the south, joined as they grew; or that a single Anglo-Saxon settlement, north of the river Wensum-Yare, emerged in the mid-7th century after the abandonment of the previous three. <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercian</a> coins and shards of pottery from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> dating from the 8th century suggest that long-distance trade was happening during this time. The Vikings were a strong cultural influence in Norwich for 40 to 50 years at the end of the 9th century, setting up an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian" title="Anglo-Scandinavian">Anglo-Scandinavian</a> district near the north end of present-day King Street. Between 924 and 939, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">King Æthelstan</a>, Norwich became fully established as a town, with its own mint. The word Norvic appears on coins across Europe minted during this period. The ancient city was a thriving centre for trade and commerce in East Anglia in 1004 when it was raided and burnt by <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_I_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweyn I of Denmark">Sweyn Forkbeard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> king of Denmark. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, in 1067, the city was one of the largest in England. The <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, compiled in 1086, states that the city had approximately 25 churches and a population of between 5,000 and 10,000. It also records the site of an Anglo-Saxon church in Tombland, the site of the Saxon market place and the later <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norman cathedral</a>. Norwich continued to be a major centre for trade, described officially as the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Norwich" title="Port of Norwich">Port of Norwich</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quern_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quern stone">Quern stones</a> and other artefacts from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and the Rhineland have been found during excavations in Norwich city centre. These date from the 11th century onwards. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Norwich_Castle.jpg/220px-Norwich_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Norwich_Castle.jpg/330px-Norwich_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Norwich_Castle.jpg/440px-Norwich_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Castle" title="Norwich Castle">Norwich Castle</a>'s 12th-century keep</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Castle" title="Norwich Castle">Norwich Castle</a> was founded soon after the Norman Conquest.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> records that 98 Saxon homes were demolished to make way for the castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarfield1991373,_384-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> established a new focus of settlement around the Castle and the area to the west of it: this became known as the "New" or "French" borough, centred on the Normans' own market place, which survives today as Norwich Market, the largest permanent undercover market in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Visit_Norwich-5">[5]</a> In 1096, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_de_Losinga" title="Herbert de Losinga">Herbert de Losinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Thetford" title="Bishop of Thetford">Bishop of Thetford</a>, began construction of <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a>. The chief building material for the Cathedral was limestone, imported from Caen in Normandy. To transport the building stone to the site, a canal was cut from the river (from the site of present-day Pulls Ferry) up to the east wall. Herbert de Losinga then moved his <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">See</a> there, to what became the cathedral church for the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Norwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Norwich">Diocese of Norwich</a>. The Bishop of Norwich still signs himself Norvic. Norwich received a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> from <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> in 1158, and another from <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> in 1194. After a riot in the city in 1274, Norwich has the distinction of being the only complete English city to be excommunicated by the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomefield1806-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> The first recorded presence of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in Norwich is 1134.<a href="#cite_note-heritagecity1-17">[17]</a> In 1144, the Jews of Norwich were falsely accused of <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">ritual murder</a> after a boy (<a href="/wiki/William_of_Norwich" title="William of Norwich">William of Norwich</a>) was found dead with stab wounds.<a href="#cite_note-heritagecity1-17">[17]</a> William acquired the status of martyr and was subsequently <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonised</a>. Pilgrims made offerings to a shrine at the Cathedral (largely finished by 1140) up to the 16th century, but the records suggest there were few of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilson2001157-18">[18]</a> In 1174, Norwich was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemings</a>. In February 1190, all the Jews of Norwich were massacred except for a few who found refuge in the castle. At the site of a medieval well, the bones of 17 individuals, including 11 children, were found in 2004 by workers preparing the ground for construction of a Norwich shopping centre. The remains were determined by <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic scientists</a> to be most probably the remains of such murdered Jews, and a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">DNA</a> expert determined that the victims were all related so that they probably came from one <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Telegraphic_Agency2011-19">[19]</a> The study of the remains featured in an episode of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC television</a> documentary series <a href="/wiki/History_Cold_Case" title="History Cold Case">History Cold Case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A research paper from 30 August 2022 confirmed the remains were most likely Ashkenazi Jews. The paper found that many of the victims had certain <a href="/wiki/Jewish_genetic_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish genetic diseases">medical disorders</a> most often seen in Ashkenazi communities, suggesting that a <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> had occurred among Ashkenazim before the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This challenged traditional views among historians that the bottleneck had happened between the 14th and 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethelbert_Gate_from_Tombland,_Norwich,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ethelbert_Gate_from_Tombland%2C_Norwich%2C_UK.jpg/250px-Ethelbert_Gate_from_Tombland%2C_Norwich%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ethelbert_Gate_from_Tombland%2C_Norwich%2C_UK.jpg/330px-Ethelbert_Gate_from_Tombland%2C_Norwich%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ethelbert_Gate_from_Tombland%2C_Norwich%2C_UK.jpg/500px-Ethelbert_Gate_from_Tombland%2C_Norwich%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption>St Ethelbert's Gate at Tombland was built as penance for riots which occurred in the 1270s.</figcaption></figure> In 1216, the castle fell to Louis, Dauphin of France, and Hildebrand's Hospital was founded, followed ten years later by the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> Friary and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> Friary. The Great Hospital dates from 1249 and the College of St Mary in the Field from 1250. In 1256, Whitefriars was founded. In 1266 the city was sacked by the "Disinherited". It has the distinction of being the only English city ever to be excommunicated, following a riot between citizens and monks in 1274.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomefield1806-16">[16]</a> From 1280 to 1340 the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city walls</a> were built. At around <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 mi (4.0 km), these walls, along with the river, enclosed a larger area than that of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. However, when the city walls were constructed it was made illegal to build outside them, inhibiting the expansion of the city. Part of these walls remains standing today. Around this time, the city was made a <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a> and became the seat of one of the most densely populated and prosperous <a href="/wiki/Ancient_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient counties of England">counties</a> of England. The engine of trade was <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> from Norfolk's <a href="/wiki/Sheepwalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepwalk">sheepwalks</a>. Wool made England rich, and the <a href="/wiki/Staple_right" title="Staple right">staple port</a> of Norwich "in her state doth stand With towns of high'st regard the fourth of all the land", as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Drayton" title="Michael Drayton">Michael Drayton</a> noted in <a href="/wiki/Poly-Olbion" title="Poly-Olbion">Poly-Olbion</a> (1612). The wealth generated by the <a href="/wiki/Wool#History" title="Wool">wool trade</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> financed the construction of many fine churches, so that Norwich still has more medieval churches than any other city in Western Europe north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Throughout this period Norwich established wide-ranging trading links with other parts of Europe, its markets stretching from Scandinavia to Spain and the city housing a <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic</a> warehouse. To organise and control its exports to the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, Great Yarmouth, as the port for Norwich, was designated one of the staple ports under the terms of the 1353 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_Staple" title="Statute of the Staple">Statute of the Staple</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period_(1485–1640)">Early modern period (1485–1640)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern period (1485–1640)">edit</a>]</div> Hand-in-hand with the wool industry, this key religious centre experienced a Reformation significantly different from that in other parts of England. The magistracy in Tudor Norwich unusually found ways of managing religious discord whilst maintaining civic harmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClendon1999-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Crome_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/John_Crome_002.jpg/350px-John_Crome_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/John_Crome_002.jpg/525px-John_Crome_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/John_Crome_002.jpg/700px-John_Crome_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Mousehold Heath, Norwich by Norfolk-based artist <a href="/wiki/John_Crome" title="John Crome">John Crome</a></figcaption></figure> The summer of 1549 saw an unprecedented rebellion in Norfolk. Unlike popular challenges elsewhere in the Tudor period, it appears to have been <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in nature. For several weeks, rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kett" title="Robert Kett">Robert Kett</a> camped outside Norwich on <a href="/wiki/Mousehold_Heath" title="Mousehold Heath">Mousehold Heath</a> and took control of the city on 29 July 1549 with the support of many of its poorer inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Kett%27s_Rebellion" title="Kett's Rebellion">Kett's Rebellion</a> was particularly in response to the enclosure of land by landlords, leaving peasants with nowhere to graze their animals, and the general abuses of power by the nobility. The uprising ended on 27 August when the rebels were defeated by an army. Kett was convicted of treason and hanged from the walls of Norwich Castle.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Unusually in England, the rebellion divided the city and appears to have linked Protestantism with the plight of the urban poor. In the case of Norwich, this process was underscored later by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> "<a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Strangers" title="Elizabethan Strangers">Strangers</a>" fleeing persecution from the Catholics and eventually numbering as many as one-third of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulbrokeMcClendon2004257-28">[28]</a> Large numbers of such exiles came to the city, especially Flemish Protestants from the Westkwartier ("Western Quarter"), a region in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> where the first <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> fires of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> had spread. Inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, in particular, chose Norwich above other destinations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagel200352-29">[29]</a> Perhaps in response to Kett, Norwich became the first provincial city to initiate compulsory payments for a civic scheme of poor relief, which it has been claimed led to its wider introduction, forming the basis of the later Elizabethan Poor Law of 1597–1598.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPound200450–56-30">[30]</a> Norwich has traditionally been the home of various minorities, notably <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> and Belgian <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a> communities in the 16th and 17th centuries. The great "stranger" immigration of 1567 brought a substantial Flemish and Walloon community of Protestant <a href="/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver (occupation)">weavers</a> to Norwich, where they are said to have been made welcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetton-Cremer1957-31">[31]</a> The merchant's house which was their earliest base in the city — now a museum — is still known as <a href="/wiki/Strangers%27_Hall" title="Strangers' Hall">Strangers' Hall</a>. It seems that the strangers integrated into the local community without much animosity, at least among the business fraternity, who had the most to gain from their skills. Their arrival in Norwich boosted trade with mainland Europe and fostered a movement towards religious reform and radical politics in the city. By contrast, after being persecuted by the Anglican church for his <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> beliefs, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Metcalf_(puritan)" title="Michael Metcalf (puritan)">Michael Metcalf</a>, a 17th-century Norwich weaver, fled the city and settled in <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Canary" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic Canary">Norwich Canary</a> was first introduced into England by Flemings fleeing from Spanish persecution in the 16th century. Along with their advanced techniques in textile working, they brought pet canaries, which they began to breed locally, eventually becoming in the 20th century a mascot of the city and the emblem of its football club, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C." title="Norwich City F.C.">Norwich City F.C.</a>: "The Canaries". Printing was introduced to the city in 1567 by Anthony de Solempne, one of the strangers, but it did not take root and had died out by about 1572.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker1981-33">[33]</a> Norwich's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> was first recorded in 1562. It is described as: Gules a Castle triple-towered and domed Argent in base a Lion passant guardant [or Leopard] Or. The castle is supposed to represent Norwich Castle and the lion, taken from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a>, may have been granted by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_to_Victorian_era">Civil War to Victorian era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil War to Victorian era">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, across the Eastern Counties, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s powerful <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association" title="Eastern Association">Eastern Association</a> was eventually dominant. However, to begin with, there had been a large element of Royalist sympathy within Norwich, which seems to have experienced a continuity of its two-sided political tradition throughout the period. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wren" title="Matthew Wren">Matthew Wren</a> was a forceful supporter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentary</a> recruitment took hold. The strong Royalist party was stifled by a lack of commitment from the aldermen and isolation from Royalist-held regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopper2004-35">[35]</a> Serious inter-factional disturbances culminated in "The Great Blow" of 1648 when Parliamentary forces tried to quell a Royalist riot. The latter's gunpowder was set off by accident in the city centre, causing mayhem. According to Hopper,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> the explosion "ranks among the largest of the century". Stoutly defended though East Anglia was by the Parliamentary army, there were said to have been pubs in Norwich where the king's health was still drunk and the name of the Protector sung to ribald verse. At the cost of some discomfort to the Mayor, the moderate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(bishop)" title="Joseph Hall (bishop)">Joseph Hall</a> was targeted because of his position as Bishop of Norwich. Norwich was marked in the period after the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> of 1660 and the ensuing century by a golden age of its cloth industry, comparable only to those in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> and Yorkshire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawcliffeWilsonClark2004-37">[37]</a> but unlike other cloth-manufacturing regions, Norwich weaving brought greater urbanisation, mainly concentrated in the surrounds of the city itself, creating an urban society, with features such as leisure time, alehouses and other public forums of debate and argument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2004b-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84361.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Original_Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84361.jpg/220px-Original_Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84361.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Original_Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84361.jpg/330px-Original_Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84361.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Original_Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84361.jpg/440px-Original_Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_84361.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1771, the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Norwich_Hospital" title="Norfolk and Norwich Hospital">Norfolk and Norwich Hospital</a> cared for the city's poor and sick. It closed in 2003 after services were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital" title="Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital">Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital</a>.</figcaption></figure> Norwich in the late 17th century was riven politically. Churchman <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Prideaux" title="Humphrey Prideaux">Humphrey Prideaux</a> described "two factions, <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a>, and both contend for their way with the utmost violence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2004-39">[39]</a> Nor did the city accept the outcome of the 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> with a unified voice. The pre-eminent citizen, Bishop William Lloyd, would not take the oaths of allegiance to the new monarchs. One report has it that in 1704 the landlord of Fowler's alehouse "with a glass of beer in hand, went down on his knees and drank a health to James the third, wishing the Crowne [sic] well and settled on his head."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2004168–174-40">[40]</a> Writing of the early 18th century, Pound describes the city's rich cultural life, the winter theatre season, the festivities accompanying the summer assizes, and other popular entertainments. Norwich was the wealthiest town in England, with a sophisticated system of <a href="/wiki/Poor_relief" title="Poor relief">poor relief</a>, and a large influx of foreign refugees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPound200461-41">[41]</a> Despite severe outbreaks of plague, the city had a population of almost 30,000. This made Norwich unique in England, although there were some 50 cities of similar size in Europe. In some, like Lyon and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, this was, as in the case of Norwich, linked to an important proto-industry, such as textiles or china pottery, in some, such as <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, to the city's status as an administrative capital, and in some such as <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> to a position on an important maritime or river trade route.<a href="#cite_note-42">[a]</a> In 1716, at a play at the New Inn, the Pretender was cheered and the audience booed and hissed every time <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George</a>'s name was mentioned. In 1722 supporters of the king were said to be "hiss'd at and curst as they go in the streets," and in 1731 "a Tory mobb, in a great body, went through several parts of this city, in a riotous manner, cursing and abusing such as they knew to be friends of the government."<a href="#cite_note-43">[b]</a> However the Whigs gradually gained control and by the 1720s they had successfully petitioned Parliament to allow all adult males working in the textile industry to take up the freedom, on the correct assumption that they would vote Whig. But it had the effect of boosting the city's popular <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>, says Knights, and contests of the kind described continued in Norwich well into a period in which political stability had been discerned at a national level. The city's Jacobitism perhaps only ended with 1745, well after it had ceased to be a significant movement outside Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2004168–174-40">[40]</a> Despite the Highlanders reaching <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> and Norwich citizens mustering themselves into an association to protect the city, some Tories refused to join in, and the vestry of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Mancroft" title="St Peter Mancroft">St Peter Mancroft</a> resolved that it would not ring its bells to summon the defence. Still, it was the end of the road for Norwich Jacobites, and the Whigs organised a notable celebration after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2004168–174-40">[40]</a> The events of this period illustrate how Norwich had a strong tradition of popular protest favouring Church and Stuarts and attached to the street and alehouse. Knights tells how in 1716 the mayoral election had ended in a riot, with both sides throwing "brick-ends and great paving stones" at each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2004168–174-40">[40]</a> A renowned Jacobite watering-hole, the Blue Bell Inn (nowadays The Bell Hotel), owned in the early 18th century by the high-church Helwys family, became the central rendezvous of the Norwich Revolution Society in the 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewson197538-44">[42]</a> Britain's first provincial newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Post" title="Norwich Post">Norwich Post</a>, appeared in 1701. By 1726 there were rival Whig and Tory presses, and as early as mid-century, three-quarters of the males in some parishes were literate.<a href="#cite_note-45">[c]</a> The Norwich municipal library claims an excellent collection of these newspapers, also a folio collection of scrapbooks on 18th-century Norwich politics, which Knights says are "valuable and important". Norwich alehouses had 281 clubs and societies meeting in them in 1701, and at least 138 more were formed before 1758. The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Norwich" title="Theatre Royal, Norwich">Theatre Royal</a> opened in 1758, alongside the city's stage productions in inns and puppet shows in rowdy alehouses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1998-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackwellBlackwell2007Chap_2-47">[44]</a> In 1750 Norwich could boast nine booksellers and after 1780 a "growing number of circulating and subscription libraries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDain2004-48">[45]</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnights2004">Knights 2004</a> says: "[All this] made for a lively political culture, in which independence from governmental lines was particularly strong, evident in campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">war with America</a> and for reform... in which trade and the impact of war with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a> were key ingredients. The open and contestable structure of local government, the press, the clubs and societies, and dissent all ensured that politics overlapped with communities bound by economics, religion, ideology and print in a world in which public opinion could not be ignored."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2004168–174-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OctagonChapel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/OctagonChapel.JPG/330px-OctagonChapel.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/OctagonChapel.JPG/500px-OctagonChapel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/OctagonChapel.JPG/960px-OctagonChapel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Norwich" title="Octagon Chapel, Norwich">Octagon Chapel, Norwich</a></figcaption></figure> Amid this metropolitan culture, the city burghers had built a sophisticated political structure. Freemen, who had the right to trade and to vote at elections, numbered about 2,000 in 1690, rising to over 3,300 by the mid-1730s. With growth partly the result of political manipulation, their numbers did at one point reach one-third of the adult male population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnights2004168–174-40">[40]</a> This was notoriously the age of <a href="/wiki/Rotten_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotten borough">"rotten"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">"pocket"</a> boroughs and Norwich was unusual in having such a high proportion of its citizens able to vote. "Of the political centres where the Jacobin propaganda had penetrated most deeply only Norwich and Nottingham had a franchise deep enough to allow radicals to make use of the electoral process."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1968513-49">[46]</a> "Apart from London, Norwich was probably still the largest of those boroughs which were democratically governed," says <a href="#CITEREFJewson1975">Jewson 1975</a>, describing other towns under the control of a single <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefdom</a>. In Norwich, he says, a powerful Anglican establishment, symbolised by the Cathedral and the great church of St Peter Mancroft was matched by scarcely less powerful <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congeries" class="extiw" title="wikt:congeries">congeries</a> of Dissenters headed by the wealthy literate body [of Unitarians] worshipping at the <a href="/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Norwich" title="Octagon Chapel, Norwich">Octagon Chapel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewson1975-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Norwich_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Norwich_1781.jpg/220px-Map_of_Norwich_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Norwich_1781.jpg/330px-Map_of_Norwich_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Norwich_1781.jpg/440px-Map_of_Norwich_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="4620" /></a><figcaption>Map of Norwich, 1781</figcaption></figure> In the middle of political disorders of the late 18th century, Norwich intellectual life flourished. <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a> wrote of the city's literati of the period, including such people as <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taylor (scholar)">William Taylor</a>, one of England's first scholars of German. The city "boasted of her intellectual supper-parties, where, amidst a pedantry which would now make laughter hold both his sides, there was much that was pleasant and salutary: and finally she called herself The Athens of England."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartineau1870-51">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peter_Mancroft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Peter_Mancroft.jpg/250px-St_Peter_Mancroft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Peter_Mancroft.jpg/330px-St_Peter_Mancroft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St_Peter_Mancroft.jpg/500px-St_Peter_Mancroft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Mancroft" title="St Peter Mancroft">St Peter Mancroft</a></figcaption></figure> Despite Norwich's longstanding industrial prosperity, by the 1790s its wool trade had begun facing intense competition, at first from Yorkshire woollens and then, increasingly, from <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> cotton. The effects were aggravated by the loss of continental markets after Britain went to war with France in 1793.<a href="#cite_note-52">[d]</a> The early 19th century saw de-industrialisation accompanied by bitter squabbles. The 1820s were marked by wage cuts and personal recrimination against owners. So amid the rich commercial and cultural heritage of its recent past, Norwich suffered in the 1790s from incipient decline exacerbated by a serious trade recession. As early in the war as 1793, a major city manufacturer and government supporter, Robert Harvey, complained of low order books, languid trade and doubling of the poor rate.<a href="#cite_note-53">[e]</a> Like many of their Norwich forebears, the hungry poor took their complaints onto the streets. Hayes describes a meeting of 200 people in a Norwich public house, where "Citizen Stanhope" spoke.<a href="#cite_note-54">[f]</a> The gathering "[roared its] applause at Stanhope's declaration that the Ministers unless they changed their policy, deserved to have their heads brought to the block; – and if there was a people still in England, the event might turn out to be so." Hayes says that "the outbreak of war, in bringing the worsted manufacture almost to a standstill and so plunging the mass of the Norwich weavers into sudden distress made it almost inevitable that a crude appeal to working-class resentment should take the place of a temperate process of education which the earliest reformers had intended."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1958242–243-55">[49]</a> At this period opposition to <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a>'s government and their war came – in their case almost unanimously – from a circle of radical Dissenting intellectuals of interest in their own right. They included the Rigby, Taylor, Aitkin, Barbold, and Alderson families – all Unitarians - and some of the Quaker Gurneys (one of whose girls, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth</a>, was later, under her married name of Fry, to become a noted campaigner for prison reform). Their activities included visits to revolutionary France (before the execution of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>), the earliest British research into German literature, studies on medical science, petitioning for parliamentary reform, and publishing a highbrow literary magazine called "The Cabinet", in 1795. Their blend of politics, religion and social campaigning was seen by Pitt and Windham as suspicious, prompting Pitt to denounce Norwich as "the Jacobin city". <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> attacked John Gurney in print for sponsoring anti-war protests. In the 1790s, Norwich was second only to London as an active intellectual centre in England, and that it did not regain that level of prominence until the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> was established in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> By 1795, it was not just the Norwich rabble who were causing the government concern. In April of that year, the Norwich Patriotic Society was founded, its manifesto declaring "that the great end of civil society was general happiness; that every individual had a right to share in the government."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewson197566-57">[51]</a> In December the price of bread reached a new peak, and in May 1796, when William Windham was forced to seek re-election after his appointment as war secretary, he only just held his seat.<a href="#cite_note-58">[g]</a> Amid the disorder and violence that was such a common feature of Norwich election campaigns, it was only by the narrowest margin that the radical Bartlett Gurney ("Peace and Gurney – No More War – No more Barley Bread") failed to unseat him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1994-59">[52]</a> Though informed by issues of recent national importance, the bipartisan political culture of Norwich in the 1790s cannot be divorced from local tradition. Two features stand out from a political continuum of three centuries. The first is a dichotomous power balance. From at least the time of the Reformation, Norwich was recorded as a "two-party city". In the mid-16th century, the weaving parishes fell under the control of opposition forces, as Kett's rebels held the north of the river, in support of poor clothworkers. Indeed there seems to be a case for saying that with this tradition of two-sided disputation, the city had steadily developed an infrastructure, evident in its many cultural and institutional networks of politics, religion, society, news media and the arts, whereby argument could be managed short of outright confrontation. Indeed, at a time of hunger and tension on the Norwich streets, with alehouse crowds ready to have "a Minister's head brought to the block", the Anglican and Dissenting clergy exerted themselves to conduct a collegial dialogue, seeking common ground and reinforcing the well-mannered civic tradition of earlier periods. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrey_House_on_Surrey_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Surrey_House_on_Surrey_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22919.jpg/250px-Surrey_House_on_Surrey_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Surrey_House_on_Surrey_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22919.jpg/330px-Surrey_House_on_Surrey_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Surrey_House_on_Surrey_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22919.jpg/500px-Surrey_House_on_Surrey_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_22919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surrey_House" title="Surrey House">Surrey House</a>, historic headquarters of the Norwich Union insurance company</figcaption></figure> In 1797 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bignold" title="Thomas Bignold">Thomas Bignold</a>, a 36-year-old wine merchant and banker founded the first <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Union" title="Norwich Union">Norwich Union Society</a>. Some years earlier, when he moved from Kent to Norwich, Bignold had been unable to find anyone willing to insure him against the threat from highwaymen. With the entrepreneurial thought that nothing was impossible, and aware that in a city built largely of wood the threat of fire was uppermost in people's minds, Bignold formed the "Norwich Union Society for the Insurance of Houses, Stock and Merchandise from Fire". The new business, which became known as the Norwich Union Fire Insurance Office, was a "mutual" enterprise. <a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Norwich Union</a> would later become the country's largest insurance giant. From earliest times, Norwich was a textile centre. In the 1780s the manufacture of Norwich <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawls</a> became an important industry<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> and remained so for nearly a hundred years. The shawls were a high-quality fashion product and rivalled those of other towns such as <a href="/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Paisley</a>, which had entered shawl manufacturing in about 1805, some 20 or more years after Norwich. With changes in women's fashion in the later <a href="/wiki/Victorian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian period">Victorian period</a>, the popularity of shawls declined and eventually manufacture ceased. Examples of Norwich shawls are now sought after by collectors of textiles. Norwich's geographical isolation was such that until 1845, when a railway link was established, it was often quicker to travel to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> by boat than to London. The railway was introduced to Norwich by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morton_Peto" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Morton Peto">Morton Peto</a>, who also built a line to <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a>. From 1808 to 1814, Norwich had a station in the <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">shutter telegraph chain</a> that connected the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> in London to its naval ships in the port of <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a>. A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Barracks" title="Britannia Barracks">Britannia Barracks</a> in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-museum-61">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bethel_Street_drill_hall" title="Bethel Street drill hall">Bethel Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle_Market_Street_drill_hall" title="Cattle Market Street drill hall">Cattle Market Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Drill_hall" title="Drill hall">drill halls</a> were built around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_Park_Norwich_Herbaceous_Border.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Waterloo_Park_Norwich_Herbaceous_Border.JPG/220px-Waterloo_Park_Norwich_Herbaceous_Border.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Waterloo_Park_Norwich_Herbaceous_Border.JPG/330px-Waterloo_Park_Norwich_Herbaceous_Border.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Waterloo_Park_Norwich_Herbaceous_Border.JPG/440px-Waterloo_Park_Norwich_Herbaceous_Border.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Waterloo Park, one of six parks built during the 1930s to help alleviate unemployment in the city</figcaption></figure> In the early 20th century, Norwich still had several major manufacturing industries. Among them were the large-scale and bespoke manufacture of shoes (for example the <a href="/wiki/Start-rite" title="Start-rite">Start-rite</a> and Van Dal brands, Bowhill & Elliott and Cheney & Sons Ltd respectively), clothing, joinery (including the cabinet makers and furniture retailer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brett_and_Sons" title="Arthur Brett and Sons">Arthur Brett and Sons</a>, which continues in business in the 21st century), structural engineering, and aircraft design and manufacture. Notable employers included <a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Paul">Boulton & Paul</a>, Barnards (iron founders and inventors of machine-produced <a href="/wiki/Wire_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire netting">wire netting</a>), and the electrical engineers Laurence Scott and Electromotors. Norwich also has a long association with chocolate making, mainly through the local firm of Caley's, which began as a manufacturer and bottler of mineral water and later diversified into chocolate and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_crackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas crackers">Christmas crackers</a>. The Caley's cracker-manufacturing business was taken over by Tom Smith in 1953,<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> and the Norwich factory in Salhouse Road closed in 1998. Caley's was acquired by Mackintosh in the 1930s and merged with <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a> in 1969 to become Rowntree-Mackintosh. Finally, it was bought by <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> and closed in 1996, with all operations moving to <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> after a Norwich association of 120 years. The demolished factory stood where the Chapelfield development is now. Caley's chocolate has since reappeared as a brand in the city, though it is no longer made there.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>, once the official publishing and stationery arm of the British government and one of the largest print buyers, printers and suppliers of office equipment in the UK, moved most of its operations from London to Norwich in the 1970s. It occupied the purpose-built 1968 Sovereign House building, near Anglia Square, which in 2017 stood empty and due for demolition if a long-postponed redevelopment of Anglia Square went ahead.<a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jarrolds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jarrolds.JPG/250px-Jarrolds.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jarrolds.JPG/330px-Jarrolds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jarrolds.JPG/500px-Jarrolds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jarrolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarrolds">Jarrolds</a> department store has been based in Norwich since 1823.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jarrolds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarrolds">Jarrolds</a>, established in 1810, was a nationally well-known printer and publisher. In 2004, after nearly 200 years, the printing and publishing businesses were sold. Today, the company remains privately owned and the Jarrold name is best recognised as being that of Norwich's only independent <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a>. The company is also active in property development in Norwich and has a business training division.<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pubs_and_brewing">Pubs and brewing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pubs and brewing">edit</a>]</div> The city had a long tradition of brewing.<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> Several large <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</a> continued into the second half of the 20th century, notably Morgans, <a href="/wiki/Steward_%26_Patteson" title="Steward & Patteson">Steward & Patteson</a>, Youngs Crawshay and Youngs, Bullard and Son, and the Norwich Brewery. Despite takeovers and consolidation in the 1950s and 1960s, only the Norwich Brewery (owned by <a href="/wiki/Watney_Combe_%26_Reid" title="Watney Combe & Reid">Watney Mann</a> and on the site of Morgans) remained by the 1970s. That too closed in 1985 and was then demolished. Only <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbreweries</a> remain today.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> It was stated by Walter Wicks in his book that Norwich once had "a pub for every day of the year and a church for every Sunday". This was in fact significantly under the actual amount: the highest number of pubs in the city was in the year 1870, with over 780 beer-houses. A "Drink Map" produced in 1892 by the Norwich and Norfolk Gospel Temperance Union showed 631 pubs in and around the city centre. By 1900, the number had dropped to 441 pubs within the City Walls. The title of a pub for every day of the year survived until 1966, when the Chief Constable informed the Licensing Justices that only 355 licences were still operative, with the number still shrinking: over 25 had closed in the last decade.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> In 2018, about 100 pubs remained open around the city centre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich Blitz</a></div> Norwich suffered extensive bomb damage during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, affecting large parts of the old city centre and Victorian terrace housing around the centre. Industry and the rail infrastructure also suffered. The heaviest raids occurred on the nights of 27/28 and 29/30 April 1942; as part of the <a href="/wiki/Baedeker_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Baedeker raids">Baedeker raids</a> (so-called because Baedeker's series of tourist guides to the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> were used to select propaganda-rich targets of cultural and historic significance rather than strategic importance). <a href="/wiki/Lord_Haw-Haw" title="Lord Haw-Haw">Lord Haw-Haw</a> made reference to the imminent destruction of Norwich's new <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Norwich" title="City Hall, Norwich">City Hall</a> (completed in 1938), although in the event it survived unscathed. Significant targets hit included the Morgan's Brewery building, <a href="/wiki/Colman%27s" title="Colman's">Colman's</a> <a href="/wiki/Wincarnis" title="Wincarnis">Wincarnis</a> works, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_railway_station" title="Norwich City railway station">City Station</a>, the Mackintosh chocolate factory, and shopping areas including St Stephen's St and St Benedict's St, the site of Bond's <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> (now <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis (department store)">John Lewis</a>) and Curl's (later Debenhams) department store. 229 citizens were killed in the two Baedeker raids with 1,000 others injured, and 340 by bombing throughout the war — giving Norwich the highest air raid casualties in Eastern England. Out of the 35,000 domestic dwellings in Norwich, 2,000 were destroyed, and another 27,000 suffered some damage.<a href="#cite_note-oldcity.org.uk-70">[63]</a> In 1945 the city was also the intended target of a brief <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> campaign, though all these missed the city itself.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war_redevelopment">Post-war redevelopment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-war redevelopment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolk_Terrace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Norfolk_Terrace.JPG/250px-Norfolk_Terrace.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Norfolk_Terrace.JPG/330px-Norfolk_Terrace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Norfolk_Terrace.JPG/500px-Norfolk_Terrace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a>, which opened in 1963</figcaption></figure> As the war ended, the city council revealed what it had been working on before the war. It was published as a book – The City of Norwich Plan 1945 or commonly known as "The '45 Plan"<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> – a grandiose scheme of massive redevelopment which never properly materialised. However, throughout the 1960s to early 1970, the city was completely altered and large areas of Norwich were cleared to make way for modern redevelopment. In 1960, the inner-city district of Richmond, between Ber Street and King Street, locally known as "the Village on the Hill", was condemned as slums and many residents were forced to leave by <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_purchase_order" title="Compulsory purchase order">compulsory purchase orders</a> on the old terraces and lanes. The whole borough demolished consisted of some 56 acres of existing streets, including 833 dwellings (612 classed as unfit for human habitation), 42 shops, four offices, 22 public houses and two schools.<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> Communities were moved to high-rise buildings such as Normandie Tower and new housing estates such as Tuckswood, which were being built at the time. A new road, Rouen Road, was developed instead, consisting mainly of light industrial units and council flats. <a href="/wiki/Ber_Street,_Norwich" title="Ber Street, Norwich">Ber Street</a>, a once historic main road into the city, had its whole eastern side demolished. About this time, the final part of St Peters Street, opposite <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Mancroft" title="St Peter Mancroft">St Peter Mancroft</a> Church, were demolished along with large Georgian townhouses at the top of Bethel Street, to make way for the new City Library in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-oldcity.org.uk-70">[63]</a> This burnt down on 1 August 1994 and was replaced in 2001 by <a href="/wiki/The_Forum,_Norwich" title="The Forum, Norwich">The Forum</a>. A controversial plan was implemented for Norwich's inner ring-road in the late 1960s. In 1931, the city architect Robert Atkinson, referring to the City Wall, remarked that "in almost every position are slum dwellings put up during the last 50 years. It would be a great adventure to clear them all out and open up the road following the wall which has always been a natural highway. Do this, and you will have a wonderful circulating boulevard all around the city and its cost would be comparatively nothing."<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> To accommodate the road, many more buildings were demolished, including an ancient road junction – Stump Cross. Magdalen Street, Botolph Street, St George's Street, Calvert Street and notably Pitt Street, all lined with Tudor and Georgian buildings, were cleared to make way for a fly-over and a <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a> concrete shopping centre – <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Square_Shopping_Centre,_Norwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich">Anglia Square</a> – as well as office blocks such as an <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">HMSO</a> building, Sovereign House. Other areas affected were Grapes Hill, a once narrow lane lined with 19th-century Georgian cottages, which was cleared and widened into a dual carriageway leading to a roundabout. Shortly before construction of the roundabout, the city's old <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Field_Road_drill_hall" title="Chapel Field Road drill hall">Drill Hall</a> was demolished, along with sections of the original city wall and other large townhouses along the start of Unthank Road (named after the Unthank family, local landowners).<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> The roundabout also required the north-west corner of <a href="/wiki/Chapelfield_Gardens" title="Chapelfield Gardens">Chapelfield Gardens</a> to be demolished. About a mile of Georgian and Victorian terrace houses along Chapelfield Road and Queens Road, including many houses built into the city walls, was bulldozed in 1964. This included the surrounding district off Vauxhall Street, consisting of swathes of terrace housing that were condemned as slums. This also included the whole West Pottergate district, which contained a mix of 18th and 19th-century cottages and terraced housing, pubs and shops. Post-war housing and maisonettes flats now stand where the <a href="/wiki/Rookery_(slum)" title="Rookery (slum)">Rookery slums</a> once did. Some aspects of The '45 Plan were put into action, which saw large three-story Edwardian houses in Grove Avenue and Grove Road, and other large properties on Southwell Road, demolished in 1962 to make way for flat-roofed single-story style maisonettes that still stand today.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heigham_(Norwich)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heigham (Norwich) (page does not exist)">Heigham</a> Hall, a large Victorian manor house off Old Palace Road was also demolished in 1963, to build Dolphin Grove flats, which housed many Norwich families displaced by <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a>. Other housing developments in the private and public sector took place after the Second World War, partly to accommodate the growing population of the city and to replace condemned and bomb-damaged areas, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heigham_(Norwich)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heigham (Norwich) (page does not exist)">Heigham Grove</a> district between Barn Road and Old Palace Road, where some 200 terraced houses, shops and pubs were all flattened. Only St Barnabas church and one public house, The West End Retreat, now remain. Another central street bulldozed during the 1960s was St Stephens Street. It was widened, clearing away many historically significant buildings in the process, firstly for Norwich Union's new office blocks and shortly after with new buildings, after it suffered damage during the Baedeker raids. In Surrey Street, several grand six-storey Georgian townhouses were demolished to make way for Norwich Union's office. Other notable buildings that were lost were three theatres (the Norwich Hippodrome on St Giles Street, which is now a multi-storey car park, the Grosvenor Rooms and Electric Theatre in Prince of Wales Road) The Norwich Corn Exchange in Exchange Street (built 1861, demolished 1964), the Free Library in Duke Street (built 1857, demolished 1963) and the Great Eastern Hotel, which faced Norwich Station. Two large churches, the Chapel Field East Congregational church<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> (built 1858, demolished 1972) was pulled down, as well as the 100-foot (30 m) tall Presbyterian church in Theatre Street, built in 1874 and designed by local architect <a href="/wiki/Edward_Boardman" title="Edward Boardman">Edward Boardman</a>. It has been said that more of Norwich's architecture was destroyed by the council in post-war redevelopment schemes than during the Second World War.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_events">Other events</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other events">edit</a>]</div> In 1976 the city's pioneering spirit was on show when Motum Road in Norwich, allegedly the scene of "a number of accidents over the years", became the third road in Britain to be equipped with <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_policemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping policemen">sleeping policemen</a>, intended to encourage adherence to the road's 30 mph (48 km/h) speed limit.<a href="#cite_note-Autocar197605-79">[72]</a> The bumps, installed at intervals of 50 and 150 yards (46 and 137 m), stretched 12 feet (3.7 m) across the width of the road and their curved profile was, at its highest point, 4 in (10 cm) high.<a href="#cite_note-Autocar197605-79">[72]</a> The responsible <a href="/wiki/Transport_Research_Laboratory" title="Transport Research Laboratory">quango</a> gave an assurance that the experimental devices would be removed not more than one year after installation.<a href="#cite_note-Autocar197605-79">[72]</a> From 1980 to 1985 the city became a frequent focus of national media due to squatting in <a href="/wiki/Argyle_Street,_Norwich" title="Argyle Street, Norwich">Argyle Street</a>, a Victorian street that was demolished in 1986, despite being the last street to survive the Richmond Hill redevelopment. On 23 November 1981, a minor <a href="/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_tornado_outbreak" title="1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak">F0/T1 tornado</a> struck Norwich as part of a record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak, causing minor damage in Norwich city centre and surrounding suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24665.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norwich_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24665.jpg/220px-Norwich_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24665.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norwich_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24665.jpg/330px-Norwich_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Norwich_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24665.jpg/440px-Norwich_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_24665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich City Hall">Norwich City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Council" title="Norwich City Council">Norwich City Council</a></div> There are two tiers of local government covering Norwich, at <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">county</a> level: <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Council" title="Norwich City Council">Norwich City Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County_Council" title="Norfolk County Council">Norfolk County Council</a>. The city council manages services such as housing, planning, leisure and tourism, and is based at <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Norwich" title="City Hall, Norwich">City Hall</a> overlooking <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Market" title="Norwich Market">Norwich Market</a> in the city centre. The county council manages services such as schools, transport, social services and libraries across <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> There are no <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> in Norwich, with the whole city being an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord_mayoralty_and_shrievalty">Lord mayoralty and shrievalty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lord mayoralty and shrievalty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Guildhall_from_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Norwich_Guildhall_from_south.jpg/220px-Norwich_Guildhall_from_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Norwich_Guildhall_from_south.jpg/330px-Norwich_Guildhall_from_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Norwich_Guildhall_from_south.jpg/440px-Norwich_Guildhall_from_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Guildhall" title="Norwich Guildhall">Norwich Guildhall</a>, the seat of local government from the early 15th century until 1938</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_Norwich" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lord Mayors of Norwich">List of Lord Mayors of Norwich</a></div> The ceremonial head of the city is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_Norwich" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lord Mayors of Norwich">Lord Mayor</a>; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The office of Mayor of Norwich dates from 1403 and was raised to the dignity of <a href="/wiki/List_of_lord_mayoralties_and_lord_provostships_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom">lord mayor</a> in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII</a> "in view of the position occupied by that city as the chief city of East Anglia and of its close association with His Majesty".<a href="#cite_note-mayor-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> The title was regranted on local government reorganisation in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> From 1404 the citizens of Norwich, as a <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a>, had the privilege of electing two sheriffs. Under the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a> this was reduced to one and became a ceremonial post. Both Lord Mayor and Sheriff are elected for a year's term of office at the council's annual meeting, but the term of office was temporarily extended to two years for the periods 2019-2021 and 2021-2023, the normal annual elections having been disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in the years 2020-2022.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayor-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westminster">Westminster</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Westminster">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norwich_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Norwich North (UK Parliament constituency)">Norwich North (UK Parliament constituency)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Norwich South (UK Parliament constituency)">Norwich South (UK Parliament constituency)</a></div> Since 1298 Norwich has returned two members of Parliament to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. Until <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1948" title="Representation of the People Act 1948">1950</a> the city was an <a href="/wiki/Norwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Norwich (UK Parliament constituency)">undivided constituency</a>, returning two MPs. Since that date, the area has been two single-member constituencies: <a href="/wiki/Norwich_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Norwich North (UK Parliament constituency)">Norwich North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Norwich South (UK Parliament constituency)">Norwich South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungs1979751-88">[81]</a> Both proved to be marginal seats in recent elections until 2010, switching between the Labour and Conservative parties. Norwich North, which includes some rural wards of <a href="/wiki/Broadland" title="Broadland">Broadland</a> District, was held by Labour from 1950 to 1983 when it was gained by the Conservatives. Labour regained the seat in 1997, holding it until a <a href="/wiki/2009_Norwich_North_by-election" title="2009 Norwich North by-election">by-election in 2009</a>. The current MP is the Conservative, <a href="/wiki/Chloe_Smith" title="Chloe Smith">Chloe Smith</a>, who held the seat in the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 General Election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> Norwich South, which includes part of <a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk" title="South Norfolk">South Norfolk</a> District, was held by Labour from February 1974 to 1983, when it was gained by the Conservatives. John Garrett regained the seat for Labour in 1987. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">Charles Clarke</a> became Labour MP for Norwich South in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> In the 2010 General Election, Labour lost the seat to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wright_(politician)" title="Simon Wright (politician)">Simon Wright</a> becoming MP.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> At the 2015 General Election, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Clive Lewis</a> regained the seat for Labour.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> In both the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 General Election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 General Election</a>, the two incumbent 2015 MPs held their seats.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:45em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population change</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1801 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,633</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">48,792</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,418</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,958</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">79,977</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+12.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,815</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.1%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">112,533</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">112,669</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,633</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">116,231</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">122,118</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">119,764</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.9%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">127,074</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">121,553</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">132,512</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">144,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norwich_2011-95">[88]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_pop_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Norwich_pop_pyramid.svg/250px-Norwich_pop_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Norwich_pop_pyramid.svg/330px-Norwich_pop_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Norwich_pop_pyramid.svg/500px-Norwich_pop_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Norwich in 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Norwich.svg/250px-Norwich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Norwich.svg/330px-Norwich.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Norwich.svg/500px-Norwich.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>Population of Norwich</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 United Kingdom census</a> reported a resident population for the City of Norwich of approximately 144,000, a 8.7 per cent increase over the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-census2021-population-3">[3]</a> The urban, built-up area of Norwich had a population of 213,166 according to the 2011 census.<a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_-_Built-up_areas-96">[89]</a> This area extends beyond the city boundary, with extensive suburban areas on the western, northern and eastern sides, including <a href="/wiki/Costessey" title="Costessey">Costessey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverham" title="Taverham">Taverham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellesdon" title="Hellesdon">Hellesdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowthorpe" title="Bowthorpe">Bowthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Catton" title="Old Catton">Old Catton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprowston" title="Sprowston">Sprowston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorpe_St_Andrew" title="Thorpe St Andrew">Thorpe St Andrew</a>. The parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local-government districts. The population of the Norwich <a href="/wiki/Travel_to_work_area" title="Travel to work area">travel to work area</a> (i. e. the self-contained labour-market area in and around Norwich in which most people live and commute to work) was estimated at 282,000 in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-ons2013-97">[90]</a> Norwich is one of the most densely populated local-government districts in the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a>, with 3,690 people per square kilometre (9,600 people/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-census2021-population-dataset-98">[91]</a> In 2022 the ethnic composition of Norwich's population was 87.1% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>, 5.5% <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a>, 3.2% of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed race</a>, 2.6% <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a>, 0.6% <a href="/wiki/British_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Arab">Arab</a> and 1.1% of other ethnic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-census2021-ethnicity-99">[92]</a> In religion, 33.6% of the population are Christian, 3% Muslim, 1.2% Hindu, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.2% Jewish, 0.1% Sikh, 0.9% of another religion, 53.5% with no religion and 6.8% unwilling to state their religion.<a href="#cite_note-2021census-religion-100">[93]</a> In the 2001 and 2011 censuses, Norwich was found to be the least religious city in England, with the highest proportion of respondents with no reported religion, compared to 25.1% across England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-bbcreligion-101">[94]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">quinary</a> group consists of the 20 to 24-year-olds (14.6%) because of the high university student population.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-:412-103">[96]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-:36-105">[98]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-census2021-ethnicity-99">[92]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>118,843 </th> <th>98.3% </th> <th>117,701 </th> <th>96.8% </th> <th>120,375 </th> <th>90.9% </th> <th>125,421 </th> <th>87.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>113,600 </td> <td>93.5% </td> <td>112,237 </td> <td>84.7% </td> <td>111,623 </td> <td>77.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>843 </td> <td> </td> <td>874 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>885 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>127 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>214 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">Roma</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>214 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,258 </td> <td> </td> <td>7,137 </td> <td>5.4% </td> <td>12,485 </td> <td>8.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>1,010 </th> <th>0.8% </th> <th>1,506 </th> <th>1.2% </th> <th>5,844 </th> <th>4.5% </th> <th>7,867 </th> <th>5.5% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>314 </td> <td> </td> <td>525 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,684 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>2,570 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>78 </td> <td> </td> <td>93 </td> <td> </td> <td>255 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>528 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>123 </td> <td> </td> <td>216 </td> <td> </td> <td>540 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>839 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>286 </td> <td> </td> <td>468 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,679 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>1,627 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>209 </td> <td> </td> <td>204 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,686 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>2,303 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>506 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>433 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>2,147 </th> <th>1.6% </th> <th>3,578 </th> <th>2.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>98 </td> <td> </td> <td>123 </td> <td> </td> <td>272 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>395 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>168 </td> <td> </td> <td>267 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,727 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>2,807 </td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>240 </td> <td> </td> <td>43 </td> <td> </td> <td>148 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>376 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,321 </th> <th>1.1% </th> <th>3,039 </th> <th>2.3% </th> <th>4,519 </th> <th>3.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>311 </td> <td> </td> <td>684 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>939 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>187 </td> <td> </td> <td>660 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>966 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>391 </td> <td> </td> <td>876 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>1,287 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>432 </td> <td> </td> <td>819 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>1,327 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>536 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>589 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>1,107 </th> <th>0.9% </th> <th>2,539 </th> <th>1.7% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>643 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>900 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>536 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>589 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>464 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>1,639 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>120,895 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>121,550 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>132,512 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>143,924 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-2021census-religion-100">[93]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Holds religious beliefs </th> <th>76,108 </th> <th>62.6 </th> <th>65,417 </th> <th>49.4 </th> <th>57,189 </th> <th>39.7 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/20px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/30px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/40px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1052" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> </td> <td align="right">73,428 </td> <td align="right">60.4 </td> <td align="right">59,515 </td> <td align="right">44.9 </td> <td align="right">48,399 </td> <td align="right">33.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/20px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> </td> <td align="right">485 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="right">978 </td> <td align="right">0.7 </td> <td align="right">983 </td> <td align="right">0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/20px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/31px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/40px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> </td> <td align="right">348 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td> <td align="right">1,017 </td> <td align="right">0.8 </td> <td align="right">1,719 </td> <td align="right">1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> </td> <td align="right">239 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="right">241 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="right">331 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">887 </td> <td align="right">0.7 </td> <td align="right">2,612 </td> <td align="right">2.0 </td> <td align="right">4,289 </td> <td align="right">3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/19px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/29px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/39px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> </td> <td align="right">102 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">168 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">185 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td align="right">619 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">886 </td> <td align="right">0.7 </td> <td align="right">1283 </td> <td align="right">0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>(No religion and Religion not stated) </th> <th align="right">45,442 </th> <th align="right">37.4 </th> <th align="right">67,095 </th> <th align="right">50.7 </th> <th align="right">86,733 </th> <th align="right">60.3 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td align="right">33,766 </td> <td align="right">27.8 </td> <td align="right">56,268 </td> <td align="right">42.5 </td> <td align="right">76,973 </td> <td align="right">53.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Religion not stated </td> <td align="right">11,676 </td> <td align="right">9.6 </td> <td align="right">10,827 </td> <td align="right">8.2 </td> <td align="right">9,760 </td> <td align="right">6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th align="right">121,550 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th> <th align="right">132,512 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th> <th align="right">143,922 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> The city has 56 primary schools (including 16 academies and free schools) and 13 secondary schools, 11 of which are academies.<a href="#cite_note-Gov.uk.norwich-108">[101]</a> The city's eight independent schools include <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School" title="Norwich School">Norwich School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_High_School_for_Girls" title="Norwich High School for Girls">Norwich High School for Girls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gov.uk.norwich-108">[101]</a> There are five schools for children with learning disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> The former Norwich High School for Boys in Upper St Giles Street has a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorating Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a>, who was a pupil there.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_colleges">Universities and colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Universities and colleges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_College_of_the_Arts,_Duke_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398450.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/University_College_of_the_Arts%2C_Duke_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398450.jpg/250px-University_College_of_the_Arts%2C_Duke_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398450.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/University_College_of_the_Arts%2C_Duke_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398450.jpg/330px-University_College_of_the_Arts%2C_Duke_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398450.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/University_College_of_the_Arts%2C_Duke_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398450.jpg/500px-University_College_of_the_Arts%2C_Duke_St_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1398450.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University_of_the_Arts" title="Norwich University of the Arts">Norwich University of the Arts</a></figcaption></figure> Norwich has two universities: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_University_of_the_Arts" title="Norwich University of the Arts">Norwich University of the Arts</a>. The student population is around 15,000, many of them from overseas.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> The University of East Anglia, founded in 1963, is located on the outskirts of the city. It has a creative writing programme, established by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury" title="Malcolm Bradbury">Malcolm Bradbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angus_Wilson" title="Angus Wilson">Angus Wilson</a>, whose graduates include <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_McEwan" title="Ian McEwan">Ian McEwan</a>. It has done work on climate research and climate change. Its campus is home to the <a href="/wiki/Sainsbury_Centre_for_Visual_Arts" title="Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts">Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts</a>, which houses several important art collections. The Norwich University of the Arts dates back to 1845 as the Norwich School of Design. Founded by artists and followers of the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School_(art_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich School (art movement)">Norwich School</a> art movement, it was founded to provide designers for local industries. Previously a specialist art school (the Norwich School of Art and Design), it achieved university status in 2013. Norwich has three <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> colleges. <a href="/wiki/City_College_Norwich" title="City College Norwich">City College Norwich</a>, situated on Ipswich Road, was founded in 1891 and is one of the largest such colleges in the country.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Access_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to Music">Access to Music</a> is located on Magdalen Street at Epic Studios, and <a href="/wiki/Easton_%26_Otley_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Easton & Otley College">Easton & Otley College</a>'s Easton Campus is located 7 mi (11 km) west of the city.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_attractions">Culture and attractions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture and attractions">edit</a>]</div> Historically Norwich has been associated with art, literature and publishing. This continues. It was the site of England's first provincial library, which opened in 1608, and the first city to implement the <a href="/wiki/Public_Libraries_Act_1850" title="Public Libraries Act 1850">Public Libraries Act 1850</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unesco10-114">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Post" title="Norwich Post">Norwich Post</a> was the first provincial newspaper outside London, founded in 1701.<a href="#cite_note-unesco10-114">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School_(art_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich School (art movement)">Norwich School</a> of artists was the first provincial art movement, with nationally acclaimed artists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Crome" title="John Crome">John Crome</a> associated with the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECundall1920-115">[108]</a> Other literary firsts include <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Revelations_of_Divine_Love" title="Revelations of Divine Love">Revelations of Divine Love</a>, published in 1395, which was the first book written in the English language by a woman, and the first poem written in <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey">Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey</a>, in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-unesco10-114">[107]</a> Today the city is a regional centre for publishing, with 5 per cent of the UK's independent publishing sector based in the city in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-unesco10-114">[107]</a> In 2006 Norwich became the UK's first City of Refuge, part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cities_of_Refuge_Network" title="International Cities of Refuge Network">International Cities of Refuge Network</a> (ICORN) which promotes free speech.<a href="#cite_note-unesco10-114">[107]</a> Norwich made the shortlist for the first city to be designated <a href="/wiki/UK_City_of_Culture" title="UK City of Culture">UK City of Culture</a>, but in July 2010 it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> had been selected.<a href="#cite_note-Derry_wins_City_of_Culture-116">[109]</a> In May 2012 Norwich was designated as England's first <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attractions">Attractions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Attractions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulls_Ferry,_Norwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pulls_Ferry%2C_Norwich.jpg/250px-Pulls_Ferry%2C_Norwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pulls_Ferry%2C_Norwich.jpg/330px-Pulls_Ferry%2C_Norwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pulls_Ferry%2C_Norwich.jpg/500px-Pulls_Ferry%2C_Norwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pulls_Ferry,_Norwich" title="Pulls Ferry, Norwich">Pulls Ferry</a>, once a 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Watergate_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate (architecture)">watergate</a></figcaption></figure> Norwich is a popular destination for a city break. Attractions include <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a>, the cobbled streets and museums of old Norwich, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Castle" title="Norwich Castle">Norwich Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cow_Tower,_Norwich" title="Cow Tower, Norwich">Cow Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Hall,_Norwich" title="Dragon Hall, Norwich">Dragon Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Forum,_Norwich" title="The Forum, Norwich">The Forum</a>. Norwich is one of the UK's top ten shopping destinations, with a mix of chain retailers and independent stores, and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Market" title="Norwich Market">Norwich Market</a> as one of the largest outdoor markets in England. The Forum, designed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hopkins_(architect)" title="Michael Hopkins (architect)">Michael Hopkins</a> and Partners and opened in 2002 is a building designed to house the Norfolk and Norwich Millennium Library, a replacement for the Norwich Central Library building which burnt down in 1994, and the regional headquarters and television centre for <a href="/wiki/BBC_East" title="BBC East">BBC East</a>. In 2006–2013 it was the most visited library in the UK, with 1.3 million visits in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> The collections contains the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Division" title="2nd Air Division">2nd Air Division</a> Memorial Library, a collection of material about American culture and the American relationship with East Anglia, especially the role of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> on UK airbases throughout the Second World War and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Much of the collection was lost in the 1994 fire, but the collection has been restored by contributions from many veterans of the war, European and American. The building also provides a venue for art exhibitions, concerts and events, although the city still lacks a dedicated concert venue. Recent attempts to shed the backwater image of Norwich and market it as a popular tourist destination, as well as a centre for science, commerce, culture and the arts, have included refurbishment of the Norwich Castle Museum and the opening of the Forum. The proposed new slogan for Norwich as England's Other City has been the subject of much discussion and controversy. It remains to be seen whether it will be adopted. Several signs at the city's approaches still display the traditional phrase: "Norwich — a fine city". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Forum_Norwich_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Forum_Norwich_2015.JPG/250px-The_Forum_Norwich_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Forum_Norwich_2015.JPG/330px-The_Forum_Norwich_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Forum_Norwich_2015.JPG/500px-The_Forum_Norwich_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5640" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Forum,_Norwich" title="The Forum, Norwich">The Forum</a>, housing, among other things, the Norfolk and Norwich Millennium Library and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s East of England headquarters and studios</figcaption></figure> The city promotes its architectural heritage through a collection of notable buildings in Norwich called the "<a href="/wiki/Norwich_12" title="Norwich 12">Norwich 12</a>". The group consists of: Norwich Castle, Norwich Cathedral, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hospital" title="Great Hospital">Great Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_and_Blackfriars%27_Hall,_Norwich" title="St Andrew's and Blackfriars' Hall, Norwich">St Andrew's Hall and Blackfriars' Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Guildhall" title="Norwich Guildhall">The Guildhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Hall,_Norwich" title="Dragon Hall, Norwich">Dragon Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Assembly_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The Assembly House">The Assembly House</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_James_Mill" title="St James Mill">St James Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Cathedral,_Norwich" title="St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich">St John the Baptist RC Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey_House" title="Surrey House">Surrey House</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Norwich" title="City Hall, Norwich">City Hall</a> and The Forum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_music">Art and music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art and music">edit</a>]</div> Each year the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Norwich_Festival" title="Norfolk and Norwich Festival">Norfolk and Norwich Festival</a> celebrates the arts, drawing many visitors into the city from all over eastern England. The <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Twenty_Group" title="Norwich Twenty Group">Norwich Twenty Group</a>, founded in 1944, presents exhibitions of its members to promote awareness of modern art. Norwich was home to the first arts festival in Britain in 1772.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Arts_Centre" title="Norwich Arts Centre">Norwich Arts Centre</a> is a notable live music venue, concert hall and theatre located in St Benedict's Street. The King of Hearts in Fye Bridge Street is another centre for art and music. Norwich has a thriving music scene based around local venues such as the University of East Anglia LCR, Norwich Arts Centre, <a href="/wiki/The_Waterfront,_Norwich" title="The Waterfront, Norwich">The Waterfront</a> and Epic Studios. Live music, mostly contemporary musical genres, is also to be heard at a number of other <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">public house</a> and club venues around the city. The city is host to many artists that have achieved national and international recognition such as <a href="/wiki/Cord_(band)" title="Cord (band)">Cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kabeedies" title="The Kabeedies">The Kabeedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serious_Drinking" title="Serious Drinking">Serious Drinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Bowness" title="Tim Bowness">Tim Bowness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sennen_(band)" title="Sennen (band)">Sennen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magoo_(band)" title="Magoo (band)">Magoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Eat_Grandma" title="Let's Eat Grandma">Let's Eat Grandma</a> and <a href="/wiki/KaitO" title="KaitO">KaitO</a>. Norwich hosted <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1%27s_Big_Weekend" title="BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend">BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend</a> in 2015. The event was held on 23–24 May in Earlham Park.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> Established record labels in Norwich include All Sorted Records,<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> NR ONE,<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungry_Audio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungry Audio (page does not exist)">Hungry Audio</a> and Burning Shed. The British artist <a href="/wiki/Stella_Vine" title="Stella Vine">Stella Vine</a> lived in Norwich from the age of seven,<a href="#cite_note-Vine_Times-123">[116]</a> including for a short while in <a href="/wiki/Argyle_Street,_Norwich" title="Argyle Street, Norwich">Argyle Street, Norwich</a> and again later in life with her son Jamie. Vine depicted the city in a large painting, Welcome to Norwich a fine city (2006).<a href="#cite_note-Stella_Vine_at_Modern_Art_Oxford-124">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Theatres">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Swithin%27s_church_in_St_Benedicts_Street,_Norwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/St_Swithin%27s_church_in_St_Benedicts_Street%2C_Norwich.jpg/220px-St_Swithin%27s_church_in_St_Benedicts_Street%2C_Norwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/St_Swithin%27s_church_in_St_Benedicts_Street%2C_Norwich.jpg/330px-St_Swithin%27s_church_in_St_Benedicts_Street%2C_Norwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/St_Swithin%27s_church_in_St_Benedicts_Street%2C_Norwich.jpg/440px-St_Swithin%27s_church_in_St_Benedicts_Street%2C_Norwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Arts_Centre" title="Norwich Arts Centre">Norwich Arts Centre</a>, opened in 1977, on St Benedict's Street</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Theatre_Royal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Norwich_Theatre_Royal.JPG/220px-Norwich_Theatre_Royal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Norwich_Theatre_Royal.JPG/330px-Norwich_Theatre_Royal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Norwich_Theatre_Royal.JPG/440px-Norwich_Theatre_Royal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Norwich" title="Theatre Royal, Norwich">Theatre Royal</a>, Norwich's largest theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorwichPlayhouse_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NorwichPlayhouse_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-NorwichPlayhouse_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NorwichPlayhouse_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-NorwichPlayhouse_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NorwichPlayhouse_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-NorwichPlayhouse_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Playhouse" title="Norwich Playhouse">Norwich Playhouse</a> on St George's Street</figcaption></figure> Norwich has theatres ranging in capacity from 100 to 1,300 seats and offering a wide variety of programmes. The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Norwich" title="Theatre Royal, Norwich">Theatre Royal</a> is the largest and has been on its present site for nearly 250 years, through several rebuildings and many alterations. It has 1,300 seats and hosts a mix of national touring productions including musicals, dance, drama, family shows, stand-up comedians, opera and pop. The <a href="/wiki/Maddermarket_Theatre" title="Maddermarket Theatre">Maddermarket Theatre</a> opened in 1921 as the first permanent recreation of an <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan theatre">Elizabethan theatre</a>. The founder was <a href="/wiki/Nugent_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="Nugent Monck">Nugent Monck</a> who had worked with <a href="/wiki/William_Poel" title="William Poel">William Poel</a>. The theatre is a <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespearean">Shakespearean</a>-style playhouse and has a <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> of 310. <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Puppet_Theatre" title="Norwich Puppet Theatre">Norwich Puppet Theatre</a> was founded in 1979 by Ray and Joan DaSilva as a permanent base for their touring company and was first opened as a public venue in 1980, following the conversion of the medieval church of St James in the heart of Norwich. Under subsequent artistic directors — Barry Smith and Luis Z. Boy — the theatre established its current pattern of operation. It is a nationally unique venue dedicated to puppetry, and currently houses a 185-seat raked auditorium, the 50-seat Octagon Studio, workshops, an exhibition gallery, shop and licensed bar. It is the only theatre in the Eastern region with a year-round programme of family-centred entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Arts_Centre" title="Norwich Arts Centre">Norwich Arts Centre</a> theatre opened in 1977 in St Benedict's Street and has a capacity of 290. The <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Playhouse" title="Norwich Playhouse">Norwich Playhouse</a>, which opened in 1995 and has a seating capacity of 300, is a venue in the heart of the city and one of the most modern performance spaces of its size in East Anglia. The Garage studio theatre seats up to 110 in a range of layouts, or can be used for standing events for up to 180. Platform Theatre is in the grounds of the City College Norwich. Productions are staged mainly in the autumn and summer months. The theatre is raked and seats about 250. On 20 April 2012, it held a large relaunch event with an evening performance, showcasing it with previews of coming performances and scenes from past ones.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> The Whiffler Theatre, built in 1981, was given to the people of Norwich by the local newspaper group Eastern Daily Press. It is an open-air facility in Norwich Castle Gardens, with fixed-raked seating for up to 80 and standing for another 30 on the balcony. The stage is brick-built and has its dressing rooms set in a small building to stage left. The Whiffler mainly plays small Shakespeare productions. <a href="/wiki/Sewell_Barn_Theatre" title="Sewell Barn Theatre">Sewell Barn Theatre</a> is the smallest theatre in Norwich and has a seating capacity of just 100. The auditorium features raked seating on three sides of an open acting space. This staging helps to draw the audience closer into the performance. Public performance spaces include the Forum in the city centre, with a large open-air <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> for performances of many types throughout the year. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a> of Norwich Cathedral are used for open-air performances as part of an annual Shakespeare festival.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> Norwich has several museums to reflect the history of the city and of Norfolk, and wider interests. The largest, Norwich Castle Museum, has extensive collections of archaeological finds from Norfolk, art (including a fine collection of paintings by the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School_(art_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich School (art movement)">Norwich School of painters</a>), ceramics (including the largest collection of British teapots), silver, and natural history. Of particular interest are dioramas of Norfolk scenery showing wildlife and landscape. It has been much remodelled to enhance the display of the collections and hosts frequent temporary exhibitions of art and other subjects.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_Hall,_Norwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dragon_Hall%2C_Norwich.jpg/250px-Dragon_Hall%2C_Norwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dragon_Hall%2C_Norwich.jpg/330px-Dragon_Hall%2C_Norwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Dragon_Hall%2C_Norwich.jpg/500px-Dragon_Hall%2C_Norwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Dragon Hall, Norwich, a medieval merchant's house. Taken on the 2006 Sponsored Bike Ride for The Norfolk Churches Trust, 2006-09-09. View from King Street of house front, sign hanging from iron dragon reads 'Dragon Hall'.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Norwich_at_the_Bridewell" title="Museum of Norwich at the Bridewell">Museum of Norwich at the Bridewell</a> (until 2014 the Bridewell Museum) closed in 2010 for refurbishment of the building and overhaul of the displays,<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> and re-opened in July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> The several galleries and groups of displays include "Life in Norwich: Our City 1900–1945"; "Life in Norwich: Our City 1945 Onwards"; and "England's Second City" depicting Norwich in the 18th century. "Made in Norwich", "Industrious City" and "Shoemakers" have exhibits connected with historic industries of Norwich, including weaving, shoe and bootmaking, iron foundries, and manufacture of metal goods, engineering, milling, brewing, chocolate-making and other food manufacturing. "Shopping and Trading" extends from the early 19th century to the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strangers%27_Hall" title="Strangers' Hall">Strangers' Hall</a>, at Charing Cross, is one of the oldest buildings in Norwich: a merchant's house from the early 14th century. The many rooms are furnished and equipped in the styles of different eras, from the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Early Tudor</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Late Victorian</a>. Exhibits include costumes and textiles, domestic objects, children's toys and games and children's books. The last two collections are seen to be of national importance.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norfolk_Regiment" title="Royal Norfolk Regiment">Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum</a> was, until 2011, housed in part of the former <a href="/wiki/Shirehall,_Norwich" title="Shirehall, Norwich">Shirehall</a>, close to the castle. Although archives and the reserve collections are still held in the Shirehall, the principal museum display there closed in September 2011 and was relocated to the main Norwich Castle Museum, reopening fully in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> It illustrates the history of the regiment from its 17th-century origins to its incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anglian_Regiment" title="Royal Anglian Regiment">Royal Anglian Regiment</a> in 1964, along with many aspects of its military life. There is an extensive, representative display of medals awarded to soldiers of the regiment, including two of the six <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a> won.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Norwich_Aviation_Museum" title="City of Norwich Aviation Museum">City of Norwich Aviation Museum</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Horsham_St_Faith" title="Horsham St Faith">Horsham St Faith</a>, on the northern edge of the city, close to <a href="/wiki/Norwich_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich International Airport">Norwich Airport</a>. It has static displays of military and civil aircraft, with various collective exhibits, including one for the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">United States 8th Army Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_-_House_-_1180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Norwich_-_House_-_1180.jpg/220px-Norwich_-_House_-_1180.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Norwich_-_House_-_1180.jpg/330px-Norwich_-_House_-_1180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Norwich_-_House_-_1180.jpg/440px-Norwich_-_House_-_1180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A house in the Cathedral close in Norwich</figcaption></figure> Formerly known as the John Jarrold <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> Museum, The Norwich Printing Museum covers the history of printing, with examples of printing machinery, presses, books and related equipment considered of national and international importance.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> Exhibits date from the early 19th century to the present day. Some machinery and equipment are shown in use. Many items were donated by Jarrold Printing.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> In November 2018, redevelopment plans for the museum site at Whitefriars caused uncertainty about its future.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> The museum closed its Whitefriars premises on 23 October 2019, with a plan to relocate to the vacant medieval church of St Peter Parmentergate in King Street in 2020, but this site was later found to be unsuitable.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> In 2021, the museum trustees were offered space at <a href="/wiki/Blickling_Hall" title="Blickling Hall">Blickling Hall</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Aylsham" title="Aylsham">Aylsham</a>, and, as "The Norwich Printing Museum", it reopened there as a fully-working museum in July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a> Whilst the museum continues in its temporary home at Blickling, as at March 2023 the trustees were seeking permanent quarters in Norwich.<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> At October 2024, the search for a permanent home has continued, and the museum will be leaving its temporary home at Blickling in October 2025; by which time the trustees hope to have found a new home, preferably in Norwich.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Hall,_Norwich" title="Dragon Hall, Norwich">Dragon Hall</a> in King Street exemplifies a medieval merchants' trading hall. Mostly dating from about 1430, it is unique in Western Europe. In 2006 the building underwent restoration. Its architecture is complemented by displays on the history of the building and its role in Norwich through the ages. The Norwich Castle Study Centre at the Shirehall in Market Avenue has some important collections, including one of more than 20,000 costume and textile items built up over some 130 years and previously kept in other Norwich museums. Although not a publicly open museum in the usual sense, items are accessible to the public, students and researchers by prior appointment.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</div> Norwich has three cinema complexes. <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon</a> Norwich is located in the Riverside Leisure Centre, <a href="/wiki/Vue_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vue Cinemas">Vue</a> inside the Castle Mall and previously the Hollywood Cinema (closed 2019)<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Square_Shopping_Centre,_Norwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich">Anglia Square</a>, north of the city centre. <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cinema_City" title="Norwich Cinema City">Cinema City</a> is an art-house cinema showing non-mainstream productions, operated by <a href="/wiki/Picturehouse_Cinemas" title="Picturehouse Cinemas">Picturehouse</a> in St Andrews Street opposite <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_and_Blackfriars%27_Hall,_Norwich" title="St Andrew's and Blackfriars' Hall, Norwich">St Andrew's Hall</a>, whose patron was actor <a href="/wiki/John_Hurt" title="John Hurt">John Hurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> Norwich has a large number of pubs throughout the city. Prince of Wales Road in the city centre, running from the Riverside district near Norwich railway station to Norwich Castle, is home to many of them, along with bars and clubs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_film">Media and film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Media and film">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Saturday_in_Norwich_(14998715671)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_Saturday_in_Norwich_%2814998715671%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-A_Saturday_in_Norwich_%2814998715671%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_Saturday_in_Norwich_%2814998715671%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-A_Saturday_in_Norwich_%2814998715671%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_Saturday_in_Norwich_%2814998715671%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-A_Saturday_in_Norwich_%2814998715671%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Anglia House, the headquarters of Anglia Television, today <a href="/wiki/ITV_Anglia" title="ITV Anglia">ITV Anglia</a></figcaption></figure> Norwich is the headquarters of BBC East, its presence in the East of England, and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Norfolk" title="BBC Radio Norfolk">BBC Radio Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Look_East" title="BBC Look East">BBC Look East</a>, Inside Out and <a href="/wiki/The_Politics_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Politics Show">The Politics Show</a> are broadcast from studios in The Forum. <a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Independent radio</a> stations based in Norwich include <a href="/wiki/Heart_East" title="Heart East">Heart East</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smooth_East_Anglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smooth East Anglia (page does not exist)">Smooth East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Norfolk_and_North_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest Hits Radio Norfolk and North Suffolk">Greatest Hits Radio Norfolk and North Suffolk</a>, and the University of East Anglia's Livewire 1350, an online station. A community station, <a href="/wiki/Future_Radio" title="Future Radio">Future Radio</a>, was launched on 6 August 2007. <a href="/wiki/ITV_Anglia" title="ITV Anglia">ITV Anglia</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglia Television">Anglia Television</a>, is based in Norwich. Although one of the smaller ITV companies, it supplied the network with some of its most popular shows such as <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Unexpected_(TV_series)" title="Tales of the Unexpected (TV series)">Tales of the Unexpected</a>, <a href="/wiki/Survival_(TV_series)" title="Survival (TV series)">Survival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_the_Century_(UK_game_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of the Century (UK game show)">Sale of the Century</a> (1971–1983), which began each edition with John Benson's enthusiastic announcement: "And now from Norwich, it's the quiz of the week!" The company also had a subsidiary called Anglia Multimedia, which produced educational content on CD and DVD mainly for schools, and was one of the three companies, along with <a href="/wiki/Granada_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada TV">Granada TV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> vying for the right to produce a digital television station for English schools and colleges. Launched in 1959, Anglia Television lost its independence in 1994 with a takeover by <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian Broadcasting">Meridian Broadcasting</a>. Subsequent mergers have seen it reduced from a significant producer of programmes to a regional news centre. The company is still based in Anglia House, the former Norfolk and Norwich Agricultural Hall, on Agricultural Hall Plain near Prince of Wales Road. Despite the contraction of Anglia, television production in Norwich has by no means ended. Anglia's former network production centre at Magdalen Street has been taken over by Norfolk County Council and revamped. After a total investment of £4 million from the East of England Development Agency (EEDA) it has re-opened as Epic Studios (East of England Production Innovation Centre). Degree courses in film and video are run at the centre by Norwich University of the Arts. Epic has commercial, broadcast-quality post-production facilities, a real-time virtual studio and a smaller HD discussion studio. The main studio opened as an HD facility in November 2008, when it began concentrating on the development of new TV formats and has worked on pilot shows. <a href="/wiki/Archant" title="Archant">Archant</a> publishes two dailies in Norwich, the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Evening_News" title="Norwich Evening News">Norwich Evening News</a> and the regional <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daily_Press" title="Eastern Daily Press">Eastern Daily Press</a> (EDP). It had its own television operation, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_TV" title="Mustard TV">Mustard TV</a>, which closed after being bought out by the <a href="/wiki/That%27s_TV" title="That's TV">That's TV</a> group. Mustard TV is now <a href="/w/index.php?title=That%27s_Norfolk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="That's Norfolk (page does not exist)">That's Norfolk</a>. The character of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Partridge" title="Alan Partridge">Alan Partridge</a> in the sitcom <a href="/wiki/I%27m_Alan_Partridge" title="I'm Alan Partridge">I'm Alan Partridge</a> (1997–2002) and the comedy film <a href="/wiki/Alan_Partridge:_Alpha_Papa" title="Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa">Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa</a> (2013) is a Norwich broadcaster played by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coogan" title="Steve Coogan">Steve Coogan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_associations">Esoteric associations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Esoteric associations">edit</a>]</div> Because Norwich was England's second city in the medieval and Renaissance periods, it has some little acknowledged, but significant associations with <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> spirituality. It was the home of <a href="/wiki/William_Cuningham" title="William Cuningham">William Cuningham</a>, a physician who published An Invective Epistle in Defense of Astrologers in 1560.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a> dramatist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Greene_(dramatist)" title="Robert Greene (dramatist)">Robert Greene</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Friar_Bacon_and_Friar_Bungay" title="Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay">Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay</a>, was born in Norwich in 1558. The city was the retirement residence of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dee" title="Arthur Dee">Arthur Dee</a> (died Norwich, 1651), eldest son of the alchemist <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleay1891251–252-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John_the_Baptist_Church_-_The_Layer_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_John_the_Baptist_Church_-_The_Layer_Monument.jpg/250px-St_John_the_Baptist_Church_-_The_Layer_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_John_the_Baptist_Church_-_The_Layer_Monument.jpg/330px-St_John_the_Baptist_Church_-_The_Layer_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_John_the_Baptist_Church_-_The_Layer_Monument.jpg/500px-St_John_the_Baptist_Church_-_The_Layer_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>The Layer Monument, marble polychrome <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600</figcaption></figure> Norwich was the residence of the physician and <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">hermetic</a> philosopher Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Cyrus" title="The Garden of Cyrus">The Garden of Cyrus</a> (1658). Many influential esoteric titles are listed as once in Browne's <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Sir_Thomas_Browne#Esoteric" title="Library of Sir Thomas Browne">library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> His coffin-plate, on display at the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Mancroft" title="St Peter Mancroft">St Peter Mancroft</a>, alludes to <a href="/wiki/Paracelsian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracelsian">Paracelsian</a> medicine and alchemy. Translated from Latin it reads, "Great Virtues, ...sleeping here the dust of his <a href="/wiki/Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">spagyric</a> body converts the lead to gold." Browne was also a significant figure in the history of <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_Maddermarket" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St John Maddermarket">Church of St John Maddermarket</a>'s graveyard includes the Crabtree headstone, which has the pre-Christian symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Masonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic">Masonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and Compasses</a> carved upon it. Within the church is <a href="/wiki/The_Layer_Monument" title="The Layer Monument">the Layer Monument</a>, a rare example of an alchemical <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> in European funerary art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkner2013-153">[146]</a> From 1787 the congregation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jerusalem Church">New Jerusalem Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swedenborgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedenborgians">Swedenborgians</a>, followers of the mystic <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a>, worshipped at the <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_the_Less,_Norwich" title="St Mary the Less, Norwich">Church of St Mary the Less</a>; in 1852 they moved to Park Lane, Norwich to establish the Swedenborgian Chapel.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Norwich" title="Grade I listed buildings in Norwich">Grade I listed buildings in Norwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Norwich" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Norwich">Grade II* listed buildings in Norwich</a></div> Norwich's medieval period is represented by the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral" title="Norwich Cathedral">Norwich Cathedral</a>, 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> (now a museum) and several <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a>, including the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Saint_James_the_Less,_Pockthorpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint James the Less, Pockthorpe">Saint James the Less, Pockthorpe</a>, which survived the bombing in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, 57 churches stood within the city wall; 31 still exist and seven are still used for worship.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> There was a common regional saying that it had a church for every week of the year and a pub for every day. Norwich is said to have more standing medieval churches than any city north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbcreligion-101">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(public_house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam and Eve (public house)">Adam and Eve</a> is believed to be the oldest pub in the city,<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-158">[151]</a> with the earliest known reference made in 1249.<a href="#cite_note-edp-159">[152]</a> Most medieval buildings are in the city centre. Notable secular examples are <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Hall,_Norwich" title="Dragon Hall, Norwich">Dragon Hall</a>, built about 1430, and <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Guildhall" title="Norwich Guildhall">The Guildhall</a>, built in 1407–1413 with later additions. <a href="/wiki/Gybson%27s_Conduit" title="Gybson's Conduit">Gybson's Conduit</a> was completed in 1577. From the 18th century, the pre-eminent local name is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ivory" title="Thomas Ivory">Thomas Ivory</a>, who built the Assembly Rooms (1776), the Octagon Chapel (1756), St Helen's House (1752) in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hospital" title="Great Hospital">Great Hospital</a>, and innovative speculative housing in Surrey Street (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1761). Ivory should not be confused with the Irish architect of the same name and a similar period. The 19th century saw an explosion in Norwich's size and much of its housing stock, as well as commercial building in the city centre. The local architect of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> periods who continues to command most respect was <a href="/wiki/George_Skipper" title="George Skipper">George Skipper</a> (1856–1948). Examples of his work include the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Union" title="Norwich Union">Norwich Union</a> headquarters in Surrey Street the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)</a> Royal Arcade, and the Hotel de Paris in the nearby seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Cromer" title="Cromer">Cromer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Cathedral,_Norwich" title="St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich">St John the Baptist Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earlham_Road" title="Earlham Road">Earlham Road</a> was begun in 1882 by <a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gilbert Scott Junior">George Gilbert Scott Junior</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Oldrid_Scott" title="John Oldrid Scott">John Oldrid Scott</a>. George Skipper had great influence on the appearance of the city. <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> compared it to Gaudi's influence on Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The city continued to grow through the 20th century. Much housing, particularly in areas further from the city centre, dates from that century. The first notable building since Skipper was the <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Norwich" title="City Hall, Norwich">City Hall</a> by C. H. James and S. R. Pierce, opened in 1938. At the same time they moved the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_War_Memorial" title="Norwich War Memorial">City War Memorial</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edwin_Lutyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edwin Lutyens">Sir Edwin Lutyens</a>, to a memorial garden between the city hall and the market place. Bombing during the Second World War, resulting in relatively little loss of life, caused marked damage to the housing stock in the city centre. Much of the post-war replacement stock was designed by the local-authority architect, <a href="/wiki/David_Eyre_Percival" title="David Eyre Percival">David Percival</a>. However, the major post-war architectural development in Norwich was the opening of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> in 1964. Originally designed by <a href="/wiki/Denys_Lasdun" title="Denys Lasdun">Denys Lasdun</a> (his design was never completely executed), it has been added to over subsequent decades by major names such as <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Mather" title="Rick Mather">Rick Mather</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwichcathedral2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norwich Cathedral lies close to Tombland in the city centre."><img alt="Norwich Cathedral lies close to Tombland in the city centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Norwichcathedral2.jpg/264px-Norwichcathedral2.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Norwichcathedral2.jpg/396px-Norwichcathedral2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Norwichcathedral2.jpg/528px-Norwichcathedral2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norwich Cathedral lies close to Tombland in the city centre.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ElmHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elm Hill is an intact medieval street."><img alt="Elm Hill is an intact medieval street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ElmHill.jpg/330px-ElmHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ElmHill.jpg/500px-ElmHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ElmHill.jpg/960px-ElmHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elm_Hill,_Norwich" title="Elm Hill, Norwich">Elm Hill</a> is an intact medieval street.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowtower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cow Tower stands on the banks of the River Wensum."><img alt="Cow Tower stands on the banks of the River Wensum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cowtower.jpg/330px-Cowtower.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cowtower.jpg/500px-Cowtower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cowtower.jpg/960px-Cowtower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cow_Tower,_Norwich" title="Cow Tower, Norwich">Cow Tower</a> stands on the banks of the River Wensum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentlemanswalk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The varying styles of architecture along Gentleman's Walk"><img alt="The varying styles of architecture along Gentleman's Walk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gentlemanswalk.JPG/264px-Gentlemanswalk.JPG" decoding="async" width="176" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gentlemanswalk.JPG/396px-Gentlemanswalk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gentlemanswalk.JPG/528px-Gentlemanswalk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The varying styles of architecture along Gentleman's Walk</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks,_gardens_and_open_spaces">Parks, gardens and open spaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Parks, gardens and open spaces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverside_Flats_Norwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_73621.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Riverside_Flats_Norwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_73621.jpg/250px-Riverside_Flats_Norwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_73621.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Riverside_Flats_Norwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_73621.jpg/330px-Riverside_Flats_Norwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_73621.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Riverside_Flats_Norwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_73621.jpg/500px-Riverside_Flats_Norwich_-_geograph.org.uk_-_73621.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Riverside flats, Norwich</figcaption></figure> See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks,_gardens_and_open_spaces_in_Norwich" title="List of parks, gardens and open spaces in Norwich">List of parks, gardens and open spaces in Norwich</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapelfield_Gardens" title="Chapelfield Gardens">Chapelfield Gardens</a> in central Norwich became the city's first <a href="/wiki/Public_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Public park">public park</a> in November 1880. From the start of the 20th century, Norwich Corporation began buying and leasing land to develop parks when funds became available. <a href="/wiki/Sewell_Park,_Norwich" title="Sewell Park, Norwich">Sewell Park</a> and James Stuart Gardens are examples of land donated by benefactors. After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> the Corporation applied government grants to lay out a series of formal parks as a means to alleviate unemployment. Under Parks Superintendent Captain Sandys-Winsch,<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> Heigham Park was completed in 1924, Wensum Park in 1925, <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Park" title="Eaton Park">Eaton Park</a> in 1928 and Waterloo Park in 1933. These retain many features from Sandys-Winsch's plans and have joined the <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage_Register_of_Parks_and_Gardens_of_Special_Historic_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest">English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> As of 2015, the city has 23 parks, 95 open spaces and 59 natural areas managed by the local authority.<a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> In addition there are several private gardens occasionally opened to the public in aid of charity.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plantation_Garden,_Norwich" title="Plantation Garden, Norwich">Plantation Garden</a>, also private, opens daily.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_City_Football_Ground_%22Carrow_Road%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43449.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Norwich_City_Football_Ground_%22Carrow_Road%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43449.jpg/220px-Norwich_City_Football_Ground_%22Carrow_Road%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43449.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Norwich_City_Football_Ground_%22Carrow_Road%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43449.jpg/330px-Norwich_City_Football_Ground_%22Carrow_Road%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43449.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Norwich_City_Football_Ground_%22Carrow_Road%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43449.jpg/440px-Norwich_City_Football_Ground_%22Carrow_Road%22_-_geograph.org.uk_-_43449.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carrow_Road" title="Carrow Road">Carrow Road</a> – the home of <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich City FC">Norwich City FC</a></figcaption></figure> The principal local <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club is <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich City FC">Norwich City</a>, known as the Canaries. In 2020–21 it finished first in the second tier of English football, the Championship, earning promotion to the Premier League for 2021–22. Majority-owned by celebrity chef <a href="/wiki/Delia_Smith" title="Delia Smith">Delia Smith</a> and her husband Michael Wynn-Jones, its ground is <a href="/wiki/Carrow_Road" title="Carrow Road">Carrow Road Stadium</a>. It has strong <a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anglian Derby">East Anglian rivalry</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C." title="Ipswich Town F.C.">Ipswich Town</a>. The club has enjoyed much success in the past, having played in the top division regularly since 1972, its longest spell being a nine-year run from 1986 to 1995. It has won two <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Cup">Football League Cups</a>, and finished third in the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> in 1993. The club was relegated two years later and did not reclaim its place for nine years, going down again after just one season, only to return in 2011 after two successive promotions. In 1993, the club eliminated <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> giants <a href="/wiki/Bayern_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayern Munich">Bayern Munich</a> from the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup</a>, in what is to date Norwich City's only season in European competitions; it had qualified for the UEFA Cup three times between 1985 and 1989 but been unable to compete as there was a ban on English clubs in European competitions at the time. Before emerging as a top division club, it famously eliminated <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester United FC">Manchester United</a> from the FA Cup in 1959 and went on to reach the semi-finals of the domestic cup competition, a run it achieved again in 1989 and most recently in 1992. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the club produced some highly-rated talent of that era, including striker <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sutton" title="Chris Sutton">Chris Sutton</a>, winger <a href="/wiki/Ruel_Fox" title="Ruel Fox">Ruel Fox</a>, defender <a href="/wiki/Andy_Linighan" title="Andy Linighan">Andy Linighan</a>, midfielder <a href="/wiki/Mike_Phelan" title="Mike Phelan">Mike Phelan</a>, midfielder <a href="/wiki/Tim_Sherwood" title="Tim Sherwood">Tim Sherwood</a> and striker <a href="/wiki/Justin_Fashanu" title="Justin Fashanu">Justin Fashanu</a>. The club's successful managers have included <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Brown_(footballer_born_1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Brown (footballer born 1934)">Ken Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Saunders" title="Ron Saunders">Ron Saunders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Stringer" title="Dave Stringer">Dave Stringer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Walker_(Welsh_footballer)" title="Mike Walker (Welsh footballer)">Mike Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Worthington" title="Nigel Worthington">Nigel Worthington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lambert" title="Paul Lambert">Paul Lambert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Farke" title="Daniel Farke">Daniel Farke</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Women_F.C." title="Norwich City Women F.C.">Norwich City Women</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/FA_Women%27s_National_League" title="FA Women's National League">Women's National League Division One South East</a>, the fourth tier of women's football.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> They play their home games at The Nest and were formally integrated into Norwich City F.C. in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> The original Norwich City Ladies won the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_FA_Cup" title="Women's FA Cup">Women's FA Cup</a> in 1986, beating <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_Belles_L.F.C." title="Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C.">Doncaster Belles</a> <a href="/wiki/1986_WFA_Cup_final" title="1986 WFA Cup final">4-3</a> in the final with <a href="/wiki/Linda_Curl" title="Linda Curl">Linda Curl</a>, Miranda Colk, <a href="/wiki/Sallie_Jackson" title="Sallie Jackson">Sallie Jackson</a> and Marianne Lawrence scoring the goals.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> The city's second men's club, <a href="/wiki/Norwich_United_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich United FC">Norwich United</a>, is based in <a href="/wiki/Blofield" title="Blofield">Blofield</a> some 5 mi (8.0 km) east of the city. Along with <a href="/wiki/Norwich_CBS_F.C." title="Norwich CBS F.C.">Norwich CBS</a>, it plays in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Football_League" title="Eastern Counties Football League">Eastern Counties League</a>. The now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Gothic_F.C." title="Gothic F.C.">Gothic</a> was also based in Norwich. Local football clubs are served by the Norwich and District Saturday Football League. Norwich has an <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a> club, City of Norwich AC (CoNAC), a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> club, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich_Lions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwich Lions (page does not exist)">Norwich Lions</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a> Club, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich_HC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwich HC (page does not exist)">Norwich HC</a>, and five <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> clubs. In the 2012–2013 season, the club playing at the highest level on the men's side was Norwich City Hockey Club<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> in the East Hockey Premier B, which is two levels below the National League. The second highest is Norwich Dragons in Division Two North, then the students only University of East Anglia Men's Hockey Club in Division Three North East, then Norfolk Nomads Men's Hockey Club in Division Six North East. On the Ladies' side of the game, both Norwich City Hockey Club and Norwich Dragons Hockey club play in East Hockey's Division One North, two levels below National League. Following them, the students from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> Women's Hockey Club play in the Norfolk Premier Division. Also in Norwich, there is a veterans-only side, Norwich Exiles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since 2015, Norwich has hosted an annual 10k athletics road race, <a href="/wiki/Run_Norwich" title="Run Norwich">Run Norwich</a>. Outside the city boundary, the dry ski and snowboarding slopes of Norfolk Ski Club are located at Whitlingham Lane in <a href="/wiki/Trowse" title="Trowse">Trowse</a>. Close by in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Whitlingham" title="Whitlingham">Whitlingham</a> is Whitlingham Country Park,<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> home to the Outdoor Education Centre.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> The centre is based on the south bank of the Great Broad which is also used by <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba</a> divers from one of the city's three diving schools, and by other water and land sports.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> Of Norwich's two main <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> clubs, the Yare Boat Club is the older but smaller of the two. It is based on an island on the <a href="/wiki/River_Yare" title="River Yare">River Yare</a> accessed from beside the Rivergarden pub in Thorpe Road. The larger <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Rowing_Club" title="Norwich Rowing Club">Norwich Rowing Club</a>, in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Canoe_Club" title="Norwich Canoe Club">Norwich Canoe Club</a>, UEA Boat Club, Norwich School Boat Club and Norwich High School Rowing Club, has built a boathouse alongside Whitlingham Little Broad and the River Yare. Norwich Canoe Club<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> specialises in sprint and marathon racing. It holds the highest British Canoe Union Top Club Gold accreditation,<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> and is one of the more successful clubs in the UK. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wynne" title="Ian Wynne">Ian Wynne</a>, 2004 Olympics K1 500m bronze medallist, is an honorary member. <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Speedway</a> racing was staged in Norwich before and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> at The Firs Stadium in Holt Road, <a href="/wiki/Hellesdon" title="Hellesdon">Hellesdon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Stars" title="Norwich Stars">Norwich Stars</a> raced in the Northern League of 1946 and the <a href="/wiki/Speedway_National_League_Division_Two" title="Speedway National League Division Two">National League Division Two</a> between 1947 and 1951, winning it in 1951. They were later elevated to the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(1932%E2%80%931964)" title="National League (1932–1964)">National League</a> and raced at the top flight until the stadium was closed at the end of the 1964 season.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> One meet was staged at a venue at <a href="/wiki/Hevingham" title="Hevingham">Hevingham</a>, but without an official permit, and it did not lead to a revival of the sport in the Norwich area. In <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, Norwich can boast former <a href="/wiki/European_Boxing_Union" title="European Boxing Union">European</a> and British lightweight champion <a href="/wiki/Jon_Thaxton" title="Jon Thaxton">Jon Thaxton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> reigning English light heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Danny_McIntosh" title="Danny McIntosh">Danny McIntosh</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> and heavyweight <a href="/wiki/Sam_Sexton" title="Sam Sexton">Sam Sexton</a>, a former winner of the <a href="/wiki/Prizefighter_series" title="Prizefighter series">Prizefighter</a> tournament.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> Based in Norwich, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hide" title="Herbie Hide">Herbie Hide</a> has been <a href="/wiki/WBO" class="mw-redirect" title="WBO">WBO</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">Heavyweight</a> World Champion twice, winning the championship in 1994–95 and for a second time in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> Norwich has a UK <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> team, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich_Iceni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwich Iceni (page does not exist)">Norwich Iceni</a>, which competes at the Single-A level of the <a href="/wiki/British_Baseball_Federation" title="British Baseball Federation">BBF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> It was founded in 2015 with players from the UEA Blue Sox, who wished to carry on playing after university. The team officially joined the league in 2017 and was crowned BBF Single-A champions in its first season, going undefeated with 17 wins.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pablo_Fanque_House_Norwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pablo_Fanque_House_Norwich.jpg/250px-Pablo_Fanque_House_Norwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pablo_Fanque_House_Norwich.jpg/330px-Pablo_Fanque_House_Norwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pablo_Fanque_House_Norwich.jpg/500px-Pablo_Fanque_House_Norwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The Pablo Fanque House student accommodation building in Norwich City Centre, as seen from the lookout point at Kett's Heights in Norwich</figcaption></figure> Norwich was the second city of England after London for several centuries before <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>, which came late to Norwich due to its isolation and lack of raw materials.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In November 2006 the city was voted the <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">greenest</a> in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> There is currently an initiative to make it a <a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">transition town</a>. Norwich has been the scene of open discussions in public spaces, known as "meet in the street", to cover social and political issues.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> Articles in the past suggested that compared with other UK cities, Norwich was top of the league by percentage of population among who use the popular Internet auction site <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> The city also unveiled the then-biggest free <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> network in the UK in July 2006.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> In August 2007 Norwich was listed among nine finalists in its population group for the International Awards for Liveable Communities.<a href="#cite_note-livcomawards-186">[179]</a> The city eventually won a silver award in the small-city category. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004_norwich_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2004_norwich_06.JPG/250px-2004_norwich_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2004_norwich_06.JPG/330px-2004_norwich_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2004_norwich_06.JPG/500px-2004_norwich_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Arcade, designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Skipper" title="George Skipper">George Skipper</a>, opened in 1899</figcaption></figure> Norwich's economy was historically manufacturing-based, including a large shoemaking industry, but it transitioned in the 1980s and 1990s into a service-based economy.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> The greater-Norwich economy (including Norwich, <a href="/wiki/Broadland" title="Broadland">Broadland</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk" title="South Norfolk">South Norfolk</a> government districts) as measured by <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> was estimated at £7.4 billion in 2011 (2011 GVA at 2006 prices).<a href="#cite_note-gndp-188">[181]</a> The city's largest employment sectors are business and financial services (31%), public services (26%), retail (12%), manufacturing (8%) and tourism (7%).<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> The proportion of working-age adults in Norwich claiming <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment benefits</a> is 3.3%<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> compared with 3.6% across the UK.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> New developments on the former <a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton and Paul">Boulton and Paul</a> site include a <a href="/wiki/Riverside_(Norwich)" title="Riverside (Norwich)">Riverside</a> entertainment complex with nightclubs and other venues featuring the usual national leisure brands. Nearby, the football stadium is being upgraded with more residential property development alongside the River Wensum. <a href="/wiki/Archant" title="Archant">Archant</a>, formerly Eastern Counties Newspapers (ECN), is a national publishing group that has grown out of the city's local newspapers and is headquartered in Norwich. Norwich has long been associated with the making of <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard</a>. The world-famous <a href="/wiki/Colman%27s" title="Colman's">Colman's</a> brand, with its yellow packaging, was founded in 1814 and operated from a factory at Carrow, latterly owned by <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>. This site closed in 2019, with mustard now being made by Condimentum at <a href="/wiki/Honingham" title="Honingham">Honingham</a>, in a supply deal with Unilever.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> Colman's is exported worldwide, putting Norwich on the map of British heritage brands. The Colman's Mustard Shop, which sold Colman's products and related gifts, was until 2017 located in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arcade,_Norwich" title="Royal Arcade, Norwich">Royal Arcade</a> in the centre of Norwich but closed in that year.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> Situated to the south-west of the city is the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Research_Park" title="Norwich Research Park">Norwich Research Park</a>, a community of research organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Food_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Food Research">Institute of Food Research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Innes_Centre" title="John Innes Centre">John Innes Centre</a>, and over 30 science and technology-based businesses, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital" title="Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital">Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital</a>. Norwich's night-time economy of bars and night clubs is mainly located in Tombland, Prince of Wales Road and the Riverside area adjacent to Norwich railway station. Norwich's location in a mainly-agricultural county provided opportunities for the supply of services to that industry. Prior to 1960, a large area below the Castle Mound was given over to Norwich Livestock Market. In that year, the Livestock Market moved from the centre of the city to a new site at Harford and, although now diminished in size, it continues to hold regular auctions of poultry, cattle, sheep and farm machinery.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Retail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_827962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Norwich_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_827962.jpg/250px-Norwich_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_827962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Norwich_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_827962.jpg/330px-Norwich_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_827962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Norwich_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_827962.jpg/500px-Norwich_Market_-_geograph.org.uk_-_827962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Market" title="Norwich Market">Norwich Market</a> with <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Mancroft" title="St Peter Mancroft">St Peter Mancroft</a> church and the Sir Garnet public house in the background</figcaption></figure> Norwich was the eighth most prosperous shopping destination in the UK in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> It has an <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Market" title="Norwich Market">ancient marketplace</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> in 1071–1074, which is today the largest six-day-a-week open-air market in England. In 2006, the market was downsized and redeveloped; the new market stalls have proved controversial: with 20% less floor space than the originals, higher rental and other charges, and inadequate rainwater handling, which has been unpopular with many stallholders and customers. In 2007 the local <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Evening_News" title="Norwich Evening News">Norwich Evening News</a> called <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Market" title="Norwich Market">Norwich Market</a> an ongoing conflict between market traders and its operator, Norwich <a href="/wiki/City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="City Council">City Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Castle_Quarter,_Norwich" title="Castle Quarter, Norwich">Castle Quarter</a>, a shopping centre designed by the local practice Lambert, Scott & Innes and opened in 1993, presents an ingenious solution to the problem of accommodating retail space in a historic city-centre environment — the building is largely concealed underground and built into the side of a hill, with a public park created on its roof in the area south of the castle. A second shopping centre, <a href="/wiki/Chantry_Place" title="Chantry Place">Chantry Place</a> (formally Chapelfield) was opened in 2005 on the site of a closed Caley's (later <a href="/wiki/Rowntree_Mackintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowntree Mackintosh">Rowntree Mackintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>) chocolate factory, featuring as its flagship department store <a href="/wiki/House_of_Fraser" title="House of Fraser">House of Fraser</a>. Following a change of ownership in 2020, it was renamed <a href="/wiki/Chantry_Place" title="Chantry Place">Chantry Place</a>. Detractors have criticised the centre as unnecessary and damaging to local businesses, prompting smaller retailers to band together to promote their virtues. Despite this, in August 2006 it was reported by the Javelin Group that Norwich was one of the top five retail destinations in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> and in October 2006 the city centre was voted best in the UK in a shopping satisfaction survey run by Goldfish Credit Card.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> A section of central Norwich roughly bounded by Bethel Street/Upper St Giles Street, Grapes Hill, St Benedict's and St Andrew's Hill/London Street/Castle Meadow is now known and promoted as <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Lanes" title="Norwich Lanes">Norwich Lanes</a>. As a series of mostly pedestrianised lanes, alleyways and streets, it is noted for independent retailers and eating and drinking establishments. It also contains several of the city's cultural attractions, including museums, theatres and other venues. Norwich Lanes, as part of a nationwide drive to recognise the importance and maintain the character and individuality of Britain's high streets, was the Great British High Street Awards 2014 national winner in the "City" category.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> To the north is <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Square_Shopping_Centre,_Norwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich">Anglia Square</a> shopping centre. The owners of the site want it redeveloped; demolition work was due to start in 2010 after an archaeological dig, conducted in 2009 and due to the centre being located around the site of a Saxon fortified settlement. <a href="/wiki/The_Twentieth_Century_Society" title="The Twentieth Century Society">The Twentieth Century Society</a> has objected to demolish on the ground of the architectural merits of one of the few <a href="/wiki/Brutalists" title="Brutalists">Brutalists</a> shopping centres left in the UK and the 35,900 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Embodied_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Embodied carbon">embodied carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[58]</a> The development is planned to be a mix of shops and housing, unlike the original offices, shops and cinema.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> In February 2009, an initial delay to the plans was blamed on the economic climate, and developers were unable to say when work would begin. Further delays occurred in the years following.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> In 2014, it was bought by investment manager Threadneedle Investments for £7.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> The owners and their partner Weston Homes announced in November 2016 they had been holding talks with chief officers at <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich City Hall">Norwich City Hall</a>. Plans submitted included demolishing Anglia Square, the former stationery office and Gildengate House. Over a thousand homes were planned above shop units and a public square.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a> In early 2018, Weston Homes and landowner <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Threadneedle_Investments" title="Columbia Threadneedle Investments">Columbia Threadneedle</a> submitted regeneration plans to include 1,200 homes, a 20-storey <a href="/wiki/High-rise_building" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise building">tower block</a>, a supermarket, a hotel, green squares and central courtyards.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> The controversial 2018 plans were rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government" title="Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government">Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government</a> in 2020, and in 2021 the developer resubmitted revised plans.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_supply">Electricity supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Electricity supply">edit</a>]</div> Temporary electric street lighting in Norwich started in 1882. The first permanent supply came in 1893 from a generating station in Duke Street. This supplied local industry and domestic users and from 1900 the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Electric_Tramways" title="Norwich Electric Tramways">Norwich Electric Tramways</a>. In the late 1920s, a new 40 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">MW</a> power station was built at Thorpe, to which was added in 1937 30 MW "high pressure" generating plant. These operated until 1975. A gas turbine plant was installed in 1964 to provide power at times of peak demand. This closed in 1986 and the entire Thorpe power station site was demolished and cleared in 1981–1982. Two tall <a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">electricity pylons</a> stood near the site until they were dismantled in 2017. Further details appear in <a href="/wiki/Norwich_power_stations" title="Norwich power stations">Norwich power stations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6160550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Norwich_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6160550.jpg/250px-Norwich_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6160550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Norwich_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6160550.jpg/330px-Norwich_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6160550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Norwich_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6160550.jpg/500px-Norwich_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6160550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Norwich railway station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Norwich_railway_station" title="Norwich railway station">Norwich railway station</a> is sited in the east of the city centre and is managed by <a href="/wiki/Greater_Anglia" title="Greater Anglia">Greater Anglia</a>, which also operates most passenger services. It is the northern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a>. There are half-hourly <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city</a> services to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Street railway station">London Liverpool Street</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_railway_station" title="Ipswich railway station">Ipswich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchester_railway_station" title="Colchester railway station">Colchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_railway_station" title="Chelmsford railway station">Chelmsford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timetables-209">[202]</a> Hourly regional services to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_railway_station" title="Cambridge railway station">Cambridge</a>, and out of Norwich as far as <a href="/wiki/Ely_railway_station" title="Ely railway station">Ely</a>, are run along the <a href="/wiki/Breckland_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Breckland Line">Breckland Line</a>. There are also hourly local services to <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth_railway_station" title="Great Yarmouth railway station">Great Yarmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft_railway_station" title="Lowestoft railway station">Lowestoft</a> (using the <a href="/wiki/Wherry_Lines" title="Wherry Lines">Wherry Lines</a>) and to <a href="/wiki/Sheringham_railway_station" title="Sheringham railway station">Sheringham</a> (using the <a href="/wiki/Bittern_Line" title="Bittern Line">Bittern Line</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Timetables-209">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway" title="East Midlands Railway">East Midlands Railway</a> operate a direct route to the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a>, with hourly services to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street</a> calling at <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station" title="Peterborough railway station">Peterborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham railway station">Nottingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield railway station">Sheffield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> Norwich is the site of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point_TMD" title="Crown Point TMD">Crown Point TMD</a>, a depot that maintains the trains used in the area.<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> Norwich lies north of the <a href="/wiki/A47_road" title="A47 road">A47</a> (bypassed to the south of the city), which connects it with <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> to the west. There are plans to upgrade the A47, especially sections that are still <a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">single-carriageway</a>, prompted partly by ongoing construction of Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> Norwich is linked to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/A11_road_(England)" title="A11 road (England)">A11</a>, which leads to the <a href="/wiki/M11_motorway" title="M11 motorway">M11 motorway</a> for London and the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a>. It is linked to <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> to the south by the <a href="/wiki/A140_road" title="A140 road">A140</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft" title="Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a> to the south-east by the <a href="/wiki/A146_road" title="A146 road">A146</a>. The city also features two ring roads, one inner ring and one outer, which are incomplete due to the river. Norwich has the UK's largest independent car club.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses_and_coaches">Buses and coaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Buses and coaches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6309204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Norwich_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6309204.jpg/220px-Norwich_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6309204.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Norwich_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6309204.jpg/330px-Norwich_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6309204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Norwich_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6309204.jpg/440px-Norwich_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6309204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Norwich bus station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_36531_BK73_AEV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_36531_BK73_AEV.jpg/250px-First_36531_BK73_AEV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_36531_BK73_AEV.jpg/330px-First_36531_BK73_AEV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_36531_BK73_AEV.jpg/500px-First_36531_BK73_AEV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Eastern_Counties" title="First Eastern Counties">First Eastern Counties</a> <a href="/wiki/Wright_StreetDeck_Electroliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright StreetDeck Electroliner">Wright StreetDeck Electroliner</a> on Thorpe Road in October 2023</figcaption></figure> The main bus companies operating routes in and around Norwich are <a href="/wiki/First_Eastern_Counties" title="First Eastern Counties">First Eastern Counties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konectbus" title="Konectbus">Konectbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanders_Coaches" title="Sanders Coaches">Sanders Coaches</a>; destinations throughout the city and the rest of Norfolk are served, as are Peterborough and Lowestoft.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> runs ten coaches a day to three main London airports: <a href="/wiki/Stansted_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansted Airport">Stansted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a>; there are also five services each day to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">London</a> and one a day to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Coach_Station" title="Birmingham Coach Station">Birmingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(Europe)" title="Megabus (Europe)">Megabus</a> also operates a daily service to London.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> Most bus and coach services run from <a href="/wiki/Norwich_bus_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich bus station">Norwich bus station</a> or Castle Meadow. The <a href="/wiki/Norwich_park_and_ride" title="Norwich park and ride">Norwich park and ride</a> network has six sites run by Konectbus; in 2004, it was reported to have one of the UK's largest <a href="/wiki/Park_%26_ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Park & ride">park & ride</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> Almost 5,000 parking spaces are provided; between April and December 2023, the number of passengers using the service increased by 2.6 million compared to the same time period in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> First Eastern Counties' operations in Norwich was one of five <a href="/wiki/FirstGroup" title="FirstGroup">FirstGroup</a> operations to begin taking delivery of <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">battery electric buses</a> in 2023, funded through the Zero Emission Bus Regional Areas (ZEBRA) grant from the UK government. The first seven buses from an order for 60 <a href="/wiki/Wright_StreetDeck_Electroliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright StreetDeck Electroliner">Wright StreetDeck Electroliner</a> <a href="/wiki/Double-decker_bus" title="Double-decker bus">double-decker buses</a> began entering service in Norwich from October 2023,<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> with eleven <a href="/wiki/Wright_GB_Kite_Electroliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright GB Kite Electroliner">Wright GB Kite Electroliner</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-deck_bus" title="Single-deck bus">single-deck buses</a> later delivered during 2024, replacing pre-existing diesel buses at First's Roundtree Way depot.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Airport" title="Norwich Airport">Norwich Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a> code EGSH) is a feeder to the Dutch airline <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Schiphol_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiphol Airport">Schiphol</a> hub. <a href="/wiki/Loganair" title="Loganair">Loganair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> and <a href="/wiki/TUI_Airways" title="TUI Airways">TUI Airways</a> all serve Norwich, with flights to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen airport">Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> holiday destinations respectively.<a href="#cite_note-official-223">[216]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Bristow_Helicopters" title="Bristow Helicopters">Bristow Helicopters</a>, Norwich Airport caters for the offshore oil and gas industry. The airport was originally the airfield of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Horsham_St_Faith" title="RAF Horsham St Faith">RAF Horsham St Faith</a>. A former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> hangar became the home of <a href="/wiki/Air_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Air UK">Air UK</a>, which grew out of <a href="/wiki/Air_Anglia" title="Air Anglia">Air Anglia</a> and was then absorbed by KLM. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwich_Whitlingham.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norwich_Whitlingham.png/220px-Norwich_Whitlingham.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norwich_Whitlingham.png/330px-Norwich_Whitlingham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Norwich_Whitlingham.png/440px-Norwich_Whitlingham.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Cycling routes around the station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cycle Route">National Cycle Route</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route#Main_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cycle Route">1</a> between <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tain" title="Tain">Tain</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>) is the only route in the National Cycle Network to pass through Norwich.<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_Council" title="Norwich City Council">Norwich City Council</a> maintain seven colour-coded cycling routes in the city known as Pedalways.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> An attempt was made in 2015 to improve <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Pedalways</a>, which attracted scrutiny from local residents and cycling campaigners alike.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Waterways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Wensum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="River Wensum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/River_Wensum_1.jpg/250px-River_Wensum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/River_Wensum_1.jpg/330px-River_Wensum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/River_Wensum_1.jpg/500px-River_Wensum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The River Wensum, near Norwich Cathedral and the Maid's Head hotel</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/River_Yare" title="River Yare">River Yare</a> is navigable from the sea at <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a> up to Trowse, south of the city. From there, the <a href="/wiki/River_Wensum" title="River Wensum">River Wensum</a> is navigable into Norwich and up to New Mills; it is crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_Friendship_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Novi Sad Friendship Bridge">Novi Sad Friendship Bridge</a>. Scheduled trips through the city and out to the nearby <a href="/wiki/The_Broads" title="The Broads">Broads</a> are run by City Boats from outside of Norwich station and Elm Hill. In June 2012, Norwich City Council gave permission for <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">punting</a> on the River Wensum.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_developments">Proposed developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Proposed developments">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, the first part of the new 12 mi (19 km) <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Northern_Distributor_Road" title="Norwich Northern Distributor Road">Norwich Northern Distributor Road</a>, linking the A1067 in the north-west of the city to the A47 road in the east, was opened. The remainder of the road opened in 2018. There is also some discussion in building the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Western_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich Western Link">Norwich Western Link</a> section from the A1067 to the A47 southern bypass to the west, as originally proposed.<a href="#cite_note-EN24-1-229">[222]</a> Other proposals in the Norwich Transport Strategy include limiting traffic on some roads, introducing five rapid bus links into the city and creating a train/tram link to the <a href="/wiki/Rackheath_eco-town" class="mw-redirect" title="Rackheath eco-town">Rackheath eco-town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Norwich is 100 miles (160 km) north-east of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 40 miles (64 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> and 65 miles (105 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city lies at almost the same latitude as <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeaFogEastAnglia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SeaFogEastAnglia.JPG/250px-SeaFogEastAnglia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SeaFogEastAnglia.JPG/330px-SeaFogEastAnglia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/SeaFogEastAnglia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_layer" title="Marine layer">Sea fog</a> clinging to the East Anglian coast, February 2008; Norwich is denoted by the yellow dot</figcaption></figure> Norwich, like the rest of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, has a temperate maritime climate. It does not suffer extreme temperatures, and benefits from rainfall fairly evenly spread throughout the year. <a href="/wiki/Coltishall" title="Coltishall">Coltishall</a>, about 11 mi (18 km) to the north-east, was the nearest official met-office weather station for which records are available, although it ceased reporting in early 2006 – <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Airport" title="Norwich Airport">Norwich airport</a> now provides readings. Norwich's position in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, jutting out into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> can produce weather conditions that have less effect on other parts of the country, such as snow or <a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">sleet</a> showers during the winter months on a northerly or easterly wind, or sea fog/<a href="/wiki/Haar_(fog)" title="Haar (fog)">haar</a> during the summer half of the year. An example of Norwich being afflicted by sea fog is shown in the adjacent image. The highest temperature recorded at Coltishall was 33.1 °C (91.6 °F)<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> during June 1976. However, going back further to 1932, and Norwich's absolute record high reached 35.6 °C (96.1 °F),<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> while 37.0 °C was reached in July 2022 at Norwich Weather Centre. Typically the warmest day of the year should reach 28.8 °C (83.8 °F)<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> and 9.9 days<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> should register a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher. The lowest temperature recorded at Coltishall was −15.3 °C (4.5 °F)<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a> during January 1979. In a typical year however, the coldest night should only fall to −7.5 °C (18.5 °F).<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> On average 39.4 air frosts will be recorded during the course of the year<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> More recently, the temperature at Norwich Airport fell to −14.4 °C (6.1 °F)<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> on 18 December 2010 with unofficial weather stations reporting localised readings of −17 and −18 °C (1 and 0 °F). The nearest <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">sunshine monitoring weather station</a> for which records are available is <a href="/wiki/Morley,_Norfolk" title="Morley, Norfolk">Morley</a> agricultural research centre, about 11 mi (18 km) south-west of Norwich city centre. For the 1961–1990 period, it averaged 1558 hours of sunshine a year,<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> a relatively high total for an inland part of the British Isles outside of southern England. Rainfall, at around 650 mm (26 in), is low, although as much as 100 mm (3.9 in) higher than other, more sheltered parts of East Anglia, as Norwich is more prone to showers originating from the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Coltishall" title="Coltishall">Coltishall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-241">[h]</a> (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–2006) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.5 (50.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.3 (4.5) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.8 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.7 (12.7) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6 (7.5) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.8 (0.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2 (1.78) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.2 (1.82) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6 (1.52) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5 (1.83) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.2 (2.49) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.5 (2.26) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5 (2.62) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.4 (2.77) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2 (2.80) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.0 (2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">683.9 (26.93) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">123.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.9 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.4 </td> <td style="background: #BABA45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.6 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.6 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.8 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.4 </td> <td style="background: #B3B372; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.1 </td> <td style="background: #7D7D7D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.5 </td> <td style="background: #646464; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.2 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,611.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-MetOffice-242">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travellers'_comments">Travellers' comments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Travellers' comments">edit</a>]</div> In 1507 the poet <a href="/wiki/John_Skelton_(poet)" title="John Skelton (poet)">John Skelton</a> (1460–1529) wrote of two destructive fires in his Lament for the City of Norwich. <dl><dd>"All life is brief, and frail all man's estate. City, farewell: I mourn thy cruel fate."</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fuller" title="Thomas Fuller">Thomas Fuller</a> in his The Worthies of England described the City in 1662 as: <dl><dd>"Either a city in an orchard or an orchard in a city, so equally are houses and trees blended in it, so that the pleasure of the country and the populousness of the city meet here together. Yet in this mixture, the inhabitants participate nothing of the rusticalness of the one, but altogether the urbanity and civility of the other."</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Celia_Fiennes" title="Celia Fiennes">Celia Fiennes</a> (1662–1741) visited Norwich in 1698 and described it as <dl><dd>"a city walled full round of towers, except on the riverside which serves as a wall; they seem the best in repair of any walled city I know." She also records that three times a year the city held:</dd> <dd>"great fairs – to which resort a vast concourse of people and wares a full trade", Norwich being "a rich, thriving industrious place full of weaving, knitting and dyeing".</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> in Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain (1724) wrote: <dl><dd>"The inhabitants being all busy at their manufactures, dwell in their garrets at their looms, in their combing-shops, so they call them, twisting-mills, and other work-houses; almost all the works they are employed in being done within doors."</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> (1620–1706), royalist, traveller and diarist, wrote to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Browne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Browne">Sir Thomas Browne</a>: <dl><dd>"I hear Norwich is a place very much addicted to the flowery part." He visited the City as a courtier to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> in 1671 and described it thus:</dd> <dd>"The suburbs are large, the prospect sweet, and other amenities, not omitting the flower-garden, which all the Inhabitants excel in of this City, the fabric of stuffs, which affords the Merchants, and brings a vast trade to this populous Town."</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/James_Woodforde" title="James Woodforde">James Woodforde</a> (1740–1803), clergyman, on his first visit to Norwich, wrote in his diary on 14 April 1775: <dl><dd>"We took a walk over the City in the morning, and we both agreed that it was the finest City in England by far, in the center of it is a high Hill and on that a prodigious large old Castle almost perfect and forms a compleat square, round it is a fine Terrass Walk which commands the whole City. There are in the City 36 noble Churches mostly built with flint, besides many meeting Houses of divers sorts. A noble River runs almost thro the Center of the City. The City walls are also very perfect and all round the City but where the River is. On the Hills round the City stand many Wind Mills about a dozen, to be seen from Castle Mount."<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/George_Borrow" title="George Borrow">George Borrow</a> in his semi-autobiographical novel <a href="/wiki/Lavengro" title="Lavengro">Lavengro</a> (1851) wrote of Norwich as: <dl><dd>"A fine old city, perhaps the most curious specimen at present extant of the genuine old English Town ….There it spreads from north to south, with its venerable houses, its numerous gardens, its thrice twelve churches, its mighty mound...There is an old grey castle on top of that mighty mound: and yonder rising three hundred feet above the soil, from amongst those noble forest trees, behold that old Norman master-work, that cloud-enriched cathedral spire... Now who can wonder that the children of that fine old city are proud, and offer up prayers for her prosperity?"</dd></dl> Borrow wrote far less favourably of the City in his translation of <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a>: <dl><dd>"They found the people of the place modelled after so unsightly a pattern, with such ugly figures and flat features that the devil owned he had never seen them equalled, except by the inhabitants of an English town, called Norwich, when dressed in their Sunday's best."</dd></dl> In 1812, Andrew Robertson wrote to the painter <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">Constable</a>: <dl><dd>"I arrived here a week ago and find it a place where the arts are very much cultivated … some branches of knowledge, chemistry, botany, etc. are carried to a great length. General literature seems to be pursued with an ardour which is astonishing when we consider that it does not contain a university, as is merely a manufacturing town."</dd></dl> In 1962, Sir <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> stated in his North-West Norfolk and Norwich volume of <a href="/wiki/The_Buildings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Buildings of England">The Buildings of England</a>: <dl><dd>"Norwich is distinguished by a prouder sense of civic responsibility than any other town of about the same size in Britain."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Norwich" title="List of people from Norwich">List of people from Norwich</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_cities">Twin cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Twin cities">edit</a>]</div> Norwich has <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">town twinning</a> agreements with four cities: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a>, France,<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> since 1951</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, Germany,<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> since 1978</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Serbia,<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> since 1989</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Viejo" title="El Viejo">El Viejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinandega_Department" title="Chinandega Department">Chinandega Department</a>, Nicaragua,<a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> since 1996</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> The following people, military units and organisation have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of Norwich. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (February 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ove_Fundin" title="Ove Fundin">Ove Fundin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Self" title="Colin Self">Colin Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sainsbury" title="Robert Sainsbury">Sir Robert and Lady Sainsbury</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_units">Military units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Military units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_East_Anglian_Regiment" title="1st East Anglian Regiment">1st East Anglian Regiment</a>: 1964</li> <li>1st Battalion The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anglian_Regiment" title="Royal Anglian Regiment">Royal Anglian Regiment</a>: 1984<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a>: 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Division" title="2nd Air Division">2nd Air Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> Association</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations_and_groups">Organisations and groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Organisations and groups">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Anglia" title="ITV Anglia">Anglia TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C." title="Norwich City F.C.">Norwich City Football Club</a>: 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Constabulary" title="Norfolk Constabulary">Norfolk Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Union" title="Norwich Union">Norwich Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jarrold_Group" title="The Jarrold Group">The Jarrold Group</a>: June 2020<a href="#cite_note-bbc-250">[242]</a></li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-norwich2-251">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> For table of city sizes see <a href="#CITEREFCorfield2004">Corfield (2004</a>, p. 143) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Reports quoted by <a href="#CITEREFKnights2004">Knights 2004</a>, pp. 168–174 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Quoted by <a href="#CITEREFKnights2004">Knights 2004</a>, pp. 181–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes1958">Hayes 1958</a> Quote: "a major city manufacturer, and government supporter, Robert Harvey Jr as writing on 12 March 1793: 'The consequences of this just and inevitable war visit this poor city severely and suspend the operations of the Dutch, German and Italian trade and the only lingering employment in the manufactory is the completion of a few Russian orders, and the last China <a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">cambletts</a> which I hope will find encouragement in the new East India Charter. This languid trade has doubled our poor-rate and a voluntary subscription of above £2,000 is found inadequate to the exigencies of the poor." </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Quotations and facts from <a href="#CITEREFWilson2004b">Wilson (2004b)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Lord Stanhope was a radical peer, seen by many at the time as a dangerous menace. He is said to have given his rabble-rousing speech in a Norwich public house in 1794. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Before the 20th century it was the practice for a sitting member to seek re-election if appointed to ministerial office. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Weather station is located 9.0 miles (14.5 km) from the Norwich city centre. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-norwich-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-norwich_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-norwich_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwich.gov.uk">"Home"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Caley%27s+New+Cocoa+Cafe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Fedp24%2Fnews%2Fstory.aspx%3Fbrand%3DEDPOnline%26category%3DNews%26tBrand%3DEDPOnline%26tCategory%3DxDefault%26itemid%3DNOED17%2520Jul%25202010%252008%253A08%253A21%253A243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c20society.org.uk/building-of-the-month/sovereign-house-norwich">"Sovereign House, Norwich – The Twentieth Century Society"</a>. c20society.org.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c20society.org.uk&rft.atitle=Sovereign+House%2C+Norwich+%E2%80%93+The+Twentieth+Century+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc20society.org.uk%2Fbuilding-of-the-month%2Fsovereign-house-norwich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jarrold.co.uk/index.html">Jarrold's store</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101022117/http://www.jarrold.co.uk/index.html">Archived</a> 1 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 16 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/default.asp?Document=400.740.51x2">Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727215221/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/default.asp?Document=400.740.51x2">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — "Brewing in Norwich". </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2011" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Frances and Michael (2011). 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Eastern Daily Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830041430/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/the-city-of-pubs-but-more-than-25-have-closed-in-the-past-decade-1-5176681">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=The+city+of+pubs+%E2%80%93+but+more+than+25+have+closed+in+the+past+decade&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fthe-city-of-pubs-but-more-than-25-have-closed-in-the-past-decade-1-5176681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldcity.org.uk-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oldcity.org.uk_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldcity.org.uk_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcity.org.uk/norwich/history/history09.php">"A History of Norwich – 20th Century Norwich"</a>. www.oldcity.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074817/http://www.oldcity.org.uk/norwich/history/history09.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oldcity.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Norwich+%E2%80%93+20th+Century+Norwich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldcity.org.uk%2Fnorwich%2Fhistory%2Fhistory09.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> 4 Civil Defence Region bombing reports at National Archive </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowyer1986" class="citation cs2">Bowyer, Michael (1986), Air Raid!: The Enemy Air Offensive against East Anglia, 1939–45, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850596854" title="Special:BookSources/9780850596854"><bdi>9780850596854</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Raid%21%3A+The+Enemy+Air+Offensive+against+East+Anglia%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Wellingborough&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780850596854&rft.aulast=Bowyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invisibleworks.co.uk/the-1945-plan/">"Imagined futures past: '45 Plan – Invisible Works"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.georgeplunkett.co.uk&rft.atitle=Gas+Hill+to+Harvey+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgeplunkett.co.uk%2FNorwich%2Fgas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames2018" class="citation web cs1">James, Derek (12 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/norwich-golden-triangle-unthank-derek-james-1-5352280">"The real story behind Unthank Road"</a>. Evening News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125184433/https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/views/norwich-golden-triangle-unthank-derek-james-1-5352280">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2019. 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Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-2005+Population+Estimates%3A+Quinary+age+groups+and+sex+for+local+authorities+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.empho.org.uk%2Fdownload.aspx%3Furlid%3D10305%26urlt%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-103"><a href="#cite_ref-:412_103-0">^</a> Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Archived</a> 15 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-105"><a href="#cite_ref-:36_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 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Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS007+-+Religion+-+Nomis+-+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fks007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew">"KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011"</a>. www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS209EW+%28Religion%29+-+Nomis+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fks209ew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gov.uk.norwich-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gov.uk.norwich_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gov.uk.norwich_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/?keywords=Norwich&LocationCoordinates=&searchtype=search-by-location">"Search Results – Compare School Performance"</a>. Gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050738/https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/?keywords=Norwich&LocationCoordinates=&searchtype=search-by-location">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Results+%E2%80%93+Compare+School+Performance&rft.pub=Gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk%2F%3Fkeywords%3DNorwich%26LocationCoordinates%3D%26searchtype%3Dsearch-by-location&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esinet.norfolk.gov.uk/schoolfinder/placeresults.asp?id=462&range=">"SchoolFinder"</a>. Norfolk County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904102134/http://www.esinet.norfolk.gov.uk/schoolfinder/placeresults.asp?id=462&range=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norfolk+County+Council&rft.atitle=SchoolFinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esinet.norfolk.gov.uk%2Fschoolfinder%2Fplaceresults.asp%3Fid%3D462%26range%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121446/http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/john-mills-blue-plaque-in-norwich-4208#.XDfLslz7TIU">"John Mills blue plaque in Norwich"</a>. Blue Plaque Places. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/john-mills-blue-plaque-in-norwich-4208#.XDfLslz7TIU">the original</a> on 11 January 2019. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531223249/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/universities-and-colleges/8533258/City-College-Norwich-guide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=City+College+Norwich+Guide&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.aulast=Marszal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Funiversityeducation%2Funiversities-and-colleges%2F8533258%2FCity-College-Norwich-guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastonotley.ac.uk/">"Easton & Otley College"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229212121/https://www.eastonotley.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Easton+%26+Otley+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastonotley.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco10-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco10_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco10_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco10_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco10_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco10_114-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302125621/http://www.unesco.org.uk/uploads/Norwich%20UNESCO%20City%20of%20Literature%2010%20things.pdf">"10 things to know about Norwich"</a> (PDF). UNESCO. November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org.uk/uploads/Norwich%20UNESCO%20City%20of%20Literature%2010%20things.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 March 2014. 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BBC News. 15 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910160818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10653989">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Londonderry+named+the+UK+City+of+Culture&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-10653989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18016481">"Norwich named as UNESCO City of Literature"</a>. BBC. 10 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801131150/http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-18016481">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norwich+named+as+UNESCO+City+of+Literature&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-norfolk-18016481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBury2013" class="citation news cs1">Bury, Liz (11 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/dec/11/norfolk-norwich-library-most-popular-top-20">"Norfolk & Norwich Millennium tops list of most popular UK libraries"</a>. The Guardian. 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Retrieved 27 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Sorted+%21%3F%21+Records&rft.pub=East+Anglian+Music+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallsortedrecords.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrone.co.uk/nrone">record label</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Retrieved 2 March 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vine_Times-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Vine_Times_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Barber2007" class="citation news cs1">Lynn Barber (9 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jul/08/art">"Vine Times"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031060704/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jul/08/art">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vine+Times&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft.au=Lynn+Barber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2007%2Fjul%2F08%2Fart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stella_Vine_at_Modern_Art_Oxford-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Stella_Vine_at_Modern_Art_Oxford_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124053418/http://www.modernartoxford.org.uk/Press/80">"Modern Art Oxford"</a>. www.modernartoxford.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernartoxford.org.uk/Press/80">the original</a> on 24 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.modernartoxford.org.uk&rft.atitle=Modern+Art+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernartoxford.org.uk%2FPress%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccn.ac.uk/news/new-building-boost-creative-arts-city-college-norwich">City College Norwich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406070519/http://www.ccn.ac.uk/news/new-building-boost-creative-arts-city-college-norwich">Archived</a> 6 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 23 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathedral.org.uk/whats-on/shakespeare-in-the-cloisters-2013-tour.aspx">Shakespeare in the cloisters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121155413/http://www.cathedral.org.uk/whats-on/shakespeare-in-the-cloisters-2013-tour.aspx">Archived</a> 21 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 13 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Norwich_Castle/index.htm">Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505054034/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Norwich_Castle/index.htm">Archived</a> 5 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/eveningnews24/norwich-news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=xNews&itemid=NOED06%20May%202010%2015%3A34%3A05%3A700">Eastern Evening News</a>—"Work begins on Norwich Bridewell Museum" </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/education/re_opening_of_norwich_s_bridewell_museum_delayed_until_next_year_1_815654">Eastern Daily Press 1 March 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303031035/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/education/re_opening_of_norwich_s_bridewell_museum_delayed_until_next_year_1_815654">Archived</a> 3 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>– "Re-opening of Norwich's Bridewell Museum delayed." </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/click_clack_sound_to_return_to_norwich_after_loom_restored_during_1_5m_bridewell_revamp_1_1424120">Eastern Daily Press 28 June 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705060836/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/click_clack_sound_to_return_to_norwich_after_loom_restored_during_1_5m_bridewell_revamp_1_1424120">Archived</a> 5 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>–"Click-clack sound to return to Norwich …" </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Museum_of_Norwich_at_the_Bridewell/index.htm">Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519200351/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Museum_of_Norwich_at_the_Bridewell/index.htm">Archived</a> 19 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Museum of Norwich at the Bridewell. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Strangers_Hall/index.htm">Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405163020/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Strangers_Hall/index.htm">Archived</a> 5 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Strangers' Hall. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-14292962">BBC Norfolk News 26 July 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628073914/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-14292962">Archived</a> 28 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "-Royal Norfolk Museum Moves to Norwich Castle" </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Royal_Norfolk_Regimental_Museum/index.htm">Norfolk Museums – Royal Norfolk Regiment museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209051700/http://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/Visit_Us/Royal_Norfolk_Regimental_Museum/index.htm">Archived</a> 9 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"- Royal Norfolk Regiment Museum at Norwich Castle. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnrm.org.uk/index.html">Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223024302/http://www.rnrm.org.uk/index.html">Archived</a> 23 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnam.org.uk">City of Norwich Aviation Museum website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623184850/http://www.cnam.org.uk/">Archived</a> 23 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Aviation Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://printinghistoricalsociety.org.uk/JarroldPressRelease.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321133036/http://printinghistoricalsociety.org.uk/JarroldPressRelease.pdf">Archived</a> 21 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Printing Historical Society Jarrold Press Release 19 November 2018" </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnjarroldprintingmuseum.org.uk/home.html">John Jarrold Printing Museum website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530090547/http://www.johnjarroldprintingmuseum.org.uk/home.html">Archived</a> 30 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – John Jarrold Printing Museum </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-45764356">BBC Norfolk news 5 October 2018</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204656/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-45764356">Archived</a> 25 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Norwich printing museum: Owners seek new location" </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-in-norwich-to-relocate-1-5794094">Norwich Evening News 24 November 2018</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125182742/https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-in-norwich-to-relocate-1-5794094">Archived</a> 25 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"Norwich printing museum to relocate amid demolition plans" </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.printweek.com/print-week/news/1169061/jarrold-museum-finds-new-home-in-norwich-church">"Printweek 28 October 2019 "Jarrold Museum finds new home in Norwich church""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030093341/https://www.printweek.com/print-week/news/1169061/jarrold-museum-finds-new-home-in-norwich-church">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Printweek+28+October+2019+%22Jarrold+Museum+finds+new+home+in+Norwich+church%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.printweek.com%2Fprint-week%2Fnews%2F1169061%2Fjarrold-museum-finds-new-home-in-norwich-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-to-move-st-peter-parmentergate-church-king-street-1-6338545">"Eastern Daily Press 24 October 2019 New home revealed for John Jarrold Printing Museum"</a>. 24 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030102030/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john-jarrold-printing-museum-to-move-st-peter-parmentergate-church-king-street-1-6338545">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Daily+Press+24+October+2019+New+home+revealed+for+John+Jarrold+Printing+Museum&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fjohn-jarrold-printing-museum-to-move-st-peter-parmentergate-church-king-street-1-6338545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norwichprintingmuseum.co.uk/">"Historic | Norwich Printing Museum | Blickling"</a>. Norwich Printing Museum. 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwich+Printing+Museum&rft.atitle=Historic+%7C+Norwich+Printing+Museum+%7C+Blickling&rft.date=2021-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norwichprintingmuseum.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2023" class="citation news cs1">Baldwin, Louisa (4 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/23361582.norwich-printing-museum-searching-permanent-home/">"Norwich Printing Museum searching for permanent home"</a>. Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Norwich+Printing+Museum+searching+for+permanent+home&rft.date=2023-03-04&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2F23361582.norwich-printing-museum-searching-permanent-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastern_Daily_Press2024" class="citation news cs1">Eastern Daily Press (10 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/24643171.norwich-printing-museum-leaving-blickling-estate-2025/">"Norwich Printing Museum leaving Blickling Estate in 2025"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Norwich+Printing+Museum+leaving+Blickling+Estate+in+2025&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft.au=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2F24643171.norwich-printing-museum-leaving-blickling-estate-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135458/https://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/norwich-castle/whats-here/norwich-castle-study-centre">"Norwich Castle Study Centre - Norfolk Museums"</a>. www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk/norwich-castle/whats-here/norwich-castle-study-centre">the original</a> on 20 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museums.norfolk.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Norwich+Castle+Study+Centre+-+Norfolk+Museums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museums.norfolk.gov.uk%2Fnorwich-castle%2Fwhats-here%2Fnorwich-castle-study-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2019-02-07/hollywood-cinemas-close-after-30-years/">"Hollywood Cinemas close after 30 years"</a>. ITV news. 7 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607135713/https://www.itv.com/news/anglia/2019-02-07/hollywood-cinemas-close-after-30-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITV+news&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Cinemas+close+after+30+years&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Fanglia%2F2019-02-07%2Fhollywood-cinemas-close-after-30-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeddings2013" class="citation web cs1">Meddings, Sabbah (29 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john_hurt_announced_as_new_patron_of_norwich_s_cinema_city_1_1996857">"John Hurt announced as new patron of Norwich's Cinema City"</a>. Eastern Daily Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302005732/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/john_hurt_announced_as_new_patron_of_norwich_s_cinema_city_1_1996857">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=John+Hurt+announced+as+new+patron+of+Norwich%27s+Cinema+City&rft.date=2013-03-29&rft.aulast=Meddings&rft.aufirst=Sabbah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fjohn_hurt_announced_as_new_patron_of_norwich_s_cinema_city_1_1996857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers by Michael Bryan, edited by Robert Edmund Graves and Sir Walter Armstrong, an 1886–1889 publication now in the public domain. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleay1891251–252-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleay1891251–252_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleay1891">Fleay 1891</a>, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Catalogue of the libraries of Sir Thomas Browne and his son Edward Browne, edited with an introduction by J. 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Brill Publications 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkner2013-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkner2013_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaulkner2013">Faulkner 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwich-churches.org/St%20Mary%20the%20Less/home.shtm">Norwich historic churches – St Mary the Less</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080407/http://www.norwich-churches.org/St%20Mary%20the%20Less/home.shtm">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 9 October 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichsweden/norwichsweden.htm">Norfolk Churches – Swedenborgian Chapel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029002119/http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichsweden/norwichsweden.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 8 October 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnott2005" class="citation web cs1">Knott, Simon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichjamesless/norwichjamesless.htm">"St James the Less, Norwich"</a>. norfolkchurches.co.u. Churches of Norfolk. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=norfolkchurches.co.u&rft.atitle=St+James+the+Less%2C+Norwich&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkchurches.co.uk%2Fnorwichjamesless%2Fnorwichjamesless.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624152503/http://www.norwich-churches.org/map/map.shtm">"Norwich Churches – Map"</a>. Norwich Churches. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwich-churches.org/map/map.shtm">the original</a> on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwich+Churches&rft.atitle=Norwich+Churches+%E2%80%93+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norwich-churches.org%2Fmap%2Fmap.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-158"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Tierney-Jones2012" class="citation news cs1">Adrian Tierney-Jones (12 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/pubs/9139020/Pint-to-pint-Adam-and-Eve-Norwich.html">"Pint to pint: Adam and Eve, Norwich"</a>. The Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323001652/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/pubs/9139020/Pint-to-pint-Adam-and-Eve-Norwich.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pint+to+pint%3A+Adam+and+Eve%2C+Norwich&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=Adrian+Tierney-Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Fpubs%2F9139020%2FPint-to-pint-Adam-and-Eve-Norwich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edp-159"><a href="#cite_ref-edp_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003821/http://www.edp24.co.uk/norfolk-life/norfolk-history/1_adam_and_eve_1_213829">"1. Adam and Eve"</a>. Eastern Daily Press. 14 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edp24.co.uk/norfolk-life/norfolk-history/1_adam_and_eve_1_213829">the original</a> on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=1.+Adam+and+Eve&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnorfolk-life%2Fnorfolk-history%2F1_adam_and_eve_1_213829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurrell2015" class="citation web cs1">Hurrell, Alex (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/new-book-tells-of-architect-george-skipper-who-shaped-cromer-and-was-norwich-s-gaudi-1-4329234">"New book tells of architect George Skipper who shaped Cromer – and was 'Norwich's Gaudi'"</a>. Eastern Daily Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227085004/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/new-book-tells-of-architect-george-skipper-who-shaped-cromer-and-was-norwich-s-gaudi-1-4329234">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=New+book+tells+of+architect+George+Skipper+who+shaped+Cromer+%E2%80%93+and+was+%27Norwich%27s+Gaudi%27&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.aulast=Hurrell&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnew-book-tells-of-architect-george-skipper-who-shaped-cromer-and-was-norwich-s-gaudi-1-4329234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofeatonpark.co.uk/Sandys-Winsch.html">Captain Sandys-Winsch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015145/http://www.friendsofeatonpark.co.uk/Sandys-Winsch.html">Archived</a> 26 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 June 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1204">Historic parks of Norwich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004231854/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1204">Archived</a> 4 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 June 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1233">Norwich parks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404131852/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/webapps/atoz/service_page.asp?id=1233">Archived</a> 4 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.org.uk/news-features/local-news/norwich-a-ngs-garden-trail.aspx">National Garden Scheme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042346/http://www.ngs.org.uk/news-features/local-news/norwich-a-ngs-garden-trail.aspx">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantationgarden.co.uk/">Plantation Garden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724004541/http://www.plantationgarden.co.uk/">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 1 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canaries.co.uk/womens-team">"Norwich City Women"</a>. canaries.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canaries.co.uk&rft.atitle=Norwich+City+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canaries.co.uk%2Fwomens-team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/sport/norwich-city/20632493.norwich-city-women-integrated-day-to-day-operations/">"Norwich City women integrated into day-to-day operations"</a>. Eastern Daily Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Norwich+City+women+integrated+into+day-to-day+operations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fnorwich-city%2F20632493.norwich-city-women-integrated-day-to-day-operations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/lifestyle/20636796.day-norwich-city-raised-fa-cup/">"The day Norwich City raised the FA Cup"</a>. Eastern Daily Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=The+day+Norwich+City+raised+the+FA+Cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Flifestyle%2F20636796.day-norwich-city-raised-fa-cup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwichcityhc.co.uk/">Norwich City Hockey Club</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904162601/http://www.norwichcityhc.co.uk/">Archived</a> 4 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 18 September 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/leisure/1226.asp">Whitlingham Country Park</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100716202235/http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/leisure/1226.asp">Archived</a> 16 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 23 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitlinghamoec.co.uk/">Whitlingham Outdoor Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701142702/http://www.whitlinghamoec.co.uk/">Archived</a> 1 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 23 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529144229/http://divenorwich.com/">"DiveNorwich – scuba diving"</a>. Divenorwich.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divenorwich.com">the original</a> on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DiveNorwich+%E2%80%93+scuba+diving&rft.pub=Divenorwich.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divenorwich.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwichcanoeclub.co.uk/">Norwich Canoe Club</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614025737/http://www.norwichcanoeclub.co.uk/">Archived</a> 14 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 9 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcu.org.uk/">British Canoe Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012053129/http://www.bcu.org.uk/">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 9 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/norwich.html">Norwich Speedway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904102134/http://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/norwich.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 17 January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Gareth A (6 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212174136/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/3141844/Determined-Jon-Thaxton-rolls-back-years-Boxing.html">"Thaxton rolls back the years"</a>. London: Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/boxingandmma/3141844/Determined-Jon-Thaxton-rolls-back-years-Boxing.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thaxton+rolls+back+the+years&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Gareth+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fothersports%2Fboxingandmma%2F3141844%2FDetermined-Jon-Thaxton-rolls-back-years-Boxing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629140122/http://www.boxingnewsonline.net/BN08/detail.asp?id=984">"Home - Boxing News"</a>. www.boxingnewsonline.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxingnewsonline.net/">the original</a> on 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boxingnewsonline.net&rft.atitle=Home+-+Boxing+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxingnewsonline.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/articles/2007/06/09/sport_sexton_warrendeal_20070609_feature.shtml">"BBC Sport | Sexton joins the big guns"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 14 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016160630/http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/articles/2007/06/09/sport_sexton_warrendeal_20070609_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Sport+%26%23124%3B+Sexton+joins+the+big+guns&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2007-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorfolk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F06%2F09%2Fsport_sexton_warrendeal_20070609_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130419113209/http://news.uk.msn.com/photos/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=152856649&page=5">Herbie Hide</a> Retrieved 1 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwichbaseball.co.uk">Norwich Baseball Club</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901142940/http://www.norwichbaseball.co.uk/">Archived</a> 1 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 October 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishbaseball.org">British Baseball Federation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509142317/http://www.britishbaseball.org/">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 October 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowles,_David2006" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Powles, David (13 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED13%20Nov%202006%2009%3A19%3A16%3A667">"Norwich voted greenest place in UK"</a>. Norwich Evening News (Press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510231303/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/News/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=enonline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED13%20Nov%202006%2009%3A19%3A16%3A667">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norwich+voted+greenest+place+in+UK&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft.au=Powles%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eveningnews24.co.uk%2Fcontent%2FNews%2Fstory.aspx%3Fbrand%3DENOnline%26category%3DNews%26tBrand%3Denonline%26tCategory%3Dnews%26itemid%3DNOED13%2520Nov%25202006%252009%253A19%253A16%253A667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200243/http://www.freewebs.com/meetinthestreetenglish/latestnews.htm">"Meet in The Street – Positive Change through Public Discussion"</a>. Freewebs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewebs.com/meetinthestreetenglish/latestnews.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+in+The+Street+%E2%80%93+Positive+Change+through+Public+Discussion&rft.pub=Freewebs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freewebs.com%2Fmeetinthestreetenglish%2Flatestnews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.ebay.co.uk/community/aboutebay/news/pressreleases/consumer/2_2_2005.html">"Norwich is eBay capital of UK"</a> (Press release). eBay.co.uk. 2 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926122846/http://pages.ebay.co.uk/community/aboutebay/news/pressreleases/consumer/2_2_2005.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norwich+is+eBay+capital+of+UK&rft.pub=eBay.co.uk&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.ebay.co.uk%2Fcommunity%2Faboutebay%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases%2Fconsumer%2F2_2_2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOates,_John2006" class="citation news cs1">Oates, John (2 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/02/norwich_gets_free_wifi/">"Norwich turns on UK's largest Wi-Fi network"</a>. theregister.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819164554/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/02/norwich_gets_free_wifi/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Norwich+turns+on+UK%27s+largest+Wi-Fi+network&rft.date=2006-08-02&rft.au=Oates%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F08%2F02%2Fnorwich_gets_free_wifi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-livcomawards-186"><a href="#cite_ref-livcomawards_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929161429/http://www.livcomawards.com/media-2007/finalists.htm">"Livcom Awards – The International Awards for Liveable Communities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livcomawards.com/media-2007/finalists.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livcom+Awards+%E2%80%93+The+International+Awards+for+Liveable+Communities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livcomawards.com%2Fmedia-2007%2Ffinalists.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontague2016" class="citation web cs1">Montague, Ros (10 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2016/11/10/norwich-shoemaking-from-howlett-and-white-to-norvic/">"Norwich Shoemaking: From Howlett and White to Norvic"</a>. Norfolk Record Office Blog. Norfolk Record Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304153917/https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2016/11/10/norwich-shoemaking-from-howlett-and-white-to-norvic/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norfolk+Record+Office+Blog&rft.atitle=Norwich+Shoemaking%3A+From+Howlett+and+White+to+Norvic&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=Ros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorfolkrecordofficeblog.org%2F2016%2F11%2F10%2Fnorwich-shoemaking-from-howlett-and-white-to-norvic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gndp-188"><a href="#cite_ref-gndp_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreater_Norwich_Development_Partnership" class="citation web cs1">Greater Norwich Development Partnership. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307153452/http://www.gndp.org.uk/content/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/05/2012_05_17_-Economic-assessment-2012.pdf">"An Economic Assessment of Greater Norwich – 2012"</a> (PDF). p. 10. 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Archant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814051525/https://www.edp24.co.uk/business/colmans-factory-carrow-works-open-for-the-last-time-1-6664942">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Colman%27s+mustard+factory+in+Norwich+to+close+doors+for+final+time&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.au=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fcolmans-factory-carrow-works-open-for-the-last-time-1-6664942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKollewe2018" class="citation web cs1">Kollewe, Julia (4 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/04/unilever-to-close-160-year-old-colmans-mustard-factory-in-norwich">"Unilever to close 160-year-old Colman's Mustard factory in Norwich"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180312/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/04/unilever-to-close-160-year-old-colmans-mustard-factory-in-norwich">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Unilever+to+close+160-year-old+Colman%27s+Mustard+factory+in+Norwich&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.aulast=Kollewe&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2Fjan%2F04%2Funilever-to-close-160-year-old-colmans-mustard-factory-in-norwich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/http-www-edp24-co-uk-news-coleman-s-artefacts-put-into-storage-as-plans-for-a-reborn-mustard-shop-are-scrapped-1-5225045-1-5225045">"Norwich mustard shop won't reopen"</a>. Eastern Daily Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006022527/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/http-www-edp24-co-uk-news-coleman-s-artefacts-put-into-storage-as-plans-for-a-reborn-mustard-shop-are-scrapped-1-5225045-1-5225045">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Norwich+mustard+shop+won%27t+reopen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhttp-www-edp24-co-uk-news-coleman-s-artefacts-put-into-storage-as-plans-for-a-reborn-mustard-shop-are-scrapped-1-5225045-1-5225045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norwichlivestockmarket.com/">"Norwich Livestock Market"</a>. Norwich Livestock Market. 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwich+Livestock+Market&rft.atitle=Norwich+Livestock+Market&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorwichlivestockmarket.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caci.co.uk/index.asp?url=press-060515.htm">CACI web site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225034237/http://www.caci.co.uk/index.asp?url=press-060515.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – CACI Retail Footprint, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED04%20Jan%202007%2012%3A46%3A06%3A363">Norwich Evening News web site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000659/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED04%20Jan%202007%2012%3A46%3A06%3A363">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Market is hit by new cash blow. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkinson,_Caroline2006" class="citation news cs1">Jenkinson, Caroline (19 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED19%20Aug%202006%2013%3A37%3A04%3A253">"New centre sees city climb shops league"</a>. Norwich Evening News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510231230/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED19%20Aug%202006%2013%3A37%3A04%3A253">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2007. 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Eastern Daily Press. 8 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025426/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/norwich_lanes_wins_national_high_street_award_1_3839215">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Norwich+Lanes+wins+national+high+street+award&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorwich_lanes_wins_national_high_street_award_1_3839215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savebritainsheritage.org/campaigns/article/634/PRESS-RELEASE-Anglia-Square-the-battle-which-must-be-won">"PRESS RELEASE: Anglia Square - the battle which must be won"</a>. www.savebritainsheritage.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.savebritainsheritage.org&rft.atitle=PRESS+RELEASE%3A+Anglia+Square+-+the+battle+which+must+be+won&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.savebritainsheritage.org%2Fcampaigns%2Farticle%2F634%2FPRESS-RELEASE-Anglia-Square-the-battle-which-must-be-won&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvertsquare.co.uk/about.asp">Calvert Square</a> Retrieved 1 December 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012023148/http://www.calvertsquare.co.uk/about.asp">Archived</a> 12 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED02%20Feb%202009%2012%3A23%3A27%3A320">"Development plannings"</a>. www.eveningnews24.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+plannings&rft.pub=www.eveningnews24.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eveningnews24.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2Fstory.aspx%3Fbrand%3DENOnline%26category%3DNews%26tBrand%3DENOnline%26tCategory%3Dnews%26itemid%3DNOED02%2520Feb%25202009%252012%253A23%253A27%253A320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/norwich_shopping_centre_s_price_tag_is_revealed_following_sale_of_anglia_square_1_3634579">Evening News report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133028/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/local-council/norwich-shopping-centre-s-price-tag-is-revealed-following-sale-674548">Archived</a> 28 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 9 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDan_Grimmer2016" class="citation web cs1">Dan Grimmer (2 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edp24.co.uk/home/norwich_s_anglia_square_could_be_demolished_as_revamp_plans_including_more_than_1_000_new_homes_are_revealed_1_4758973">"Norwich's Anglia Square could be demolished as revamp plans, including 1000 homes, are revealed"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Norwich%27s+Anglia+Square+could+be+demolished+as+revamp+plans%2C+including+1000+homes%2C+are+revealed&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft.au=Dan+Grimmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fhome%2Fnorwich_s_anglia_square_could_be_demolished_as_revamp_plans_including_more_than_1_000_new_homes_are_revealed_1_4758973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20238/current_consultations/1875/anglia_square_and_surrounding_area">"Anglia Square and the surrounding area"</a>. Norwich City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111002147/https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20238/current_consultations/1875/anglia_square_and_surrounding_area">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2017. 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Retrieved 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Norwich+Society%27s+%27relief%27+over+changes+to+Anglia+Square+plans&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp24.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhousing%2Fanglia-square-norwich-society-weston-homes-redevelopment-plans-8525398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timetables-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timetables_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timetables_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greateranglia.co.uk/timetables">"Timetables"</a>. Greater Anglia. 21 May 2023. 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Retrieved 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norwich+City+Council&rft.atitle=Twinning+Leaflet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norwich.gov.uk%2FTwinning%2Fdocuments%2FTwinningleaflet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novisad.rs/eng/links">Links: Sister Cities</a>, Official Website of City of Novi Sad, 22 September 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825040047/http://www.novisad.rs/eng/links">archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2013, retrieved 5 September 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Links%3A+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Official+Website+of+City+of+Novi+Sad&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novisad.rs%2Feng%2Flinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Twinning/pages/Twinning.aspx">Norwich-twinning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024221422/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Twinning/pages/Twinning.aspx">Archived</a> 24 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 31 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBBC" class="citation web cs1">BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/content/image_galleries/gallery_royal_anglian_regiment_nov07_gallery.shtml?8">"BBC – Norfolk – In Pictures – Gallery: Royal Anglians parade"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133036/https://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/2843332958e858bbee113ba55d5d94b7efdb56fa.css">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Norfolk+%E2%80%93+In+Pictures+%E2%80%93+Gallery%3A+Royal+Anglians+parade&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorfolk%2Fcontent%2Fimage_galleries%2Fgallery_royal_anglian_regiment_nov07_gallery.shtml%3F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-250"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-51296242">"Jarrold of Norwich bucks High Street decline and gets freedom of city"</a>. BBC News. 2 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825021956/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-norfolk-51296242">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jarrold+of+Norwich+bucks+High+Street+decline+and+gets+freedom+of+city&rft.date=2020-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-norfolk-51296242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-norwich2-251"><a href="#cite_ref-norwich2_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorwich_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Norwich City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20251/lord_mayor_and_sheriff/1703/honorary_freedom_of_the_city">"Honorary Freedom of the City | Honorary Freedom of the City | Norwich City Council"</a>. norwich.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805095041/https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20251/lord_mayor_and_sheriff/1703/honorary_freedom_of_the_city">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=norwich.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Honorary+Freedom+of+the+City+%26%23124%3B+Honorary+Freedom+of+the+City+%26%23124%3B+Norwich+City+Council&rft.au=Norwich+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norwich.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F20251%2Flord_mayor_and_sheriff%2F1703%2Fhonorary_freedom_of_the_city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwich&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Norwich#Q130191" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Norwich">Norwich</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Norwich" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Norwich">Norwich</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1921 <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Norwich_(England)" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Norwich (England)">Norwich</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2005" class="citation book cs1">Adams, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-413-1/dissemination/pdf/norfolka1-15734_1.pdf">An Archaeological Evaluation at 17–27 Fishergate, Norwich, Norfolk</a> (PDF). NORFOLK ARCHAEOLOGICAL UNIT. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1002151">10.5284/1002151</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133034/https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-413-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fnorfolka1-15734_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+Evaluation+at+17%E2%80%9327+Fishergate%2C+Norwich%2C+Norfolk&rft.pub=NORFOLK+ARCHAEOLOGICAL+UNIT&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1002151&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-413-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fnorfolka1-15734_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellBlackwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, Michael P.; Blackwell, Carole A. (2007). Norwich Theatre Royal – The First 250 years. with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Walter" title="Harriet Walter">Harriet Walter</a>. Norwich: Connaught. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557454-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557454-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9557454-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwich+Theatre+Royal+%E2%80%93+The+First+250+years&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Connaught&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9557454-0-9&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+Carole+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandler1998" class="citation journal cs1">Chandler, D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/1998/v/n12/005819ar.html">"The Conflict: Hannah Brand and Theatre politics in the 1790s"</a>. Romanticism on the Net (12). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F005819ar">10.7202/005819ar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607200218/http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/1998/v/n12/005819ar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanticism+on+the+Net&rft.atitle=The+Conflict%3A+Hannah+Brand+and+Theatre+politics+in+the+1790s&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F005819ar&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Frevue%2Fron%2F1998%2Fv%2Fn12%2F005819ar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCundall1920" class="citation book cs1">Cundall, Herbert Minton (1920). Holme, Charles Geoffrey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/norwichschooljoh00holmuoft">The Norwich School</a>. The Studio. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1356134">1356134</a> – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norwich+School&rft.pub=The+Studio&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1356134&rft.aulast=Cundall&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Minton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorwichschooljoh00holmuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFagel2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fagel, Raymond (2003). "Immigrant Roots: The Geographical Origins of Newcomers from the Low Countries in Tudor England". In Goose, Nigel; Luu, Lien (eds.). Immigrants in Tudor and Early Stuart England. Brighton: Sussex Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-14-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-14-7"><bdi>978-1-903900-14-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immigrant+Roots%3A+The+Geographical+Origins+of+Newcomers+from+the+Low+Countries+in+Tudor+England&rft.btitle=Immigrants+in+Tudor+and+Early+Stuart+England&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-903900-14-7&rft.aulast=Fagel&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2013" class="citation web cs1">Faulkner, Kevin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8267356">"The Layer Monument"</a>. Pride.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Layer+Monument&rft.pub=Pride&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8267356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleay1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gard_Fleay" title="Frederick Gard Fleay">Fleay, Frederick Gard</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalchro01flea">A biographical chronicle of the English drama, 1559–1642</a>. Reeves and Turner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+biographical+chronicle+of+the+English+drama%2C+1559%E2%80%931642&rft.pub=Reeves+and+Turner&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Fleay&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Gard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalchro01flea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarfield1991" class="citation journal cs1">Harfield, C. G. (1991). "A Hand-list of Castles Recorded in the Domesday Book". English Historical Review. 106 (419). 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Hambledon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-449-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-449-2"><bdi>978-1-85285-449-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reformation&rft.btitle=Medieval+Norwich&rft.pub=Hambledon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-449-2&rft.aulast=Houlbroke&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=McClendon%2C+Muriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewish_Telegraphic_Agency2011" class="citation news cs1">Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Toby Axelrod (27 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/news/article/2011/06/27/3088324/jewish-bones-found-in-medieval-well-in-england">"Jewish bones found in medieval well in England"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150725230351/http://www.jta.org/2011/06/27/news-opinion/world/jewish-bones-found-in-medieval-well-in-england">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2015. 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Glasgow: Blackie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-216-89874-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-216-89874-5"><bdi>978-0-216-89874-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobin+City+%E2%80%93+a+Portrait+of+Norwich+in+its+Reaction+to+the+French+Revolution%3A+1788%E2%80%931802&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=Blackie&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-216-89874-5&rft.aulast=Jewson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Boardman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKetton-Cremer1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._W._Ketton-Cremer" title="R. W. Ketton-Cremer">Ketton-Cremer, Robert Wyndham</a> (1957). "The Coming of the Strangers". Norfolk assembly. 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The Library. s6-3 (1). OUP / <a href="/wiki/Bibliographical_Society" title="Bibliographical Society">Bibliographical Society</a>: 17–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs6-3.1.17">10.1093/library/s6-3.1.17</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.aber.ac.uk/das/texts/solart.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=Anthony+de+Solempne%3A+attributions+to+his+press&rft.volume=s6-3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs6-3.1.17&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.aber.ac.uk%2Fdas%2Ftexts%2Fsolart.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson, Edward Palmer</a> (1968). The Making of the English Working Class. Harmondsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-021000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-021000-2"><bdi>978-0-14-021000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+English+Working+Class&rft.pub=Harmondsworth&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-14-021000-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson, Edward Palmer</a> (1994). "Hunting the Jacobin Fox". <a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a> (142). OUP / The Past and Present Society: 94–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F142.1.94">10.1093/past/142.1.94</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Hunting+the+Jacobin+Fox&rft.issue=142&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F142.1.94&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsJonesLeeGriffiths2006" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Laura; Jones, Alexandra; Lee, Neil; Griffiths, Simon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greaternorwichgrowth.org.uk/dmsdocument/174">"Enabling Norwich in the Knowledge Economy"</a>. Ideopolis: Knowledge City-Regions. Lancaster University: The Work Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821181502/http://www.greaternorwichgrowth.org.uk/dmsdocument/174">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ideopolis%3A+Knowledge+City-Regions&rft.atitle=Enabling+Norwich+in+the+Knowledge+Economy&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Jones%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Lee%2C+Neil&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greaternorwichgrowth.org.uk%2Fdmsdocument%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoungs1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Youngs, Frederic A. (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Vol. 1: Southern England. Royal Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901050-67-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901050-67-0"><bdi>978-0-901050-67-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Local+Administrative+Units+of+England&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-901050-67-0&rft.aulast=Youngs&rft.aufirst=Frederic+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorwich" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Dereham" title="Dereham">Dereham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diss,_Norfolk" title="Diss, Norfolk">Diss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downham_Market" title="Downham Market">Downham Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakenham" title="Fakenham">Fakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorleston-on-Sea" title="Gorleston-on-Sea">Gorleston-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harleston,_Norfolk" title="Harleston, Norfolk">Harleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Norfolk" title="Hingham, Norfolk">Hingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt,_Norfolk" title="Holt, Norfolk">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunstanton" title="Hunstanton">Hunstanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddon,_Norfolk" title="Loddon, Norfolk">Loddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Stratton" title="Long Stratton">Long Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Walsham" title="North Walsham">North Walsham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reepham,_Norfolk" title="Reepham, Norfolk">Reepham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheringham" title="Sheringham">Sheringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprowston" title="Sprowston">Sprowston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalham" title="Stalham">Stalham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaffham" title="Swaffham">Swaffham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taverham" title="Taverham">Taverham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetford" title="Thetford">Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorpe_St_Andrew" title="Thorpe St Andrew">Thorpe St Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watton,_Norfolk" title="Watton, Norfolk">Watton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells-next-the-Sea" title="Wells-next-the-Sea">Wells-next-the-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymondham" title="Wymondham">Wymondham</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Norfolk" title="List of civil parishes in Norfolk">List of civil parishes in Norfolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norfolk" title="Flag of Norfolk">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Norfolk">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Norfolk" title="List of places in Norfolk">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Norfolk_by_population" title="List of settlements in Norfolk by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Norfolk" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Norfolk">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norfolk_airfields" title="List of Norfolk airfields">Airfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Norfolk" title="Category:Country houses in Norfolk">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grade I listed buildings in Norfolk">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Norfolk" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Norfolk">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk" title="History of Norfolk">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_settlements_in_Norfolk" title="List of lost settlements in Norfolk">Lost settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Norfolk" title="Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Norfolk" title="High Sheriff of Norfolk">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Norfolk" title="List of schools in Norfolk">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Norfolk" title="List of museums in Norfolk">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Norfolk" title="List of windmills in Norfolk">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_the_East_of_England143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">East Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenland_District" title="Fenland District">Fenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire" title="South Cambridgeshire">South Cambridgeshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breckland_District" title="Breckland District">Breckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadland" title="Broadland">Broadland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Great_Yarmouth" title="Borough of Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_and_West_Norfolk" title="King's Lynn and West Norfolk">King's Lynn and West Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Norfolk" title="North Norfolk">North Norfolk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk" title="South Norfolk">South Norfolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babergh_District" title="Babergh District">Babergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_District" title="East Suffolk District">East Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Suffolk" title="Mid Suffolk">Mid Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_District" title="West Suffolk District">West Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_St_Albans" title="City of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130191#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1435" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130191#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158275772">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128464084">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1209536/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWHYDr6Xmxf84jqqRxjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042643-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80094266">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge669554&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5557098">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555071705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/279c5d9a-0165-493e-bed5-fc691be6a4e4">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwich&oldid=1283620821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norwich&oldid=1283620821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boroughs_in_England" title="Category:Boroughs in England">Boroughs in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_the_East_of_England" title="Category:Cities in the East of 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