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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Toponymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance and heraldry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_heraldry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance and heraldry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Administrative history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westminster_and_Holyrood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westminster_and_Holyrood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Westminster and Holyrood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westminster_and_Holyrood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms_and_motto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms_and_motto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Coat of arms and motto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms_and_motto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Location and area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Sea_oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Sea_oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 North Sea oil and gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Sea_oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Shopping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses_and_coaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses_and_coaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Buses and coaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses_and_coaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Universities and colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galleries_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galleries_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Galleries and museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galleries_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Festivals and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Media and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Public services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Rugby Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Rugby League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Golf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_and_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_and_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people and residents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_and_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aberdeen_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aberdeen_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Aberdeen in popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aberdeen_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aberdeen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" > 108 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Skotland" title="Aberdeen, Skotland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aberdeen, Skotland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أبردين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبردين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdin" title="Aberdin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aberdin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ابردین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابردین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="অ্যাবরদিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাবরদিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Абердзін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абердзін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Абэрдын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абэрдын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Абърдийн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абърдийн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obar_Dheathain" title="Obar Dheathain – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Obar Dheathain" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(kapital_sa_dapit_sa_konseho_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Scotland,_Aberdeen_City,_lat_57,14,_long_-2,10)" title="Aberdeen (kapital sa dapit sa konseho sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Scotland, Aberdeen City, lat 57,14, long -2,10) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aberdeen (kapital sa dapit sa konseho sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Scotland, Aberdeen City, lat 57,14, long -2,10)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Αμπερντίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμπερντίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ابردین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابردین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obar_Dheathain" title="Obar Dheathain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Obar Dheathain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdon" title="Aberdon – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aberdon" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obar_Dheathain" title="Obar Dheathain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Obar Dheathain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Escocia" title="Aberdeen, Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aberdeen, Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%B2%84%EB%94%98" title="애버딘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애버딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Աբերդին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբերդին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="एबरडीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एबरडीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(Scotia)" title="Aberdeen (Scotia) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aberdeen (Scotia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אברדין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אברדין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აბერდინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბერდინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdonia" title="Aberdonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aberdonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberd%C4%ABna" title="Aberdīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aberdīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdynas" title="Aberdynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aberdynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(Sc%C3%B2sia)" title="Aberdeen (Scòsia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aberdeen (Scòsia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(Sk%C3%B3cia)" title="Aberdeen (Skócia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aberdeen (Skócia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="അബർഡീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബർഡീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="ॲबर्डीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲबर्डीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ابردين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابردين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯦꯕꯔꯗꯤꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯕꯔꯗꯤꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အဘာဒင်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဘာဒင်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%90%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="アバディーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アバディーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdin" title="Aberdin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aberdin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ابردین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابردین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiberdeen" title="Aiberdeen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aiberdeen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ايبرڊين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايبرڊين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(%C5%A0k%C3%B3tsko)" title="Aberdeen (Škótsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aberdeen (Škótsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Абердин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абердин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Әбердин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әбердин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="แอเบอร์ดีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอเบอร์ดีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Абердін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абердін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ابرڈین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابرڈین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(Skot%C3%A4n)" title="Aberdeen (Skotän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Aberdeen (Skotän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%81" title="阿伯丁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿伯丁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אבערדין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אבערדין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B4%A8%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%B8" title="鴨巴甸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鴨巴甸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aberdeen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberd%C4%ABns" title="Aberdīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aberdīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aberdeen&params=57.15_N_2.11_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd">57°09′N 2°07′W / 57.15°N 2.11°W / 57.15; -2.11</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third most populous city of Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Scotland. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aberdeen (disambiguation)">Aberdeen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and council area in Scotland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Aberdeen</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Obar Dheathain (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>) Aiberdeen (<a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland#Council_areas" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">council area</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_Harbour,_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926654_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aberdeen_Harbour%2C_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926654_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Aberdeen_Harbour%2C_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926654_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aberdeen_Harbour%2C_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926654_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Aberdeen_Harbour%2C_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926654_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Aberdeen_Harbour%2C_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926654_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-Aberdeen_Harbour%2C_Victoria_Dock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926654_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="421" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Harbour" title="Aberdeen Harbour">Aberdeen Harbour</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div style="border:1;;height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_town_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Aberdeen_town_house.jpg/75px-Aberdeen_town_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Aberdeen_town_house.jpg/113px-Aberdeen_town_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Aberdeen_town_house.jpg/150px-Aberdeen_town_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="3332" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Town_House" title="Aberdeen Town House">Aberdeen Town House</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="border:1;;height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%2B_%22Silver_City%22_wird_Aberdeen_wegen_seiner_vielen_Granitgeb%C3%A4ude_genannt._07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%2B_%22Silver_City%22_wird_Aberdeen_wegen_seiner_vielen_Granitgeb%C3%A4ude_genannt._07.jpg/189px-%2B_%22Silver_City%22_wird_Aberdeen_wegen_seiner_vielen_Granitgeb%C3%A4ude_genannt._07.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%2B_%22Silver_City%22_wird_Aberdeen_wegen_seiner_vielen_Granitgeb%C3%A4ude_genannt._07.jpg/284px-%2B_%22Silver_City%22_wird_Aberdeen_wegen_seiner_vielen_Granitgeb%C3%A4ude_genannt._07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%2B_%22Silver_City%22_wird_Aberdeen_wegen_seiner_vielen_Granitgeb%C3%A4ude_genannt._07.jpg/378px-%2B_%22Silver_City%22_wird_Aberdeen_wegen_seiner_vielen_Granitgeb%C3%A4ude_genannt._07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5798" data-file-height="3450" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div style="border:1;;height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Playhouseaberdeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Playhouseaberdeen.jpg/176px-Playhouseaberdeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Playhouseaberdeen.jpg/264px-Playhouseaberdeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Playhouseaberdeen.jpg/352px-Playhouseaberdeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Aberdeen" title="His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen">His Majesty's Theatre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div style="border:1;;height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_Arts_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_851159.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aberdeen_Arts_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_851159.jpg/88px-Aberdeen_Arts_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_851159.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aberdeen_Arts_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_851159.jpg/132px-Aberdeen_Arts_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_851159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aberdeen_Arts_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_851159.jpg/176px-Aberdeen_Arts_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_851159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Arts_Centre" title="Aberdeen Arts Centre">Aberdeen Arts Centre</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Aberdeen"><img alt="Flag of Aberdeen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/100px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/150px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/200px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="234" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Aberdeen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Aberdeen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="959" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen" title="Coat of arms of Aberdeen">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Granite City, the Silver City by Sea, Oil Capital of Europe</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aberdeen shown within Scotland"><img alt="Aberdeen shown within Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aberdeen_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Aberdeen_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aberdeen_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Aberdeen_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aberdeen_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Aberdeen_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1189" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Aberdeen shown within <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aberdeen&params=57.15_N_2.11_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd">57°09′N 2°07′W / 57.15°N 2.11°W / 57.15; -2.11</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland" title="Lieutenancy areas of Scotland">Lieutenancy area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Aberdeen</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Earliest Charter</th><td class="infobox-data">1179</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data">1891</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unitary authority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_etc._(Scotland)_Act_1994" title="Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994">1 April 1996</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Town_House" title="Aberdeen Town House">Town House</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Council_leadership-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">No overall control</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>3 MPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_Blackman" title="Kirsty Blackman">Kirsty Blackman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Cross_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet Cross (politician)">Harriet Cross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">C</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn_(Scottish_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Flynn (Scottish politician)">Stephen Flynn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>3 MSPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Dunbar" title="Jackie Dunbar">Jackie Dunbar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Stewart_(Scottish_politician)" title="Kevin Stewart (Scottish politician)">Kevin Stewart</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Nicoll" title="Audrey Nicoll">Audrey Nicoll</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">72 sq mi (186 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland#Council_areas" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">25th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">224,190</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland#Council_areas" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">8th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,130/sq mi (1,208/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Aberdonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode areas</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/AB_postcode_area" title="AB postcode area">AB</a>10–13 (part), AB14–16, AB21–25</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01224</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-ABE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">S12000033</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aberdeencity.gov.uk">aberdeencity.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Aberdeen (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæbərˈdiːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/Pronunciation_of_Aberdeen_English.ogg\/Pronunciation_of_Aberdeen_English.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pronunciation of Aberdeen English.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Pronunciation_of_Aberdeen_English.ogg/Pronunciation_of_Aberdeen_English.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_Aberdeen_English.ogg" title="File:Pronunciation of Aberdeen English.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AB-ər-DEEN</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˌeːbərˈdin]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/AberdeencityDoric.ogg\/AberdeencityDoric.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"AberdeencityDoric.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/AberdeencityDoric.ogg/AberdeencityDoric.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:AberdeencityDoric.ogg" title="File:AberdeencityDoric.ogg">ⓘ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈeːbərdin]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Aiberdeen.ogg\/Aiberdeen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Aiberdeen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Aiberdeen.ogg/Aiberdeen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Aiberdeen.ogg" title="File:Aiberdeen.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Obar Dheathain <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈopəɾ ˈʝɛ.ɪɲ]</a>) is a city in North East <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">third most populous</a> <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Scottish city</a>. Historically, Aberdeen was within the historic county of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_(historic)" title="Aberdeenshire (historic)">Aberdeenshire</a>, but is now separate from the council area of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">council areas</a> (as Aberdeen City<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>), and has a population of 198,590 (mid-2020 est.) for the urban area,<a href="#cite_note-NRS_Locality-4">[4]</a> making it the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">39th most populous built-up area</a>, and 224,190 (2022) for the wider council area including outlying localities.<a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a> The city is 127 mi (204 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and 536 mi (863 km) north of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Aberdeen has a long, sandy coastline and features an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, with cool summers and mild, rainy winters.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, which may sparkle like silver because of its high <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Since the discovery of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> in 1969, Aberdeen has been known as the offshore oil capital of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> Based upon the discovery of prehistoric villages around the mouths of the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">Dee</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Don, Aberdeenshire">Don</a>, the area around Aberdeen has been thought to have been settled for at least 6,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-prehistory-8">[8]</a> Aberdeen received <a href="/wiki/Royal_burgh" title="Royal burgh">royal burgh</a> status from <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I of Scotland</a> (1124–1153),<a href="#cite_note-civicsociety-9">[9]</a> which transformed the city economically. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Aberdeen" title="Petroleum industry in Aberdeen">oil industry</a> and Aberdeen's seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial <a href="/wiki/Heliport" title="Heliport">heliports</a> in the world,<a href="#cite_note-BAA-10">[10]</a> and the seaport is the largest in the north-east part of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-seaport-11">[11]</a> A <a href="/wiki/University_town" class="mw-redirect" title="University town">university town</a>, the city is known for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, founded in 1495 as the fifth oldest university in the English-speaking world and located in <a href="/wiki/Old_Aberdeen" title="Old Aberdeen">Old Aberdeen</a>. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> named Aberdeen as a leading business hub and one of eight 'super cities' spearheading the UK's economy, marking it as the only city in Scotland so designated.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 2018, Aberdeen was found to be the best city in the UK to start a business in a study released by card payment firm Paymentsense.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Aberdeen" title="History of Aberdeen">History of Aberdeen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_origins">Early origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early origins">edit</a>]</div> The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-prehistory-8">[8]</a> The city began as two separate <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Old_Aberdeen" title="Old Aberdeen">Old Aberdeen</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Don, Aberdeenshire">river Don</a>; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> was granted by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a> in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1214, Aberdeen Burgesses were granted a Royal Charter by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II of Scotland</a> giving them the sole right to form a Guild. This body exercised power in the composition of the local council, and the affairs of the town. The <a href="/wiki/Burgesses_of_Guild_of_Aberdeen" title="Burgesses of Guild of Aberdeen">Burgesses of the Guild</a> were an integral part of the council for more than 700 years and played a considerable role in the growth and development of Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1319, the Great Charter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's <a href="/wiki/Common_Good_Fund_(Aberdeen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Good Fund (Aberdeen)">Common Good Fund</a> which still benefits Aberdonians.<a href="#cite_note-keith-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-fraser-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_Scottish_Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wars of Scottish Independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert the Bruce laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Castle" title="Aberdeen Castle">Aberdeen Castle</a> before destroying it in 1308, followed by executing the English garrison. The city was burned by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended. The city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Aberdeen's medieval council registers survive from 1398 onwards and are exceptional for their quantity and continuity among surviving Scottish burgh records. The earliest eight volumes, from 1398 to 1511, have been included in the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/UK_Memory_of_the_World_Register" title="UK Memory of the World Register">UK Memory of the World Register</a>, and have been edited in a digital edition.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> of 1644 to 1647 the city was plundered by both sides. In 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aberdeen_(1644)" title="Battle of Aberdeen (1644)">Battle of Aberdeen</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and two years later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aberdeen_(1646)" title="Battle of Aberdeen (1646)">it was stormed</a> by a Royalist force under the command of the <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_2nd_Marquis_of_Huntly" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon, 2nd Marquis of Huntly">George Gordon, 2nd Marquis of Huntly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> An outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> over 1687 and 1688 killed 8.5% of the population, adding to the economic and demographic damage caused by war.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In the 18th century, a new Town Hall was built and the first social services appeared with the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Royal_Infirmary" title="Aberdeen Royal Infirmary">Aberdeen Infirmary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Woolmanhill_Hospital" title="Woolmanhill Hospital">Woolmanhill</a> in 1739<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cornhill_Hospital" title="Royal Cornhill Hospital">Aberdeen Lunatic Asylum</a> in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Napoleonic_depression">Post-Napoleonic depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Napoleonic depression">edit</a>]</div> The expensive infrastructure works led to the city becoming bankrupt in 1817 during the <a href="/wiki/Post-Napoleonic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Napoleonic depression">Post-Napoleonic depression</a>, an economic downturn immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>; but the city's prosperity later recovered. The increasing economic importance of Aberdeen and the development of the shipbuilding and fishing industries led to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Harbour" title="Aberdeen Harbour">present harbour</a> including Victoria Dock and the South Breakwater, and the extension of the North Pier. Gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water supply appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-fraser-18">[18]</a> The city absorbed the neighbouring burghs of Old Aberdeen and <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Aberdeen" title="Woodside, Aberdeen">Woodside</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Torry" title="Torry">Torry</a> area on the south bank of the Dee in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-1891act-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> Over the course of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Aberdeen was attacked 32 times by the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>. One of the most devastating attacks was on Wednesday 21 April 1943 when 29 Luftwaffe <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_217" title="Dornier Do 217">Dornier 217s</a> flying from <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, Norway attacked the city between the hours of 22:17 and 23:04.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A total of 98 civilians and 27 servicemen were killed, along with 12,000 houses damaged, after a mixture of 127 Incendiary, High Explosive and Cluster bombs were dropped on the city in one night.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Two books written in 2018 and 2022 using bombing records held in London identified that unexploded bombs from the 1943 raid were found in the 1950s and 1980s making the bombs dropped 129 in total. Damage from the raid can still be seen in some parts of Aberdeen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Aberdeen" title="Etymology of Aberdeen">Etymology of Aberdeen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_Of_Aberdeen_by_William_Mosman_-_William_Mosman_-_ABDAG004432.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/View_Of_Aberdeen_by_William_Mosman_-_William_Mosman_-_ABDAG004432.jpg/220px-View_Of_Aberdeen_by_William_Mosman_-_William_Mosman_-_ABDAG004432.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/View_Of_Aberdeen_by_William_Mosman_-_William_Mosman_-_ABDAG004432.jpg/330px-View_Of_Aberdeen_by_William_Mosman_-_William_Mosman_-_ABDAG004432.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/View_Of_Aberdeen_by_William_Mosman_-_William_Mosman_-_ABDAG004432.jpg/440px-View_Of_Aberdeen_by_William_Mosman_-_William_Mosman_-_ABDAG004432.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>View of Aberdeen by William Mosman, 1756</figcaption></figure> The name given to Aberdeen translates as 'mouth of the river Don', and is recorded as Aberdon in 1172 and Aberden in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1180. The first element of the name is the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> word aber 'river mouth'. The second element is from the Celtic river goddess <a href="/wiki/Divona" title="Divona">Devona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> Aberdeen is usually described as within the historical <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> territory and became Gaelic-speaking at some time in the medieval period. Old Aberdeen is the approximate location of Aberdon, the first settlement of Aberdeen; this literally means "the mouth of the Don". The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> word aber means "river mouth", as in modern Welsh (<a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberbeeg" title="Aberbeeg">Aberbeeg</a> etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Charnock-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> name is Obar Dheathain (variation: Obairreadhain; *obar presumably being a loan from the earlier Pictish; the Gaelic term is inbhir), and in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> referred to the river as Devana. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a>) Latin has it as Aberdonia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The local <a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric</a> pronunciation, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˌeːbərˈdin]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/AberdeencityDoric.ogg\/AberdeencityDoric.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"AberdeencityDoric.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/AberdeencityDoric.ogg/AberdeencityDoric.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:AberdeencityDoric.ogg" title="File:AberdeencityDoric.ogg">ⓘ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈeːbərdin]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Aiberdeen.ogg\/Aiberdeen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Aiberdeen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Aiberdeen.ogg/Aiberdeen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Aiberdeen.ogg" title="File:Aiberdeen.ogg">ⓘ</a> (with a long ay sound), is frequently rendered Aiberdeen or Aiberdein. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_heraldry">Governance and heraldry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance and heraldry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aberdeen" title="Politics of Aberdeen">Politics of Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Aberdeen" title="Coat of arms of Aberdeen">Coat of arms of Aberdeen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aberdeen_03.jpg/220px-Aberdeen_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aberdeen_03.jpg/330px-Aberdeen_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aberdeen_03.jpg/440px-Aberdeen_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, Broad Street: main offices of Aberdeen City Council</figcaption></figure> Aberdeen City is one of 32 <a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">council areas of Scotland</a>, administered by <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City Council</a>. The council meets at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Town_House" title="Aberdeen Town House">Aberdeen Town House</a> and has its main offices in the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>. The civic head and chair of the council is the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Provost_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Provost of Aberdeen">Lord Provost</a>. The council area is also divided into 30 <a href="/wiki/List_of_community_council_areas_in_Scotland#Aberdeen_City" title="List of community council areas in Scotland">community council areas</a>, 29 of which had community councils operating as at August 2024.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative history">edit</a>]</div> The first <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burgh</a> of Aberdeen, covering just the New Aberdeen area near the mouth of the Dee, was created by <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> (reigned 1124–1153).<a href="#cite_note-civicsociety-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Neighbouring Old Aberdeen to the north was subsequently made a separate burgh in 1489.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The burgh of Aberdeen was governed by a corporation, also known as the town council. As Aberdeen grew, the council's powers were inadequate to cater for the needs of the growing urban area. A separate <a href="/wiki/Police_burgh" title="Police burgh">police commission</a> was established in 1795 with powers to levy taxes and provide infrastructure ('police' in this context being its older meaning of civic government rather than law enforcement). The first police commission was short-lived, but it was resurrected in 1818 after the town council went bankrupt in 1817. From 1818 until 1871 there was a dual system of local government, with the town council and police commission having different roles in Aberdeen's administration. The police commission was eventually abolished in 1871 and its functions absorbed by the town council.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1891 the city boundaries were significantly enlarged, absorbing the neighbouring burghs of Old Aberdeen and Woodside, plus the Torry area on the south bank of the Dee. The act of parliament which expanded the burgh also confirmed that Aberdeen was entitled to be called a city; it had commonly been described as a city prior to that, but (like most Scottish cities) without official recognition.<a href="#cite_note-1891act-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Following the absorption of Torry in 1891, the city boundaries straddled the counties of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_(historic)" title="Aberdeenshire (historic)">Aberdeenshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kincardineshire" title="Kincardineshire">Kincardineshire</a>. Aberdeen was made a <a href="/wiki/County_of_city" title="County of city">county of itself</a> in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1975 the burgh was replaced by the larger City of Aberdeen district within the <a href="/wiki/Grampian" title="Grampian">Grampian</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-1973act-40">[40]</a> Further local government reforms in 1996 replaced the districts and regions created in 1975 with council areas; the pre-1996 City of Aberdeen district became the Aberdeen City council area.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westminster_and_Holyrood">Westminster and Holyrood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Westminster and Holyrood">edit</a>]</div> Aberdeen is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> by two <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">constituencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberdeen North (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberdeen North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberdeen South (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberdeen South</a>, which are wholly within the Aberdeen City council area.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, the city is represented by three constituencies with different boundaries: <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Central_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberdeen Central (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Aberdeen Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Donside_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberdeen Donside (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Aberdeen Donside</a> are wholly within the Aberdeen City council area. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_South_and_North_Kincardine_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberdeen South and North Kincardine (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Aberdeen South and North Kincardine</a> includes the North <a href="/wiki/Kincardine,_Aberdeenshire" title="Kincardine, Aberdeenshire">Kincardine</a> ward of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Council" title="Aberdeenshire Council">Aberdeenshire Council</a>. A further seven MSPs are elected as part of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Scotland_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">North East Scotland</a> electoral region. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> the city was represented by six <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> as part of the all-inclusive Scotland constituency.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms_and_motto">Coat of arms and motto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coat of arms and motto">edit</a>]</div> The arms and banner of the city show three silver towers on red. This motif dates from at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> and represents the buildings that stood on the three hills of medieval Aberdeen: Aberdeen Castle on Castle Hill (today's <a href="/wiki/Castlegate,_Aberdeen" title="Castlegate, Aberdeen">Castlegate</a>); the city gate on Port Hill; and a church on St Catherine's Hill (now levelled).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> "Bon Accord" is the <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> of the city and is French for "Good Agreement". Legend tells that its use dates from a password used by Robert the Bruce during the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, when he and his men laid siege to the English-held Aberdeen Castle before destroying it in 1308.<a href="#cite_note-keith-17">[17]</a> It is still widely present in the city, throughout street names, business names and the city's <a href="/wiki/Bon_Accord_Centre" title="Bon Accord Centre">Bon Accord</a> shopping mall.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The shield in the coat of arms is <a href="/wiki/Supporters_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporters (heraldry)">supported</a> by two <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>. A local magazine is called the "Leopard" and, when Union Bridge was widened in the 20th century, small statues of the creature in a sitting position were cast and placed on top of the railing posts (known locally as Kelly's Cats). The city's toast is "Happy to meet, sorry to part, happy to meet again".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Aberdeen" title="Geography of Aberdeen">Geography of Aberdeen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3929234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aberdeen_beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3929234.jpg/220px-Aberdeen_beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3929234.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aberdeen_beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3929234.jpg/330px-Aberdeen_beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3929234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aberdeen_beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3929234.jpg/440px-Aberdeen_beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3929234.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Aberdeen beach, situated along the coastline of Aberdeen on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_area">Location and area</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Location and area">edit</a>]</div> Being situated between two river mouths, the city has little natural exposure of bedrock. The small amount of geophysics done, and occasional building-related exposures, combined with small exposures in the banks of the River Don, suggest that it is actually sited on an inlier of Devonian "Old Red" sandstones and silts. The outskirts of the city spread beyond the (inferred) limits of the outlier onto the surrounding metamorphic/ igneous complexes formed during the <a href="/wiki/Dalradian" title="Dalradian">Dalradian</a> period (approximately 480–600 million years ago) with sporadic areas of <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> granites to be found, such as that at the <a href="/wiki/Rubislaw_quarry" title="Rubislaw quarry">Rubislaw quarry</a> which was used to build much of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The city extends to 186 km2 (72 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a> and includes the former burghs of Old Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Aberdeen" title="Woodside, Aberdeen">Woodside</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torry" title="Torry">Torry</a> area to the south of <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">River Dee</a>. In 2022, this gave the city a population density of 1,208 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,130/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a> The city is built on many hills, with the original beginnings of the city growing from Castle Hill, St. Catherine's Hill and Windmill Hill.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> When compared to mainland Europe, Aberdeen is further north than almost all of Denmark and plenty of southern Sweden, being just south of <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> in terms of latitude.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Aug_2012-_Abdn_Harbour_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/3rd_Aug_2012-_Abdn_Harbour_2.JPG/220px-3rd_Aug_2012-_Abdn_Harbour_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/3rd_Aug_2012-_Abdn_Harbour_2.JPG/330px-3rd_Aug_2012-_Abdn_Harbour_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/3rd_Aug_2012-_Abdn_Harbour_2.JPG/440px-3rd_Aug_2012-_Abdn_Harbour_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Sunshine across Aberdeen during August</figcaption></figure> Aberdeen features an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Cfb), with far milder winter temperatures than one might expect for its northern location. However, statistically speaking, it is still the coldest city in the UK. During the winter, especially throughout December, the length of the day is very short, averaging 6 hours and 41 minutes between sunrise and sunset at the winter solstice.<a href="#cite_note-Sunrise_and_sunset_for_Aberdeen-52">[52]</a> As winter progresses, the length of the day grows fairly quickly, to 8 hours and 20 minutes by the end of January. Around summer solstice, the days will be around 18 hours long, having 17 hours and 55 minutes between sunrise and sunset.<a href="#cite_note-Sunrise_and_sunset_for_Aberdeen-52">[52]</a> During this time of the year marginal <a href="/wiki/Nautical_twilight" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical twilight">nautical twilight</a> lasts the entire night. Temperatures at this time of year hover around 17.0 °C (62.6 °F) during the day in most of the urban area, though nearer 16.0 °C (60.8 °F) directly on the coast, and around 18.0 to 19.0 °C (64.4 to 66.2 °F) in the westernmost suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Two weather stations collect climate data for the area, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport" title="Aberdeen Airport">Aberdeen/Dyce Airport</a>, and Craibstone. Both are about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4+1⁄2 miles (7 km) to the northwest of the city centre, and given that they are in close proximity to each other, exhibit very similar climatic regimes. Dyce tends to have marginally warmer daytime temperatures year-round owing to its slightly lower elevation, though it is more susceptible to harsh frosts. The coldest temperature to occur in recent years was −16.8 °C (1.8 °F) during December 2010,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> while the following winter, Dyce set a new February high-temperature station record on 28 February 2012 of 17.2 °C (63.0 °F),<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and a new March high temperature record of 21.6 °C (70.9 °F) on 25 March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The average temperature of the sea ranges from 6.6 °C (43.9 °F) in March to 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) in August.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Dyce" title="Dyce">Dyce</a>-Aberdeen (<a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport" title="Aberdeen Airport">ABZ</a>),<a href="#cite_note-58">[a]</a> elevation: 65 m (213 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8 (85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.8 (85.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2 (53.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.8 (47.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.4 (41.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4 (22.3) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6 (20.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.3 (17.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.3 (−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.2 (−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.8 (3.6) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3 (31.5) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.6 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.1 (−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−19.3 (−2.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8 (2.67) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.4 (2.34) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.4 (2.14) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.6 (2.27) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.9 (2.71) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8 (2.79) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.3 (2.69) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.7 (2.39) </td> <td style="background: #6AFF6A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.9 (3.93) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.0 (3.66) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 (3.06) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">832.5 (32.78) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">142.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6E6E6E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.4 </td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.9 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.7 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.5 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.4 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABA46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.1 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.0 </td> <td style="background: #808080; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.1 </td> <td style="background: #585858; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.5 </td> <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,447.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (Relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Infoclimat (mean max/min)<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Aberdeen (Craibstone),<a href="#cite_note-63">[b]</a> elevation: 102 m (335 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1958–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.2 (10.0) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7 (19.9) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.8 (12.6) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.6 (9.3) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2 (2.80) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.3 (2.33) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 (2.51) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.2 (2.45) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6 (2.58) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7 (2.59) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.1 (2.60) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.9 (4.05) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.1 (3.86) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.8 (3.14) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">866.2 (34.10) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">138.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6E6E6E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.6 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.3 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.1 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.8 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.4 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.6 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.0 </td> <td style="background: #7B7B7B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #575757; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.7 </td> <td style="background: #B7B75B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,432.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_population_pyramid_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aberdeen_population_pyramid_2020.svg/220px-Aberdeen_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aberdeen_population_pyramid_2020.svg/330px-Aberdeen_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aberdeen_population_pyramid_2020.svg/440px-Aberdeen_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Aberdeen (local council area) in 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AberdeenDemographic.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/AberdeenDemographic.gif/300px-AberdeenDemographic.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/AberdeenDemographic.gif/450px-AberdeenDemographic.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/AberdeenDemographic.gif 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Aberdeen's population since 1396<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> The Aberdeen <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_localities_in_Scotland" title="List of census localities in Scotland">locality</a> population estimate is 198,590 (mid-2020 est.).<a href="#cite_note-NRS_Locality-4">[4]</a> For the wider <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population#Settlements" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">settlement</a> of Aberdeen including <a href="/wiki/Cove_Bay" title="Cove Bay">Cove Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyce" title="Dyce">Dyce</a>, the population estimate is 220,690 (mid-2020 est.).<a href="#cite_note-NRS_Locality-4">[4]</a> For Aberdeen City council area, the population estimate is 224,190 (2022).<a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a> In 1396, the population was about 3,000. By 1801, it had become 26,992, then 153,503 in 1901, and finally 182,467 in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The 2011 census showed fewer young people in Aberdeen, with 16.4% under 16, as opposed to the national average of 19.2%.<a href="#cite_note-citycensusreview-68">[66]</a> According to the 2011 census Aberdeen is 91.9% white, ethnically, 24.7% were born outside Scotland, higher than the national average of 16%. Of this population, 7.6% were born in other parts of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-aberdeencity.gov.uk-69">[67]</a> 8.2% of Aberdonians stated to be from an ethnic minority (non-white) in the 2011 census, with 9,519 (4.3%) being Asian, with 3,385 (1.5%) coming from India and 2,187 (1.0%) being <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a>. The city has around 5,610 (2.6%) residents of African or Caribbean origin, which is a higher percentage than both <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aberdeencity.gov.uk-69">[67]</a> In the household, there were 97,013 individual dwellings recorded in the city, of which 61% were privately owned, 9% privately rented and 23% rented from the council. The most popular type of dwellings are apartments which comprise 49% of residences followed by semi-detached at just below 22%.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> The median income of a household in the city is £16,813 (the mean income is £20,292)<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> (2005) which places approximately 18% households in the city below the poverty line (defined as 60% of the mean income). Conversely, an Aberdeen postcode has the second highest number of millionaires of any postcode in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic Group </th> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="#cite_note-:412-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:422-74">[72]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="#cite_note-:12-75">[73]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="#cite_note-:12-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2022<a href="#cite_note-2022census_Scot-77">[75]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>: Total </th> <th>201,886 </th> <th>98.53% </th> <th>205,974 </th> <th>97.1% </th> <th>204,715 </th> <th>91.88% </th> <th>193,921 </th> <th>86.56% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>181,718 </td> <td>85.66% </td> <td>167,727 </td> <td>75.28% </td> <td>151,844 </td> <td>67.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">Other British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>16,682 </td> <td>7.86% </td> <td>16,910 </td> <td>7.6% </td> <td>16,680 </td> <td>7.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Briton" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Briton">Irish</a> </td> <td>1,251 </td> <td>0.61% </td> <td>1,531 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>2,213 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>1,963 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Gypsy/Traveller</a><a href="#cite_note-new_2011_category-78">[c]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>279 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>234 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Polish" title="White Polish">Polish</a><a href="#cite_note-new_2011_category-78">[c]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>7,031 </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>9,876 </td> <td>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Other_(United_Kingdom_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other (United Kingdom Census)">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>6,043 </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>10,555 </td> <td>4.7% </td> <td>13,330 </td> <td>6.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian-Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-Scots">Asian Scottish</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>1,817 </th> <th>0.88% </th> <th>3,240 </th> <th>1.52% </th> <th>9,519 </th> <th>4.27% </th> <th>13,091 </th> <th>5.84% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a> </td> <td>303 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>837 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>3,384 </td> <td>1.5% </td> <td>5,021 </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>154 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>407 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>1,042 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>1,834 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>165 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>336 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>587 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>997 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>708 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>1,199 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>2,187 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>2,255 </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian Other</a> </td> <td>487 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>461 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>2,319 </td> <td>1% </td> <td>2,984 </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Black Scottish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[d]</a> </th> <th>521 </th> <th>0.25% </th> <th>94 </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>722 </th> <th>0.34% </th> <th>5,042 </th> <th>2.26% </th> <th>8,870 </th> <th>3.96% </th></tr> <tr> <td>African: <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">African Scottish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>722 </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>5,009 </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>587 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>African: <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Other African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>33 </td> <td>– </td> <td>8,280 </td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>159 </th> <th>– </th> <th>588 </th> <th>0.26% </th> <th>549 </th> <th>0.25% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>159 </td> <td>– </td> <td>296 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>161 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>214 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>19 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caribbean or Black: <a href="/wiki/Other_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>78 </td> <td>– </td> <td>369 </td> <td>0.16% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Mixed" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mixed">Mixed or multiple ethnic groups</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>863 </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>1,488 </th> <th>0.66% </th> <th>3,990 </th> <th>1.78% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>661 </th> <th>0.32% </th> <th>1,073 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>1,441 </th> <th>0.64% </th> <th>3,597 </th> <th>1.61% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: <a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a><a href="#cite_note-new_2011_category-78">[c]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>993 </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>1,783 </td> <td>0.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>661 </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>1,073 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>448 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>1,817 </td> <td>0.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total: </th> <th>204,885 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>212,125 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>222,793 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>224,021 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left:2em; font-size:95%;" cellspacing="3"> <caption>Aberdeen compared<a href="#cite_note-aberdeencity.gov.uk-69">[67]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 United Kingdom census</a></th> <th>Aberdeen</th> <th>Scotland </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total population</td> <td>222,793</td> <td>5,295,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population growth 2001–2011</td> <td>5.0%</td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> </tbody></table> The proportion of people residing in Aberdeen born outside the UK was 21.1% in 2022, compared with 15.9% in 2011 and 6.3% in 2001. Below are the fifteen largest overseas-born groups in Aberdeen according to the 2022 census, alongside the two previous censuses.<a href="#cite_note-CountryBirth_22-80">[76]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">Country of birth </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2022 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2011 </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#9dbec3;">2001 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poles in the United Kingdom">Poland</a> </td> <td align="right">8,266 </td> <td align="right">6,403 </td> <td align="right">71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerians in the United Kingdom">Nigeria</a> </td> <td align="right">5,662 </td> <td align="right">3,363 </td> <td align="right">239 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td align="right">3,815 </td> <td align="right">2,802 </td> <td align="right">625 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">United States</a> </td> <td align="right">1,379 </td> <td align="right">1,346 </td> <td align="right">1,081 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanians in the United Kingdom">Romania</a> </td> <td align="right">1,330 </td> <td align="right">308 </td> <td align="right">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lithuanians in the United Kingdom">Lithuania</a> </td> <td align="right">1,229 </td> <td align="right">823 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">Germany</a> </td> <td align="right">1,170 </td> <td align="right">1,458 </td> <td align="right">1,003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Latvians in the United Kingdom">Latvia</a> </td> <td align="right">1,147 </td> <td align="right">685 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_Great_Britain" title="Irish people in Great Britain">Ireland</a> </td> <td align="right">1,059 </td> <td align="right">1,378 </td> <td align="right">775 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td align="right">948 </td> <td align="right">550 </td> <td align="right">180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td align="right">788 </td> <td align="right">921 </td> <td align="right">199 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italy</a> </td> <td align="right">788 </td> <td align="right">356 </td> <td align="right">217 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hungarians in the United Kingdom">Hungary</a> </td> <td align="right">765 </td> <td align="right">358 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">Spain</a> </td> <td align="right">755 </td> <td align="right">260 </td> <td align="right">152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">France</a> </td> <td align="right">719 </td> <td align="right">1,028 </td> <td align="right">567 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overall – all overseas-born </th> <th align="right">47,197 </th> <th align="right">35,436 </th> <th align="right">13,264 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Aberdeen" title="Religion in Aberdeen">Religion in Aberdeen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_King_Street,_Aberdeen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_King_Street%2C_Aberdeen.JPG/170px-St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_King_Street%2C_Aberdeen.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_King_Street%2C_Aberdeen.JPG/255px-St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_King_Street%2C_Aberdeen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_King_Street%2C_Aberdeen.JPG/340px-St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_King_Street%2C_Aberdeen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Aberdeen">St Andrew's Cathedral</a>, King Street</figcaption></figure> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion of Aberdeen residents, 2022</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:58.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">58.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:30.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Religion not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:5.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:2.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hindu</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:1.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">Pagan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikh</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.07%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.07%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Jewish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:0.06%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.06%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Source: 2022 census<a href="#cite_note-Religion_22-81">[77]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Christianity is the main religion practised in the city. Aberdeen's largest denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> (through the <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_of_Aberdeen" title="Presbytery of Aberdeen">Presbytery of Aberdeen</a>) and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, both with numerous churches across the city, with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> having the third-largest number. The census in 2022 showed that Aberdeen has the highest proportion of non-religious residents of any city in Scotland, with 58% of citizens claiming to have no religion.<a href="#cite_note-Religion_Census2022-82">[78]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kirk_of_St_Nicholas,_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirk of St Nicholas, Aberdeen">Kirk of St Nicholas</a> was the only burgh kirk and one of Scotland's largest parish churches. Like a number of other Scottish kirks, it was subdivided after the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a>, in this case into the East and West churches. At that time, the city also was home to houses of the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> (Whitefriars)<a href="#cite_note-IA-83">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (Greyfriars). The latter survives in modified form as the chapel of Marischal College.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Machar%27s_Cathedral" title="St Machar's Cathedral">St Machar's Cathedral</a> was built twenty years after <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> (1124–1153) transferred the pre-Reformation <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> from Mortlach in <a href="/wiki/Banffshire" title="Banffshire">Banffshire</a> to Old Aberdeen in 1137. Except the episcopate of <a href="/wiki/William_Elphinstone" title="William Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a> (1484–1511), building progressed slowly. <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Dunbar_(Bishop_of_Aberdeen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Dunbar (Bishop of Aberdeen)">Gavin Dunbar</a>, who followed him in 1518, completed the structure by adding the two western spires and the southern transept. It is now a congregation of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. Aberdeen has two other cathedrals: <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Aberdeen">St. Mary's Cathedral</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic style">Gothic style</a>, erected in 1859. In addition, <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Aberdeen">St. Andrew's Cathedral</a> serves the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>. It was constructed in 1817 as <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Simpson" title="Archibald Simpson">Archibald Simpson</a>'s first commission and contains a memorial to the consecration of the first bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a>, which took place nearby. In 1804, <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Aberdeen" title="St Peter's Church, Aberdeen">St Peter's Church</a>, the first permanent Roman Catholic church in the city after the Reformation was built.<a href="#cite_note-list-85">[81]</a> Numerous other Protestant denominations have a presence in Aberdeen. <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> citadel on the Castlegate dominates the view of the east end of Union Street. In addition, there is a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> church, established in 1833 and located in Skene Terrace. <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> have been present in Aberdeen since at least 1844. Over the years, they have rented space to meet at a number of locations and currently meet in the Inchgarth Community Centre in Garthdee.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> meetinghouse on Crown Street, the only purpose built <a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Friends meeting house</a> in Scotland that is still in use today. In addition, there are a number of Baptist congregations in the city, and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> congregations have been appearing in significant numbers since the late 2000s. The city also has two meeting houses of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church).<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> There are also four <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Mosque_and_Islamic_Centre" title="Aberdeen Mosque and Islamic Centre">mosques</a> in Aberdeen which serve the Islamic community in the city.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> There is an <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen Synagogue">Orthodox Jewish Synagogue</a> established in 1945. There is also a Thai <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temple located in the Hazelhead area of the city. There are no formal <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> buildings, although there is a fortnightly Hindu religious gathering on the first and third Sunday afternoons at Queens Cross Parish church hall.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> has a small <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> society. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Economy of Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Aberdeen" title="Petroleum industry in Aberdeen">Petroleum industry in Aberdeen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Pics_i_took_Back_in_06_19_._(49799093462).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2_Pics_i_took_Back_in_06_19_._%2849799093462%29.jpg/220px-2_Pics_i_took_Back_in_06_19_._%2849799093462%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2_Pics_i_took_Back_in_06_19_._%2849799093462%29.jpg/330px-2_Pics_i_took_Back_in_06_19_._%2849799093462%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2_Pics_i_took_Back_in_06_19_._%2849799093462%29.jpg/440px-2_Pics_i_took_Back_in_06_19_._%2849799093462%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7221" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Ships off the coast of Aberdeen in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, supporting the production of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil and gas</a></figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Aberdeen was home to fishing, textile mills, shipbuilding and paper-making. These industries have been largely replaced. High technology developments in the electronics design and development industry, research in agriculture and fishing and the <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a>, which have been largely responsible for Aberdeen's economic growth, are now major parts of Aberdeen's economy.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> Until the 1970s, most of Aberdeen's leading industries dated from the 18th century; mainly these were textiles, foundry work, shipbuilding and paper-making, the oldest industry in the city, with paper having been first made there in 1694. Paper-making has reduced in importance since the closures of Donside Paper Mill in 2001 and the Davidson Mill in 2005 leaving the <a href="/wiki/Paper_mills_of_Aberdeen" title="Paper mills of Aberdeen">Stoneywood Paper Mill</a> with a workforce of approximately 500. Textile production ended in 2004 when <a href="/wiki/Richards_of_Aberdeen" title="Richards of Aberdeen">Richards of Aberdeen</a> closed.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> Grey granite was <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarried</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rubislaw_quarry" title="Rubislaw quarry">Rubislaw quarry</a> for more than 300 years, and used for paving setts, kerb and building stones, and monumental and other ornamental pieces. Aberdeen granite was used to build the terraces of the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a> in London. Quarrying finally ceased in 1971. The current owners have begun pumping 40 years of rainwater from the quarry to develop a heritage centre on the site.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NDBQ_26_-_10th_Jan_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NDBQ_26_-_10th_Jan_2015.JPG/220px-NDBQ_26_-_10th_Jan_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NDBQ_26_-_10th_Jan_2015.JPG/330px-NDBQ_26_-_10th_Jan_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/NDBQ_26_-_10th_Jan_2015.JPG/440px-NDBQ_26_-_10th_Jan_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Neptune Energy and Aker Solutions Buildings, North Dee Business Quarter. An example of modern offices becoming more prevalent in Aberdeen's City Centre</figcaption></figure> In-shore fishing was once the predominant industry but was surpassed by deep-sea fisheries, which derived a great impetus from improved technologies throughout the 20th century. Catches have fallen because of overfishing and the use of the harbour by oil support vessels,<a href="#cite_note-harbour-94">[90]</a> and so although still an important fishing port it is now eclipsed by the more northerly ports of <a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraserburgh" title="Fraserburgh">Fraserburgh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Research_Services" title="Fisheries Research Services">Fisheries Research Services</a> are headquartered in Aberdeen, and there is a marine research laboratory there.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Aberdeen is well regarded for the agricultural and soil research carried out at <a href="/wiki/The_James_Hutton_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The James Hutton Institute">The James Hutton Institute</a> (formerly the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute), which has close links to the city's two universities. The <a href="/wiki/Rowett_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowett Research Institute">Rowett Research Institute</a> is a world-renowned research centre for studies into food and nutrition located in Aberdeen. It has produced three Nobel laureates and there is a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Life_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Life scientists">life scientists</a> working in the city.<a href="#cite_note-rowett-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-newscientist-97">[93]</a> As oil reserves in the North Sea decrease, there is an effort to rebrand Aberdeen as "Energy Capital of Europe" rather than "Oil Capital of Europe", and there is interest in the development of new energy sources, and technology transfer from oil into renewable energy and other industries is underway. The "Energetica" initiative led by Scottish Enterprise has been designed to accelerate this process.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Aberdeen has become a major world centre for undersea petroleum technology.<a href="#cite_note-NYT72813-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Sea_oil_and_gas">North Sea oil and gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: North Sea oil and gas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Harbour" title="Aberdeen Harbour">Aberdeen Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_go_@_Aberdeen_Harbour_05_04_2020_(49739619411).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/All_go_%40_Aberdeen_Harbour_05_04_2020_%2849739619411%29.jpg/260px-All_go_%40_Aberdeen_Harbour_05_04_2020_%2849739619411%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/All_go_%40_Aberdeen_Harbour_05_04_2020_%2849739619411%29.jpg/390px-All_go_%40_Aberdeen_Harbour_05_04_2020_%2849739619411%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/All_go_%40_Aberdeen_Harbour_05_04_2020_%2849739619411%29.jpg/520px-All_go_%40_Aberdeen_Harbour_05_04_2020_%2849739619411%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8208" data-file-height="4321" /></a><figcaption>Aberdeen Harbour</figcaption></figure> Aberdeen had been a major maritime centre throughout the 19th century, when a group of local entrepreneurs launched the first steam-powered trawler. The steam trawling industry expanded and by 1933 Aberdeen was Scotland's top fishing port, employing nearly 3,000 men with 300 vessels sailing from its harbour. By the time oil was coming on stream, much of the trawling fleet had relocated to <a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> Geologists had speculated about oil and gas in the North Sea since the middle of the 20th century, but tapping its deep and inhospitable waters was another story. With the Middle Eastern oil sheiks becoming more aware of the political and economic power of their oil reserves and government threats of rationing, the industry began to consider the North Sea as a viable source of oil. Exploration commenced in the 1960s and the first major find in the British sector was in November 1970 in the Forties field, 110 miles (180 km) east of Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> By late 1975, after years of intense construction, the necessary infrastructure was in place. Oil flowed through the <a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a> directly to the refinery at far-away <a href="/wiki/Grangemouth" title="Grangemouth">Grangemouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07_25_and_an_almost_Deserted_Union_Street_Aberdeen_,_Bar_1_Van_......_Never_ever_seen_it_this_Deserted_even_@_4am_drunk...._(49738301873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/07_25_and_an_almost_Deserted_Union_Street_Aberdeen_%2C_Bar_1_Van_......_Never_ever_seen_it_this_Deserted_even_%40_4am_drunk...._%2849738301873%29.jpg/220px-07_25_and_an_almost_Deserted_Union_Street_Aberdeen_%2C_Bar_1_Van_......_Never_ever_seen_it_this_Deserted_even_%40_4am_drunk...._%2849738301873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/07_25_and_an_almost_Deserted_Union_Street_Aberdeen_%2C_Bar_1_Van_......_Never_ever_seen_it_this_Deserted_even_%40_4am_drunk...._%2849738301873%29.jpg/330px-07_25_and_an_almost_Deserted_Union_Street_Aberdeen_%2C_Bar_1_Van_......_Never_ever_seen_it_this_Deserted_even_%40_4am_drunk...._%2849738301873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/07_25_and_an_almost_Deserted_Union_Street_Aberdeen_%2C_Bar_1_Van_......_Never_ever_seen_it_this_Deserted_even_%40_4am_drunk...._%2849738301873%29.jpg/440px-07_25_and_an_almost_Deserted_Union_Street_Aberdeen_%2C_Bar_1_Van_......_Never_ever_seen_it_this_Deserted_even_%40_4am_drunk...._%2849738301873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Union Street towards Castlegate (facing east)</figcaption></figure> In 2011, the Centre for Cities named Aberdeen as the best-placed city for growth in Britain, as the country looked to emerge from the recent economic downturn.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> With energy still providing the backbone of the local economy, recent years have seen very large new investment in the North Sea owing to rising oil prices and favourable government tax incentives.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> This has led to several oil majors and independents building new global offices in the city.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Five of Scotland's top ten businesses are based in Aberdeen with a collective turnover of £14 billion, yielding a profit in excess of £2.4 billion. Alongside this 29 of Scotland's top 100 businesses are located in Aberdeen with an employment rate of 77.9%, making it the second highest UK city for employment.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Figures released in 2016 ranked Aberdeen as having the second highest number of patents processed per person in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Shopping">edit</a>]</div> The traditional shopping streets are <a href="/wiki/Union_Street,_Aberdeen" title="Union Street, Aberdeen">Union Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Aberdeen" title="George Street, Aberdeen">George Street</a>, now complemented by shopping centres, including the <a href="/wiki/Bon_Accord_Centre" title="Bon Accord Centre">Bon Accord Centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Centre,_Aberdeen" title="Trinity Centre, Aberdeen">Trinity Shopping Centre</a>. A£190 million retail development, <a href="/wiki/Union_Square_Aberdeen" title="Union Square Aberdeen">Union Square</a>, reached completion in late September/early October 2009.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">retail parks</a> away from the city centre include the Berryden Retail Park, the Kittybrewster Retail Park and the Beach Boulevard Retail Park. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Market" title="Aberdeen Market">Aberdeen Market</a> has been rebuilt twice, but closed in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> In March 2004, Aberdeen was awarded <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade City">Fairtrade City</a> status by the <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade Foundation">Fairtrade Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Aberdeen" title="Architecture of Aberdeen">Architecture of Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_spaces_and_walkways_in_Aberdeen" title="Green spaces and walkways in Aberdeen">Green spaces and walkways in Aberdeen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_theatres_and_concert_halls" title="Aberdeen theatres and concert halls">Aberdeen theatres and concert halls</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duthie_Park,_Aberdeen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Duthie_Park%2C_Aberdeen.JPG/220px-Duthie_Park%2C_Aberdeen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Duthie_Park%2C_Aberdeen.JPG/330px-Duthie_Park%2C_Aberdeen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Duthie_Park%2C_Aberdeen.JPG/440px-Duthie_Park%2C_Aberdeen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Duthie Park</figcaption></figure> Aberdeen's architecture is known for its principal use during the Victorian era of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, which has led to its local nickname of the Granite City.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Amongst the notable buildings in the city's main street, <a href="/wiki/Union_Street,_Aberdeen" title="Union Street, Aberdeen">Union Street</a>, are the Town and County Bank, <a href="/wiki/The_Music_Hall_(Aberdeen)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Music Hall (Aberdeen)">the Music Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Incorporated_Trades_of_Aberdeen" title="Seven Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen">Trinity Hall of the incorporated trades</a> (originating between 1398 and 1527, although completely rebuilt in the 1860s), now a shopping mall; the former office of the Northern Assurance Company, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Scotland" title="National Bank of Scotland">National Bank of Scotland</a>. In Castle Street, a continuation eastwards of Union Street, is the new <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Town_House" title="Aberdeen Town House">Aberdeen Town House</a>, a very prominent landmark in Aberdeen, built between 1868 and 1873 to a design by Peddie and Kinnear.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Marshall_Mackenzie" title="Alexander Marshall Mackenzie">Alexander Marshall Mackenzie</a>'s extension to <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a> on Broad Street, opened by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> in 1906, created the second largest granite building in the world (after the <a href="/wiki/Escorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Escorial">Escorial</a>, Madrid).<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> In addition to the many fine landmark buildings, Aberdeen has many prominent public statues, three of the most notable being <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> at the junction between Union Terrace and Rosemount Viaduct, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> on Union Terrace above <a href="/wiki/Union_Terrace_Gardens" title="Union Terrace Gardens">Union Terrace Gardens</a>, and Robert the Bruce holding aloft the charter he issued to the city in 1319 on Broad Street, outside <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Aberdeen has long been famous for its 45<a href="#cite_note-floral-115">[111]</a> parks and gardens, and citywide floral displays which include two million roses, eleven million daffodils and three million crocuses. The city has won the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Bloom" title="Britain in Bloom">Britain in Bloom</a> 'Best City' award ten times,<a href="#cite_note-floral-115">[111]</a> the overall Scotland in Bloom competition twenty times<a href="#cite_note-floral-115">[111]</a> and the large city category every year since 1968.<a href="#cite_note-floral-115">[111]</a> However, despite recent spurious reports, Aberdeen has never been banned from the Britain in Bloom competition.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> The city won the 2006 Scotland in Bloom "Best City" award along with the International Cities in Bloom award. The suburb of Dyce also won the Small Towns award.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duthie_Park" title="Duthie Park">Duthie Park</a> opened in 1899 on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">River Dee</a>. It was named after and given to the city by Miss Elizabeth Crombie Duthie of Ruthrieston in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hazlehead_Park" title="Hazlehead Park">Hazlehead Park</a>, is large and forested, and located on the outskirts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-hazelhead-120">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Gardens" title="Johnston Gardens">Johnston Gardens</a> is a small park of one hectare in the west end of the city. In 2002, the garden was named the best garden in the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-floral-115">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaton_Park" title="Seaton Park">Seaton Park</a>, formerly the grounds of a private house, is on the edge of the grounds of <a href="/wiki/St_Machar%27s_Cathedral" title="St Machar's Cathedral">St Machar's Cathedral</a> and was acquired for the city in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> Aberdeen has hosted several theatres throughout its history, some of which have been converted or destroyed. The most famous include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Aberdeen" title="His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen">His Majesty's Theatre</a> (HMT), on Rosemount Viaduct<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated65-122">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Theatre,_Aberdeen" title="Tivoli Theatre, Aberdeen">The Tivoli</a>, on Guild Street<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre,_Aberdeen" title="Capitol Theatre, Aberdeen">Capitol Theatre</a>, on Union Street<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Arts_Centre" title="Aberdeen Arts Centre">Aberdeen Arts Centre</a>, on King Street<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></li> <li>The Palace Theatre, on Bridge Street<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a></li> <li>The main concert hall is the <a href="/wiki/Music_Hall_Aberdeen" title="Music Hall Aberdeen">Music Hall</a> on Union Street, built in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Aberdeen" title="Transport in Aberdeen">Transport in Aberdeen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_Station_Plaza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aberdeen_Station_Plaza.JPG/220px-Aberdeen_Station_Plaza.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aberdeen_Station_Plaza.JPG/330px-Aberdeen_Station_Plaza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aberdeen_Station_Plaza.JPG/440px-Aberdeen_Station_Plaza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Plaza outside Aberdeen station in the early morning, with Union Square to the left</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scot-Aberdeen-rail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scot-Aberdeen-rail.jpg/220px-Scot-Aberdeen-rail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scot-Aberdeen-rail.jpg/330px-Scot-Aberdeen-rail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scot-Aberdeen-rail.jpg/440px-Scot-Aberdeen-rail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4310" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>The main concourse at Aberdeen station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station" title="Aberdeen railway station">Aberdeen railway station</a> is served by four <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Train operating companies">train operating companies</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ScotRail" title="ScotRail">ScotRail</a> operates frequent direct trains to Scotland's major cities: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Queen_Street_railway_station" title="Glasgow Queen Street railway station">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverness_railway_station" title="Inverness railway station">Inverness</a>; it also runs local services to <a href="/wiki/Inverurie_railway_station" title="Inverurie railway station">Inverurie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montrose_railway_station" title="Montrose railway station">Montrose</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a> operates services on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> to Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_railway_station" title="Doncaster railway station">Doncaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a> operates the UK's longest direct rail journey from Aberdeen to <a href="/wiki/Penzance_railway_station" title="Penzance railway station">Penzance</a>. It leaves at 08:20 on weekdays and takes 13 hours and 23 minutes<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Sleeper" title="Caledonian Sleeper">Caledonian Sleeper</a> runs overnight sleeper services to and from <a href="/wiki/London_Euston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Euston railway station">London Euston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a></li></ul> Today, all railway services to the south run via <a href="/wiki/Dundee_railway_station" title="Dundee railway station">Dundee</a>. The faster main line from Aberdeen to <a href="/wiki/Perth_railway_station" title="Perth railway station">Perth</a> via <a href="/wiki/Forfar_railway_station" title="Forfar railway station">Forfar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strathmore_railway_station" title="Strathmore railway station">Strathmore</a> closed in 1967, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a>; the faster main line from Perth to Edinburgh via <a href="/wiki/Glenfarg_railway_station" title="Glenfarg railway station">Glenfarg</a> also closed subsequently in 1970. A second station, at <a href="/wiki/Dyce_railway_station" title="Dyce railway station">Dyce</a>, serves the north of the city centre; it is on the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen%E2%80%93Inverness_line" title="Aberdeen–Inverness line">Aberdeen–Inverness line</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> There are six major roads in and out of the city: <ul><li>The A90 is the main arterial route into the city from the north and south, linking Aberdeen to Edinburgh (via the <a href="/wiki/M90_motorway" title="M90 motorway">M90</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brechin" title="Brechin">Brechin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Ellon,_Aberdeenshire" title="Ellon, Aberdeenshire">Ellon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraserburgh" title="Fraserburgh">Fraserburgh</a> in the north. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Western_Peripheral_Route" title="Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route">Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route</a> bypass was completed</li> <li>The A96 links <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Moray" title="Elgin, Moray">Elgin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> and the north-west</li> <li>The A93 is the main route to the west, heading towards Royal Deeside and the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Braemar" title="Braemar">Braemar</a>, it turns south, providing an alternative tourist route to Perth.</li> <li>The A944 also heads west, through <a href="/wiki/Westhill,_Aberdeenshire" title="Westhill, Aberdeenshire">Westhill</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Alford,_Aberdeenshire" title="Alford, Aberdeenshire">Alford</a>.</li> <li>The A92 was the original southerly road to Aberdeen prior to the building of the A90; it is now used as a tourist route, connecting the city to the towns of <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Angus" title="Montrose, Angus">Montrose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbroath" title="Arbroath">Arbroath</a>, and to the east coast.</li> <li>The A947 exits the city at <a href="/wiki/Dyce" title="Dyce">Dyce</a> and continues to <a href="/wiki/Newmachar" title="Newmachar">Newmachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldmeldrum" title="Oldmeldrum">Oldmeldrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turriff" title="Turriff">Turriff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Aberdeenshire" title="Banff, Aberdeenshire">Banff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macduff,_Aberdeenshire" title="Macduff, Aberdeenshire">Macduff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses_and_coaches">Buses and coaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Buses and coaches">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/First_Aberdeen" title="First Aberdeen">First Aberdeen</a> operates the majority of city bus services, as the successor to Grampian Regional Transport (GRT) and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Corporation_Tramways" title="Aberdeen Corporation Tramways">Aberdeen Corporation Tramways</a>. Secondary operators include <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Bluebird" title="Stagecoach Bluebird">Stagecoach Bluebird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_East_Scotland" title="Stagecoach East Scotland">Stagecoach East Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> Aberdeen is the global headquarters of parent company <a href="/wiki/FirstGroup_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="FirstGroup plc">FirstGroup plc</a>, having grown from the <a href="/wiki/GRT_Group" title="GRT Group">GRT Group</a>. First is still based at the former Aberdeen Tramways depot on King Street, which has now been redeveloped into a new headquarters and bus depot.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Coach services are operated by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> runs express coach services to London twice daily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce%27s_Coaches" title="Bruce's Coaches">Bruce's Coaches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salsburgh" title="Salsburgh">Salsburgh</a> runs the 590 service, which leaves in the morning and calls at <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, Glasgow, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> and London's <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park%27s_Motor_Group" title="Park's Motor Group">Parks of Hamilton</a> operates the overnight 592, which calls at Dundee, Glasgow, Hamilton, Carlisle, <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> and London Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport" title="Aberdeen Airport">Aberdeen Airport</a> (ABZ), sited in Dyce in the north of the city, serves domestic and international destinations in France, the Netherlands, Spain, Ireland and Scandinavian countries. The heliport, which serves the oil industry and rescue services, is one of the world's busiest commercial heliports.<a href="#cite_note-BAA-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> Aberdeen is connected to the UK's <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Network" title="National Cycle Network">National Cycle Network</a>; it has a track to the south, connecting to cities including Dundee and Edinburgh, and one to the north that forks about 10 miles (15 km) from the city into two different tracks heading to Inverness and Fraserburgh respectively. Two popular <a href="/wiki/Shared-use_path" title="Shared-use path">shared-use paths</a>, along old railway lines, are the <a href="/wiki/Deeside_Way" title="Deeside Way">Deeside Way</a> to <a href="/wiki/Banchory" title="Banchory">Banchory</a> (which will eventually connect to Ballater) and the <a href="/wiki/Formartine_and_Buchan_Way" title="Formartine and Buchan Way">Formartine and Buchan Way</a> to Ellon, both used by a mixture of cyclists, walkers and occasionally horses.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> Aberdeen Harbour is important as the largest in the north of Scotland and serves the ferry route to <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. Established in 1136, the harbour has been referred to as the "oldest business in Britain".<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> The Dee Estuary, Aberdeen's harbour, started out as a fishing port, moving on to steam trawlers and serving the oil industry; it is now a major port of departure for the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aberdeen" title="Education in Aberdeen">Education in Aberdeen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_colleges">Universities and colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Universities and colleges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_King%27s,_Aberdeen_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2630798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/New_King%27s%2C_Aberdeen_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2630798.jpg/220px-New_King%27s%2C_Aberdeen_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2630798.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/New_King%27s%2C_Aberdeen_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2630798.jpg/330px-New_King%27s%2C_Aberdeen_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2630798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/New_King%27s%2C_Aberdeen_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2630798.jpg/440px-New_King%27s%2C_Aberdeen_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2630798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1742" /></a><figcaption>The New King's College building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a></figcaption></figure> Aberdeen has two universities, the ancient <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University" title="Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon University</a>, a modern university often referred to as RGU. Aberdeen has a higher proportion of students of 11.5%, higher than the national average of 7%.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> began as <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Aberdeen" title="King's College, Aberdeen">King's College, Aberdeen</a>, which was founded in 1495<a href="#cite_note-EB-138">[134]</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Elphinstone" title="William Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a> (1431–1514), <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Aberdeen" title="Bishop of Aberdeen">Bishop of Aberdeen</a> and Chancellor of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, a separate institution, was founded in "New" Aberdeen by <a href="/wiki/George_Keith,_5th_Earl_Marischal" title="George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal">George Keith</a>, fifth Earl Marischal of Scotland in 1593.<a href="#cite_note-EB-138">[134]</a> These institutions were merged by order[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Act?</a>] of Parliament in 1860 to form the University of Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-EB-138">[134]</a> The university is the fifth oldest in the English-speaking world<a href="#cite_note-university-140">[136]</a> and offers degrees in a full range of disciplines. Its main campus is in Old Aberdeen in the north of the city and it currently has approximately 14,000 students. The university's debating society is the oldest in Scotland, founded in 1848 as the King's College Debating Society.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Today, Aberdeen is consistently ranked among the top 200 universities in the world<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> and is ranked within the top 20 universities in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Aberdeen was also named the 2019 Scottish University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> In early 2022, Aberdeen opened the <a href="/wiki/Science_Teaching_Hub" title="Science Teaching Hub">Science Teaching Hub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon%27s_College" title="Robert Gordon's College">Robert Gordon's College</a> (originally Robert Gordon's Hospital) was founded in 1750 by the merchant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_(philanthropist)" title="Robert Gordon (philanthropist)">Robert Gordon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB-138">[134]</a> grandson of the map maker Robert Gordon of Straloch, and was further endowed in 1816 by Alexander Simpson of Collyhill. Originally devoted to the instruction and maintenance of the sons of poor <a href="/wiki/Burgesses_of_Guild_of_Aberdeen" title="Burgesses of Guild of Aberdeen">burgesses of guild</a> and trade in the city, it was reorganised in 1881 as a day and night school for secondary and technical education. In 1903, the vocational education component of the college was designated a <a href="/wiki/Central_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Institution">Central Institution</a> and was renamed as the Robert Gordon Institute of Technology in 1965. In 1992, university status was awarded and it became <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University" title="Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The university has expanded and developed significantly in recent years, and was named Best Modern University in the UK for 2012 by <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. It was previously The Sunday Times Scottish University of the Year for 2011, primarily because of its record on graduate employment. The citation for the 2011 award read: "With a graduate unemployment rate that is lower than the most famous universities, including Oxford and Cambridge, plus a flourishing reputation for research, high student satisfaction rates and ambitious plans for its picturesque campus, the Robert Gordon University is The Sunday Times Scottish University of the Year".<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North-East_Scotland_College,_Gallowgate,_Aberdeen_(geograph_6702928).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North-East_Scotland_College%2C_Gallowgate%2C_Aberdeen_%28geograph_6702928%29.jpg/220px-North-East_Scotland_College%2C_Gallowgate%2C_Aberdeen_%28geograph_6702928%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North-East_Scotland_College%2C_Gallowgate%2C_Aberdeen_%28geograph_6702928%29.jpg/330px-North-East_Scotland_College%2C_Gallowgate%2C_Aberdeen_%28geograph_6702928%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North-East_Scotland_College%2C_Gallowgate%2C_Aberdeen_%28geograph_6702928%29.jpg/440px-North-East_Scotland_College%2C_Gallowgate%2C_Aberdeen_%28geograph_6702928%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>North East Scotland College</figcaption></figure> Aberdeen is also home to two artistic schools: <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_School_of_Art" title="Gray's School of Art">Gray's School of Art</a>, founded in 1886, which is one of the oldest established colleges of art in the UK. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Sutherland_School_of_Architecture_and_Built_Environment" title="Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and Built Environment">Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and Built Environment</a>, was one of the first architectural schools to have its training courses recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a>. Both are now part of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University" title="Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon University</a> and are based at its Garthdee campus. <a href="/wiki/North_East_Scotland_College" title="North East Scotland College">North East Scotland College</a> has several campuses in the city and offers a wide variety of part-time and full-time courses leading to several different qualifications in science. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Agricultural College">Scottish Agricultural College</a> is based just outside Aberdeen, on the Craibstone Estate. This is situated beside the roundabout for Aberdeen Airport on the A96. The college provides three services—Learning, Research and Consultancy. The college features many land-based courses such as Agriculture, Countryside Management, Sustainable Environmental Management and Rural Business Management. There are a variety of courses from diplomas to master's degrees. The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Laboratory_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Laboratory Aberdeen">Marine Laboratory Aberdeen</a>, which specialises in fisheries, <a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Land_Use_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaulay Land Use Research Institute">Macaulay Land Use Research Institute</a> (soil science), and the <a href="/wiki/Rowett_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowett Research Institute">Rowett Research Institute</a> (animal nutrition) are some other higher education institutions.<a href="#cite_note-EB-138">[134]</a> The Aberdeen College of Performing Arts also provides full-time Drama and Musical Theatre training at Further Education level.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Schools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cults_Academy_Car_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cults_Academy_Car_Park.jpg/220px-Cults_Academy_Car_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Cults_Academy_Car_Park.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cults_Academy" title="Cults Academy">Cults Academy</a>, established in 1967</figcaption></figure> There are currently 15 secondary schools and 54 primary schools which are run by the city council. There are a number of private schools in Aberdeen: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon%27s_College" title="Robert Gordon's College">Robert Gordon's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albyn_School" title="Albyn School">Albyn School</a> for Girls (co-educational as of October 2022), <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_School_for_Girls" title="St Margaret's School for Girls">St Margaret's School for Girls</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Aberdeen" title="International School of Aberdeen">International School of Aberdeen</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Steiner_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Steiner school">Waldorf/Steiner School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schools-150">[146]</a> State primary schools in Aberdeen include <a href="/wiki/Airyhall_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Airyhall Primary School">Airyhall Primary School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Road_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley Road Primary School">Ashley Road Primary School</a>, Balgownie Primary School, Bramble Brae Primary School, Broomhill Primary School, Cornhill Primary School (the city's largest), Culter Primary School, Cults Primary School, <a href="/wiki/Danestone_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Danestone Primary School">Danestone Primary School</a>, Fernielea Primary school, Ferryhill Primary School, <a href="/wiki/Gilcomstoun_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilcomstoun Primary School">Gilcomstoun Primary School</a>, Glashieburn Primary School, Greenbrae School, Hamilton School, Kaimhill Primary School, Kingsford Primary School, Kittybrewster Primary School, Middleton Park Primary School, Mile End School, Muirfield Primary School, <a href="/wiki/Skene_Square_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Skene Square Primary School">Skene Square Primary School</a>, and St. Joseph's Primary School.<a href="#cite_note-schools-150">[146]</a> State secondary schools in Aberdeen include <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Grammar_School" title="Aberdeen Grammar School">Aberdeen Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albyn_School" title="Albyn School">Albyn School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Don_Academy" title="Bridge of Don Academy">Bridge of Don Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucksburn_Academy" title="Bucksburn Academy">Bucksburn Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cults_Academy" title="Cults Academy">Cults Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyce_Academy" title="Dyce Academy">Dyce Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlaw_Academy" title="Harlaw Academy">Harlaw Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazlehead_Academy" title="Hazlehead Academy">Hazlehead Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lochside_Academy" title="Lochside Academy">Lochside Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northfield_Academy" title="Northfield Academy">Northfield Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldmachar_Academy" title="Oldmachar Academy">Oldmachar Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon%27s_College" title="Robert Gordon's College">Robert Gordon's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Machar_Academy" title="St Machar Academy">St Machar Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_School_for_Girls" title="St Margaret's School for Girls">St Margaret's School for Girls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_International_School_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="The International School Aberdeen">The International School Aberdeen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schools-150">[146]</a> Independent primary schools in Aberdeen include <a href="/wiki/Albyn_School" title="Albyn School">Albyn School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon%27s_College" title="Robert Gordon's College">Robert Gordon's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_School_for_Girls" title="St Margaret's School for Girls">St Margaret's School for Girls</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Aberdeen" title="International School of Aberdeen">International School of Aberdeen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schools-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Aberdeen" title="Culture in Aberdeen">Culture in Aberdeen</a></div> The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities, and museums,<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> and is regularly visited by <a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_National_Arts_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotland's National Arts Companies">Scotland's National Arts Companies</a>. It was awarded the Nicholson Trophy for the best-kept town at the <a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Bloom" title="Britain in Bloom">Britain in Bloom</a> contest in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galleries_and_museums">Galleries and museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Galleries and museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_Dec_2012-Martime_Museum,_Shiprow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/8th_Dec_2012-Martime_Museum%2C_Shiprow.JPG/220px-8th_Dec_2012-Martime_Museum%2C_Shiprow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/8th_Dec_2012-Martime_Museum%2C_Shiprow.JPG/330px-8th_Dec_2012-Martime_Museum%2C_Shiprow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/8th_Dec_2012-Martime_Museum%2C_Shiprow.JPG/440px-8th_Dec_2012-Martime_Museum%2C_Shiprow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Maritime Museum, Shiprow<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satrosphere,_Links_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_401659.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Satrosphere%2C_Links_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_401659.jpg/220px-Satrosphere%2C_Links_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_401659.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Satrosphere%2C_Links_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_401659.jpg/330px-Satrosphere%2C_Links_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_401659.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Satrosphere%2C_Links_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_401659.jpg/440px-Satrosphere%2C_Links_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_401659.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Science_Centre" title="Aberdeen Science Centre">Aberdeen Science Centre</a>, Links Road Science Museum</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Art_Gallery" title="Aberdeen Art Gallery">Aberdeen Art Gallery</a> houses a collection of <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a>, Victorian, Scottish and 20th-century British paintings as well as collections of silver and glass. It also includes The Alexander Macdonald Bequest, a collection of late 19th-century works donated by the museum's first benefactor and a constantly changing collection of contemporary work and regular visiting exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The Aberdeen Art Gallery reopened in 2019 after a four-year refurbishment costing £34.6m.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Maritime_Museum" title="Aberdeen Maritime Museum">Aberdeen Maritime Museum</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Shiprow" title="Shiprow">Shiprow</a>, tells the story of Aberdeen's links with the sea from the days of sail and <a href="/wiki/Clipper_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipper ships">clipper ships</a> to the latest oil and gas exploration technology. It includes an 8.5-metre-high (28 ft) model of the Murchison oil production platform and a 19th-century assembly taken from <a href="/wiki/Rattray_Head" title="Rattray Head">Rattray Head</a> lighthouse <a href="/wiki/Provost_John_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Provost John Ross">Provost Ross' House</a> is the second oldest dwelling house in the city. It was built in 1593 and became the residence of <a href="/wiki/Provost_John_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Provost John Ross">Provost John Ross</a> of Arnage in 1702. The house retains some original <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> features, including a kitchen, fireplaces and beam-and-board ceilings.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders_Museum" title="Gordon Highlanders Museum">Gordon Highlanders Museum</a> tells the story of one of Scotland's best known regiments.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Provost_Skene%27s_House" title="Provost Skene's House">Provost Skene's House</a> on Flourmill Lane dates from 1545 and is the oldest surviving townhouse in the city. It reopened in October 2021 after significant refurbishment costing £3.8m.<a href="#cite_note-:2-158">[154]</a> One of the new exhibitions is a Hall of Heroes featuring 100 Aberdonians who have made a significant contribution to the city.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-158">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Tolbooth,_Aberdeen" title="The Tolbooth, Aberdeen">Tollbooth Museum</a> on the Castlegate (currently closed to visitors) is a former jail, which first opened as a public museum in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The Aberdeen Treasure Hub is a storage facility for Aberdeen Museums and Galleries containing over 100,000 items.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> The store is open for infrequent tours, for example as part of <a href="/wiki/Doors_Open_Days" title="Doors Open Days">Doors Open Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marischal_Museum" title="Marischal Museum">Marischal Museum</a> holds the principal collections of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, comprising some 80,000 items in the areas of fine art, Scottish history and archaeology, and European, Mediterranean and Near Eastern archaeology. The permanent displays and reference collections are augmented by regular temporary exhibitions, and since its closure to the public it now has a virtual online presence<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> It closed to the public in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Museum" title="King's Museum">King's Museum</a> acts as the main museum of the university now.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_performing_arts">Festivals and performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Festivals and performing arts">edit</a>]</div> Aberdeen is home to a number of events and festivals including the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_International_Youth_Festival" title="Aberdeen International Youth Festival">Aberdeen International Youth Festival</a> (the world's largest arts festival for young performers), Aberdeen Jazz Festival, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Alternative_Festival" title="Aberdeen Alternative Festival">Aberdeen Alternative Festival</a>, Rootin' Aboot (a folk and roots music event), Triptych, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>'s annual May Fest (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Word_%E2%80%93_University_of_Aberdeen_writers_festival" title="Word – University of Aberdeen writers festival">Word</a> festival) and DanceLive, Scotland's only festival of contemporary dance, produced by the city's Citymoves dance organisation.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Student_Show" title="Aberdeen Student Show">Aberdeen Student Show</a>, performed annually without interruption since 1921, under the auspices of the Aberdeen Students' Charities Campaign, is the longest-running of its kind in the United Kingdom. It is written, produced and performed by students and graduates of Aberdeen's universities and higher education institutions. Since 1929—other than on a handful of occasions—it has been staged at <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Aberdeen" title="His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen">His Majesty's Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> National festivals which visited Aberdeen in 2012 included the <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Science Festival">British Science Festival</a> in September, hosted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> but with events also taking place at <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University" title="Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon University</a> and at other venues across the city. In February 2012 the University of Aberdeen also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Inter_Varsity_Folk_Dance_Festival" title="Inter Varsity Folk Dance Festival">Inter Varsity Folk Dance Festival</a>, the longest-running folk festival in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Aberdeen is home to Spectra, an annual light festival hosted in different locations across the city.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Aberdeen is home to <a href="/wiki/NuArt_Festival" title="NuArt Festival">Nuart</a>, a festival showcasing street art around the city. The festival has run since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> In 2020, the WayWORD Festival<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> was launched by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> WORD centre for creative writing. This yearly programme celebrates the arts through readings, performances, workshops and discussion panels. There have been many notable headliners including <a href="/wiki/Val_McDermid" title="Val McDermid">Val McDermid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Welsh" title="Irvine Welsh">Irvine Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Stuart_(writer)" title="Douglas Stuart (writer)">Douglas Stuart (writer)</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dialect">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric dialect (Scotland)</a></div> The local dialect of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Lowland Scots</a> is often known as Doric and is spoken not just in the city, but across the northeast of Scotland. It differs somewhat from other Scots dialects: most noticeable are the pronunciation "f" for what is normally written "wh" and "ee" for what in standard English would usually be written "oo" (Scots "ui"). Every year the annual Doric Festival takes place in Aberdeenshire to celebrate the history of the north-east's language.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_music">Media and music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Media and music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Aberdeen" title="Media in Aberdeen">Media in Aberdeen</a></div> Aberdeen is home to Scotland's oldest newspaper <a href="/wiki/Press_and_Journal_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Press and Journal (Scotland)">the Press and Journal</a>, a local and regional newspaper first published in 1747. The Press and Journal and its sister paper the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Evening_Express_(Scotland)" title="Evening Express (Scotland)">Evening Express</a> are printed six days a week by <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Journals" title="Aberdeen Journals">Aberdeen Journals</a>. There was one free newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Citizen" title="Aberdeen Citizen">Aberdeen Citizen</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland" title="BBC Scotland">BBC Scotland</a> has a network studio production base in the city's Beechgrove area, and BBC Aberdeen produces The Beechgrove Potting Shed for radio while Tern Television produces <a href="/wiki/The_Beechgrove_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beechgrove Garden">The Beechgrove Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> The city is also home to <a href="/wiki/STV_North" class="mw-redirect" title="STV North">STV North</a> (formerly Grampian Television), which produces the regional news programmes such as <a href="/wiki/STV_News_at_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="STV News at Six">STV News at Six</a>, as well as local commercials. The station, based at Craigshaw Business Park in <a href="/wiki/Tullos" title="Tullos">Tullos</a>, was based at larger studios in <a href="/wiki/Queens_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens Cross">Queens Cross</a> from September 1961 until June 2003.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> There are three commercial radio stations operating in the city, <a href="/wiki/Northsound_1" title="Northsound 1">Northsound 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_North_East_Scotland" title="Greatest Hits Radio North East Scotland">Greatest Hits Radio North East Scotland</a>, and independent station <a href="/wiki/Original_106_(Scotland)" title="Original 106 (Scotland)">Original 106</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> station shmu FM<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> managed by Station House Media Unit which supports community members to run Aberdeen's full-time community radio station, broadcasting on 99.8 MHz FM.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Music venues include <a href="/wiki/The_Music_Hall_(Aberdeen)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Music Hall (Aberdeen)">Aberdeen Music Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/P%26J_Live" title="P&J Live">P&J Live</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_Buttery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Aberdeen_Buttery.jpg/220px-Aberdeen_Buttery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Aberdeen_Buttery.jpg/330px-Aberdeen_Buttery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Aberdeen_Buttery.jpg/440px-Aberdeen_Buttery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Aberdeen butteries, also known as rowies, served with jam</figcaption></figure>The Aberdeen region has given its name to a number of dishes, including the <a href="/wiki/Buttery_(bread)" title="Buttery (bread)">Aberdeen buttery</a> (also known as "rowie")<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> and Aberdeen Sausage.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> In 2015, a study was published in <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a> which analysed the presence of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food restaurant">branded fast food outlets</a> in Scotland. Of the ten towns and cities analysed, Aberdeen was found to have the lowest per capita concentration, with just 0.12 stores per 1,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_Sep_2012-Abdn_Children%27s_Hosp_%26_Emergency_Care_Centre_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/15th_Sep_2012-Abdn_Children%27s_Hosp_%26_Emergency_Care_Centre_10.JPG/220px-15th_Sep_2012-Abdn_Children%27s_Hosp_%26_Emergency_Care_Centre_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/15th_Sep_2012-Abdn_Children%27s_Hosp_%26_Emergency_Care_Centre_10.JPG/330px-15th_Sep_2012-Abdn_Children%27s_Hosp_%26_Emergency_Care_Centre_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/15th_Sep_2012-Abdn_Children%27s_Hosp_%26_Emergency_Care_Centre_10.JPG/440px-15th_Sep_2012-Abdn_Children%27s_Hosp_%26_Emergency_Care_Centre_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>New Royal Aberdeen's Children Hospital and New Emergency Care Centre in background, Foresterhill, Aberdeen</figcaption></figure> The public health service in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a> provides for the people of Aberdeen through the <a href="/wiki/NHS_Grampian" title="NHS Grampian">NHS Grampian</a> health board. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Royal_Infirmary" title="Aberdeen Royal Infirmary">Aberdeen Royal Infirmary</a> is the largest hospital in the city and one of the largest in Europe<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> (the location of the city's A&E department), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aberdeen_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital">Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital</a>, a paediatric hospital, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cornhill_Hospital" title="Royal Cornhill Hospital">Royal Cornhill Hospital</a> for mental health, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Maternity_Hospital" title="Aberdeen Maternity Hospital">Aberdeen Maternity Hospital</a>, an antenatal hospital, <a href="/wiki/Woodend_Hospital" title="Woodend Hospital">Woodend Hospital</a>, which specialises in rehabilitation and long-term illnesses and conditions, and <a href="/wiki/City_Hospital,_Aberdeen" title="City Hospital, Aberdeen">City Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolmanhill_Hospital" title="Woolmanhill Hospital">Woolmanhill Hospital</a>, which host several out-patient clinics and offices. <a href="/wiki/Albyn_Hospital" title="Albyn Hospital">Albyn Hospital</a> is a private hospital located in the west end of the city.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Aberdeen City Council is responsible for city-owned infrastructure which is paid for by a mixture of Council Tax and income from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>. Infrastructure and services run by the council include: nursery, primary and secondary education, roads, clearing snow in winter, city wardens, maintaining parks, refuse collection, economic development, public analyst, public mortuary, street cleaning and street lighting. Infrastructure in private hands includes electricity, gas and telecoms. Water and sewerage services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Water" title="Scottish Water">Scottish Water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <ul><li>Police: Policing in Aberdeen is the responsibility of <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> has responsibility for railways).</li> <li>Ambulance: The North East divisional headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Ambulance_Service" title="Scottish Ambulance Service">Scottish Ambulance Service</a> is located in Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></li> <li>Fire and rescue: This is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Scottish Fire and Rescue Service">Scottish Fire and Rescue Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a></li> <li>Lifeboat: The <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution" title="Royal National Lifeboat Institution">Royal National Lifeboat Institution</a> operates <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Lifeboat_Station" title="Aberdeen Lifeboat Station">Aberdeen Lifeboat Station</a>. It is located at Victoria Dock Entrance in York Place.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Aberdeen" title="Sport in Aberdeen">Sport in Aberdeen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> The first ever recorded game of football, was outlined by teacher <a href="/wiki/David_Wedderburn_(writer)" title="David Wedderburn (writer)">David Wedderburn</a> in his book "Vocabula" written in 1633, during his time teaching at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Grammar_School" title="Aberdeen Grammar School">Aberdeen Grammar School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittodrie_Stadium_viewed_from_Broad_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pittodrie_Stadium_viewed_from_Broad_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573187.jpg/220px-Pittodrie_Stadium_viewed_from_Broad_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573187.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pittodrie_Stadium_viewed_from_Broad_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573187.jpg/330px-Pittodrie_Stadium_viewed_from_Broad_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pittodrie_Stadium_viewed_from_Broad_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573187.jpg/440px-Pittodrie_Stadium_viewed_from_Broad_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1573187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium" title="Pittodrie Stadium">Pittodrie Stadium</a> viewed from Broad Hill</figcaption></figure> There are two Aberdeen-based football clubs in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Professional_Football_League" title="Scottish Professional Football League">SPFL</a>, the senior branch of Scottish football. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C." title="Aberdeen F.C.">Aberdeen F.C.</a> (The Dons) play in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premiership" title="Scottish Premiership">Scottish Premiership</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium" title="Pittodrie Stadium">Pittodrie Stadium</a>. The club won the <a href="/wiki/European_Cup_Winners_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="European Cup Winners Cup">European Cup Winners Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Super_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="European Super Cup">European Super Cup</a> in 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League" title="Scottish Premier League">Scottish Premier League</a> Championship four times (1955, 1980, 1984 and 1985), and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cup" title="Scottish Cup">Scottish Cup</a> seven times (1947, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986 and 1990). Under the management of <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ferguson" title="Alex Ferguson">Alex Ferguson</a>, Aberdeen was a major force in British football during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> After 8 seasons in charge, the most recent of Managers Derek McInnes, was relieved of his duties, the club's failure to achieve anything more than 1 trophy in 24 competitions during his tenure and a recent run of games which saw 1 goal in ten matches ultimately proved costly for the Manager and his Assistant Tony Docherty. Under the management of McInnes the team won the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_League_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Scottish League Cup Final">2014</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup" title="Scottish League Cup">Scottish League Cup</a> and followed it up with a second-place league finish for the first time in more than 20 years in the following season. But it was over the last few seasons that results stagnated and McInnes was replaced by former Aberdeen and Newcastle player <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Glass_(footballer)" title="Stephen Glass (footballer)">Stephen Glass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> The current manager is <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Thelin" title="Jimmy Thelin">Jimmy Thelin</a>. The other senior team is <a href="/wiki/Cove_Rangers_F.C." title="Cove Rangers F.C.">Cove Rangers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_League_One" title="Scottish League One">League One</a>, who play at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Stadium" title="Balmoral Stadium">Balmoral Stadium</a> in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Cove_Bay" title="Cove Bay">Cove Bay</a>. Cove won the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Football_League" title="Highland Football League">Highland Football League</a> championship in 2001, 2008, 2009, 2013 and 2019, winning the League Two play-offs in 2019 and earning <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Scottish_League_Two" title="2019–20 Scottish League Two">promotion</a>. At the point at which the 2019/20 League Two season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Cove was sitting top of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_League_Two" title="Scottish League Two">League Two</a> table and were promoted as Champions.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Local junior teams include <a href="/wiki/Banks_O%27_Dee_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Banks O' Dee F.C.">Banks O' Dee F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culter_F.C." title="Culter F.C.">Culter F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/F.C._Stoneywood" class="mw-redirect" title="F.C. Stoneywood">F.C. Stoneywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glentanar_F.C." title="Glentanar F.C.">Glentanar F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnybank_F.C." title="Sunnybank F.C.">Sunnybank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermes_F.C." title="Hermes F.C.">Hermes F.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_Union">Rugby Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Rugby Union">edit</a>]</div> Aberdeen hosted <a href="/wiki/Caledonia_Reds" title="Caledonia Reds">Caledonia Reds</a>, a Scottish rugby team, before they merged with the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors" title="Glasgow Warriors">Glasgow Warriors</a> in 1998. The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premiership_Division_One" title="Scottish Premiership Division One">Scottish Premiership Division One</a> rugby club <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_GSFP_RFC" title="Aberdeen GSFP RFC">Aberdeen GSFP RFC</a> who play at <a href="/wiki/Rubislaw_Playing_Fields" title="Rubislaw Playing Fields">Rubislaw Playing Fields</a>, and Aberdeenshire RFC which was founded in 1875 and runs Junior, Senior Men's, Senior Ladies and Touch sections from the Woodside Sports Complex<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Wanderers_RFC" title="Aberdeen Wanderers RFC">Aberdeen Wanderers RFC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> In 2005 the President of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union" title="Scottish Rugby Union">SRU</a> said it was hoped eventually to establish a professional team in Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> In November 2008 the city hosted a rugby international at <a href="/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium" title="Pittodrie Stadium">Pittodrie</a> between <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team" title="Canada national rugby union team">Canada</a>, with Scotland winning 41–0.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> In November 2010 the city once again hosted a rugby international at <a href="/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium" title="Pittodrie Stadium">Pittodrie</a> between <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team" title="Samoa national rugby union team">Samoa</a>, with Scotland winning 19–16.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_League">Rugby League</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rugby League">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Warriors" title="Aberdeen Warriors">Aberdeen Warriors</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> team play in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference" title="Rugby League Conference">Rugby League Conference</a> Division One. The Warriors also run Under 15's and 17's teams. <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Grammar_School" title="Aberdeen Grammar School">Aberdeen Grammar School</a> won the Saltire Schools Cup in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Golf">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HazleheadGolfCourse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HazleheadGolfCourse.jpg/220px-HazleheadGolfCourse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HazleheadGolfCourse.jpg/330px-HazleheadGolfCourse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/HazleheadGolfCourse.jpg/440px-HazleheadGolfCourse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Hazlehead Golf Course</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aberdeen_Golf_Club" title="Royal Aberdeen Golf Club">Royal Aberdeen Golf Club</a>, founded in 1780 is the sixth oldest golf club in the world, and hosted the <a href="/wiki/Senior_British_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior British Open">Senior British Open</a> in 2005, and the amateur team event the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Cup" title="Walker Cup">Walker Cup</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Royal Aberdeen also hosted the Scottish Open in 2014, won by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Rose" title="Justin Rose">Justin Rose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> The club has a second course, and there are public golf courses at Auchmill, <a href="/wiki/Balnagask" title="Balnagask">Balnagask</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazlehead_Park" title="Hazlehead Park">Hazlehead</a> and King's Links.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> There are new courses planned for the area, including world-class facilities with major financial backing, the city and shire are set to become important in golf tourism. In Summer 2012, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> opened a new state of the art golf course at Menie, just north of the city, as the <a href="/wiki/Trump_International_Golf_Links,_Scotland" title="Trump International Golf Links, Scotland">Trump International Golf Links, Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> The City of Aberdeen Swim Team (COAST) was based in Northfield swimming pool, but since the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Sports_Village" title="Aberdeen Sports Village">Aberdeen Aquatics Centre</a> in 2014, it is now based there, as it has a 50 m pool as opposed to the 25 m pool at Northfield. It has been in operation since 1996. The team comprises several smaller swimming clubs and has enjoyed success throughout Scotland and in international competitions. Three of the team's swimmers qualified for the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-COAST-203">[199]</a> There are four boat clubs that row on the River Dee: Aberdeen Boat Club (ABC), Aberdeen Schools Rowing Association (ASRA), Aberdeen University Boat Club (AUBC) and Robert Gordon University Boat Club (RGUBC).<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> The city has one national league side, Stoneywood-Dyce. Local "Grades"<a href="#cite_note-GRADES-205">[201]</a> cricket has been played in Aberdeen since 1884. Aberdeenshire were the 2009 and 2014 Scottish National Premier League and Scottish Cup Champions.<a href="#cite_note-Cricketscotland-206">[202]</a><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Lynx" title="Aberdeen Lynx">Aberdeen Lynx</a> are an ice hockey team that plays in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_League_(ice_hockey)" title="Scottish National League (ice hockey)">Scottish National League</a> and is based at the Linx Ice Arena.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Aberdeen University Shinty Club (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Club Camanachd Oilthigh Obar Dheathain) is the oldest constituted <a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">shinty</a> club in the world, dating back to 1861.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> The city council operates public tennis courts in various parks including an indoor tennis centre at Westburn Park. The Beach Leisure Centre is home to a climbing wall, gymnasium and a swimming pool. There are numerous swimming pools dotted around the city notably the largest, the <a href="/wiki/Bon_Accord_Baths" title="Bon Accord Baths">Bon Accord Baths</a> which closed down in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> In common with many other major towns and cities in the UK, Aberdeen has an active <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a> league, <a href="/wiki/Granite_City_Roller_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Granite City Roller Girls">Granite City Roller Derb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Roughnecks" title="Aberdeen Roughnecks">Aberdeen Roughnecks</a> <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> club is a new team that started in 2012 and is the first team that Aberdeen has witnessed since the Granite City Oilers that began in 1986 and were wound up in the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Oilers_Floorball_Club" title="Aberdeen Oilers Floorball Club">Aberdeen Oilers Floorball Club</a> was founded in 2007. The club initially attracted a range of experienced Scandinavian and other European players who were studying in Aberdeen. Since their formation, Aberdeen Oilers have played in the British Floorball Northern League and went on to win the league in the 2008/09 season. The club played a major role in setting up a ladies league in Scotland. The Oilers' ladies team ended up second in the first ladies league season (2008/09).<a href="#cite_note-Aberdeen_Oilers_Floorball_Club-212">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_cities">Twin cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Twin cities">edit</a>]</div> Aberdeen is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, Norway, since 1990<a href="#cite_note-twin-213">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, Germany, since 1955<a href="#cite_note-twin-213">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a>, France, since 1983<a href="#cite_note-twin-213">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a>, Belarus, since 1990<a href="#cite_note-twin-213">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, Zimbabwe, since 1986<a href="#cite_note-twin-213">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, US, since 1979, is twinned with the former region of <a href="/wiki/Grampian" title="Grampian">Grampian</a> of which Aberdeen is the regional centre<a href="#cite_note-us_twin-214">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, Japan, since 2022, is twinned with Aberdeen for its hydrogen work.<a href="#cite_note-jp_twin-215">[211]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_and_residents">Notable people and residents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notable people and residents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aberdonians" title="List of Aberdonians">List of Aberdonians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg/170px-Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg/255px-Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg/340px-Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Lord_Byron" title="Portrait of Lord Byron">Portrait of Lord Byron</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>, c.1814</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_(journalist_and_author)" title="William Alexander (journalist and author)">William Alexander</a> (1826–1894), journalist and author of Johnny Gibb of Gushetneuk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Benzies" title="Leslie Benzies">Leslie Benzies</a>, Former president of <a href="/wiki/Rockstar_North" title="Rockstar North">Rockstar North</a>, creators of the critically acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto" title="Grand Theft Auto">Grand Theft Auto</a> series.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Booth" title="Scott Booth">Scott Booth</a>, former football player, played for <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C." title="Aberdeen F.C.">Aberdeen F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Twente" title="FC Twente">FC Twente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund" title="Borussia Dortmund">Borussia Dortmund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland national football team</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Burnett" title="Alf Burnett">Alf Burnett</a>, footballer who played for Dundee United</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> (1788–1824), poet, was raised (age 2–10) in Aberdeen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cant_(minister)" title="Andrew Cant (minister)">Andrew Cant</a>, (1584–1663) Presbyterian minister and leader of the Scottish Covenanters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Carry" title="David Carry">David Carry</a>, swimmer, two times <a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Commonwealth Games</a> gold medallist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cecil" title="Henry Cecil">Henry Cecil</a>, one of the most successful horse trainers of all time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Chambers" title="Oswald Chambers">Oswald Chambers</a>, author of My Utmost for His Highest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Christie_(portrait_painter)" title="Alexander Christie (portrait painter)">Alexander Christie</a>, portrait painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Crenshaw" title="Dan Crenshaw">Dan Crenshaw</a>, Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a> district.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cruickshank" title="Andrew Cruickshank">Andrew Cruickshank</a>, actor famous for his role in <a href="/wiki/Dr._Finlay%27s_Casebook_(TV_%26_radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Finlay's Casebook (TV & radio)">Dr Finlay's Casebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathieson_Dodds" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathieson Dodds">John Mathieson Dodds</a>, apprentice and engineer with Metrovick, Manchester and radar pioneer in Chain Home defence system for 1940 Battle of Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Fachie" title="Neil Fachie">Neil Fachie</a>, cyclist, <a href="/wiki/2012_Paralympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Paralympic Games">2012 Paralympic Games</a> gold and silver medalist.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Farquhar" title="Simon Farquhar">Simon Farquhar</a>, playwright.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Garden" title="Graeme Garden">Graeme Garden</a>, author, actor, comedian, artist, TV presenter, famous for <a href="/wiki/The_Goodies" title="The Goodies">The Goodies</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gatt" title="Martin Gatt">Martin Gatt</a>, principal bassoonist English Chamber Orchestra, LPO and LSO.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Gauld" title="Ryan Gauld">Ryan Gauld</a>, footballer who currently plays for <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Whitecaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver Whitecaps">Vancouver Whitecaps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/MLS" class="mw-redirect" title="MLS">MLS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a>, 18th-century architect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Gibson" title="Quentin Gibson">Quentin Gibson</a> (1918–2011), physiologist and biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="James Gregory (mathematician)">James Gregory</a> (1638–1675), Scottish mathematician and astronomer, born in the manse at Drumoak, just outside Aberdeen. Attended <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Grammar_School" title="Aberdeen Grammar School">Aberdeen Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. Discovered diffraction gratings a year after Newton's prism experiments, and invented the Gregorian telescope design in 1663 which is used in telescopes such as the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Radio_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Arecibo Radio Telescope">Arecibo Observatory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="David Gregory (mathematician)">David Gregory</a> (1659–1708), Scottish mathematician and astronomer. Attended <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Grammar_School" title="Aberdeen Grammar School">Aberdeen Grammar School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. A professor of mathematics. Based on his uncle <a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="James Gregory (mathematician)">James Gregory</a>'s work, he extended or discovered the method of quadratures by infinite series. His principle work "Astronomiae physicae et geometricae elementa" (1702) was the first text-book on gravitational principles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, politician and MP.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jamesone" title="George Jamesone">George Jamesone</a>, Scotland's first eminent portrait-painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Victor_Jones" title="Reginald Victor Jones">Reginald Victor Jones</a>, physicist, Chair of Natural Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, author.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">John Michael Kosterlitz</a>, physicist, professor of physics at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>. Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in physics</a> in 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Law" title="Denis Law">Denis Law</a>, former football player, played for <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C." title="Manchester City F.C.">Manchester City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland national team</a>, joint all-time record Scotland goalscorer with 30 goals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lawrie" title="Paul Lawrie">Paul Lawrie</a>, golfer, winner of the <a href="/wiki/1999_Open_Championship" title="1999 Open Championship">1999 Open Championship</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lennox" title="Annie Lennox">Annie Lennox</a>, musician, winner of eight <a href="/wiki/Brit_Awards" title="Brit Awards">Brit Awards</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Leslie" title="Rose Leslie">Rose Leslie</a>, actress, best known for playing Ygritte in HBO's <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a> (1876–1935) Biochemist and Physiologist. For his role in the discovery and isolation of insulin he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> in 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_MacWilliam" title="John Alexander MacWilliam">John Alexander MacWilliam</a> (1857–1937), <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Physiology_(Aberdeen)" title="Regius Professor of Physiology (Aberdeen)">Professor of the Institutes of Medicine (later Physiology)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. Pioneer in the field of cardiac electro-physiology & ventricular fibrillation of the heart. First to propose ventricular fibrillation as the most common cause of sudden death through heart attack. First to propose use of life saving electrical de-fibrilators. His work laid the frame work for the development of the pace maker.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Main" title="Laura Main">Laura Main</a>, actress, best known for playing Sister Bernadette/Shelagh Turner in the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Call_the_Midwife" title="Call the Midwife">Call the Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (1831–1879), Chair of Natural Philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> from 1856 to 1860. Formulated the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morison" title="Robert Morison">Robert Morison</a> (1620–1683), a Scottish botanist and taxonomist. He elucidated and developed the first systematic classification of plants. Gained his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> at the age of eighteen. For ten years Director of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s royal gardens at <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a>, France, then physician, botanist & superintendent of all royal gardens for <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of Scotland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Morrocco" title="Alberto Morrocco">Alberto Morrocco</a> (1917–1998), Scottish artist and teacher famous for his landscapes of Scotland and abroad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Nisbet" title="Andy Nisbet">Andy Nisbet</a> (1953–2019), a Scottish mountaineer, guide, climbing instructor, and editor of climbing guidebooks. A pioneer of mixed rock and ice climbing techniques over 45 years. Developed over 1,000 new winter climbing routes in Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Paiaya" title="Ara Paiaya">Ara Paiaya</a>, film producer and director of <a href="/wiki/Skin_Traffik" title="Skin Traffik">Skin Traffik</a>, Instant Death and Purge of Kingdoms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbie_Renwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Robbie Renwick">Robbie Renwick</a>, swimmer, 1x <a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010 Commonwealth Games</a> gold medalist.</li> <li>Professor Sir C. <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Rice" title="Duncan Rice">Duncan Rice</a>, historian, former principal of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_Robertson" title="Lawson Robertson">Lawson Robertson</a> (1883–1951), born in Aberdeen, competed for the U.S. Olympic Team at the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis, winning the bronze medal in the standing high jump. Head coach of U.S. track team at 4 successive Olympic games, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Simpson" title="Archibald Simpson">Archibald Simpson</a>, architect, one of Aberdeen's major architects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(architect)" title="John Smith (architect)">John Smith</a>, architect, Aberdeen's other major architect and official City Architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol_Stephen" title="Nicol Stephen">Nicol Stephen</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a> leader, former <a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strachan" title="John Strachan">John Strachan</a>, first Anglican <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Toronto" title="Anglican Diocese of Toronto">Bishop of Toronto</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Wallace" title="Annie Wallace">Annie Wallace</a>, actress in <a href="/wiki/Hollyoaks" title="Hollyoaks">Hollyoaks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Yeats" title="Ron Yeats">Ron Yeats</a>, former football player, captain of the first great <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool</a> team of the 1960s, also played for the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland national team</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aberdeen_in_popular_culture">Aberdeen in popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Aberdeen in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_MacBride" title="Stuart MacBride">Stuart MacBride</a>'s crime novels Cold Granite, Dying Light, Broken Skin, Flesh House, Blind Eye and Dark Blood (a series with main protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Sergeant#Police_7" title="Sergeant">DS</a> Logan McRae) are all set in Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a></li> <li>A large part of the plot of the World War II thriller <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_the_Needle_(novel)" title="Eye of the Needle (novel)">Eye of the Needle</a> by Welsh author, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>, takes place in wartime Aberdeen, from which a German spy is trying to escape to a submarine waiting offshore.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a></li> <li>A portion of <a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Blue_(Rankin_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and Blue (Rankin novel)">Black and Blue</a> (1997) is set in Aberdeen, where its nickname "Furry Boots" is noted.<a href="#cite_note-DSL1-219">[215]</a></li> <li>Songs titled "Aberdeen" have been recorded by the music groups <a href="/wiki/Danny_Wilson_(band)" title="Danny Wilson (band)">Danny Wilson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royseven" title="Royseven">Royseven</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cage_the_Elephant" title="Cage the Elephant">Cage the Elephant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a></li> <li>The Scottish rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Xcerts" title="The Xcerts">The Xcerts</a> released the song "Aberdeen 1987" on their debut album <a href="/wiki/In_the_Cold_Wind_We_Smile" title="In the Cold Wind We Smile">In the Cold Wind We Smile</a>, released on 30 March 2009. The first verse contains the line "15, sitting in a graveyard talking about their history". The graveyard referenced in the song is the graveyard of the <a href="/wiki/Kirk_of_St_Nicholas" title="Kirk of St Nicholas">Kirk of St Nicholas</a> on <a href="/wiki/Union_Street,_Aberdeen" title="Union Street, Aberdeen">Union Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a></li> <li>The character <a href="/wiki/Scotty_(Star_Trek)" title="Scotty (Star Trek)">Scotty</a> from <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek: The Original Series</a> references spending his youth in Aberdeen, though it is debated whether it is his birthplace.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Bestiary" title="Aberdeen Bestiary">Aberdeen Bestiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_typhoid_outbreak_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen typhoid outbreak 1964">Aberdeen typhoid outbreak 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Aberdeen" title="List of places in Aberdeen">List of places in Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aberdeen" title="Our Lady of Aberdeen">Our Lady of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City_of_Aberdeen" title="Freedom of the City of Aberdeen">Freedom of the City of Aberdeen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Weather station is located 6 miles (10 km) from the Aberdeen city centre. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Weather station is located 5 miles (8 km) from the Aberdeen city centre. </li> <li id="cite_note-new_2011_category-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-new_2011_category_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_2011_category_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_2011_category_78-2">c</a> New category created for the 2011 census </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Category restructured for the 2011 census </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Council_leadership-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Council_leadership_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/services/council-and-democracy">"Council and Democracy"</a>. Aberdeen City Council. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calms.abdn.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqServer=Calms&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%27grhb%202%27%29">the original</a> on 3 May 2015. 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Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2009. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443807043" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443807043"><bdi>978-1443807043</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414205525/https://books.google.com/books?id=irIYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. 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Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunrise+and+sunset+for+Aberdeen&rft.pub=Sunrise+and+Sunset&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunrise-and-sunset.com%2Fen%2Fsun%2Funited-kingdom%2Faberdeen%2F2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305153715/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/escotland/7100_1km/MaxTemp_Average_1971-2000_7.gif">"July temp map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MetOffice" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOffice">MetOffice</a>. 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Met Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002859/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfnmmyh91">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+Airport+1991%E2%80%932020+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2Fweather%2Fclimate%2Fgfnmmyh91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/UK/03091.TXT">"Aberdeen Airport climate normals 1961–1990"</a>. Met Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051849/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/UK/03091.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+Airport+climate+normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FRA-VI%2FUK%2F03091.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/aberdeen-dyce/valeurs/03091.html">"Climatologie de l'année à Aberdeen / Dyce"</a> (in French). Infoclimat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005231001/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/aberdeen-dyce/valeurs/03091.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatologie+de+l%27ann%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Aberdeen+%2F+Dyce&rft.pub=Infoclimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie%2Fannee%2F1991%2Faberdeen-dyce%2Fvaleurs%2F03091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php">"Indices Data – Aberdeen Dyce Station 1825"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KNMI_(institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNMI (institute)">KNMI</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php">the original</a> on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indices+Data+%E2%80%93+Aberdeen+Dyce+Station+1825&rft.pub=KNMI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2F%2Fdownload%2Fmillennium%2Fmillennium.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031164323/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19812010/sites/craibstone.html">"Craibstone 1981–2010 averages"</a>. Met Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19812010/sites/craibstone.html">the original</a> on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Craibstone+1981%E2%80%932010+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19812010%2Fsites%2Fcraibstone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php">"Indices Data – Craibstone Station 1629"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KNMI_(institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNMI (institute)">KNMI</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php">the original</a> on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indices+Data+%E2%80%93+Craibstone+Station+1629&rft.pub=KNMI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2F%2Fdownload%2Fmillennium%2Fmillennium.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk">"Data Documentation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907160421/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Documentation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120201443/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10192985&c_id=10090283&add=N">"Aberdeen Population"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10192985&c_id=10090283&add=N">the original</a> on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_table_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TPop%26u_id%3D10192985%26c_id%3D10090283%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-citycensusreview-68"><a href="#cite_ref-citycensusreview_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberdeen_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Aberdeen City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428132455/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1726&sID=332">"2001 Census: Key Statistics – Aberdeen City"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1726&sID=332">the original</a> on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census%3A+Key+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Aberdeen+City&rft.au=Aberdeen+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aberdeencity.gov.uk%2Fnmsruntime%2Fsaveasdialog.asp%3FlID%3D1726%26sID%3D332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aberdeencity.gov.uk-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aberdeencity.gov.uk_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aberdeencity.gov.uk_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aberdeencity.gov.uk_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305003337/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=55102&sID=53">"Aberdeen City Council – 2011 Census Release 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=55102&sID=53">the original</a> on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+City+Council+%E2%80%93+2011+Census+Release+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aberdeencity.gov.uk%2Fnmsruntime%2Fsaveasdialog.asp%3FlID%3D55102%26sID%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212346/https://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Household&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Aberdeen+City&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=null&compLevel=CountryProfile&compArea=Scotland&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null">"Comparative Household Profile: Aberdeen City Council Area, Scotland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Household&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Aberdeen+City&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=null&compLevel=CountryProfile&compArea=Scotland&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparative+Household+Profile%3A+Aberdeen+City+Council+Area%2C+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scrol.gov.uk%2Fscrol%2Fbrowser%2Fprofile.jsp%3Fprofile%3DHousehold%26mainLevel%3DCouncilArea%26mainArea%3DAberdeen%2BCity%26mainText%3D%26mainTextExplicitMatch%3Dnull%26compLevel%3DCountryProfile%26compArea%3DScotland%26compText%3D%26compTextExplicitMatch%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberdeen_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Aberdeen City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031848/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/ACCI/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1726&sID=332">"Low Income Households in Aberdeen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/ACCI/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=1726&sID=332">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Low+Income+Households+in+Aberdeen&rft.au=Aberdeen+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aberdeencity.gov.uk%2FACCI%2Fnmsruntime%2Fsaveasdialog.asp%3FlID%3D1726%26sID%3D332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716023915/http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/buying_and_selling/article4833999.ece">"Scottish homes market view 2008"</a>. The Times. London. 28 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/buying_and_selling/article4833999.ece">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Scottish+homes+market+view+2008&rft.date=2008-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproperty.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Flife_and_style%2Fproperty%2Fbuying_and_selling%2Farticle4833999.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:412_73-0">^</a> As UK Census data post-2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata/censusdata18011991">recommended</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602152933/https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata/censusdata18011991">Archived</a> 2 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Archived</a> 15 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for Scotland.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-:422-74"><a href="#cite_ref-:422_74-0">^</a> Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; General Register Office for Scotland; Registrar General for Northern Ireland (1997): 1991 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service (Edition: 1997). DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1991-1">http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1991-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827072513/https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=22001">Archived</a> 27 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Dissemination_Unit2011" class="citation web cs1">Census Dissemination Unit, Mimas (5 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk/">"InFuse"</a>. infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717045206/https://infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk&rft.atitle=InFuse&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.aulast=Census+Dissemination+Unit&rft.aufirst=Mimas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfuse2011gf.ukdataservice.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html">"Scotland's Census 2011 – Table KS201SC"</a>. scotlandscensus.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044126/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/standard-outputs.html%20">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+Census+2011+%E2%80%93+Table+KS201SC&rft.pub=scotlandscensus.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fods-web%2Fstandard-outputs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022census_Scot-77"><a href="#cite_ref-2022census_Scot_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx">"Scotland's Census 2022 – Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion – Chart data"</a>. Scotland's Census. <a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a>. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Census+2022+%E2%80%93+Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion+%E2%80%93+Chart+data&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Ftrbdxzme%2Fscotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/search-by">Alternative URL</a> 'Search data by location' > 'Local Authority (CA2019)' > 'Aberdeen City' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group' </li> <li id="cite_note-CountryBirth_22-80"><a href="#cite_ref-CountryBirth_22_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnicity,%20Identity,%20Language%20and%20Religion&categoryId=4">"Table UV204 – Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals"</a>. National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+UV204+%E2%80%93+Country+of+birth%3A+Country+by+Country+of+Birth+by+Individuals&rft.pub=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fsearch-the-census%23%2Flocation%2Ftopics%2Flist%3Ftopic%3DEthnicity%2C%2520Identity%2C%2520Language%2520and%2520Religion%26categoryId%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> > 'Aberdeen City' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204' </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion_22-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_22_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnic%20group,%20national%20identity,%20language%20and%20religion&categoryId=1">"Council Area 2019 by Religion by Individuals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/councilnews/ci_cns/pr_maze_160606.asp">the original</a> on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aberdeen+City+Council+News&rft.atitle=Hazlehead+maze+opens+for+the+summer&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aberdeencity.gov.uk%2Fcouncilnews%2Fci_cns%2Fpr_maze_160606.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst11344.html">"Seaton Park"</a>. Gazetteer for Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004214/http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst11344.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+for+Scotland&rft.atitle=Seaton+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish-places.info%2Ffeatures%2Ffeaturefirst11344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated65-122"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated65_122-0">^</a> Edi Swan: His Majesty's Theatre – One Hundred Years of Glorious Damnation (<a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_Publishing" title="Black & White Publishing">Black & White Publishing</a>) (2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84502-102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84502-102-3">978-1-84502-102-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberdeentivoli.net">"Aberdeen Tivoli Theatre Website"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+Tivoli+Theatre+Website&rft.pub=Aberdeentivoli.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aberdeentivoli.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_Environment_ScotlandLB20547" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB20547">"431 Union Street Including 429, 433, 441, 443 Union Street, Former Capitol Cinema (Category B Listed Building) (LB20547)"</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=431+Union+Street+Including+429%2C+433%2C+441%2C+443+Union+Street%2C+Former+Capitol+Cinema+%28Category+B+Listed+Building%29+%28LB20547%29&rft.au=Historic+Environment+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.historicenvironment.scot%2Fdesignation%2FLB20547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_Environment_ScotlandLB19946" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB19946">"33 King Street, Aberdeen Arts Centre (Category A Listed Building) (LB19946)"</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=33+King+Street%2C+Aberdeen+Arts+Centre+%28Category+A+Listed+Building%29+%28LB19946%29&rft.au=Historic+Environment+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.historicenvironment.scot%2Fdesignation%2FLB19946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Aberdeen.htm">"Aberdeen Theatres and Halls"</a>. Arthurlloyd.co.uk. 13 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816024242/http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Aberdeen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+Theatres+and+Halls&rft.pub=Arthurlloyd.co.uk&rft.date=2004-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthurlloyd.co.uk%2FAberdeen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_Environment_ScotlandLB19991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB19991">"Union Street, South Silver Street and Golden Square, Music Hall (Category A Listed Building) (LB19991)"</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Street%2C+South+Silver+Street+and+Golden+Square%2C+Music+Hall+%28Category+A+Listed+Building%29+%28LB19991%29&rft.au=Historic+Environment+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.historicenvironment.scot%2Fdesignation%2FLB19991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotrail.co.uk/plan-your-journey/timetables">"Timetable"</a>. ScotRail. 2 June 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScotRail&rft.atitle=Timetable&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotrail.co.uk%2Fplan-your-journey%2Ftimetables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/travelling-later/timetables/">"Download our current timetables"</a>. LNER. 2 June 2024. 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Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caledonian+Sleeper&rft.atitle=All+timetables&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sleeper.scot%2Ftravel-updates%2Fall-timetables%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consultation.aberdeencity.gov.uk/place/a947-bucksburn-roundabout-to-parkhill-junction-mul/">"A947 Bucksburn Roundabout to Parkhill Junction Multi-Modal Corridor Study"</a>. Aberdeen City Council. 22 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008153637/https://consultation.aberdeencity.gov.uk/place/a947-bucksburn-roundabout-to-parkhill-junction-mul/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A947+Bucksburn+Roundabout+to+Parkhill+Junction+Multi-Modal+Corridor+Study&rft.pub=Aberdeen+City+Council&rft.date=2022-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsultation.aberdeencity.gov.uk%2Fplace%2Fa947-bucksburn-roundabout-to-parkhill-junction-mul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bustimes.org/localities/aberdeen">"Aberdeen: Ferry, coach and bus services"</a>. Bustimes.org. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustimes.org&rft.atitle=Aberdeen%3A+Ferry%2C+coach+and+bus+services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbustimes.org%2Flocalities%2Faberdeen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north+east-orkney+shetland-10647620">The Princess Royal opens FirstGroup's new Aberdeen base</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714014247/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north+east-orkney+shetland-10647620">Archived</a> 14 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News 15 July 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europebus.co.uk/london-to-aberdeen-with-national-express-and-megabus-coach/">"London to Aberdeen by direct bus services"</a>. 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Scotland's Great Trails. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130252/https://www.scotlandsgreattrails.com/trail/formartine-buchan-way/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Formatine+and+Buchan+Way&rft.pub=Scotland%27s+Great+Trails&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandsgreattrails.com%2Ftrail%2Fformartine-buchan-way%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207054314/http://www.british-publishing.com/Pages/AberdeenOG/fact.html">"It's a fact: 50 things you may not have known about Aberdeen"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Justin+Rose+marks+return+to+form+with+an+impressive+win+at+the+Scottish+Open&rft.date=2014-07-13&rft.au=Ewan+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2014%2Fjul%2F13%2Fjustin-rose-wins-scottish-open&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619054735/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.asp?lID=49998&sID=17783">"Golf Aberdeen"</a>. Aberdeen City Council. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705180026/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/10/donald-trump-scotland-golf-course">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+opens+controversial+Scottish+golf+course&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft.aulast=Tuffrey&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2012%2Fjul%2F10%2Fdonald-trump-scotland-golf-course&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COAST-203"><a href="#cite_ref-COAST_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331111244/http://www.coastswimming.org.uk/">"City of Aberdeen Swim Team"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastswimming.org.uk/">the original</a> on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Aberdeen+Swim+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastswimming.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottish-rowing.org.uk/takingpart/row/our-clubs">"Our Clubs"</a>. Scottish Rowing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008165339/https://www.scottish-rowing.org.uk/takingpart/row/our-clubs">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Clubs&rft.pub=Scottish+Rowing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish-rowing.org.uk%2Ftakingpart%2Frow%2Four-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRADES-205"><a href="#cite_ref-GRADES_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acagrades.org.uk/">"Aberdeen Grades Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710045101/http://www.acagrades.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+Grades+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facagrades.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cricketscotland-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Cricketscotland_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303033951/http://cricketscotland.com/ScottishCupFinal09">"Dons do double by D/L"</a>. Cricket Scotland. 6 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cricketscotland.com/ScottishCupFinal09">the original</a> on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dons+do+double+by+D%2FL&rft.pub=Cricket+Scotland&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcricketscotland.com%2FScottishCupFinal09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/8689/aberdeen-lynx">"Aberdeen Lynx at eliteprospects.com"</a>. eliteprospects.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008165701/https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/8689/aberdeen-lynx">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eliteprospects.com&rft.atitle=Aberdeen+Lynx+at+eliteprospects.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eliteprospects.com%2Fteam%2F8689%2Faberdeen-lynx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/8606/">"University's historic shinty exhibits go on display at Hampden's football museum"</a>. University of Aberdeen. 15 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301075618/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/8606/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Aberdeen&rft.atitle=University%27s+historic+shinty+exhibits+go+on+display+at+Hampden%27s+football+museum&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abdn.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F8606%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk">"Aberdeen City Council website"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. 26 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106060323/http://aberdeencity.gov.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+City+Council+website&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2010-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aberdeencity.gov.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212502/http://www.granitecityrollergirls.org/">"Granite City Roller Girls league site"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberdeenfloorball.org.uk/">the original</a> on 18 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen+Oilers+Floorball+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aberdeenfloorball.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twin-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twin_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_213-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twin_213-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141126092103/http://www.aberdeeninvestlivevisit.co.uk/Visit/TwinningAberdeen/Aberdeens-Twin-Cities/Aberdeens-Twin-Cities.aspx">"Aberdeen's Twin Cities"</a>. Aberdeen City Council. 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Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fgetent4.php%3Fplen%253D2982%2526startset%253D1934221%2526dtext%253Dsndn%2526query%253DFURRY_BOOT_CITY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Danny-wilson-aberdeen-lyrics">"Danny Wilson: Aberdeen"</a>. Genius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008175745/https://genius.com/Danny-wilson-aberdeen-lyrics">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danny+Wilson%3A+Aberdeen&rft.pub=Genius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FDanny-wilson-aberdeen-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/6156479-RoySeven-The-Aberdeen-EP">"Aberdeen"</a>. Discogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008175917/https://www.discogs.com/release/6156479-RoySeven-The-Aberdeen-EP">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aberdeen&rft.pub=Discogs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F6156479-RoySeven-The-Aberdeen-EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Cage-the-elephant-aberdeen-lyrics">"Cage the Elephant: Aberdeen"</a>. Genius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008180155/https://genius.com/Cage-the-elephant-aberdeen-lyrics">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cage+the+Elephant%3A+Aberdeen&rft.pub=Genius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FCage-the-elephant-aberdeen-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/The-xcerts-aberdeen-1987-lyrics">"The XCERTS – Aberdeen 1987"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216030835/https://genius.com/The-xcerts-aberdeen-1987-lyrics">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+XCERTS+%E2%80%93+Aberdeen+1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FThe-xcerts-aberdeen-1987-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegbie2021" class="citation web cs1">Begbie, Scott (3 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/past-times/2941276/beam-us-up-scotty-its-time-to-pay-tribute-to-aberdeens-star-trek-legend/">"Beam us up, Scotty – it's time to pay tribute to Aberdeen's Star Trek legend"</a>. Press and Journal. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+and+Journal&rft.atitle=Beam+us+up%2C+Scotty+%E2%80%93+it%27s+time+to+pay+tribute+to+Aberdeen%27s+Star+Trek+legend&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft.aulast=Begbie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressandjournal.co.uk%2Ffp%2Fpast-times%2F2941276%2Fbeam-us-up-scotty-its-time-to-pay-tribute-to-aberdeens-star-trek-legend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1994" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Jennifer (1994). Crown and Gown: Illustrated History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495–1995. Aberdeen University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85752-240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85752-240-2"><bdi>978-1-85752-240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+and+Gown%3A+Illustrated+History+of+the+University+of+Aberdeen%2C+1495%E2%80%931995&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85752-240-2&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2000" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, W. Hamish (2000). Aberdeen, 1800 to 2000: A New History. Tuckwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86232-175-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86232-175-5"><bdi>978-1-86232-175-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aberdeen%2C+1800+to+2000%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86232-175-5&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=W.+Hamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith1987" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Alexander (1987). A Thousand Years of Aberdeen. Aberdeen University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900015-29-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900015-29-8"><bdi>978-0-900015-29-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Years+of+Aberdeen&rft.pub=Aberdeen+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-900015-29-8&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shepherd, Mike (2015). Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil. Luath Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910745212" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910745212">978-1910745212</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1871" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, John, ed. (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extractsfromcoun01aberuoft">Extracts from the Council register of the burgh of Aberdeen 1625–1642</a>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Scottish Burgh Records Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extracts+from+the+Council+register+of+the+burgh+of+Aberdeen+1625%E2%80%931642&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Scottish+Burgh+Records+Society&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextractsfromcoun01aberuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1871" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, John, ed. (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extractsfromcoun02aberuoft">Extracts from the Council register of the burgh of Aberdeen 1643–1747</a>. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Scottish Burgh Records Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extracts+from+the+Council+register+of+the+burgh+of+Aberdeen+1643%E2%80%931747&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Scottish+Burgh+Records+Society&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextractsfromcoun02aberuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberdeen&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aberdeen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Aberdeen#Q36405" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>A collection of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.nls.uk/towns/index.html#aberdeen">historic maps of Aberdeen</a> from the 1660s onward at <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a></li> <li>A selection of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_sort_order=Film.dateRelease%2CFilm.name&search_sort_direction=ASC&search_term=aberdeen&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E">archive films relating to Aberdeen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Screen#The_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Screen">Scottish Screen Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.nls.uk/slezer/engraving.cfm?sl=20">Engraving of Aberdeen in 1693</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Slezer" title="John Slezer">John Slezer</a> at National Library of Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Aberdeen_(burgh)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Aberdeen (burgh)">Aberdeen</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 47–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aberdeen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=47-49&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Aberdeen_(Scotland)" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Aberdeen (Scotland)">Aberdeen (Scotland)</a>". <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aberdeen+%28Scotland%29&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAberdeen" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Destinations_from_Aberdeen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Destinations_from_Aberdeen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Destinations from Aberdeen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inverurie" title="Inverurie">Inverurie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith,_Moray" title="Keith, Moray">Keith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Moray" title="Elgin, Moray">Elgin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellon,_Aberdeenshire" title="Ellon, Aberdeenshire">Ellon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraserburgh" title="Fraserburgh">Fraserburgh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, (Norway)</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Westhill,_Aberdeenshire" title="Westhill, Aberdeenshire">Westhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grantown-on-Spey" title="Grantown-on-Spey">Grantown-on-Spey</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Aberdeen<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a> (Denmark)</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banchory" title="Banchory">Banchory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brechin" title="Brechin">Brechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forfar" title="Forfar">Forfar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portlethen" title="Portlethen">Portlethen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonehaven" title="Stonehaven">Stonehaven</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (Netherlands)</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aberdeen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#E62020;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aberdeen" title="Template:Aberdeen"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aberdeen" title="Template talk:Aberdeen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aberdeen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aberdeen"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aberdeen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aberdeen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aberdeen" title="History of Aberdeen">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Aberdeen" title="Etymology of Aberdeen">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldry of Aberdeen">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Castle" title="Aberdeen Castle">Aberdeen Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aberdeen_(1644)" title="Battle of Aberdeen (1644)">Battle of Aberdeen (1644)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aberdeen_(1646)" title="Battle of Aberdeen (1646)">Battle of Aberdeen (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee_ferryboat_disaster" title="River Dee ferryboat disaster">River Dee ferryboat disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Aberdeen_typhoid_outbreak" title="1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak">1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen-arms.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Aberdeen"><img alt="Arms of Aberdeen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aberdeen-arms.png/100px-Aberdeen-arms.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aberdeen-arms.png/150px-Aberdeen-arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aberdeen-arms.png/200px-Aberdeen-arms.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="310" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Aberdeen"><img alt="Flag of Aberdeen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/100px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/150px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/200px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="234" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aberdeen" title="Politics of Aberdeen">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Provosts_and_Lord_Provosts_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Provosts and Lord Provosts of Aberdeen">Provosts and Lord Provosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Aberdeen_constituencies" title="Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Aberdeen constituencies">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Scottish_Parliament_for_Aberdeen_constituencies" title="Category:Members of the Scottish Parliament for Aberdeen constituencies">Members of the Scottish Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Aberdeen" title="Geography of Aberdeen">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Aberdeen" title="Areas of Aberdeen">Areas of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">River Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Don, Aberdeenshire">River Don</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Aberdeen" title="Culture in Aberdeen">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_spaces_and_walkways_in_Aberdeen" title="Green spaces and walkways in Aberdeen">Parks and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_theatres_and_concert_halls" title="Aberdeen theatres and concert halls">Theatres and Concert Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Aberdeen" title="Architecture of Aberdeen">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_dialect_(Scotland)" title="Doric dialect (Scotland)">Doric Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_International_Youth_Festival" title="Aberdeen International Youth Festival">Aberdeen International Youth Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Aberdeen" title="List of public art in Aberdeen">Public art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Aberdeen" title="Transport in Aberdeen">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport" title="Aberdeen Airport">Aberdeen Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_bus_station" title="Aberdeen bus station">Aberdeen bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Harbour" title="Aberdeen Harbour">Aberdeen Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station" title="Aberdeen railway station">Aberdeen railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Western_Peripheral_Route" title="Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route">Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyce_railway_station" title="Dyce railway station">Dyce railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aberdeen" title="Education in Aberdeen">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Robert_Gordon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Robert Gordon University">The Robert Gordon University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Scotland_College" title="North East Scotland College">North East Scotland College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secondary_schools_in_Aberdeen" title="Category:Secondary schools in Aberdeen">Secondary Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Primary_schools_in_Aberdeen" title="Category:Primary schools in Aberdeen">Primary Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Aberdeen" title="Religion in Aberdeen">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Aberdeen" title="Diocese of Aberdeen">Diocese of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Aberdeen" title="Bishop of Aberdeen">Bishop of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney" title="Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney">Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Aberdeen_and_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney">Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbytery_of_Aberdeen" title="Presbytery of Aberdeen">Presbytery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Aberdeen" title="Sport in Aberdeen">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C." title="Aberdeen F.C.">Aberdeen F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove_Rangers_F.C." title="Cove Rangers F.C.">Cove Rangers F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_International_Football_Festival" title="Aberdeen International Football Festival">Aberdeen International Football Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_GSFP_RFC" title="Aberdeen GSFP RFC">Aberdeen GSFP RFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Aberdeen_Golf_Club" title="Royal Aberdeen Golf Club">Royal Aberdeen Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Warriors" title="Aberdeen Warriors">Aberdeen Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium" title="Pittodrie Stadium">Pittodrie Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Aberdeen" title="Petroleum industry in Aberdeen">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Aberdeen" title="Media in Aberdeen">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_in_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail in Aberdeen">Retail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aberdonians" title="List of Aberdonians">Notable Aberdonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Aberdeen" title="Category:Aberdeen">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Aberdeen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Aberdeen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Aberdeen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Areas_of_Aberdeen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Areas_of_Aberdeen" title="Template:Areas of Aberdeen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Areas_of_Aberdeen" title="Template talk:Areas of Aberdeen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Areas_of_Aberdeen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Areas of Aberdeen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Areas_of_Aberdeen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Aberdeen" title="Areas of Aberdeen">Areas of Aberdeen</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/100px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/150px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg/200px-City_Flag_of_Aberdeen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="234" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altens" title="Altens">Altens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berryden" title="Berryden">Berryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieldside" title="Bieldside">Bieldside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeside,_Aberdeen" title="Braeside, Aberdeen">Braeside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Don" title="Bridge of Don">Bridge of Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomhill,_Aberdeen" title="Broomhill, Aberdeen">Broomhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksburn" title="Bucksburn">Bucksburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_Aberdeen" title="Cornhill, Aberdeen">Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countesswells" title="Countesswells">Countesswells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove_Bay" title="Cove Bay">Cove Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigiebuckler" title="Craigiebuckler">Craigiebuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults,_Aberdeen" title="Cults, Aberdeen">Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummings_Park,_Aberdeen" title="Cummings Park, Aberdeen">Cummings Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danestone" title="Danestone">Danestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyce" title="Dyce">Dyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferryhill,_Aberdeen" title="Ferryhill, Aberdeen">Ferryhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footdee" title="Footdee">Footdee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresterhill" title="Foresterhill">Foresterhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garthdee" title="Garthdee">Garthdee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazlehead" title="Hazlehead">Hazlehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton,_Aberdeen" title="Hilton, Aberdeen">Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimhill" title="Kaimhill">Kaimhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincorth" title="Kincorth">Kincorth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingswells" title="Kingswells">Kingswells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittybrewster" title="Kittybrewster">Kittybrewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannofield" title="Mannofield">Mannofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastrick" title="Mastrick">Mastrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstocket" title="Midstocket">Midstocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltimber" title="Milltimber">Milltimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigg,_Aberdeen" title="Nigg, Aberdeen">Nigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Aberdeen" title="Northfield, Aberdeen">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Aberdeen" title="Old Aberdeen">Old Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterculter" title="Peterculter">Peterculter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Cross" title="Queen's Cross">Queen's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemount,_Aberdeen" title="Rosemount, Aberdeen">Rosemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubislaw" title="Rubislaw">Rubislaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneywood,_Aberdeen" title="Stoneywood, Aberdeen">Stoneywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerhill,_Aberdeen" title="Summerhill, Aberdeen">Summerhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillydrone" title="Tillydrone">Tillydrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torry" title="Torry">Torry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullos" title="Tullos">Tullos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Aberdeen" title="West End, Aberdeen">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Aberdeen" title="Woodside, Aberdeen">Woodside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Aberdeen" title="List of places in Aberdeen">List of places in Aberdeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_government_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bfd7ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template talk:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_government_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen City (council area)">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee City (council area)">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire" title="East Dunbartonshire">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire" title="East Renfrewshire">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Edinburgh (council area)">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_(council_area)" title="Falkirk (council area)">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow City (council area)">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire" title="South Ayrshire">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)" title="Stirling (council area)">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Council" title="Aberdeenshire Council">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Council">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute_Council" title="Argyll and Bute Council">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Clackmannanshire Council">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumfries and Galloway Council">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_Council" title="Dundee City Council">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire_Council" title="East Ayrshire Council">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Dunbartonshire Council">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian_Council" title="East Lothian Council">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Renfrewshire Council">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkirk Council">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_Council" title="Fife Council">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Council" title="Highland Council">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde_Council" title="Inverclyde Council">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian_Council" title="Midlothian Council">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_Council" title="Moray Council">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ayrshire Council">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire_Council" title="North Lanarkshire Council">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross_Council" title="Perth and Kinross Council">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire_Council" title="Renfrewshire Council">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Borders Council">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands_Council" title="Shetland Islands Council">Shetland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire_Council" title="South Ayrshire Council">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire_Council" title="South Lanarkshire Council">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Council">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="West Dunbartonshire Council">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_Council" title="West Lothian Council">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by area">List by area</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population">population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population density">density</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157104604">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1209157/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8frQR8QtJfpm4jHTPwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079606-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80079501">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0039747&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456019">Spain</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/1974">Vatican</a></li><li><a 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