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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Leonard Birchall</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_birchall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leonard_birchall.jpg/220px-Leonard_birchall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leonard_birchall.jpg/330px-Leonard_birchall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leonard_birchall.jpg/440px-Leonard_birchall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="699" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Squadron Leader Leonard Birchall aboard a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a> in 1942</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-07-06</span>)</span>6 July 1915<br /><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catharines, Ontario">St. Catharines, Ontario</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 September 2004<span style="display:none">(2004-09-10)</span> (aged 89)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1933–1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/No._413_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 413 Squadron RCAF">No. 413 Squadron RCAF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Canada">Member of the Order of Canada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">Officer of the Order of the British Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ontario" title="Order of Ontario">Order of Ontario</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">Canadian Forces' Decoration</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Legion_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Legion of Merit">Officer of the Legion of Merit</a> (United States)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a> <b>Leonard Joseph Birchall</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">CM</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">DFC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ontario" title="Order of Ontario">OOnt</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">CD</a></span></span> (6 July 1915 – 10 September 2004), "The Saviour of Ceylon", was a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> (RCAF) officer who warned of a Japanese attack on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birchall was born in <a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a>, Ontario and graduated from St. Catharines Collegiate. He was always interested in flying, and worked odd jobs around St. Catharines to pay for flying lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After serving in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Canadian Corps of Signals">Royal Canadian Corps of Signals</a>, Birchall enrolled as a cadet at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> in Kingston, Ontario (student #2364) in 1933. He was commissioned in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> (RCAF) upon graduation in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermarine_Stranraer_2_ExCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Supermarine_Stranraer_2_ExCC.jpg/220px-Supermarine_Stranraer_2_ExCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Supermarine_Stranraer_2_ExCC.jpg/330px-Supermarine_Stranraer_2_ExCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Supermarine_Stranraer_2_ExCC.jpg/440px-Supermarine_Stranraer_2_ExCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>RCAF Stranraer in wartime camouflage</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, <a href="/wiki/Flying_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Officer">Flying Officer</a> Birchall flew convoy and anti-submarine patrols from <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> flying with <a href="/wiki/No._5_Squadron_RCAF" title="No. 5 Squadron RCAF">No. 5 Squadron RCAF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milberry_p._207_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milberry_p._207-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squadron was equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Stranraer" title="Supermarine Stranraer">Supermarine Stranraer</a>. </p><p>On June 10, 1940, Birchall was responsible for the capture of an Italian merchant ship, the <i>Capo Nola</i>, in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a>, hours after Canada declared war on Italy. Birchall had been tasked with locating any Italian vessels still in Canadian waters as the outbreak of war became imminent. On June 10, he found the <i>Capo Nola</i>. Birchall had been informed of the declaration of war by radio so made a low pass over the freighter, as if making an attack. This panicked the captain into running his vessel aground against a sandbank. Birchall then touched down nearby and waited until Royal Canadian Navy vessels reached the scene. The <i>Capo Nola's</i> crew were the first Italian prisoners taken by the Allies during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1942, he joined <a href="/wiki/No._413_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 413 Squadron RCAF">No. 413 Squadron RCAF</a>, then based in the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a> and flew patrols over the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. After the Japanese successes in southeast Asia, the squadron was sent to <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> to provide a reconnaissance force.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 April 1942, only two days after his arrival, <a href="/wiki/Squadron_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Squadron Leader">Squadron Leader</a> Birchall was flying a <a href="/wiki/PBY_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY Catalina">PBY Catalina</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> (AJ155/QL-A) that was patrolling the ocean to the south of Ceylon. Nine hours into the mission, as the plane was about to return to base, ships were spotted on the horizon. Investigation revealed a large Japanese fleet, the Nagumo Task Force (Responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor), including five <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, heading for Ceylon, which at that time was the base for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_Eastern_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milberry_pp._18–181_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milberry_pp._18–181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birchall's crew managed to send out a radio message, but the Catalina was soon shot down by six <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">A6M2 Zero</a> fighters from the carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū"><i>Hiryū</i></a>. </p><p>The Japanese continued to strafe the wreck seriously wounding Sergeant John Henzell in the front turret. He was lost when the aircraft sank along with Warrant Officer Lucien "Louis" Colarossi. The Japanese continued their attack on those survivors in the water killing Sgt. Davidson. The remaining six crew members were eventually picked up by the Japanese destroyer Isokaze. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Easter Sunday Raid</a> went ahead despite Birchall's signal, but his warning put the defenders on alert and allowed the harbour to be partially cleared before the Japanese attacked Colombo.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoner_of_war">Prisoner of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prisoner of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three of his crewmen were killed in the action and the others, including Birchall, spent the rest of the war as <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs).<sup id="cite_ref-Milberry_pp._18–181_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milberry_pp._18–181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many captured servicemen, a trip to a Japanese camp meant death.<sup id="cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdnabbrotherhood.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the senior Allied officer in four successive Japanese prisoner of war camps, the resistance led by Birchall helped to reduce the Allied death rate from an average of 30% to less than 2%. During his time in the POW camps, he repeatedly stood up to the Japanese and demanded fair treatment of the prisoners, in compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a>. In his first camp, he struck a Japanese soldier who was forcing a wounded Australian to work. This earned Birchall a severe beating and solitary confinement, but won him the respect of the other POWs. In 1944, Birchall encountered a situation in which sick men were being forced to work on the docks. He ordered all of the men to stop working until the sick were excused. Birchall was beaten and sent to a special discipline camp, where he again was beaten. He saved many ill soldiers by taking their beatings.<sup id="cite_ref-Milberry_pp._18–181_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milberry_pp._18–181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birchall was liberated on 27 August 1945 by American troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Milberry_p._207_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milberry_p._207-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> His wife Dorothy had not known whether he was dead or alive for two years. His diaries, written during his captivity and buried, formed the basis of a number of Allied wartime trials at which Birchall testified.<sup id="cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdnabbrotherhood.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar">Postwar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the immediate postwar years, Birchall served on the Canadian attaché staff in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, then was a member of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> delegation in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. He later commanded a fighter base<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada from 1963 until his retirement from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> in 1967. He retired from the RCAF rather than be associated with the unification of the Armed Forces. He later served as honorary colonel of <a href="/wiki/No._400_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 400 Squadron RCAF">400 Tactical Helicopter and Training Squadron</a> in the Air Reserve and No. 413 Squadron Regular Forces. </p><p>From 1967 to 1982 Birchall was chief executive and administrative officer of the Faculty of Administrative Studies at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, which awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws <i>honoris causa</i> on the occasion of his retirement in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1994 general election in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, Birchall was an official observer. </p><p>Birchall died in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> at the age of 89. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Commodore_Leonard_Birchall_Leadership_Award_at_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Air_Commodore_Leonard_Birchall_Leadership_Award_at_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Air_Commodore_Leonard_Birchall_Leadership_Award_at_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Air_Commodore_Leonard_Birchall_Leadership_Award_at_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg/330px-Air_Commodore_Leonard_Birchall_Leadership_Award_at_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Air_Commodore_Leonard_Birchall_Leadership_Award_at_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg/440px-Air_Commodore_Leonard_Birchall_Leadership_Award_at_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Air Commodore Leonard Birchall Leadership Award, at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> bronze by Colonel (ret’d) Andre Gauthier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birchall_Pavilion,_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Birchall_Pavilion%2C_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Birchall_Pavilion%2C_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Birchall_Pavilion%2C_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg/330px-Birchall_Pavilion%2C_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Birchall_Pavilion%2C_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg/440px-Birchall_Pavilion%2C_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Birchall Pavilion, Royal Military College of Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Birchall was made an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">Officer of the Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE) in 1946, after his return to Canada for his work at prisoner of war camps. The citation, in part, read: "he continually displayed the utmost concern for the welfare of fellow prisoners with complete disregard for his own safety. His consistent gallantry and glowing devotion to his men were in keeping with the finest traditions of the service". Birchall was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> (DFC) for his part in detecting the attack on Ceylon and for alerting the Allies during that 1942 flight.<sup id="cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdnabbrotherhood.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presentation was made on 29 April 1946 at the Embassy of Ceylon in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States. <a href="/wiki/Hume_Wrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hume Wrong">Hume Wrong</a>, the Canadian Ambassador to the United States, presented the OBE and the DFC to Birchall, in the presence of the Ambassador of Ceylon, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clause_Corea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clause Corea (page does not exist)">Sir Claude Corea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When citizens of his hometown, St. Catharines, Ontario, heard Birchall was missing in action, students of Connaught school planted a memorial tree. The Len Birchall Memorial Circle is also in St. Catharines.<sup id="cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdnabbrotherhood.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> appointed Birchall an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Legion_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Legion of Merit">Officer of the Legion of Merit</a>, saying: "His exploits became legendary throughout Japan and brought renewed faith and strength to many hundreds of ill and disheartened prisoners." </p><p>In 2000, Birchall was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Canada">Member of the Order of Canada</a>. In 2001, he was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame. He was honorary colonel at the Royal Military College of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdnabbrotherhood.ca-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birchall was the only member of the Canadian military to have earned five clasps for his <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">Canadian Forces' Decoration</a> (CD), representing 62 years of service with the air force. The only other person with five clasps was <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a>. </p><p>As a recipient of the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Award" title="Vimy Award">Vimy Award</a>, Birchall was recognized as a Canadian who made a significant and outstanding contribution to the defence and security of Canada and the preservation of Canada's democratic values. He was also honoured for his years of service to the community, including building a facility in 1993 at a Kingston Girl Guide camp at his own cost.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Leonard Birchall Sports pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a>, in the area of the Navy Bay sports fields, was constructed in his honour, from December 2008 to September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The road leading to the terminal and hangars at Kingston's Norman Rogers Airport is named Len Birchall Way. </p><p>Birchall was honoured in 2009 as one of the 100 most influential Canadians in aviation and had his name emblazoned directly behind the starboard roundel on the fuselage with the others on the 2009 <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_CF-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet">CF-18</a> Centennial of Flight demonstration Hornet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His widow Kathleen Birchall donated money to the <a href="/wiki/Air_Cadet_League_of_Canada" title="Air Cadet League of Canada">Air Cadet League of Canada</a> to set up a scholarship in his name. On 9 November 2011, 883 Air Commodore Leonard Birchall Squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Cadets" title="Royal Canadian Air Cadets">Royal Canadian Air Cadets</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham, Ontario</a> was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Air Commodore Birchall's name was also added to the wall of honour at the Royal Military College of Canada. </p><p>Birchall was dubbed the "Saviour of Ceylon" by the Canadian press and not, as claimed by many, by Winston Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Full_medal_entitlement">Full medal entitlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Full medal entitlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full medal entitlement of Air Commodore Leonard Birchall is as follows: </p> <div class="center"> <p><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CM)_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png/100px-Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg/100px-Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg/150px-Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg/200px-Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/100px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/150px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/200px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png/100px-Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png/150px-Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png/200px-Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png/100px-Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png/150px-Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png/200px-Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png/100px-Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png/150px-Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png/200px-Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png/100px-Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png/150px-Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png/200px-Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg/100px-Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg/150px-Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg/200px-Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/100px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/150px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/200px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/100px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/150px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/200px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada100_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:125canada_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/100px-125canada_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/150px-125canada_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/200px-125canada_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png/100px-CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png 1.5x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png/100px-Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png/150px-Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png/200px-Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a></span> </p> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="background:silver;" align="center"> <td>Ribbon</td> <td>Description</td> <td>Notes </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Canada_(CM)_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png/40px-Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png/60px-Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png/80px-Order_of_Canada_%28CM%29_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> (CM)</td> <td> <ul><li>Member</li> <li>21 October 1999</li> <li><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/40px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/60px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/80px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE)</td> <td> <ul><li>Officer</li> <li>Military Division</li> <li>1946</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg/40px-Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_Ontario_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ontario" title="Order of Ontario">Order of Ontario</a> (O.Ont)</td> <td> <ul><li>Member</li> <li>1989</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/40px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/60px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/80px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> (DFC)</td> <td> <ul><li>1946</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png/40px-Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png/60px-Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png/80px-Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931945_Star" title="1939–1945 Star">1939–1945 Star</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png/40px-Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png/60px-Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png/80px-Ribbon_-_Atlantic_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Star" title="Atlantic Star">Atlantic Star</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png/40px-Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png/60px-Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png/80px-Ribbon_-_Africa_Star.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa_Star" title="Africa Star">Africa Star</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png/40px-Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png/60px-Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png/80px-Ribbon_-_Pacific_Star_%26_Rosette.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Star" title="Pacific Star">Pacific Star</a></td> <td> <ul><li>With BURMA Clasp</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg/40px-Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg/60px-Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg/80px-Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_BAR_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal" title="Canadian Volunteer Service Medal">Canadian Volunteer Service Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>With Overseas Clasp</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/40px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/60px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png/80px-Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945" title="War Medal 1939–1945">War Medal</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png/40px-Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png/60px-Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png/80px-Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Medal_(Canada)" title="Special Service Medal (Canada)">Special Service Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>With NATO-OTAN Clasp</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/40px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/60px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png/80px-Ribbon_-_QE_II_Coronation_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="98" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1953</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada100_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png/40px-Canada100_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png/60px-Canada100_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Canada100_ribbon.png/80px-Canada100_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial_Medal" title="Canadian Centennial Medal">Canadian Centennial Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1967</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/40px-QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/60px-QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/80px-QEII_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1977</li> <li>Canadian Version of this Medal</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:125canada_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/40px-125canada_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/60px-125canada_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/125canada_ribbon.png/80px-125canada_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal" title="125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal">125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>1992</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/40px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/60px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png/80px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal</a></td> <td> <ul><li>2002</li> <li>Canadian Version of this Medal</li> <li><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png/40px-CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png/60px-CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png/80px-CD-ribbon_and_5_bars.png 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="29" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration" title="Canadian Forces' Decoration">Canadian Forces' Decoration</a> (CD)</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> Version</li> <li>5 Bars</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png/40px-Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png/60px-Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png/80px-Us_legion_of_merit_officer_rib.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></td> <td> <ul><li>Officer</li> <li>1950</li> <li>Awarded By the United States</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadaveteranshallofvalour.com/BirchallLJ.htm">"Leonard Birchall."</a> <i>Canada Veterans Hall of Valour</i>. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVal2016" class="citation web cs1">Val (2016-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comoxairforcemuseum.ca/who-was-leonard-burchill-the-saviour-of-ceylon/">"WHO WAS LEONARD BIRCHALL, "THE SAVIOUR OF CEYLON"?"</a>. <i>Comox Air Force Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comox+Air+Force+Museum&rft.atitle=WHO+WAS+LEONARD+BIRCHALL%2C+%22THE+SAVIOUR+OF+CEYLON%22%3F&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.au=Val&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomoxairforcemuseum.ca%2Fwho-was-leonard-burchill-the-saviour-of-ceylon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Birchall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milberry_p._207-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milberry_p._207_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milberry_p._207_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milberry 1979, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pigott, 2003, p.61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/secondwar/asia/overindian">"Canadians in Asia 1945–1995: Over the Indian Ocean."</a> <i>Veterans Affairs Canada</i>, 23 October 1998. Retrieved: 18 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milberry_pp._18–181-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milberry_pp._18–181_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milberry_pp._18–181_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milberry_pp._18–181_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milberry 1984, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart, Rob.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo7/no4/stuart-eng.asp">"Leonard Birchall and the Japanese Raid on Colombo."</a> <i>Canadian Military Journal, Volume 7 Number 4.</i> Retrieved: 3 August 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdnabbrotherhood.ca-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdnabbrotherhood.ca_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craggs, Samantha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickdykstra.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1591&Itemid=49">"St. Catharines' Len Birchall was 'The Saviour of Ceylon'."</a> <i>Canadian Airborne Brotherhood</i>, 25 July 2008. Retrieved: 12 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1472001/Air-Commodore-Leonard-Birchall.html">"Leonard Birchall Obituary."</a> <i>Daily Telegraph,</i> 11 September 2004. Retrieved: 12 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/archive/index.asp?Article=3382">"File – York's Daily Bulletin -Passings".</a> <i>York University.</i> Retrieved: 13 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ivan_corea.tripod.com/id30.html">"The presentation to Leonard Birchall in the presence of Ceylon's Ambassador Sir Claude Corea in Washington DC, USA."</a> Photograph in the <i>Ceylon Daily News</i>, 1946. Retrieved: 12 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmcclub.ca/everitaswp/?p=1430#more-1430">"e-Veritas."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207122811/http://www.rmcclub.ca/everitaswp/?p=1430">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>rmcclub.ca.</i> Retrieved: 18 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classof1960.rmcclub.ca/class_foundation_projects.htm">"Class Foundation Projects."</a> <i>classof1960.rmcclub.ca.</i> Retrieved: 18 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfs-dsv/pub/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=9944">"Centennial Heritage Flight – Precision and Flight Safety."</a> <i>airforce.forces.gc.ca,</i> Issue 2, 2009. Retrieved: 14 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.883markhamair.com/sqn-information">833 Squadron Information</a> Retrieved: 6 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_CanadaGovernment_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Department of National Defence; Government of Canada, National Defence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo7/no4/stuart-eng.asp">"Leonard Birchall and the Japanese Raid on Colombo"</a>. <i>www.journal.forces.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.journal.forces.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Leonard+Birchall+and+the+Japanese+Raid+on+Colombo&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Department+of+National+Defence&rft.au=Government+of+Canada%2C+National+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.forces.gc.ca%2Fvo7%2Fno4%2Fstuart-eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Birchall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=6493&t=12&ln=Birchall">"Recipients"</a>. 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fhonour.aspx%3Fid%3D6493%26t%3D12%26ln%3DBirchall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Birchall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=42794&t=6&ln=Birchall">"Recipients"</a>. 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fhonour.aspx%3Fid%3D42794%26t%3D6%26ln%3DBirchall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Birchall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airforcemuseum.ca/en/news/august-14-15-v-j-day.html">"August 14 (15) V-J Day « National Air Force Museum of Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+14+%2815%29+V-J+Day+%C2%AB+National+Air+Force+Museum+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairforcemuseum.ca%2Fen%2Fnews%2Faugust-14-15-v-j-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Birchall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Greenhous, Brereton et al. <i>The Crucible of War 1939–1945: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Vol. III.</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0574-8">978-0-8020-0574-8</a>.</li> <li>Milberry, Larry. <i>Aviation In Canada.</i> Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd., 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-082778-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-082778-8">0-07-082778-8</a>.</li> <li>Milberry, Larry. <i>Sixty Years: The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984.</i> Toronto: CANAV Books, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690703-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9690703-4-9">0-9690703-4-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigott,_Peter2003" class="citation book cs1">Pigott, Peter (2003). <i>Taming the Skies: A Celebration of Canadian Flight</i>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550024698" title="Special:BookSources/1550024698"><bdi>1550024698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+the+Skies%3A+A+Celebration+of+Canadian+Flight&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1550024698&rft.au=Pigott%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonard+Birchall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Preston, Dr. Richard Arthur. <i>Canada's RMC: A History of Royal Military College.</i> Kingston: Royal Military College, Second Edition 1982.</li> <li>Preston, Dr. Richard Arthur. <i>To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada.</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997, First edition 1969.</li> <li>Preston, Dr. Richard Arthur. <i>R.M.C. and Kingston: The Effect of Imperial and Military Influences on a Canadian Community.</i> Kingston: Royal Military College, 1968.</li> <li>Preston, Dr. Adrian and Peter Dennis, eds. <i>Swords and Covenants</i>. London: Rowman And Littlefield/Croom Helm, 1976.</li> <li>Smith, R. Guy C., ed. <i>As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember</i> (In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876–1918. Volume II: 1919–1984). Kingston, Ontario, Canada: The R.M.C. Club of Canada, 1984.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leonard_Birchall" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leonard Birchall"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Leonard Birchall</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/30-squadron.htm">The Battle of Ceylon – 1942</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=6493">Order of Canada citation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo7/no4/stuart-eng.asp">LEONARD BIRCHALL AND THE JAPANESE RAID ON COLOMBO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmcclub.ca/eVeritas/2005/Issue019/200519Birchall.htm">A/C Leonard Birchall Memorial Cairn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadaveteranshallofvalour.com/BirchallLJ.htm">Canadian Veterans of Valour – Air Commodore Leonard Birchall</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/yfile/archive/index.asp?Article=3382">Former York University administrator dies at 89, 30 September 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327033841/http://www.cahf.ca/Members%20and%20Belt%20of%20Orion/members/B_members.htm">Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame: Leonard Joseph Birchall</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Commodore W.P. Hayes</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_people" title="List of Royal Military College of Canada people">Commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada</a> </b><br />1963–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Brigadier G.H. Spencer</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&oldid=1254026004">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Birchall&oldid=1254026004</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_births" title="Category:1915 births">1915 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2004_deaths" title="Category:2004 deaths">2004 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_military_personnel_from_Ontario" title="Category:Canadian military personnel from Ontario">Canadian military personnel 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