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href="#Legacy_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy and reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter of Castile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="بيدرو ملك قشتالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيدرو ملك قشتالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedru_I_de_Castiella" title="Pedru I de Castiella – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pedru I de Castiella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Pedro_(Kastiliya_kral%C4%B1)" title="I Pedro (Kastiliya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Pedro (Kastiliya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_I_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Педро I Жестокия (Кастилия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Педро I Жестокия (Кастилия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ia%C3%B1_Kastilha" title="Pedro Iañ Kastilha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pedro Iañ Kastilha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_I_de_Castella" title="Pere I de Castella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pere I de Castella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_I._Kastilsk%C3%BD" title="Petr I. Kastilský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petr I. Kastilský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I._(Kastilien)" title="Peter I. (Kastilien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter I. (Kastilien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πέτρος της Καστίλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέτρος της Καστίλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_de_Castilla" title="Pedro I de Castilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedro I de Castilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_la_1-a_(Kastilio)" title="Pedro la 1-a (Kastilio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pedro la 1-a (Kastilio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_I.a_Gaztelakoa" title="Petri I.a Gaztelakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petri I.a Gaztelakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پدروی یکم، پادشاه کاستیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدروی یکم، پادشاه کاستیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ier_(roi_de_Castille)" title="Pierre Ier (roi de Castille) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Ier (roi de Castille)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_de_Castela" title="Pedro I de Castela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pedro I de Castela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_(%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%BC)" title="페드로 (카스티야) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페드로 (카스티야)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8_I_(%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Պեդրո I (Կաստիլիայի թագավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեդրո I (Կաստիլիայի թագավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_dari_Kastilia" title="Pedro dari Kastilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pedro dari Kastilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_I_di_Castiglia" title="Pietro I di Castiglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietro I di Castiglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="פדרו הראשון, מלך קסטיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדרו הראשון, מלך קסטיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_I_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="პედრო I მრისხანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პედრო I მრისხანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petras_(Kastilija)" title="Petras (Kastilija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Petras (Kastilija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._P%C3%A9ter_kaszt%C3%ADliai_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Péter kasztíliai király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Péter kasztíliai király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيدرو ملك كاستييا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيدرو ملك كاستييا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_van_Castili%C3%AB" title="Peter I van Castilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter I van Castilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E7%8E%8B)" title="ペドロ1世 (カスティーリャ王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペドロ1世 (カスティーリャ王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_I_Okrutny" title="Piotr I Okrutny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr I Okrutny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_de_Castela" title="Pedro I de Castela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedro I de Castela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petru_al_Castiliei" title="Petru al Castiliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Petru al Castiliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Педро I (король Кастилии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Педро I (король Кастилии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I._Kastiljski" title="Peter I. Kastiljski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peter I. Kastiljski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_I_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Педро I од Кастиље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Педро I од Кастиље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_od_Kastilje" title="Pedro I od Kastilje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pedro I od Kastilje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietari_I_Julma" title="Pietari I Julma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pietari I Julma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_av_Kastilien" title="Peter I av Kastilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter I av Kastilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Peter the Cruel" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Peter I of Portugal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Peter</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Espagne,_Castille_et_Leon,_Pierre_I,_dobla,_S%C3%A9ville_-_btv1b11335305r_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Monnaie_-_Espagne%2C_Castille_et_Leon%2C_Pierre_I%2C_dobla%2C_S%C3%A9ville_-_btv1b11335305r_%281_of_2%29.jpg/220px-Monnaie_-_Espagne%2C_Castille_et_Leon%2C_Pierre_I%2C_dobla%2C_S%C3%A9ville_-_btv1b11335305r_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Monnaie_-_Espagne%2C_Castille_et_Leon%2C_Pierre_I%2C_dobla%2C_S%C3%A9ville_-_btv1b11335305r_%281_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Monnaie_-_Espagne%2C_Castille_et_Leon%2C_Pierre_I%2C_dobla%2C_S%C3%A9ville_-_btv1b11335305r_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Monnaie_-_Espagne%2C_Castille_et_Leon%2C_Pierre_I%2C_dobla%2C_S%C3%A9ville_-_btv1b11335305r_%281_of_2%29.jpg/440px-Monnaie_-_Espagne%2C_Castille_et_Leon%2C_Pierre_I%2C_dobla%2C_S%C3%A9ville_-_btv1b11335305r_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="2984" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Effigy of Peter on a gold <i><a href="/wiki/Dobla" title="Dobla">dobla</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350–68</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">León</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1st reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26/27 March 1350 – <span class="nowrap">13 March 1366</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd reign</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1367 – <span class="nowrap">23 March 1369</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">30 August 1334<br /><a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 1369<span style="display:none">(1369-03-23)</span> (aged 34)<br /><a href="/wiki/Montiel" title="Montiel">Montiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Toledo">Toledo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Padilla" title="María de Padilla">María de Padilla</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Bourbon" title="Blanche of Bourbon">Blanche of Bourbon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Juana_de_Castro" title="Juana de Castro">Juana de Castro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Children">among others...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Beatrice, Infanta of Castille<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_Lancaster" title="Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster">Constance, Duchess of Lancaster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_York" title="Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York">Isabella, Duchess of York</a><br />Alfonso, Infante of Castile</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Castilian_House_of_Ivrea" title="Castilian House of Ivrea">Castilian House of Ivrea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile">Maria of Portugal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatua_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel_(M.A.N.)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Estatua_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg/220px-Estatua_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Estatua_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg/330px-Estatua_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Estatua_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg/440px-Estatua_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">Alabaster</a> sculpture of Peter, 1446</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Peter</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Pedro</i>; 30 August 1334 – 23 March 1369), called <b>Peter</b> <b>the Cruel</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">el Cruel</i></span>) or <b>the Just</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">el Justo</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">León</a> from 1350 to 1369. Peter was the last ruler of the main branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Ivrea">House of Ivrea</a>. He was excommunicated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Pope Urban V</a> for his persecutions and cruelties committed against the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter was born in the defensive tower of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Real_de_Las_Huelgas" title="Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas">Monasterio de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, Spain. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Maria of Portugal, Queen of Castile">Maria of Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow199530_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow199530-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to chancellor and chronicler <a href="/wiki/Pedro_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro López de Ayala">Pedro López de Ayala</a>, he had a pale complexion, blue eyes and very light blonde hair; he was 1.83 metres (6 ft 0 in) tall and muscular. He was accustomed to long, strenuous hours of work, lisped a little and "loved women greatly". He was well read and a patron of the arts, and in his formative years he enjoyed entertainment, music and poetry. </p><p>He was to be married to his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England_(died_1348)" title="Joan of England (died 1348)">Joan</a>, the second and favourite daughter<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow199511_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow199511-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>; however, on their way to Castile she and her retinue travelled through cities infested with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, ignoring townspeople who had warned them not to enter their settlements. Since the plague had not yet entered England, it is likely that they underestimated the danger. Joan soon contracted the disease and died<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow199511_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow199511-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1348, aged 14. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_de_35_marav%C3%A9dis_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Pierre_I_dit_le_Cruel_ou_le_Justicier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Double_de_35_marav%C3%A9dis_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Pierre_I_dit_le_Cruel_ou_le_Justicier.jpg/220px-Double_de_35_marav%C3%A9dis_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Pierre_I_dit_le_Cruel_ou_le_Justicier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Double_de_35_marav%C3%A9dis_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Pierre_I_dit_le_Cruel_ou_le_Justicier.jpg/330px-Double_de_35_marav%C3%A9dis_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Pierre_I_dit_le_Cruel_ou_le_Justicier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Double_de_35_marav%C3%A9dis_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Pierre_I_dit_le_Cruel_ou_le_Justicier.jpg/440px-Double_de_35_marav%C3%A9dis_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Pierre_I_dit_le_Cruel_ou_le_Justicier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dobla" title="Dobla">Dobla</a> of 35 <a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">maravedís</a> with the effigy of Peter of Castile</figcaption></figure> <p>About two years later Peter began his reign when almost sixteen years old<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subject to the control of his mother and her favourites. Though at first controlled by his mother, Maria of Portugal, Peter ascended the throne with the encouragement of his mother's second cousin, the Portuguese minister Count <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="João Afonso de Albuquerque">Alburquerque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becoming attached to <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Padilla" title="María de Padilla">María de Padilla</a>, he married her in secret in 1353. María turned him against Alburquerque, who fled to Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer191164–86_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer191164–86-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1353, the young king was practically coerced by his mother and the nobles into marrying <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Bourbon" title="Blanche of Bourbon">Blanche of Bourbon</a>; he deserted her at once upon hearing rumors that she had slept with his half-brother Fadrique, who was supposed to be guarding her virtue and made her instead "an unwilling Isolde to his Tristan," according to one historian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> This marriage necessitated Peter's denying that he had married María, but his relationship with her continued and they had four children. He also apparently went through the form of marriage with <a href="/wiki/Juana_de_Castro" title="Juana de Castro">Juana de Castro</a>, widow of Don Diego de Haro, convincing her that his previous marriage to Queen Blanche was a nullity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishops of Avila and Salamanca were asked to concur, and were afraid to say otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911113_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911113-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter and Juana were married in Cuellar, and Juana was proclaimed Queen of Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two nights, he then deserted her. They had a son who died young, after Peter's death. A period of turmoil followed in which the king was for a time overpowered and, in effect, imprisoned. The dissension within the party striving to coerce him enabled him to escape from <a href="/wiki/Toro_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toro (Spain)">Toro</a>, where he was under observation, to <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1361, Queen Blanche died at <a href="/wiki/Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Sidonia">Medina Sidonia</a>. French historians claim that Peter ordered two Jews to murder her;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another version of the story says she was poisoned; a third one that she was shot with a crossbow,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman1978228_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman1978228-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it may have been the plague.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911226_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911226-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year, Maria de Padilla died in Seville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911227_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911227-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Maria's death, Peter declared that she had been his first and only legitimate wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetercruellifen00storgoogpagen82_64]–86_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetercruellifen00storgoogpagen82_64]–86-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars_with_Aragon">Wars with Aragon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wars with Aragon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_of_Peter_The_Cruel_in_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/War_of_Peter_The_Cruel_in_Castle.jpg/220px-War_of_Peter_The_Cruel_in_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/War_of_Peter_The_Cruel_in_Castle.jpg/330px-War_of_Peter_The_Cruel_in_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/War_of_Peter_The_Cruel_in_Castle.jpg/440px-War_of_Peter_The_Cruel_in_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>War of Peter The Cruel in Castile.<i>The illustrated history of the world for the English people.</i> Painting of 1884.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1356 to 1366, Peter engaged in constant wars with <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters" title="War of the Two Peters">War of the Two Peters</a>", in which he showed neither ability nor skill in his support of his English ally or Castilian interests in the Mediterranean against the French and Aragonese. The king of Aragon then supported Peter's bastard brothers against him. It was during this period that Peter perpetrated the series of murders which made him notorious.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1366 began the calamitous <a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a>, which would see him dethroned. He was assailed by his bastard brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry of Trastámara</a> at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman1978228_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman1978228-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Calveley" title="Hugh Calveley">Hugh Calveley</a>, and abandoned the kingdom without daring to give battle, after retreating several times (first from <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, then from <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, and lastly from <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>) in the face of the oncoming armies. Peter fled with his treasury to Portugal, where he was coldly received by his uncle, King <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Peter I of Portugal</a>, and thence to <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, in the northern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, where he ordered the murder of Suero, the archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dean_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean (religion)">dean</a>, Peralvarez. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_najera_froissart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_najera_froissart.jpg/220px-Battle_najera_froissart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_najera_froissart.jpg/330px-Battle_najera_froissart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_najera_froissart.jpg/440px-Battle_najera_froissart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera" title="Battle of Nájera">Battle of Nájera</a> in a 15th-century manuscript (Peter and the English are on the left).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peter_and_the_Spanish_Jewry">Peter and the Spanish Jewry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peter and the Spanish Jewry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter's rival <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II of Castile</a> continuously depicted Peter as "King of the Jews", and had some success in taking advantage of popular Castilian antisemitism. Henry instigated <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> beginning a period of anti-Jewish riots and <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a> in Castile that lasted approximately from 1370 to 1390. Peter took forceful measures against this, including the execution of at least five anti-Jewish leaders of a riot. </p><p>The prominence of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ha-Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ha-Levi">Samuel ha-Levi</a>, King Peter's treasurer, has often been cited as evidence of Peter's supposed pro-Jewish sentiment, but Ha-Levi's success did not necessarily reflect the general experience of the Spanish Jewry in this period which was often marked by discrimination and pogroms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow1995_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow1995-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following Peter's death, Jews had to wear a yellow badge, as punishment for having supported him.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_leCruel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pierre_leCruel.jpg/220px-Pierre_leCruel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Pierre_leCruel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a> kills his predecessor Peter, in an early illustration to <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Froissart's Chronicles</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Castile_beheading2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pedro_Castile_beheading2.jpg/220px-Pedro_Castile_beheading2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pedro_Castile_beheading2.jpg/330px-Pedro_Castile_beheading2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pedro_Castile_beheading2.jpg/440px-Pedro_Castile_beheading2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Peter the Cruel decapitated by order of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II of Castile</a>. Manuscript from 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 1366, Peter took refuge with <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward, the Black Prince</a>, who restored him to his throne in the following year after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera" title="Battle of Nájera">Battle of Nájera</a>. The health of the Black Prince broke down, and he left the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing with him two of Peter's daughters, Constance and Isabella of Castile, whom he had taken as hostages as assurers that Peter would pay up. He married the princesses to his younger brothers, most famously Constance to his brother John of Gaunt, in order to make a claim on the Castilian throne. </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Trastámara">Henry of Trastámara</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a> in September 1368. The <i><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Cortes of Castile and León">cortes</a></i> of the city of <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a> recognized him as King of Castile. Others followed, including <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, on the other hand, continued to support Peter. As Henry made his way toward <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Peter, who had retreated to <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, chose to confront him in battle. On 14 March 1369, the forces of Peter and Henry met at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montiel" title="Battle of Montiel">Montiel</a>, a fortress then controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a>. Henry prevailed with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a>. Peter took refuge in the fortress, which, being controlled by a military order of Galician origin, remained faithful to him. Negotiations were opened between Peter and his besieger, Henry. Peter met with du Guesclin, who was acting as Henry's envoy. Peter offered du Guesclin 200,000 gold coins and several towns, including Soria, Almazán, and Atienza to betray Henry. Ever opportunistic, du Guesclin informed Henry of the offer and immediately bargained for greater compensation from Henry to betray Peter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Peter_of_Castile#Dubious" title="Talk:Peter of Castile">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Having made a deal with Henry, Du Guesclin returned to Peter. Under the guise of accepting his deal, du Guesclin led Peter to his tent on the night of 23 March 1369. Henry was waiting. The historian <a href="/wiki/Pero_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" title="Pero López de Ayala">López de Ayala</a> described the encounter as follows: "Upon entering du Guesclin's tent, Henry saw King Peter. He did not recognize him because they had not seen each other for a long time. One of Bertrand's men said 'This is your enemy.' But King Henry asked if it was he and King Peter said twice, 'I am he, I am he.' Then King Henry recognized him and hit him in the face with a knife and they ... fell to the ground. King Henry struck him again and again."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Having dispatched his half-brother, Henry left Peter's body unburied for three days, during which time it was subjected to ridicule and abuse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reputation">Legacy and reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy and reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>From <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk%27s_Tale" title="The Monk's Tale">The Monk's Tale</a></i><br /> O noble, O worthy PETRO, glorie OF SPAYNE, Whom Fortune heeld so hye in magestee,<br /> Wel oughten men thy pitous death complayne!<br /> Out of thy land thy brother made thee flee,<br /> And after, at a seege, by subtiltee,<br /> Thou were bitraysed and lad unto his tente,<br /> Where as he with his owene hand slow thee,<br /> Succedynge in thy regne and in thy rente. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Monk%27s_Tale" class="extiw" title="s:The Canterbury Tales/The Monk's Tale">Chaucer, <i>The Canterbury Tales</i></a></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_muerte_del_Rey_Don_Pedro_I_de_Castilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/La_muerte_del_Rey_Don_Pedro_I_de_Castilla.jpg/220px-La_muerte_del_Rey_Don_Pedro_I_de_Castilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/La_muerte_del_Rey_Don_Pedro_I_de_Castilla.jpg/330px-La_muerte_del_Rey_Don_Pedro_I_de_Castilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/La_muerte_del_Rey_Don_Pedro_I_de_Castilla.jpg/440px-La_muerte_del_Rey_Don_Pedro_I_de_Castilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption><i>The death of King Peter of Castile</i>, painting in 1883 by Arturo Montero y Calvo. <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Popular memory generally views King Peter I as one of the few monarchs who sided with an Islamic sultan (Granada), while also being a Catholic king. Granada paid Pedro I tribute. He helped them during several invasions and a coup. One of the rewards he was given by a sultan of Granada was the famous ruby, a reward for killing an usurper, that is now in the crown of England, brought back by The Black Prince of England along with Peter I's surviving two daughters (Constance and Isabella of Castile, who were legitimized). Not all of Peter's reputation comes from the works of the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Pero_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" title="Pero López de Ayala">Pero López de Ayala</a>, who after his father's change of allegiance had little choice but to serve Peter's usurper. After time passed, there was a reaction in Peter's favour and an alternative name was found for him. It became a fashion to speak of him as <i>El Justiciero</i>, the executor of justice (the Lawful).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xxvi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xxvi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apologists were found to say that he had killed only men who would not submit themselves to the law or respect the rights of others.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter did have his supporters. Even López de Ayala confessed that the king's fall was regretted by many, among them the peasants and burghers subjected to the nobles by late feudal gifts and by the merchants, who enjoyed security under his rule. </p><p>The English, who backed Peter, also remembered the king positively. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> visited Castile during Peter's reign and lamented the monarch's death in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk%27s_Tale" title="The Monk's Tale">The Monk's Tale</a></i>, part of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i>. (Chaucer's patron, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a>, had fought on Peter's side in his struggle to reclaim the throne.) The English Lake Poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> was presented in 1818 with a copy of a five-act play by the novelist <a href="/wiki/Ann_Doherty" title="Ann Doherty">Ann Doherty</a>, entitled <i>Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter had many qualities of those later monarchs educated in the <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralization</a> style. He built a strong Royal administrative force ahead of his times. He failed to counter or check all the feudal powers that supported his rivals, however illegitimate and opposite to the principles of aristocracy they represented themselves. But his moral superiority was reduced too by the violent means, including fratricides, by which he sought to suppress opposition; he at times was extremely despotic and unpredictable, even by the standards of his age. In this he was preceded by his father Alfonso XI, who since the crisis at the death of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> had faced multiple rebellions against royal authority. </p><p>The death of King Peter ended the traditional alliance of Castile and Navarre with England, which had been started by the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenets">Plantagenets</a> to keep France in check. The alliance was later renewed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">Trastámaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudors</a>. </p><p>His death also led to the <a href="/wiki/Fernandine_Wars" title="Fernandine Wars">Fernandine Wars</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">portuguese king</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I</a> would claim the throne of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a>, which would eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">historical alliance between Portugal and England</a> with the involvement of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>'s claim to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castille</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peter's children by <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Padilla" title="María de Padilla">María de Padilla</a> were: </p> <ul><li>Beatrice (1353–1369),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2020161_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2020161-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nun at the Abbey of Santa Clara at Tordesillas<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_Lancaster" title="Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster">Constance</a> (1354–1394), married <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_York" title="Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York">Isabella</a> (1355–1392), married <a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeese2007149_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeese2007149-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alfonso (1359–1362). Peter forced the Cortes to recognize Alfonso as his legitimate heir on 29 April 1362. However, Alfonso, a very sickly child, died at the age of three, months after his recognition as Crown Prince.</li></ul> <p>Peter had one son with <a href="/wiki/Juana_de_Castro" title="Juana de Castro">Juana de Castro</a>: </p> <ul><li>John (1355–1405), married doña Elvira de Eril, had issue.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>With María de Henestrosa, cousin of María de Padilla: </p> <ul><li>Fernando de Castilla (1361-1362)<sup id="cite_ref-::_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-::-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>With Isabel de Sandoval, <i>aya</i> of his son Alfonso: </p> <ul><li>Sancho de Castilla (1363–1371)</li> <li>Diego de Castilla (1365–1440), whose grandson Pedro de Castilla y Fonseca "el mozo" was lover to the queen <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Portugal" title="Joan of Portugal">Joan of Portugal</a>.</li></ul> <p>With Teresa de Ayala, niece of <a href="/wiki/Pero_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" title="Pero López de Ayala">Pero López de Ayala</a>: </p> <ul><li>María de Castilla, who with her mother had long careers at the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_convent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican convent">Dominican convent</a> of Santo Domingo el Real in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> and maintained a friendly correspondence with the Trastámaras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xvi,_n._5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xvi,_n._5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The great original but hostile authority for the life of Peter the Cruel is the <i>Chronicle of the Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro López de Ayala">Pedro López de Ayala</a></i> (1332–1407).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To put that in perspective are a biography by <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>, <i>Histoire de Don Pedro I, roi de Castille</i> (1848) and a modern history setting Peter in the social and economic context of his time by Clara Estow (<i>Pedro the Cruel of Castile (1350–1369)</i>, 1995). </p><p>Strictly speaking, Peter was not defeated by Henry but by the opposing aristocracy; the nobles accomplished their objective of enthroning a weaker dynasty (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a>), much more amenable to their interests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most of the bad stories about Peter are likely to be colored by <a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">black legend</a>, coined by his enemies, who finally succeeded in their rebellion. The Chancellor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" class="mw-redirect" title="López de Ayala">López de Ayala</a>, the main source for Peter's reign, was the official chronicler of the Trastámara, a servant of the new rulers and of Peter's aristocratic adversaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The change of dynasty can be considered as the epilogue of the first act of a long struggle between the Castilian monarchy and the aristocracy; this struggle was to continue for more than three centuries and come to an end only under <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain</a>, the grandson of Ferdinand II of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (Ferdinand V of Castile) and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Monarchs">The Catholic Monarchs</a>), in the first quarter of the 16th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_P%C3%A8dre,_roi_de_Castille" title="Don Pèdre, roi de Castille">Don Pèdre, roi de Castille</a></i>, play by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>Don Pedro</b> in some English-language histories (<a href="#CITEREFFotheringham1889">Fotheringham 1889</a>, p. 311; <a href="#CITEREFStorer1911">Storer 1911</a>, <i>The title</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15214a.htm">"Pope Bl. Urban V"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Pope+Bl.+Urban+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15214a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow199530-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow199530_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstow1995">Estow 1995</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow199511-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow199511_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow199511_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstow1995">Estow 1995</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon1788">Dillon 1788</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannay1911">Hannay 1911</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer191164–86-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer191164–86_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorer1911">Storer 1911</a>, pp. 64–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorer1911">Storer 1911</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911113-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911113_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorer1911">Storer 1911</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histoire de Bertrand du Guesclin, connestable de France et des royaumes de Léon, de Castille, de Cordoue et de Séville, duc de Molines, comte de Longueville</i>, par messire Paul Hay, seigneur du Chastelet, édition à Paris, chez Jean Guignard 1666, conservé un temps à la bibliothèque impériale de Vienne (Autriche)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchman1978228-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman1978228_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchman1978228_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchman1978">Tuchman 1978</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911226-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911226_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorer1911">Storer 1911</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911227-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911227_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorer1911">Storer 1911</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorer1911[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetercruellifen00storgoogpagen82_64]–86-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorer1911[httpsarchiveorgdetailspetercruellifen00storgoogpagen82_64]–86_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorer1911">Storer 1911</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petercruellifen00storgoog/page/n82">64</a>–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow1995-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow1995_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstow1995">Estow 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the Jews were forced to wear the Yellow Badge in penance for their loyalty to Pedro" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1330&endyear=1339">http://jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1330&endyear=1339</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xxvi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xxvi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstow1995">Estow 1995</a>, p. xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romantic Circles: "Attersoll, Ann..." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rc.umd.edu/node/103426">Retrieved 11 November 2017.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2020161-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2020161_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2020">Bartlett 2020</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/60073/beatriz-de-castilla">"Beatriz de Castilla | Real Academia de la Historia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatriz+de+Castilla+%26%23124%3B+Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbe.rah.es%2Fbiografias%2F60073%2Fbeatriz-de-castilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFMacKay2003" class="citation">MacKay, Angus. "Catalina de Lancaster". In <a href="#CITEREFGerliArmistead2003">Gerli & Armistead (2003)</a>, p. 215.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeese2007149-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeese2007149_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeese2007">Leese 2007</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.euweb.cz/ivrea/ivrea8.html#PO">House of Ivrea-Castile</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-::-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-::_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCañas_Gálvez2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cañas Gálvez, Francisco de Paula (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2127419">"Don Sancho de Castilla (1363-1371): Apuntes biográficos de un hijo ilegítimo de Pedro I."</a> (in Spanish). p. 1126 and n. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+Sancho+de+Castilla+%281363-1371%29%3A+Apuntes+biogr%C3%A1ficos+de+un+hijo+ileg%C3%ADtimo+de+Pedro+I.&rft.pages=1126+and+n.+1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ca%C3%B1as+G%C3%A1lvez&rft.aufirst=Francisco+de+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2127419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xvi,_n._5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstow1995xvi,_n._5_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEstow1995">Estow 1995</a>, pp. xvi, n. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2020" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Robert (2020). <i>Blood Royal: Dynastic Politics in Medieval Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Royal%3A+Dynastic+Politics+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1788" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, John Talbot (1788). <i>The History of the Reign of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon</i>. Vol. 1 (Two volumes ed.). W. Richardson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2dVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA280">280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Reign+of+Peter+the+Cruel%2C+King+of+Castile+and+Leon&rft.pages=280&rft.edition=Two+volumes&rft.pub=W.+Richardson&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=John+Talbot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstow1995" class="citation book cs1">Estow, Clara (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/1675"><i>Pedro the Cruel of Castile (1350-1369)</i></a>. Boston: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47809-1"><bdi>978-90-04-47809-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1299382209">1299382209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+the+Cruel+of+Castile+%281350-1369%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1299382209&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47809-1&rft.aulast=Estow&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F1675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerliArmistead2003" class="citation book cs1">Gerli, E. Michael; Armistead, Samuel G., eds. (2003). <i>Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93918-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93918-6"><bdi>0-415-93918-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50404104">50404104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Iberia+%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50404104&rft.isbn=0-415-93918-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstow2017" class="citation journal cs1">Estow, Clara (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/669507">"What's in a Name?: Reflections on, and Echoes of, the Reign of Pedro I of Castile"</a>. <i>La corónica: A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcor.2017.0012">10.1353/cor.2017.0012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1947-4261">1947-4261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56308617">56308617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+cor%C3%B3nica%3A+A+Journal+of+Medieval+Hispanic+Languages%2C+Literatures%2C+and+Cultures&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F%3A+Reflections+on%2C+and+Echoes+of%2C+the+Reign+of+Pedro+I+of+Castile&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56308617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1947-4261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcor.2017.0012&rft.aulast=Estow&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F669507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotheringham1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fotheringham, James Gainsborough (1889). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Felton, William (d.1367)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Felton,_William_(d.1367)">"Felton, William (d.1367)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 18. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Felton%2C+William+%28d.1367%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Fotheringham&rft.aufirst=James+Gainsborough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeese2007" class="citation book cs1">Leese, Thelma Anna (2007). <i>Blood royal: issue of the kings and queens of medieval England, 1066-1399</i>. Heritage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+royal%3A+issue+of+the+kings+and+queens+of+medieval+England%2C+1066-1399&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Leese&rft.aufirst=Thelma+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinehan2000" class="citation cs2">Linehan, Peter (2000), Jones, Michael (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-medieval-history/castile-navarre-and-portugal/7202CC0DE02E8C6DA3C38EAE2BBD6A2D">"Castile, Navarre and Portugal"</a>, <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6: c.1300–c.1415</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">619–</span>650, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521362900.028">10.1017/chol9780521362900.028</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05574-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05574-1"><bdi>978-1-139-05574-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+6%3A+c.1300%E2%80%93c.1415&rft.atitle=Castile%2C+Navarre+and+Portugal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E619-%3C%2Fspan%3E650&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521362900.028&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05574-1&rft.aulast=Linehan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fnew-cambridge-medieval-history%2Fcastile-navarre-and-portugal%2F7202CC0DE02E8C6DA3C38EAE2BBD6A2D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mérimée, Prosper (1849). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjsOAAAAYAAJ">The History of Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon</a>.</i> London: R. Bentley</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1975" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1272494"><i>A history of medieval Spain</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">419–</span>427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0880-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0880-6"><bdi>0-8014-0880-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1272494">1272494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+medieval+Spain&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1272494&rft.isbn=0-8014-0880-6&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1272494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorer1911" class="citation book cs1">Storer, Edward (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petercruellifen00storgoog"><i>Peter the Cruel, the life of the notorious Don Pedro of Castile, together with an account of his relations with the famous Maria de Padlla</i></a>. London: John Lane. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petercruellifen00storgoog/page/n82">64</a>–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+the+Cruel%2C+the+life+of+the+notorious+Don+Pedro+of+Castile%2C+together+with+an+account+of+his+relations+with+the+famous+Maria+de+Padlla&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64-86&rft.pub=John+Lane&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Storer&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetercruellifen00storgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1978" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1978). <i>A distant mirror: the calamitous 14th century</i>. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+distant+mirror%3A+the+calamitous+14th+century&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Wertheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdeón_Baruque" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valdeón Baruque, Julio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/8207/pedro-i-de-castilla">"Pedro I de Castilla"</a>. <i>Real Academia de la Historia</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.atitle=Pedro+I+de+Castilla&rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n+Baruque&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbe.rah.es%2Fbiografias%2F8207%2Fpedro-i-de-castilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dd><b>Attribution:</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hannay_(historian)" title="David Hannay (historian)">Hannay, David</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peter_(Spanish_kings)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peter (Spanish kings)">Peter (Pedro) s.v. Peter "the cruel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+%28Pedro%29+s.v.+Peter+%22the+cruel%22&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=292&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeter+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Castile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Peter_I_of_Castile" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Peter I of Castile">Peter of Castile</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogia-es.com/castilla/bibliodp1.htm">Bibliography of recent works (in Spanish)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Peter of Castile </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Castilian_House_of_Ivrea" title="Castilian House of Ivrea">Castilian House of Ivrea</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Ivrea">House of Ivrea</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 30 August 1334</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 23 March 1369</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XI">Alfonso XI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">León</a> </b><br />1350–1366 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">León</a> </b><br />1367–1369 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castilian_monarchs" title="Template talk:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castilian monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Castile207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Castille_(1214-15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/75px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/113px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile" title="Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_León226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leonese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leonese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_León226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese house</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="García I of León">García I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruela_II_of_Asturias" title="Fruela II of Asturias">Fruela II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fr%C3%B3ilaz" title="Alfonso Fróilaz">Alfonso Fróilaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IV of León">Alfonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro II of León">Ramiro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño III of León">Ordoño III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño IV of León">Ordoño IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ramiro III of León">Ramiro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/50px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/75px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg/100px-Shield_of_Alfonso_IX_of_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancha, heiress of León">Sancha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Dulce of León">Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Galicia303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galician_monarchs" title="Template:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galician_monarchs" title="Template talk:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galician_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galician monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Galicia303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian kings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechila" title="Rechila">Rechila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechiar" title="Rechiar">Rechiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aioulf" title="Aioulf">Aioulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldras" title="Maldras">Maldras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framta" title="Framta">Framta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richimund" title="Richimund">Richimund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumar" title="Frumar">Frumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remismund" title="Remismund">Remismund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneric" title="Hermeneric">Hermeneric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veremund" title="Veremund">Veremund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemund" title="Theodemund">Theodemund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chararic_(Suebian_king)" title="Chararic (Suebian king)">Chararic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamir" title="Ariamir">Ariamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)" title="Theodemir (Suebian king)">Theodemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miro_(Suebian_king)" title="Miro (Suebian king)">Miro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboric" title="Eboric">Eboric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audeca" title="Audeca">Audeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaric" title="Malaric">Malaric</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/75px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/113px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg/150px-Arms_of_Galicia_%28Spain%29%2C_16th_Century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese_dynasty" title="Astur-Leonese dynasty">Astur-Leonese dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ordoño II of León">Ordoño II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho I of León">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo II of León">Bermudo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso V of León">Alfonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia" title="García II of Galicia">García II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha,_heiress_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancha, heiress of León">Sancha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dulce_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Dulce of León">Dulce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">Prince John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2596" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310963#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000388450198">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/281632578">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2493/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkHjxdpj733vj4XgBctrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118790528">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50008777">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12297475b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12297475b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621273">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35272614">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20191045525&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX920673">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072255722">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90557214">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810702875305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44372">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266448005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515952206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/19888496">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/892057">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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