CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="fr-FR"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/xmlrpc.php"> <title>Billets – OpenEdition Lab</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/favicon.png" /><script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js","js");</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//lab.hypotheses.org' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="OpenEdition Lab » Flux" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="OpenEdition Lab » Flux des commentaires" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/comments/feed" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/lab.hypotheses.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-hal-style1-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/hal/css/style.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-syntax-css-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-syntax/css/wp-syntax.css?ver=1.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/style.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hueman-main-style-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/css/main.min.css?ver=3.7.27' media='all' /> <style id='hueman-main-style-inline-css'> body { font-size:1.00rem; }@media only screen and (min-width: 720px) { .nav > li { font-size:1.00rem; } }.container-inner { max-width: 1000px; }::selection { background-color: #4c4e4c; } ::-moz-selection { background-color: #4c4e4c; }a,a>span.hu-external::after,.themeform label .required,#flexslider-featured .flex-direction-nav .flex-next:hover,#flexslider-featured .flex-direction-nav .flex-prev:hover,.post-hover:hover .post-title a,.post-title a:hover,.sidebar.s1 .post-nav li a:hover i,.content .post-nav li a:hover i,.post-related a:hover,.sidebar.s1 .widget_rss ul li a,#footer .widget_rss ul li a,.sidebar.s1 .widget_calendar a,#footer .widget_calendar a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-tab .tab-item-category a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-posts .post-item-category a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-title a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-comment a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-posts li:hover .post-item-title a,#footer .alx-tab .tab-item-category a,#footer .alx-posts .post-item-category a,#footer .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-title a,#footer .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-comment a,#footer .alx-posts li:hover .post-item-title a,.comment-tabs li.active a,.comment-awaiting-moderation,.child-menu a:hover,.child-menu .current_page_item > a,.wp-pagenavi a{ color: #4c4e4c; }input[type="submit"],.themeform button[type="submit"],.sidebar.s1 .sidebar-top,.sidebar.s1 .sidebar-toggle,#flexslider-featured .flex-control-nav li a.flex-active,.post-tags a:hover,.sidebar.s1 .widget_calendar caption,#footer .widget_calendar caption,.author-bio .bio-avatar:after,.commentlist li.bypostauthor > .comment-body:after,.commentlist li.comment-author-admin > .comment-body:after{ background-color: #4c4e4c; }.post-format .format-container { border-color: #4c4e4c; }.sidebar.s1 .alx-tabs-nav li.active a,#footer .alx-tabs-nav li.active a,.comment-tabs li.active a,.wp-pagenavi a:hover,.wp-pagenavi a:active,.wp-pagenavi span.current{ border-bottom-color: #4c4e4c!important; }.sidebar.s2 .post-nav li a:hover i, .sidebar.s2 .widget_rss ul li a, .sidebar.s2 .widget_calendar a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-tab .tab-item-category a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-posts .post-item-category a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-title a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-comment a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-posts li:hover .post-item-title a { color: #4c4e4c; } .sidebar.s2 .sidebar-top,.sidebar.s2 .sidebar-toggle,.post-comments,.jp-play-bar,.jp-volume-bar-value,.sidebar.s2 .widget_calendar caption{ background-color: #4c4e4c; }.sidebar.s2 .alx-tabs-nav li.active a { border-bottom-color: #4c4e4c; } .post-comments::before { border-right-color: #4c4e4c; } .search-expand, #nav-topbar.nav-container { background-color: #26272b}@media only screen and (min-width: 720px) { #nav-topbar .nav ul { background-color: #26272b; } }.is-scrolled #header .nav-container.desktop-sticky, .is-scrolled #header .search-expand { background-color: #26272b; background-color: rgba(38,39,43,0.90) }.is-scrolled .topbar-transparent #nav-topbar.desktop-sticky .nav ul { background-color: #26272b; background-color: rgba(38,39,43,0.95) }#header { background-color: #33363b; } @media only screen and (min-width: 720px) { #nav-header .nav ul { background-color: #33363b; } } #header #nav-mobile { background-color: #33363b; }.is-scrolled #header #nav-mobile { background-color: #33363b; background-color: rgba(51,54,59,0.90) }#nav-header.nav-container, #main-header-search .search-expand { background-color: ; } @media only screen and (min-width: 720px) { #nav-header .nav ul { background-color: ; } } .site-title a img { max-height: 80px; }body { background-color: #eaeaea; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-stylesheet-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman-child/style.css?ver=2.2%20(child%20of%20hueman%203.2.9)' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hueman-font-awesome-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=3.7.27' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='Branda_Signup_Password-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-branding/inc/modules/login-screen/assets/css/signup-password.css?ver=3.4.9.3' media='all' /> <style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css'> .a-stats { --akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49; --akismet-color-white: #fff; --akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7; max-width: 350px; width: auto; } .a-stats * { all: unset; box-sizing: border-box; } .a-stats strong { font-weight: 600; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:active { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); border: none; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 8px; color: var(--akismet-color-white); cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen-Sans', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-weight: 500; padding: 12px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; } /* Extra specificity to deal with TwentyTwentyOne focus style */ .widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); color: var(--akismet-color-white); text-decoration: none; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover { filter: brightness(110%); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16); } .a-stats .count { color: var(--akismet-color-white); display: block; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0 13px; white-space: nowrap; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-featherlight-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-featherlight/css/wp-featherlight.min.css?ver=1.3.4' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cmplz-cookie-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/css/cookieconsent.min.css?ver=5.4.0.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cleo-global-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/css/openbarre.css?ver=6.7.2' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cleo-complianz-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/css/complianz.css?ver=6.7.2' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='print-global-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/css/print.css?ver=6.7.2' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-author-bio-css' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-about-author/wp-about-author.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2921" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="Wordpress 6.7.2 - https://wordpress.org" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/billets" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://lab.hypotheses.org/?p=2921' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Flab.hypotheses.org%2Fbillets" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Flab.hypotheses.org%2Fbillets&format=xml" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@hypothesesorg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1148222708571516" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="OpenEdition Lab" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://lab.hypotheses.org/billets" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Billets" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/favicon_150x150.png" /> <script> var _paq = _paq || []; _paq.push(['setCustomVariable', 1, 'Domain', document.domain, 'visit']); _paq.push(['enableCrossDomainLinking']); _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", " lab | " + document.title]); _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u='https://analytics.openedition.org/'; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '5324']); var secondaryTrackerUrl = 'https://pk.labocleo.org/matomo.php'; var secondaryWebsiteId = '4'; _paq.push(['addTracker', secondaryTrackerUrl, secondaryWebsiteId]); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <style type="text/css"> ol.footnotes>li {list-style-type:decimal;} ol.footnotes { color:#666666; } ol.footnotes li { font-size:80%; } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/codes/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/codes/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/corpus/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/corpus/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/cr-de-lecture-sur-le-web/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/cr-de-lecture-sur-le-web/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/news/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/news/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/annotation-in-xml-tei/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/annotation-in-xml-tei/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/building-bilbo/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/building-bilbo/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/codes-and-data/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/codes-and-data/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/billets/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/billets/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/divers/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/divers/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/equipex-diloh/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/equipex-diloh/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/equipex-diloh/systemes-de-recommandation/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/equipex-diloh/systemes-de-recommandation/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/evalution-ouverte/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/evalution-ouverte/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/classification-de-documents/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/classification-de-documents/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/codes-inter-textes/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/codes-inter-textes/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/detection-des-langues/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/detection-des-langues/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/recommandation-par-analyse-des-citations-et-references/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/recommandation-par-analyse-des-citations-et-references/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/openedition-data/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/openedition-data/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/prototypes/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/prototypes/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/appropriation-du-savoir-ouvert/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/appropriation-du-savoir-ouvert/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/umberto-unexpected-reader-detector/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/umberto-unexpected-reader-detector/feed/rdf" /> <style type="text/css" id="branda-admin-bar-logo"> body #wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo > .ab-item { background-image: url(https://hypotheses.org/files/2016/12/hypologo-flux.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; background-size: 80%; } body #wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo > .ab-item .ab-icon:before { content: " "; } </style> <style> .twitter-tweet.cmplz-blocked-content-container { padding: 10px 40px; } </style> <style> .cmplz-placeholder-element > blockquote.fb-xfbml-parse-ignore { margin: 0 20px; } </style> <style> .instagram-media.cmplz-placeholder-element > div { max-width: 100%; } </style> <style type="text/css"> span.icon-hypotheses { background:url(https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/favicon_18x20.png);width:18px;height:20px;display:inline-block;margin-right:5px; } </style> <style type="text/css"> .nav-container { z-index:7; } #nav-header.nav-container{ z-index:7; } @media only screen and (max-width:719px){ #header{ z-index:8; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 720px){ .header-desktop-sticky #nav-topbar.nav-container { position:absolute; z-index:8; } } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(window).on("scroll", function(e) { if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 719px)").matches) { var navmobile = $('#nav-mobile'); } else { var navmobile = $('#nav-topbar'); } if (navmobile.length) { // if topbar exists var position = navmobile.position(); var openbarreheight=$('#ob-header').height(); // if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 720px)").matches) { if (navmobile.position().top < $(window).scrollTop()-openbarreheight ) { navmobile.css({ position: 'fixed', top: '0px' }); } else if (position.top > $(window).scrollTop()-openbarreheight && navmobile.css('position') == 'fixed') { navmobile.css({ position: 'absolute' }); } // } // remove the style attribute added by the previous function on window resize /* $(window).on('resize', function(){ if (window.matchMedia("(min-width: 720px)").matches) { topbar.removeAttr('style'); } }); */ } }); }); </script> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2?v=5.15.2" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2?v=5.15.2" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2?v=5.15.2" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-light-webfont.woff" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-lightitalic-webfont.woff" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regular-webfont.woff" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regularitalic-webfont.woff" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-semibold-webfont.woff" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <style> /* base : fonts /* ------------------------------------ */ body { font-family: "Titillium", Arial, sans-serif; } @font-face { font-family: 'Titillium'; src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-light-webfont.eot'); src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-light-webfont.svg#titillium-light-webfont') format('svg'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-light-webfont.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-light-webfont.woff') format('woff'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-light-webfont.ttf') format('truetype'); font-weight: 300; font-style: normal; } @font-face { font-family: 'Titillium'; src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-lightitalic-webfont.eot'); src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-lightitalic-webfont.svg#titillium-lightitalic-webfont') format('svg'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-lightitalic-webfont.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-lightitalic-webfont.woff') format('woff'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-lightitalic-webfont.ttf') format('truetype'); font-weight: 300; font-style: italic; } @font-face { font-family: 'Titillium'; src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regular-webfont.eot'); src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regular-webfont.svg#titillium-regular-webfont') format('svg'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regular-webfont.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regular-webfont.woff') format('woff'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regular-webfont.ttf') format('truetype'); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; } @font-face { font-family: 'Titillium'; src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regularitalic-webfont.eot'); src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regularitalic-webfont.svg#titillium-regular-webfont') format('svg'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regularitalic-webfont.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regularitalic-webfont.woff') format('woff'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-regularitalic-webfont.ttf') format('truetype'); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; } @font-face { font-family: 'Titillium'; src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-semibold-webfont.eot'); src: url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-semibold-webfont.svg#titillium-semibold-webfont') format('svg'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-semibold-webfont.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-semibold-webfont.woff') format('woff'), url('https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/fonts/titillium-semibold-webfont.ttf') format('truetype'); font-weight: 600; font-style: normal; } </style>  <link rel="alternate" type="application/opml+xml" title="Outline" href="https://www.openedition.org/opml.php?pubtype=carnet" /></head> <body data-cmplz=1 class="page-template-default page page-id-2921 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive wp-featherlight-captions col-2cl full-width topbar-enabled header-desktop-sticky header-mobile-sticky hueman-3-7-27-with-child-theme ie7 ie"> <div id="ob-header" class="openbarre"> <div class="openbarre__container"> <a class="openbarre__link" href="https://hypotheses.org" title="Home" tabindex="1"> <img class="openbarre__link__logo" src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/logo-ho.svg" /> </a> <div class="openbarre__right"> <button class="openbarre__right__button oesearch__button"> <span class="openbarre__tablet__elm"> OpenEdition Search </span> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/loupe_search_grey.svg" /> </button> <button id="all-oe-button" class="openbarre__right__button"> <span class="openbarre__tablet__elm"> Tout OpenEdition </span> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/tout_openedition_gray.svg" /> </button> <div class="openbarre__right__all__menu" id="all-oe-menu"> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title openbarre__right__all__menu__title--first"> Ressources numériques en sciences humaines et sociales </span> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://openedition.org"> OpenEdition </a> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title"> Nos plateformes </span> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://books.openedition.org"> OpenEdition Books </a> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://journals.openedition.org"> OpenEdition Journals </a> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://hypotheses.org"> Hypothèses </a> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://calenda.org"> Calenda </a> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title"> Bibliothèques </span> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://www.openedition.org/14043"> OpenEdition Freemium </a> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title"> Suivez-nous </span> <div class="openbarre__right__all__menu__networks"> <a class="footer__networks__icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/openedition" title="Facebook"> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/facebook-f-brands-solid.svg" /> </a> <a class="footer__networks__icon" href="https://x.com/OpenEditionActu" title="X"> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/x-twitter-brands-solid.svg" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__background" id="oesearch-modal-bg" hidden></div> <div class="openbarre__modal openbarre__modal--search" id="oesearch-modal" hidden> <div class="openbarre__modal__header openbarre__modal__header--search"> <img class="openbarre__modal__header__logo" src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/oe-search-white.svg" alt="OpenEdition Search logo" loading="lazy" /> <button class="openbarre__modal__header__close openbarre__modal__header__close--search" id="oesearch-modal-close" aria-label="Fermer"> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/xmark-solid.svg" /> </button> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__body openbarre__modal__body--search"> <form class="openbarre__modal__body__form" action="https://search.openedition.org/results"> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__searchbar"> <span class="openbarre__modal__body__form__searchbar__accroche"> Redirection vers OpenEdition Search </span> <input name="q" id="oesearch_searchbar" type="search" aria-label="OpenEdition Search text input" placeholder="Expression ou mot-clé (tag)" required> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__radio"> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__radio__item"> <input type="radio" name="s" id="oesearch_openedition" value="" checked> <label for="oesearch_openedition"> Dans tout OpenEdition </label> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__radio__item"> <input type="radio" name="s" id="oesearch_site" value="OpenEdition Lab"> <label for="oesearch_site">Dans "OpenEdition Lab"</label> </div> </div> <input name="pf" id="pf" type="hidden" value="HO"> <button id="oesearch_submit" type="submit" class="openbarre__modal__body__form__submit"> Rechercher </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="header" class="specific-mobile-menu-on one-mobile-menu mobile_menu header-ads-desktop topbar-transparent no-header-img"> <nav class="nav-container group mobile-menu mobile-sticky " id="nav-mobile" data-menu-id="header-1"> <div class="mobile-title-logo-in-header"><p class="site-title"> <a class="custom-logo-link" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/" rel="home" title="OpenEdition Lab | Page d'accueil"><img src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/logo-lab-blanc-carnet.png" alt="OpenEdition Lab" width="2696" height="317"/></a> </p></div>  <button class="ham__navbar-toggler-two collapsed" title="Menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="ham__navbar-span-wrapper"> <span class="line line-1"></span> <span class="line line-2"></span> <span class="line line-3"></span> </span> </button> <div class="nav-text"></div> <div class="nav-wrap container"> <ul class="nav container-inner group mobile-search"> <li> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://lab.hypotheses.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Rechercher :</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Rechercher…" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Rechercher" /> </form> </li> </ul> <ul id="menu-menu_oelab_2024" class="nav container-inner group"><li id="menu-item-2499" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-has-children menu-item-2499"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/">Le Lab d’OpenEdition</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2620" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2620"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/axes-de-recherche">Axes de recherche</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2637"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/approche">Approches</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2537" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2537"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/membres">Membres</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3793"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-en-cours">Projets en cours</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3693" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3693"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/paredo-shs-2024-2027">PaRéDo SHS (2024-en cours)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4057" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4057"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/histoire-dopenedition-2024">Histoire d’OpenEdition (2024-en cours)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3359" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3359"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/repenser-la-recherche-scientifique">Repenser la recherche scientifique au XXIè siècle. Discussions interdisciplinaires entre sciences et sociétés (2024-en cours)</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3888" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3888"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/science-et-politique-table-ronde-1">Science et politique — Table ronde #1</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4086" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4086"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/crise-climatique-table-ronde-2">Crise climatique — Table ronde #2</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2804" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2804"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/observatoire-des-usages-projet-communs">Observatoire des usages COMMONS (2023-en cours)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4047" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4047"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/re-mediation-collections">La (re-)médiation des collections de la BnF (2023-en cours)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3773" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3773"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/governing-digital-knowledge-infrastructures">Governing Digital Knowledge Infrastructures (2021-ongoing)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2500"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes">Projets passés</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3037" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3037"><a href="https://ok.hypotheses.org/projets/science-ouverte/sapa">Savoirs Partagés (2023-2024)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2574"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/usages">Usages et appropriations (2017-2020)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2564" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2564"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/recommandation">Système de recommandation de lecture (2013-2019)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2554" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2554"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/evaluationouverte">Évaluation ouverte et commentaire ouvert (2015-2016)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2544" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2544"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/agoraweb">AgoraWeb. Recommandation automatique et analyse dynamique de critiques de livres sur le web (2013-2015)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2549" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2549"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/bilbo">Bilbo. Annotation automatique des références bibliographiques (depuis 2010)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2559" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2559"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/openedition-data">OpenEdition Data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2982" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-2921 current_page_item menu-item-2982"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/billets" aria-current="page">Billets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3016" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3016"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/publications">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2864"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/historique">Historique</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2607" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2607"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/ressources">Ressources</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="nav-container group desktop-menu desktop-sticky " id="nav-topbar" data-menu-id="header-2"> <div class="nav-text"></div> <div class="topbar-toggle-down"> <i class="fas fa-angle-double-down" aria-hidden="true" data-toggle="down" title="Agrandir le menu"></i> <i class="fas fa-angle-double-up" aria-hidden="true" data-toggle="up" title="Réduire le menu"></i> </div> <div class="nav-wrap container"> <ul id="menu-menu_oelab_2024-1" class="nav container-inner group"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-has-children menu-item-2499"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/">Le Lab d’OpenEdition</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2620"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/axes-de-recherche">Axes de recherche</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2637"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/approche">Approches</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2537"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/membres">Membres</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3793"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-en-cours">Projets en cours</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3693"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/paredo-shs-2024-2027">PaRéDo SHS (2024-en cours)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4057"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/histoire-dopenedition-2024">Histoire d’OpenEdition (2024-en cours)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3359"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/repenser-la-recherche-scientifique">Repenser la recherche scientifique au XXIè siècle. Discussions interdisciplinaires entre sciences et sociétés (2024-en cours)</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3888"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/science-et-politique-table-ronde-1">Science et politique — Table ronde #1</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4086"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/crise-climatique-table-ronde-2">Crise climatique — Table ronde #2</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2804"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/observatoire-des-usages-projet-communs">Observatoire des usages COMMONS (2023-en cours)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4047"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/re-mediation-collections">La (re-)médiation des collections de la BnF (2023-en cours)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3773"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/governing-digital-knowledge-infrastructures">Governing Digital Knowledge Infrastructures (2021-ongoing)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2500"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes">Projets passés</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3037"><a href="https://ok.hypotheses.org/projets/science-ouverte/sapa">Savoirs Partagés (2023-2024)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2574"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/usages">Usages et appropriations (2017-2020)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2564"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/recommandation">Système de recommandation de lecture (2013-2019)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2554"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/evaluationouverte">Évaluation ouverte et commentaire ouvert (2015-2016)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2544"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/agoraweb">AgoraWeb. Recommandation automatique et analyse dynamique de critiques de livres sur le web (2013-2015)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2549"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/bilbo">Bilbo. Annotation automatique des références bibliographiques (depuis 2010)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2559"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/projets-passes/openedition-data">OpenEdition Data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-2921 current_page_item menu-item-2982"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/billets" aria-current="page">Billets</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3016"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/publications">Publications</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2864"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/historique">Historique</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2607"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/ressources">Ressources</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="topbar-header-search" class="container"> <div class="container-inner"> <button class="toggle-search"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> <div class="search-expand"> <div class="search-expand-inner"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://lab.hypotheses.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Rechercher :</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Rechercher…" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Rechercher" /> </form></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="container group"> <div class="container-inner"> <div class="group hu-pad central-header-zone"> <div class="logo-tagline-group"> <p class="site-title"> <a class="custom-logo-link" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/" rel="home" title="OpenEdition Lab | Page d'accueil"><img src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/logo-lab-blanc-carnet.png" alt="OpenEdition Lab" width="2696" height="317"/></a> </p> <p class="site-description"></p> </div> <div id="header-widgets"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container" id="page"> <div class="container-inner"> <div class="main"> <div class="main-inner group"> <main class="content" id="content"> <div class="page-title hu-pad group"> <h1>Billets</h1> </div> <div class="hu-pad group"> <article class="group post-2921 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry themeform"> <ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list is-grid columns-2 has-dates has-author wp-block-latest-posts has-medium-font-size"><li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/3942">Retours sur le séminaire Savoirs Partagés et la séance dédiée à la justice cognitive et à la science ouverte juste par Céline Guilleux</a><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-author">par Simon Dumas Primbault</div><time datetime="2024-10-31T12:13:39+02:00" class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-date">31/10/2024</time><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt">La septième séance du séminaire Savoirs Partagés s’est tenue en ligne le 6 juin 2024 et avait pour thème la justice cognitive et la science ouverte juste (plus d’informations ici). Lors de cette séance,...</div></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/3486">Pour un principe de diversité épistémique dans le processus d’élaboration des décisions publiques</a><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-author">par Simon Dumas Primbault</div><time datetime="2024-08-27T12:36:00+02:00" class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-date">27/08/2024</time><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt">Recension de l’ouvrage de Samuel Goëta, Les données de la démocratie. Open data, pouvoirs et contre-pouvoirs (C&F Éditions, Caen, 2024) pour le séminaire Hypertextes du Centre Internet et Société 28.03.24. Comme c’est souvent le cas...</div></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/3299">Voyages Virtuels : Première analyse computationnelle des habitudes de navigation sur OpenEdition</a><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-author">par aabid</div><time datetime="2024-07-11T17:56:30+02:00" class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-date">11/07/2024</time><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt">Introduction Cette analyse computationnelle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un travail de thèse au sein de l’Observatoire des usages du projet COMMONS. Son objectif est de documenter les pratiques de navigation des utilisateurs des plateformes...</div></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/3141">Observatoire des usages COMMONS : La nécessité d’une première étude exploratoire</a><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-author">par Ioanna Faïta</div><time datetime="2024-07-11T17:07:42+02:00" class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-date">11/07/2024</time><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt">1. Contexte de la recherche Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur les pratiques de navigation au sein de l’environnement de la science ouverte en SHS dans le périmètre du consortium COMMONS. C’est un...</div></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/3098">Observatoire des usages COMMONS : Première étude de terrain 2023</a><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-author">par Ioanna Faïta</div><time datetime="2024-05-28T13:11:21+02:00" class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-date">28/05/2024</time><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt">Enquête sur le lectorat de la Revue de la BNU, la revue Hommes & migrations et UGA Éditions Dans le cadre d’une étude sur le lectorat des revues RBNU, Hommes & migrations et de trois collections d’UGA Éditions, hébergées...</div></li> </ul> <nav class="pagination group"> </nav> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </article> </div> </main> <div class="sidebar s1 collapsed" data-position="right" data-layout="col-2cl" data-sb-id="s1"> <button class="sidebar-toggle" title="Étendre la colonne latérale"><i class="fas sidebar-toggle-arrows"></i></button> <div class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-top group"> <p>Suivre :</p> </div> <div id="search-3" class="widget widget_search"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://lab.hypotheses.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Rechercher :</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Rechercher…" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Rechercher" /> </form></div><div id="categories-1" class="widget widget_categories"><h3 class="widget-title">Catégories</h3> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-633523"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb">AgoraWeb</a> (9) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3918"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/codes">Codes</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-2655508"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/corpus">Corpus</a> (2) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-802221"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/agoraweb/cr-de-lecture-sur-le-web">Rercherche de CR sur le Web</a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6301"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/news">Annonces</a> (25) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-258578"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot">Bilbo – Bibliographical Robot</a> (53) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-633377"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/annotation-in-xml-tei">Annotation in XML TEI</a> (10) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-633519"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/building-bilbo">Building Bilbo</a> (29) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-258575"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/codes-and-data">Codes and data</a> (5) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-69461"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/bilbo-bibliographical-robot/billets">Divers</a> (3) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-847"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/divers">Billets</a> (31) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1775576"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/equipex-diloh">Equipex DILOH</a> (5) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-697255"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/equipex-diloh/systemes-de-recommandation">Systèmes de recommandation</a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1775557"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/evalution-ouverte">Évaluation ouverte</a> (4) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-633522"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes">Inter-Textes</a> (9) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-802222"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/classification-de-documents">Classification de documents</a> (4) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-802245"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/codes-inter-textes">Codes</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-802238"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/detection-des-langues">Détection des langues</a> (2) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-697256"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/inter-textes/recommandation-par-analyse-des-citations-et-references">Recommandation par analyse des citations et références</a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-2655504"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/openedition-data">OpenEdition Data</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1203056"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/prototypes">Prototypes</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1775577"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs">Usages et appropriations</a> (23) <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-2655507"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/appropriation-du-savoir-ouvert">Appropriation du savoir ouvert</a> (5) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1775578"><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/category/etude-sur-les-usages-des-lecteurs/umberto-unexpected-reader-detector">Umberto – unexpected reader detector</a> (16) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div><div id="archives-1" class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-1">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-1" name="archive-dropdown"> <option value="">Sélectionner un mois</option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2024/10'> octobre 2024 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2024/08'> août 2024 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2024/07'> juillet 2024 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2024/05'> mai 2024 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2020/11'> novembre 2020 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2019/12'> décembre 2019 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2019/05'> mai 2019 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2019/03'> mars 2019 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2018/04'> avril 2018 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2018/03'> mars 2018 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2017/12'> décembre 2017 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2017/08'> août 2017 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2017/07'> juillet 2017 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2017/05'> mai 2017 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2017/04'> avril 2017 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2017/03'> mars 2017 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2016/10'> octobre 2016 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2016/06'> juin 2016 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2016/04'> avril 2016 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2016/01'> janvier 2016 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2015/12'> décembre 2015 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2015/11'> novembre 2015 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2015/06'> juin 2015 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2015/02'> février 2015 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2014/11'> novembre 2014 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2014/10'> octobre 2014 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2014/09'> septembre 2014 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2014/05'> mai 2014 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2014/04'> avril 2014 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2014/03'> mars 2014 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2014/01'> janvier 2014 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2013/11'> novembre 2013 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2013/07'> juillet 2013 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2013/04'> avril 2013 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2013/03'> mars 2013 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2013/01'> janvier 2013 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2012/10'> octobre 2012 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2012/05'> mai 2012 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2012/04'> avril 2012 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2012/01'> janvier 2012 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2011/12'> décembre 2011 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2011/10'> octobre 2011 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2011/09'> septembre 2011 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2011/07'> juillet 2011 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2011/06'> juin 2011 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2011/05'> mai 2011 </option> <option value='https://lab.hypotheses.org/date/2011/04'> avril 2011 </option> </select> <script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-1" ); function onSelectChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) { document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value; } } dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange; })(); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <section class="container" id="footer-widgets"> <div class="container-inner"> <div class="hu-pad group"> <div class="footer-widget-1 grid one-full last"> <div id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div align="center"> <table> <tr> <td> <a href="http://www.cnrs.fr" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique"> <img class="image-container" src="https://www.cnrs.fr/sites/default/files/logo/logo.svg" width="100" height="100" alt="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique" /> </a> </td> <td width="50"></td> <td> <a href="http://www.univ-amu.fr" title="Université d'Aix-Marseille"> <img class="image-container" src="https://www.univ-amu.fr/system/files/2021-01/DIRCOM-Logo_AMU_CMJN.png" width="150" height="100" alt="Université d'Aix-Marseille" /> </a> </td> <td width="50"></td> <td> <a href="http://www.ehess.fr" title="École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales"> <img class="image-container" src="https://www.ehess.fr/sites/all/themes/ehess_subtheme/css/img/Logo_EHESS_2021_MOBILE.gif" width="100" height="100" alt="École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales" /> </a> </td> <td width="50"></td> <td> <a href="http://www.univ-avignon.fr" title="Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse"> <img class="image-container" src="https://leo.hypotheses.org/files/2021/11/logo-uav.png" width="100" height="100" alt="Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse" /> </a> </td> <td width="50"></td> <td> <a href="http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/" title="Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation"> <img class="image-container" src="https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/site_logo/2022-05/1_MESR_RVB.svg" width="150px" height="150px" alt="Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation"> </a> </td> </tr> </table> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="container" id="footer-bottom"> <div class="container-inner"> <a id="back-to-top" href="#"><i class="fa fa-angle-up"></i></a> <div class="hu-pad group"> <div class="grid one-half"> <div id="copyright"> <p>OpenEdition Lab   2025</p> </div> <div id="credit"> <p>Fièrement propulsé par <a href="http://wordpress.org" target="_blank">WordPress</a>. Theme by <a href="http://presscustomizr.com">Press Customizr</a>.</p> <p><span class="icon-hypotheses"></span>Un carnet de recherche proposé par <a href="https://hypotheses.org" title="Hypothèses">Hypothèses</a> - <a href="https://www.openedition.org/12699" title="Ce carnet dans le catalogue d'OpenEdition">Ce carnet dans le catalogue d'OpenEdition</a> - <a href="https://www.openedition.org/19362?lang=fr">Politique de confidentialité</a> - <a href="https://www.openedition.org/41101?lang=fr">Signaler un problème</a><br/><a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/feed" title="RSS">Flux de syndication</a> - <a href="https://lab.hypotheses.org/credits">Crédits</a><br/></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid one-half last"> </div> </div> </div> </section> </footer> </div> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function ($) { $( ".cmplz-placeholder-element" ).wrap( "<div class='cmplz-iframe'></div>" ); }); </script> <style> .tiktok-embed.cmplz-placeholder-element > div { max-width: 100%;} </style> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/hal/js/cv-hal.js?ver=6.7.2" id="wp-hal-script4-js"></script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-syntax/js/wp-syntax.js?ver=1.2" id="wp-syntax-js-js"></script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.7" id="underscore-js"></script> <script id="hu-front-scripts-js-extra"> var HUParams = {"_disabled":[],"SmoothScroll":{"Enabled":true,"Options":{"touchpadSupport":false}},"centerAllImg":"1","timerOnScrollAllBrowsers":"1","extLinksStyle":"","extLinksTargetExt":"","extLinksSkipSelectors":{"classes":["btn","button"],"ids":[]},"imgSmartLoadEnabled":"","imgSmartLoadOpts":{"parentSelectors":[".container .content",".post-row",".container .sidebar","#footer","#header-widgets"],"opts":{"excludeImg":[".tc-holder-img"],"fadeIn_options":100,"threshold":0}},"goldenRatio":"1.618","gridGoldenRatioLimit":"350","sbStickyUserSettings":{"desktop":true,"mobile":true},"sidebarOneWidth":"340","sidebarTwoWidth":"260","isWPMobile":"","menuStickyUserSettings":{"desktop":"stick_always","mobile":"stick_always"},"mobileSubmenuExpandOnClick":"1","submenuTogglerIcon":"<i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i>","isDevMode":"","ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/lab.hypotheses.org\/?huajax=1","frontNonce":{"id":"HuFrontNonce","handle":"410627c886"},"isWelcomeNoteOn":"","welcomeContent":"","i18n":{"collapsibleExpand":"Expand","collapsibleCollapse":"Collapse"},"deferFontAwesome":"","fontAwesomeUrl":"https:\/\/lab.hypotheses.org\/wp-content\/themes\/hueman\/assets\/front\/css\/font-awesome.min.css?3.7.27","mainScriptUrl":"https:\/\/lab.hypotheses.org\/wp-content\/themes\/hueman\/assets\/front\/js\/scripts.min.js?3.7.27","flexSliderNeeded":"","flexSliderOptions":{"is_rtl":false,"has_touch_support":true,"is_slideshow":false,"slideshow_speed":5000}}; </script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/js/scripts.min.js?ver=3.7.27" id="hu-front-scripts-js" defer></script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-featherlight/js/wpFeatherlight.pkgd.min.js?ver=1.3.4" id="wp-featherlight-js"></script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/js/cookieconsent.min.js?ver=5.4.0.2" id="cmplz-cookie-js"></script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/js/postscribe.min.js?ver=5.4.0.2" id="cmplz-postscribe-js"></script> <script id="cmplz-cookie-config-js-extra"> var complianz = {"static":"","is_multisite_root":"","set_cookies":[],"block_ajax_content":"0","banner_version":"2","version":"5.4.0.2","a_b_testing":"","do_not_track":"","consenttype":"optin","region":"eu","geoip":"1","categories":"<div class=\"cmplz-categories-wrap\"><label for=\"cmplz_functional\"><div class=\"cmplz-slider-checkbox\"><input id=\"cmplz_functional\" style=\"color:#191e23\" tabindex=\"0\" data-category=\"cmplz_functional\" class=\"cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-slider-checkbox cmplz_functional\" checked disabled size=\"40\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" \/><span class=\"cmplz-slider cmplz-round \" ><\/span><\/div><span class=\"cc-category\" style=\"color:#191e23\">Fonctionnel<\/span><\/label><\/div><div class=\"cmplz-categories-wrap\"><label for=\"cmplz_marketing\"><div class=\"cmplz-slider-checkbox\"><input id=\"cmplz_marketing\" style=\"color:#191e23\" tabindex=\"0\" data-category=\"cmplz_marketing\" class=\"cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-slider-checkbox cmplz_marketing\" size=\"40\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" \/><span class=\"cmplz-slider cmplz-round \" ><\/span><\/div><span class=\"cc-category\" style=\"color:#191e23\">Marketing<\/span><\/label><\/div><style>\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox input:checked + .cmplz-slider {\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #21759b\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox input:focus + .cmplz-slider {\t\t\t\t\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 1px #21759b;\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox .cmplz-slider:before {\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #ffffff;\t\t\t\t\t}.cmplz-slider-checkbox .cmplz-slider-na:before {\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor:#ffffff;\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox .cmplz-slider {\t\t\t\t\t background-color: #F56E28;\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t<\/style><style>#cc-window.cc-window .cmplz-categories-wrap .cc-check svg {stroke: #191e23}<\/style>","position":"bottom","title":"bottom minimal","theme":"minimal","checkbox_style":"slider","use_categories":"hidden","use_categories_optinstats":"visible","header":"","accept":"Accepter","revoke":"G\u00e9rer le consentement","dismiss":"Tout refuser","dismiss_timeout":"10","use_custom_cookie_css":"","custom_css":".cc-window \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n#cmplz-consent-ui, #cmplz-post-consent-ui {} \n\n#cmplz-consent-ui .cmplz-consent-message {} \n\n#cmplz-consent-ui button, #cmplz-post-consent-ui button {}","readmore_optin":"Politique de cookies","readmore_impressum":"Impressum","accept_informational":"Accepter","message_optout":"Nous utilisons des cookies pour optimiser notre site web et notre service.","message_optin":"Nous utilisons des cookies pour optimiser notre site web et notre service.","readmore_optout":"Cookie Policy","readmore_optout_dnsmpi":"Do Not Sell My Personal Information","hide_revoke":"","disable_cookiebanner":"","banner_width":"","soft_cookiewall":"","type":"opt-in","layout":"basic","dismiss_on_scroll":"","dismiss_on_timeout":"","cookie_expiry":"365","nonce":"6b923c95be","url":"https:\/\/lab.hypotheses.org\/wp-json\/complianz\/v1\/?lang=fr&locale=fr_FR","set_cookies_on_root":"1","cookie_domain":"hypotheses.org","current_policy_id":"1","cookie_path":"\/","tcf_active":"","colorpalette_background_color":"#f9f9f9","colorpalette_background_border":"#f9f9f9","colorpalette_text_color":"#191e23","colorpalette_text_hyperlink_color":"#191e23","colorpalette_toggles_background":"#21759b","colorpalette_toggles_bullet":"#ffffff","colorpalette_toggles_inactive":"#F56E28","colorpalette_border_radius":"0px 0px 0px 0px","border_width":"1px 1px 1px 1px","colorpalette_button_accept_background":"#21759b","colorpalette_button_accept_border":"#21759b","colorpalette_button_accept_text":"#ffffff","colorpalette_button_deny_background":"#f56e28","colorpalette_button_deny_border":"#f56e28","colorpalette_button_deny_text":"#ffffff","colorpalette_button_settings_background":"#f1f1f1","colorpalette_button_settings_border":"#21759b","colorpalette_button_settings_text":"#21759b","buttons_border_radius":"5px 5px 5px 5px","box_shadow":"","animation":"none","animation_fade":"","animation_slide":"","view_preferences":"Pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences","save_preferences":"Enregistrer les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences","accept_all":"Tout accepter","readmore_url":{"eu":"https:\/\/www.openedition.org\/37235"},"privacy_link":{"eu":""},"placeholdertext":"Cliquez pour accepter les cookies de marketing et activer ce contenu"}; </script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/js/complianz.min.js?ver=5.4.0.2" id="cmplz-cookie-config-js"></script> <script src="https://lab.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/js/openbarre.js?ver=6.7.2" id="cleo-global-js-js"></script>  </body> </html>