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<li id="toc-Early_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Pre-Palatial_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Pre-Palatial_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Late Pre-Palatial Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Pre-Palatial_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Palatial_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Palatial_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Neo-Palatial Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Palatial_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mycenean_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mycenean_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Mycenean Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mycenean_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Hellenistic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Roman Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Late Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Necropolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necropolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Necropolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Necropolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_Kydonians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Kydonians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Famous Kydonians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Kydonians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kydonia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كيدونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيدونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidoniya" title="Kidoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kidoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Кидония (Крит) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кидония (Крит)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid%C3%B2nia" title="Cidònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cidònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kydonia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κυδωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυδωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidonia_(Antigua_Grecia)" title="Cidonia (Antigua Grecia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cidonia (Antigua Grecia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیدونیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیدونیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydonia_(Gr%C3%A8ce)" title="Cydonia (Grèce) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cydonia (Grèce)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidonia" title="Cidonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cidonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kydonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid%C3%B4nia" title="Cidônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кидония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кидония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidonija" title="Kidonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kidonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidonija" title="Kidonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kidonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kydonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kydonia" title="Kydonia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kydonia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidonya" title="Kidonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kidonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Кідонія (Крит) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кідонія (Крит)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیدونیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیدونیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1481525#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city in Crete, Greece</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient city of Kydonia. For the former province, see <a href="/wiki/Kydonia_Province" title="Kydonia Province">Kydonia Province</a>. For modern city, see <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minoan_ruins_in_Chania,_Crete_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Minoan_ruins_in_Chania%2C_Crete_001.JPG/250px-Minoan_ruins_in_Chania%2C_Crete_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Minoan_ruins_in_Chania%2C_Crete_001.JPG/375px-Minoan_ruins_in_Chania%2C_Crete_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Minoan_ruins_in_Chania%2C_Crete_001.JPG/500px-Minoan_ruins_in_Chania%2C_Crete_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Excavations of Minoan Kydonia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kydonia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also known as <b>Cydonia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κυδωνία</span>, <i>Kydōnía</i>) was an ancient city located at the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Greece">island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. The city is known from archaeological remains dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan era</a> as well as literary and historical sources. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the area of Kastelli Hill, which is the citadel of Chania's harbor, archaeological excavations have discovered ceramic sherds and finds that date from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to Late Minoan IIIC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze">Early Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMC_-_Vogelgef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AMC_-_Vogelgef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg/220px-AMC_-_Vogelgef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AMC_-_Vogelgef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg/330px-AMC_-_Vogelgef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AMC_-_Vogelgef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg/440px-AMC_-_Vogelgef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Early Minoan bird-shaped vessel <small>(3000–2300<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Scarce finds such as walls and ground floors confirm that the systematic habitation of the hill began during <a href="/wiki/Minoan_chronology" title="Minoan chronology">Early Minoan (EM) II period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Bronze">Middle Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Middle Bronze Age, the material culture on Crete is known as Middle Minoan (MM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Pre-Palatial_Period">Late Pre-Palatial Period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late Pre-Palatial Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the MM IA (c. 2050/2000-1925/1900 BC<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the architecture was still pre-palatial. These levels were destroyed with the constrution of the neopalatial town.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Palatial_Period">Neo-Palatial Period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neo-Palatial Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Minoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Minoan">Middle Minoan III</a> (MM III; c. 1750/1720-1675/1650 BC<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a palace was built marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-palatial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-palatial period">Neo-Palatial Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large archive of Linear A tablets (97) have been found, the second largest archive known. The tablets were largely economic records of agricultural produce, people and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Minoan House (House I) with the characteristic hall was also unearthed. It was destroyed by fire during Late Minoan (LM) IB period. The houses from LMIIIA phase belonged to a palatial settlement, which ceased to exist in LMIII. </p><p>The city extended beyond Kastelli Hill as the excavations in Daskalogiannis Street revealed, where a LMI sanctuary or "<a href="/wiki/Lustral_basin" title="Lustral basin">lustral basin</a>" came to light. The discovery of a corpus of <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets points out the presence of an archive. Moreover, the archaeologists have identified the existence of a local pottery workshop, which was active in LMIII.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the LM IB, Kydonia seem to have been abandoned for a period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mycenean_Period">Mycenean Period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mycenean Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Late Minoan IIIA (LM IIIA; 1435/1405-1360/1325 BC<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), new houses are built. At the end of LM IIIA, the houses are destroyed by fire. In "House 1" three Linear B tablets were found. In the Late Minoan IIIB (LM IIIB; 1360/1325-1200/1190 BC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the town was rebuilt again. </p><p>In the Mycenean Period, Linear B is only found at the Cretan sites of Knossos, Kydonia/Chania and Malia. This indicates a scriptorium and archive within a possible palace in Kydonia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the city is first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets from <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> as <span title="Mycenaean Greek-language romanization"><i lang="gmy-Latn">Ku-do-ni-ja</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greek language">Mycenaean Greek</a>: <span lang="gmy">𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other sites on Crete, Kydonia maintained major trading activities. In the LM IIIA and LM IIIB, it was a large commercial and maritime center, exporting pottery, oil, perfume and ine throughout the Aegean.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kydonia%22">"Kydonia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kydonia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kydonia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kydonia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kydonia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kydonia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Archaeological evidence from the Early Iron Age and Archaic Era is limited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 429 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, Kydonia was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenians</a> after the accusations of Nikias from <a href="/wiki/Gortyna" title="Gortyna">Gortyna</a> for pro-Spartan policy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 343 BC the city was besieged by <a href="/wiki/Phalaikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalaikos">Phalaikos</a> and his army of mercenaries after his failed attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Lyttus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyttus">Lyttus</a>. He was killed from a lightning strike that burnt his siege engines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Period">Hellenistic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, Kydonia took part in the struggle for domination among the cities of Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 3rd century BC a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Aptera,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Aptera, Greece">Aptera</a> was signed. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Lyttian_War" title="Lyttian War">Lyttian War</a> In 220/219 BC both cities joined the alliance of Oreioi (in which <a href="/wiki/Polyrrhenia" title="Polyrrhenia">Polyrrhenia</a> was a member) and canceled the one with Knossos. Aggressive policy led to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Phalasarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalasarna">Phalasarna</a> (184 B.C.E) and 14 years later that of <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(north_coast_of_Crete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia (north coast of Crete)">Apollonia</a>, an action criticized by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> since they were allies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Period">Roman Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roman Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 69 BC the Romans under <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus</a>, after the failed attempt of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Creticus" title="Marcus Antonius Creticus">Marcus Antonius Creticus</a>, invaded Crete. The Cretan general <a href="/wiki/Lasthenes_(general)" title="Lasthenes (general)">Lasthenes</a> confronted them in the battle of Kydonia, where he lost and retreated. This outcome forced Cretan general <a href="/wiki/Panares" title="Panares">Panares</a> to capitulate to the Romans and deliver them the city without resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins of the <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> depict Kydon either as an infant suckling a female Cretan hound or as an archer stringing his bow, accompanied by his dog.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining base from the Hellenistic wall can be seen below the Byzantine wall of Kastelli Hill. Rescue excavations have discovered Hellenistic facilities below buildings of the modern city.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle of Actium</a> (31 BC) <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> set Kydonia free for its assistance to him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kydonians are mentioned in book 12 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, where their excellent bow skills are used in an extended <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">simile</a> describing the Fury's descent to <a href="/wiki/Juturna" title="Juturna">Juturna</a>. The editors of the <i><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World" title="Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World">Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World</a></i> suggest that the city also bore the name <b>Apollonia</b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀπολλωνία</span></span>, <i>Apollōnía</i>) at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (April 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Antiquity">Late Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 365 the city must have been affected by the earthquake that devastated many cities of Crete. The Episcopate of Kydonia is referred in many ecclesiastical documents. The earliest is in 381 when Cydonius the bishop of Kydonia takes part in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First council of Constantinople.</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosperity of the city during Late Roman times is illustrated by the mosaics of houses found near Agora Square. Roman workshops have been found in some parts of the modern city.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Material from the urban architecture of the ancient city was used for the construction of Kastelli Hill's Byzantine wall.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a></div> <p>The first Byzantine period of Kydonia ended with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Crete">Arab conquest of Crete</a> in the 820s. After the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_reconquest_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine reconquest of Crete">Byzantine reconquest of Crete</a> in 961, the bishopric was transferred outside the city near the village of Agya.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain when the toponym Kydonia ceased to be used in place of forms of the modern <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>. The scholars suggest that the name was changed by the Arabs, who named the city <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ḵān</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخان</span>, "the <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a>"). This name may have derived from a suburb of Kydonia called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Alchania Komi</i></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where the god <a href="/wiki/Welchanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Welchanos">Welchanos</a> had been worshipped in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian rule</a>, the city was known as <a href="/wiki/Canea" class="mw-redirect" title="Canea">Canea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kydonia_and_Apokoronas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis of Kydonia and Apokoronas">Metropolis of Kydonia and Apokoronas</a>, which was established in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's archaeological recoveries from the ancient city of Kydonia are largely stored in the <a href="/wiki/Chania_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chania Archaeological Museum">Chania Archaeological Museum</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact location of Kydonia was not understood until <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pashley" title="Robert Pashley">Robert Pashley</a> worked it out<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based solely on ancient historical literature without any <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Pendlebury" title="John Pendlebury">John Pendlebury</a> also identified <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a> with ancient Kydonia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient authors suggest that Kydonia was located in western <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, facing the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo calculated its distance from other cities of Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Necropolis">Necropolis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Necropolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Kydonia was inhabited for centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> of the city is quite extended and includes graveyards from all periods. It lies below the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>. Burial types that have been found include <a href="/wiki/Chamber_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber tombs">chamber tombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a> graves, and <a href="/wiki/Loculus_(architecture)" title="Loculus (architecture)">loculus</a> tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> mentions a tribe called the Kydonians who live on both sides of the Iardanos River.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> claims that the city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Samians" class="mw-redirect" title="Samians">Samians</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BC</span>, who later on were defeated and enslaved by a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Aeginetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeginetans">Aeginetans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cretans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretans">Cretans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some legends claim that Kydonia was founded by a king named <a href="/wiki/Cydon" title="Cydon">Cydon</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κύδων</span></span>, <i>Kýdōn</i>), a son of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of <a href="/wiki/Akakallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Akakallis">Akakallis</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>. According to Pausanias,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was son of king <a href="/wiki/Tegeates" title="Tegeates">Tegeates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> claimed that the city was founded by King <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(region_of_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonia (region of Mars)">Cydonia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (planet)">Mars</a> was named for the Cretan city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_Kydonians">Famous Kydonians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Famous Kydonians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocles_(sculptors)" title="Aristocles (sculptors)">Aristocles</a> (5th century BC), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresilas" title="Kresilas">Kresilas</a> (5th century BC), sculptor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaxa,_Crete" title="Malaxa, Crete">Malaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichne_(Crete)" title="Polichne (Crete)">Polichne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(region_of_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonia (region of Mars)">Cydonia (region of Mars)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoancrete.com/chania.htm">"Minoan Crete -- the Minoan town of Chania/Kydonia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete+--+the+Minoan+town+of+Chania%2FKydonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoancrete.com%2Fchania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning 1995:217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoancrete.com/chania.htm">"Minoan Crete -- the Minoan town of Chania/Kydonia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete+--+the+Minoan+town+of+Chania%2FKydonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoancrete.com%2Fchania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning 1995:217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tzedakis and Chryssoulaki (1987) Neopalatial Architectural Elements in the Area of Chania. In the Function of the Minoan Palace, pp. 111-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoancrete.com/chania.htm">"Minoan Crete -- the Minoan town of Chania/Kydonia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete+--+the+Minoan+town+of+Chania%2FKydonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoancrete.com%2Fchania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greek-Swedish excavations at the Agia Aikaterini square, Kastelli, Khania, 1970-1987 and 2001 vol. 1,2,3 ed. by Erik Hallager and Birgitta P. Hallager.(2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki, The county of Khania through its monuments (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning 1995:217; see McEnroe 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning 1995:217; see McEnroe 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoancrete.com/chania.htm">"Minoan Crete -- the Minoan town of Chania/Kydonia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete+--+the+Minoan+town+of+Chania%2FKydonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoancrete.com%2Fchania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1991" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, J. T. (1991). <i>Linear B: An Introduction</i>. Bristol Classical Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906515-62-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906515-62-4"><bdi>978-0-906515-62-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linear+B%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-906515-62-4&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minoancrete.com/chania.htm">"Minoan Crete -- the Minoan town of Chania/Kydonia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoan+Crete+--+the+Minoan+town+of+Chania%2FKydonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minoancrete.com%2Fchania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thuc. 2.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diod. Sic 16.63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Angelos_Chaniotis" title="Angelos Chaniotis">Angelos Chaniotis</a>, Die Verträge zwischen kretischen Poleis in der hellenistischen Zeit (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polyb. 28.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian sic 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifactBrowser?object=Coin&field=Context&value=Kydonia">"Art and Archaeology Artifact Browser: 2 Coins whose Context is Kydonia"</a>. <i>Perseus Digital Library</i>. Gregory R. Crane, Tufts University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Art+and+Archaeology+Artifact+Browser%3A+2+Coins+whose+Context+is+Kydonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2FartifactBrowser%3Fobject%3DCoin%26field%3DContext%26value%3DKydonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki, Khania (Kydonia) : a tour to sites of ancient memory (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> 51.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Talbert2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbert" title="Richard Talbert">Richard Talbert</a>, ed. (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World" title="Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World">Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World</a></i>. Princeton University Press. p. 60, and directory notes accompanying. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03169-9"><bdi>978-0-691-03169-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrington+Atlas+of+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.pages=60%2C+and+directory+notes+accompanying.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03169-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxcrete.com/en/places/holy-metropolis-of-kydonia-and-apokoronos/">"Holy Metropolis of Kydonia and Apokoronos"</a>. <i>Orthodox Crete</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodox+Crete&rft.atitle=Holy+Metropolis+of+Kydonia+and+Apokoronos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxcrete.com%2Fen%2Fplaces%2Fholy-metropolis-of-kydonia-and-apokoronos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKydonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalis Andrianakis and Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki, The Old City of Hania Historical Review, Monuments, Archaeological Museum (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolaos Platon, Κρητικά Χρονικά Α (Kretika Chronika 1) (1947)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chaniamuseum.culture.gr">http://www.chaniamuseum.culture.gr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211194237/http://chaniamuseum.culture.gr/">Archived</a> 2016-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pashley, 1837</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogan, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.D.S Pendlebury, The Archaeology of Crete: An introduction (1939)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diod. Sic. 5.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo 10.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo 10.4.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Od. 3.276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hdt 3.44 and 3.59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apol. Rhod. 4.1492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steph. Byz. Kydonia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paus. 8.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diod. Sic. 5.78</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kydonia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C. Michael Hogan, <i>Cydonia</i>, Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes">[1]</a></li> <li>Robert Pashley, <i>Travels in Crete</i>, 1837, J. Murray</li> <li>Ian Swindale, <i>Kydonia</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.minoancrete.com/chania.htm">[2]</a></li> <li>Marie-Louise Winbladh, The Greek-Swedish Excavations at Chaniá), Stockholm 2000.</li> <li>Marie-Louise Winbladh, Adventures of an archaeologist. Memoirs of a museum curator, AKAKIA Publications, London 2020</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kydonia&params=35.5173_N_24.0196_E_type:city_region:GR-94"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°31′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°01′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minoan_civilization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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civilization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_chronology" title="Minoan chronology">Minoan chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_palaces" title="Minoan palaces">Minoan palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_sanctuaries" title="Peak sanctuaries">Peak sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaistos" title="Phaistos">Phaistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_(archaeological_site)" title="Malia (archaeological site)">Malia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakros" title="Zakros">Zakros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatas_Palace" title="Galatas Palace">Galatas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommos_(Crete)" title="Kommos (Crete)">Kommos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussolakkos" title="Roussolakkos">Palaikastro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gournia" title="Gournia">Gournia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troullos" title="Troullos">Troullos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripiti_(archaeological_site)" title="Tripiti (archaeological site)">Trypiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkos" title="Lakkos">Lakkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnisos" title="Amnisos">Amnisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petras" title="Petras">Petras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastiraki,_Crete" title="Monastiraki, Crete">Monastiraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasiliki,_Lasithi" title="Vasiliki, Lasithi">Vasiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vathypetro" title="Vathypetro">Vathypetro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zominthos" title="Zominthos">Zominthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeni_(archaeological_site)" title="Armeni (archaeological site)">Armeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesokari" title="Apesokari">Apesokari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryssolakkos" title="Chryssolakkos">Chryssolakkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamilari" title="Kamilari">Kamilari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koumasa" title="Koumasa">Koumasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Roumata_(archaeological_site)" title="Nea Roumata (archaeological site)">Nea Roumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odigitria" title="Odigitria">Odigitria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phourni" title="Phourni">Phourni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylaki" title="Phylaki">Phylaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylos" title="Stylos">Stylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerokambos" title="Yerokambos">Yerokambos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkalochori" title="Arkalochori">Arkalochori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamares,_Crete" title="Kamares, Crete">Kamares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychro_Cave" title="Psychro Cave">Psychro Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsipades" title="Atsipades">Atsipades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karfi" title="Karfi">Karfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Modi" title="Minoan Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Juktas" title="Mount Juktas">Mount Juktas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsofas" title="Petsofas">Petsofas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traostalos" title="Traostalos">Traostalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrysinas" title="Vrysinas">Vrysinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_Boxer_Fresco" title="Akrotiri Boxer Fresco">Akrotiri Boxer Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada_Sarcophagus" title="Hagia Triada Sarcophagus">Hagia Triada Sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Consecration" title="Horns of Consecration">Horns of Consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">Snake goddess figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Parisienne_(fresco)" title="La Parisienne (fresco)">La Parisienne (fresco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustral_basin" title="Lustral basin">Lustral basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Lilies" title="Prince of the Lilies">Prince of the Lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">Stirrup jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_Vase" title="Harvester Vase">Harvester Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamares_ware" title="Kamares ware">Kamares ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouloura" title="Kouloura">Kouloura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knossos_board_game" title="Knossos board game">Knossos board game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Genius" title="Minoan Genius">Minoan Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_frescoes_from_Tell_el-Dab%27a" title="Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a">Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_altar_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Malia altar stone">Malia altar stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malia_Pendant" title="Malia Pendant">Malia Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Moulds_of_Palaikastro" title="Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro">Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papoura_Hill_Circular_Structure" title="Papoura Hill Circular Structure">Papoura Hill Circular Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasiliki_ware" title="Vasiliki ware">Vasiliki ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Paintings_of_Thera" title="Wall Paintings of Thera">Wall Paintings of Thera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaistos_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaistos disc">Phaistos disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkalochori_Axe" title="Arkalochori Axe">Arkalochori script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraklion_Archaeological_Museum" title="Heraklion Archaeological Museum">Heraklion Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Chania" title="Archaeological Museum of Chania">Archaeological Museum of Chania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Sitia" title="Archaeological Museum of Sitia">Archaeological Museum of Sitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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