CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Northeast blackout of 2003 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f0aad880-2b7c-4cbf-baa9-1da4a632d84c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Northeast_blackout_of_2003","wgTitle":"Northeast blackout of 2003","wgCurRevisionId":1276422713,"wgRevisionId":1276422713,"wgArticleId":6455551,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2013","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2010","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017", "Articles needing additional references from November 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles that may contain original research from November 2021","All articles that may contain original research","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles needing additional references from July 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010","Articles needing additional references from May 2007","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2010","2003 disasters in Canada","2003 disasters in the United States", "2003 in Connecticut","2003 in economic history","2003 in Massachusetts","2003 in Michigan","2003 in New Jersey","2003 in New York (state)","2003 in Ohio","2003 in Ontario","2003 in Pennsylvania","August 2003 in North America","FirstEnergy","Canada–United States relations","History of the Northeastern United States","Power outages in the United States","Power outages in Canada","Software bugs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Northeast_blackout_of_2003","wgRelevantArticleId":6455551,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2991760","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg/1200px-Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1396"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg/800px-Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="931"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg/640px-Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="745"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Northeast blackout of 2003 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Northeast_blackout_of_2003 rootpage-Northeast_blackout_of_2003 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Northeast+blackout+of+2003" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Northeast+blackout+of+2003" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Northeast+blackout+of+2003" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Northeast+blackout+of+2003" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Immediate impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Duration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Duration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unaffected_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unaffected_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Unaffected regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unaffected_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_grid_management_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_grid_management_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Power grid management concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_grid_management_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Investigation efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Computer failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sequence of events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outages_in_the_Cleveland-Akron_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outages_in_the_Cleveland-Akron_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Outages in the Cleveland-Akron area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outages_in_the_Cleveland-Akron_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cascade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Cascade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affected_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affected_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Affected infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affected_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Power generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Water supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>New York City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>New Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecticut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Connecticut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michigan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michigan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Michigan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michigan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Ohio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emergency services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergency_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emergency services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fatalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Long-term effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Restoration of service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage_and_official_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage_and_official_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media coverage and official reports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_coverage_and_official_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media coverage and official reports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage_and_official_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statements_made_in_the_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements_made_in_the_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Statements made in the aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statements_made_in_the_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_Blackout_Day_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_Blackout_Day_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Voluntary Blackout Day commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_Blackout_Day_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-News_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>News stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Other links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northeast blackout of 2003</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragonderbreking_van_2003_in_Noordoos-Amerika" title="Kragonderbreking van 2003 in Noordoos-Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kragonderbreking van 2003 in Noordoos-Amerika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_v_Severn%C3%AD_Americe_(2003)" title="Blackout v Severní Americe (2003) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blackout v Severní Americe (2003)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apag%C3%B3n_del_noreste_de_Estados_Unidos_de_2003" title="Apagón del noreste de Estados Unidos de 2003 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apagón del noreste de Estados Unidos de 2003" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B3" title="خاموشی ۲۰۰۳ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاموشی ۲۰۰۳" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panne_de_courant_nord-am%C3%A9ricaine_de_2003" title="Panne de courant nord-américaine de 2003 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Panne de courant nord-américaine de 2003" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%EB%85%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B6%81%EB%8F%99%EB%B6%80_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%84" title="2003년 미국 북동부 대정전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2003년 미국 북동부 대정전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangguan_bekalan_elektrik_Amerika_Utara_2003" title="Gangguan bekalan elektrik Amerika Utara 2003 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gangguan bekalan elektrik Amerika Utara 2003" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriciteitsstoring_in_Noord-Amerika_op_14_augustus_2003" title="Elektriciteitsstoring in Noord-Amerika op 14 augustus 2003 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektriciteitsstoring in Noord-Amerika op 14 augustus 2003" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%9C%E9%9B%BB" title="2003年北アメリカ大停電 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2003年北アメリカ大停電" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaria_zasilania_w_USA_i_Kanadzie_w_2003" title="Awaria zasilania w USA i Kanadzie w 2003 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awaria zasilania w USA i Kanadzie w 2003" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apag%C3%A3o_nos_Estados_Unidos_e_Canad%C3%A1_em_2003" title="Apagão nos Estados Unidos e Canadá em 2003 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apagão nos Estados Unidos e Canadá em 2003" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_(2003)" title="Авария в энергосистеме США и Канады (2003) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авария в энергосистеме США и Канады (2003)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Northeast blackout of 2003" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%81%9C%E7%94%B5" title="2003年美加大停电 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2003年美加大停电" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2991760#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Northeast_blackout_of_2003" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&oldid=1276422713" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&id=1276422713&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNortheast_blackout_of_2003"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNortheast_blackout_of_2003"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Northeast_Blackout_of_2003" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2991760" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major power outage in August 2003 in North America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Northeast blackout of 2003</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_North_America,_blackout_2003.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg/300px-Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg/450px-Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg/600px-Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">This image shows states and provinces that experienced <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a>. Not all areas within these political boundaries were affected.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">August 14–16, 2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2003-08-14</span> – <span class="dtend">2003-08-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">2 hours–4 days, depending on location</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Canada">Southeastern Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Blackout</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Failure of alarm system in <a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a> control room leading to cascading loss of transmission and generation capability.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">55 million people affected</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Almost 100</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Northeast blackout of 2003</b> was a widespread <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outage</a> throughout parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, and most parts of the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> on Thursday, August 14, 2003, beginning just after 4:10 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genscape_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genscape-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most places restored power by midnight (within 7 hours), some as early as 6 p.m. on August 14 (within 2 hours),<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> resumed limited services around 8 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full power was restored to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> on August 16.<sup id="cite_ref-DGA.Consulting_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGA.Consulting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it was the world's second <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_power_outages#Largest" title="List of major power outages">most widespread blackout in history</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/1999_Southern_Brazil_blackout" title="1999 Southern Brazil blackout">1999 Southern Brazil blackout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_archived_news_clip_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_archived_news_clip-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outage, which was much more widespread than the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_1965" title="Northeast blackout of 1965">Northeast blackout of 1965</a>, affected an estimated 55 million people, including 10 million people in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">southern</a> and central Ontario and 45 million people in eight U.S. states. </p><p>The blackout's proximate cause was a <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">software bug</a> in the alarm system at the control room of <a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a>, which rendered operators unaware of the need to redistribute load after overloaded transmission lines drooped into foliage. What should have been a manageable local blackout cascaded into the collapse of much of the Northeast regional electricity distribution system. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_impact">Immediate impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Immediate impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the New York Independent System Operator (<a href="/wiki/NYISO" class="mw-redirect" title="NYISO">NYISO</a>)—the <a href="/wiki/Independent_System_Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent System Operator">ISO</a> responsible for managing the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">power grid</a>—a 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatt</a> power surge (towards Ontario) affected the transmission grid at 4:10:39 p.m. EDT.<sup id="cite_ref-NYISO_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYISO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next 30 minutes, until 4:40 p.m. EDT, outages were reported in parts of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>), and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a> counties, <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>). </p><p>This was followed by outages in other areas initially unaffected, including all of New York City, portions of southern New York state, New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, as well as most of the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, a large, somewhat triangular area bounded by <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario</a>, the shore of <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, New York, and Toledo was left without power. </p><p>According to the official analysis of the blackout prepared by the US and Canadian governments, more than 508 generating units at 265 power plants shut down during the outage. In the minutes before the event, the NYISO-managed power system was carrying 28,700 MW of load. At the height of the outage, the load had dropped to 5,716 MW, a loss of 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-NYISO_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYISO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essential services remained in operation in some of these areas. In others, backup generation systems failed. Telephone networks generally remained operational, but the increased demand triggered by the blackout left many circuits overloaded. Water systems in several cities lost pressure, forcing <a href="/wiki/Boil-water_advisory" title="Boil-water advisory">boil-water advisories</a> to be put into effect. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Cellular service</a> was interrupted as mobile networks were overloaded with the increase in volume of calls.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cell sites were out of commission due to power outages.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television and radio stations remained on the air, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_power_system" title="Emergency power system">backup generators</a>, although some stations were knocked off the air for periods ranging from several hours to the length of the entire blackout.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (June 2010)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was a hot day (over 31 °C, or 88 °F) in much of the affected region, and the heat played a role in the initial event that triggered the wider power outage. The high ambient temperature increased energy demand, as people across the region turned on fans and air conditioning. This caused the power lines to sag as higher currents heated the lines. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> service was interrupted, as it relied on electricity for its signaling and crossing systems; electrified commuter railways also shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> in Canada was able to continue most of its service. All airports in the affected area closed immediately, there were no departures, and incoming flights had to be diverted to airports with power. </p><p>The reliability of the electrical grid was called into question and required substantial investment to repair its shortcomings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004139–173_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004139–173-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In areas where power remained off after nightfall, the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> and orbiting artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> became visible to the naked eye in metropolitan areas where they cannot ordinarily be seen due to <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duration">Duration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most places restored power by midnight, as early as 6 p.m. on August 14,<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> had resumed limited services around 8 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some areas lost power for only four to eight hours; these are: <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> in New York; three‐quarters of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>; parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan; <a href="/wiki/New_London_County,_Connecticut" title="New London County, Connecticut">New London County, Connecticut</a>; parts of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Toronto" title="Downtown Toronto">downtown</a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a> in Ontario; portions of western <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> in Ontario, including <a href="/wiki/Kanata,_Ontario" title="Kanata, Ontario">Kanata</a> and south to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>; many areas of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Regional Municipality of Niagara</a> in Ontario; and parts of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">Southwestern Ontario</a>, particularly areas near the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Bruce Nuclear Generating Station">Bruce Nuclear Generating Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DGA.Consulting_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGA.Consulting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the next morning (August 15), some areas of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> regained power around 5:00 a.m.; <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> regained power around 3:00 a.m. Half of the affected portions of Ontario regained power by the morning. By early evening of August 15, two airports, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Cleveland Hopkins International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>, were back in service. By August 16, power was fully restored in New York and parts of Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-DGA.Consulting_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGA.Consulting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unaffected_regions">Unaffected regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unaffected regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the area affected, about 200,000 people continued to have power—in the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a> of Ontario; the easternmost corner of Ontario (centered on <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall</a>); northwestern Ontario (west of Wawa); and the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a> area, excluding southern Erie county, along the shore of Lake Huron via a feeder line to <a href="/wiki/Owen_Sound" title="Owen Sound">Owen Sound</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Bruce Nuclear Generating Station">Bruce Nuclear Generating Station</a>. Three of the four Bruce B units were able to throttle back their output without a complete shutdown, then reconnect to the grid within five hours: the portion of New York state including parts of Albany and north and west of Albany, a small pocket of mid-east Michigan, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>, and small pockets in New Jersey. The unaffected area was protected by transmission circuit devices at the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Adam_Beck_Hydroelectric_Generating_Stations" title="Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Generating Stations">Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Generating Stations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a> (coincidentally, the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_1965" title="Northeast blackout of 1965">Northeast blackout of 1965</a>) at a switching station of the hydroelectric power station in Cornwall, as well as central New York state. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">mid-Atlantic</a> areas were also completely unaffected because <a href="/wiki/PJM_Interconnection" title="PJM Interconnection">PJM</a> disconnected them.<sup id="cite_ref-NYISO_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYISO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saint Clair power plant in <a href="/wiki/East_China_Township,_Michigan" title="East China Township, Michigan">East China Township, Michigan</a>, remained online for about 36 hours, and residents were informed that the plant would have to shut down in order to facilitate the reboot of the whole system. <a href="/wiki/Orrville,_Ohio" title="Orrville, Ohio">Orrville, Ohio</a>, was able to restore power within an hour disconnecting the local utility from the larger grid and restarting the coal-fired generator.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_grid_management_concepts">Power grid management concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Power grid management concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Talk:Northeast blackout of 2003">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The load on any power network must be immediately matched by its supply and its ability to transmit that power. Any <a href="/wiki/Overcurrent" title="Overcurrent">overload</a> of a power line or generator can cause costly damage, so the affected device is disconnected from the network if an overload is detected. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">electrical resistance</a> of a power line causes it to produce more heat as the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> it carries increases. If this heat is not sufficiently dissipated, the metal conductor in the line will expand and lengthen, so that it sags between supporting structures. If the line sags too low, a <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">flash over</a> to nearby objects (such as trees) may occur, causing a <a href="/wiki/Transient_(oscillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient (oscillation)">transient</a> increase in current. Automatic <a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">protective relays</a> detect the excessively high current and quickly disconnect the line, so the load previously carried by the line is transferred to other lines. If the other lines do not have enough spare capacity to accommodate the extra current, their overload protection will react as well, causing a <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a>. </p><p>System operators are responsible for ensuring that power supply and loads remain balanced, and for keeping the system within safe operational limits such that no single fault can cause the system to fail. After a failure affecting their system, operators must obtain more power from generators or other regions or "shed load" (meaning to intentionally cut power to a given area similar to a <a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">rolling blackout</a>) until they can be sure that the worst remaining possible failure anywhere in the system will not cause a system collapse. In an emergency, they are expected to immediately shed load as required to bring the system into balance. </p><p>To assist the operators there are computer systems, with backups, which issue alarms when there are faults in the transmission or generation system. <a href="/wiki/Power_flow_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Power flow study">Power flow modeling tools</a> let them analyze the state of their network, predict whether any parts of it may be overloaded, and predict the worst possible failure remaining, so that they can change the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generation</a> or reconfigure the transmission system to prevent a failure should this situation occur. If the computer systems and their backups fail, the operators are required to monitor the grid manually, instead of relying on computer alerts. If they cannot interpret the state of the power grid in such an event, they follow a contingency plan, contacting other plant and grid operators by telephone if necessary. If there is a failure, they are also required to notify adjacent areas which may be affected, so those can predict the possible effects on their own systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigation_efforts">Investigation efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Investigation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A joint federal task force was formed by the governments of Canada and the U.S. to oversee the investigation and report directly to Ottawa and Washington. The task force was led by then-Canadian Natural Resource Minister <a href="/wiki/Herb_Dhaliwal" title="Herb Dhaliwal">Herb Dhaliwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">U.S. Energy Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a>. </p><p>In addition to determining the initial cause of the cascading failure, the investigation of the incident also included an examination of the failure of safeguards designed to prevent a repetition of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_1965" title="Northeast blackout of 1965">Northeast blackout of 1965</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_American_Electric_Reliability_Corporation" title="North American Electric Reliability Corporation">North American Electric Reliability Corporation</a>, a joint Canada-U.S. council, is responsible for dealing with these issues. </p><p>On November 19, 2003, Abraham said his department would not seek to punish FirstEnergy Corp for its role in the blackout because current U.S. law does not require electric reliability standards. Abraham stated, "The absence of enforceable reliability standards creates a situation in which there are limits in terms of federal level punishment."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Findings">Findings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2004, the U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force released their final report, placing the causes of the blackout into four groups:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200418_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200418-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a> (FE) and its reliability council "failed to assess and understand the inadequacies of FE's system, particularly with respect to voltage instability and the vulnerability of the Cleveland-Akron area, and FE did not operate its system with appropriate voltage criteria."</li> <li>FirstEnergy "did not recognize or understand the deteriorating condition of its system."</li> <li>FirstEnergy "failed to manage adequately tree growth in its transmission rights-of-way."</li> <li>Finally, the "failure of the interconnected grid's reliability organizations to provide effective real-time diagnostic support."</li></ol> <p>The report states that a generating plant in <a href="/wiki/Eastlake,_Ohio" title="Eastlake, Ohio">Eastlake, Ohio</a>, a suburb northeast of Cleveland, went offline amid high electrical demand, putting a strain on high-voltage power lines (located in Walton Hills, Ohio, a southeast suburb of Cleveland) which later went out of service when they came in contact with "overgrown trees". This trip caused load to transfer to other transmission lines, which were not able to bear the load, tripping their breakers. Once these multiple trips occurred, many generators suddenly lost parts of their loads, so they accelerated out of phase with the grid at different rates, and tripped out to prevent damage. The cascading effect that resulted ultimately forced the shutdown of at least 265 power plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computer_failure">Computer failure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computer failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">software bug</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">race condition</a> existed in <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> Energy's <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based XA/21 <a href="/wiki/Energy_management_system" title="Energy management system">energy management system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once triggered, the bug stalled FirstEnergy's control room alarm system for over an hour. System operators were unaware of the malfunction. The failure deprived them of both audio and visual alerts for important changes in system state.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unprocessed events queued up after the alarm system failure and the primary <a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">server</a> failed within 30 minutes. Then all applications (including the stalled alarm system) were automatically transferred to the backup server, which itself failed at 14:54. The server failures slowed the screen refresh rate of the operators' computer consoles from 1–3 seconds to 59 seconds per screen. The lack of alarms led operators to dismiss a call from <a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power</a> about the tripping and reclosure of a 345 kV shared line in northeast Ohio. But by 15:42, after the control room itself lost power, control room operators informed technical support (who were already troubleshooting the problem) of the alarm system problem.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence_of_events">Sequence of events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sequence of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outages_in_the_Cleveland-Akron_area">Outages in the Cleveland-Akron area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outages in the Cleveland-Akron area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cascading failure began in the FE-controlled Cleveland–Akron area; the area was significant because it was a "transmission-constrained load pocket with relatively limited generation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200424_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200424-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 14, a number of power generators in and around the area were offline. This reduced the available resources for <a href="/wiki/Voltage_control_and_reactive_power_management" title="Voltage control and reactive power management">voltage control and reactive power management</a> in contingencies but did not affect normal operation. Four or five of the area's capacitor banks—also used to manage reactive power—were also offline for routine maintenance; this did not follow the best practice of performing such maintenance during low-demand periods, and their status was not reported for regional planning purposes because FE had deemed them to be non-critical infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200425–27_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200425–27-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incidents contributing to the blackout began after noon on August 14. FE's reliability coordinator was the <a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Independent_System_Operator" title="Midcontinent Independent System Operator">Midwest Independent System Operator</a> (MISO).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MISO maintained a regularly updated model of its area of responsibility with a <a href="/wiki/State_observer" title="State observer">state estimator</a> (SE). At 12:15 p.m., the SE was mistakenly shutdown after producing anomalous results due to old data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unscheduled grid outages followed. In the Cleveland-Akron area, Eastlake Power Plant unit 5 went offline at 1:31 p.m. In Southern Ohio, <a href="/wiki/DPL_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="DPL Inc.">Dayton Power and Light</a>'s (DPL) Stuart-Atlanta transmission line tripped from tree contact at 2:02 p.m. The outages did not affect normal operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200427–28_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200427–28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the loss of the Eastlake unit put the FE system at risk of overloads in certain contingency scenarios; FE did not notice the danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200449–50_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200449–50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the Eastlake unit outage, FE was asking for and receiving significant additional voltage support, but the situation was not unprecedented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200447–48_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200447–48-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FE's situational awareness was reduced by the development of faults in its <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> Harris XA21 <a href="/wiki/Energy_management_system" title="Energy management system">energy management system</a> (EMS) from 2:14 p.m. to 2:54 p.m. The alarm and logging software in the control room failed first, followed by some remote terminals and data links, then the primary and backup EMS servers. Control room operators were unaware of the alarm failure for over an hour. Operators began to suspect a failure after receiving a notification from <a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power</a> (AEP) at 2:32 p.m. about a short AEP line outage that the FE EMS had failed to raise an alert for. FE <a href="/wiki/Technical_support" title="Technical support">IT</a> was automatically notified of the remote terminal and server failures. IT performed a "warm <a href="/wiki/Reboot" title="Reboot">reboot</a>" of the primary server at 3:08 p.m. but did not realize that the alarm function remained broken. The control room notified IT of the alarm problem at 3:42 p.m. A "cold reboot"—later discovered to be the vendor-recommended action—was rejected because the power system situation was precarious and operators were concerned about the greater loss of functionality during the reboot procedure. The servers were offline again at 3:46 p.m. to 3:59 p.m. as they were rebooted in another attempt to re-enable the alarms. FE failed to notify MISO of its degraded situational awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200451–57_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200451–57-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cleveland-Akron area transmission lines began failing shortly after 3:00 p.m. Three 345 kV transmission lines failed between 3:05 p.m. to 3:42 p.m. due to tree contact. The first was the Harding-Chamberlin line. Most of the load from that line was transferred to the Hanna-Juniper line, which then failed at 3:32 p.m. PJM and AEP began mitigation efforts to prevent the Star-South Canton line connecting FE and AEP from overloading; they had incomplete data on the status of FE's system and underestimated the severity of the situation. The Star-South Canton line failed at 3:41 p.m. after its loading increased from 82% to 120% after the failure of the Hanna-Juniper line. The failures in the MISO SE and FE EMS prevented either from recognizing and responding to the failures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200457–64_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200457–64-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FE observed the loss of voltage after 3:32 p.m, but it was not until 3:45 p.m. that it recognized an emergency was occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200466–67_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200466–67-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, the 138 kV lines failed between 3:39 p.m. to 4:08 p.m. The loss of voltage shut down industrial equipment used by customers and blacked out Akron and its surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200468_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200468-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MISO SE was reactivated at 2:40 p.m, but the results confused operators because the model did not match empirical data. The discrepancy was caused by the SE being unaware of the DPL line outage at 2:02 p.m;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200448–49_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200448–49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DPL's reliability coordinator was <a href="/wiki/PJM_Interconnection" title="PJM Interconnection">PJM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so DPL did not automatically report data to MISO. MISO operators had the SE modelling correctly again by 4:04 p.m. It was too late for MISO to address FE's critical status; the <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a> started minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200448–49_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200448–49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cascade">Cascade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cascade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timeline">Timeline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is the blackout's sequence of events on August 14, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200446–48_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200446–48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (times in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>): </p> <ul><li>12:15 p.m. Incorrect <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> data renders inoperative the state estimator, a power flow monitoring tool operated by the Indiana-based <a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Independent_System_Operator" title="Midcontinent Independent System Operator">Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator</a> (MISO). An operator corrects the telemetry problem, but forgets to restart the monitoring tool.</li> <li>1:31 p.m. The <a href="/wiki/Eastlake,_Ohio" title="Eastlake, Ohio">Eastlake, Ohio</a> generating plant shuts down. The plant is owned by <a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>-based company.</li> <li>2:02 p.m. The first of several 345 <a href="/wiki/Kilovolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilovolt">kV</a> <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead transmission lines</a> in northeast Ohio fails due to contact with a tree in <a href="/wiki/Walton_Hills,_Ohio" title="Walton Hills, Ohio">Walton Hills, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&params=41_21_22_N_81_34_10_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°21′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°34′10″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.35611°N 81.56944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.35611; -81.56944</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2:14 p.m. An alarm system fails at FirstEnergy's control room and is not repaired.</li> <li>3:05 p.m. A 345 kV transmission line known as the Chamberlin-Harding line sags into a tree and trips in <a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a>, south of Cleveland.</li> <li>3:17 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Voltage dips temporarily</a> on the Ohio portion of the grid. Controllers take no action.</li> <li>3:32 p.m. Power shifted by the first failure onto another 345 kV power line, the Hanna-Juniper interconnection, causes it to sag into a tree, bringing it offline as well. While MISO and FirstEnergy controllers concentrate on understanding the failures, they fail to inform system controllers in nearby states.</li> <li>3:39 p.m. A FirstEnergy 138 kV line trips in northern Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3:41 p.m. A <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breaker</a> connecting FirstEnergy's grid with that of <a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power</a> is <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">tripped</a> as a 345 kV power line (Star-South Canton interconnection) and fifteen 138 kV lines fail in rapid succession in northern Ohio.</li> <li>3:46 p.m. A fifth 345 kV line, the Tidd-Canton Central line, trips offline.</li> <li>4:05:57 p.m. The Sammis-Star 345 kV line trips due to under-voltage and over-current interpreted as a short circuit. (Later analysis suggests that the blackout could have been averted before this failure by cutting 1.5 GW of load in the Cleveland–Akron area.)</li> <li>4:06–4:08 p.m. A sustained power surge north toward Cleveland overloads three 138 kV lines.</li> <li>4:09:02 p.m. Voltage sags deeply as Ohio draws 2 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a> of power from Michigan, creating simultaneous under-voltage and over-current conditions as power attempts to flow in such a way as to rebalance the system's voltage.</li> <li>4:10:34 p.m. Many transmission lines trip out, first in Michigan and then in Ohio, blocking the eastward flow of power around the south shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> from <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, east through <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>, and into southern Erie county, but not most of the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area">Buffalo metropolitan area</a>. Suddenly bereft of demand, generating stations go offline, creating a huge power deficit. In seconds, power surges in from the east, overloading east-coast power plants whose generators go offline as a protective measure, and the blackout is on.</li> <li>4:10:37 p.m. The eastern and western Michigan power grids disconnect from each other. Two 345 kV lines in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> trip. A line that runs from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ledge,_Michigan" title="Grand Ledge, Michigan">Grand Ledge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a> known as the Oneida-Majestic interconnection trips. A short time later, a line running from <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City</a> south to <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a> in <a href="/wiki/Consumers_Energy" title="Consumers Energy">Consumers Energy</a>'s system known as the Hampton-Thetford line also trips.</li> <li>4:10:38 p.m. Cleveland separates from the Pennsylvania grid.</li> <li>4:10:39 p.m. 3.7 GW power flows from the east along the north shore of Lake Erie, through Ontario to southern Michigan and northern Ohio, a flow more than ten times greater than the condition 30 seconds earlier, causing a voltage drop across the system.</li> <li>4:10:40 p.m. Flow flips to 2 GW eastward from Michigan through Ontario (a net reversal of 5.7 GW of power), then reverses back westward again within a half second.</li> <li>4:10:43 p.m. International connections between the United States and Canada start to fail.</li> <li>4:10:45 p.m. Northwestern Ontario separates from the east when the Wawa-Marathon 230 kV line north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> disconnects. The first Ontario power plants go offline in response to the unstable voltage and current demand on the system.</li> <li>4:10:46 p.m. The <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> grid separates from New York, to stop the black out from entering New England.</li> <li>4:10:50 p.m. Ontario separates from the western New York grid.</li> <li>4:11:57 p.m. The Keith-Waterman, Bunce Creek-Scott 230 kV lines and the <a href="/wiki/St._Clair,_Michigan" title="St. Clair, Michigan">St. Clair</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lambton_County" title="Lambton County">Lambton</a> #1 230 kV line and #2 345 kV line between Michigan and Ontario fail.</li> <li>4:12:03 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a>, and surrounding areas drop off the grid.</li> <li>4:12:58 p.m. Northern <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> separates its power-grids from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> area, causing a cascade of failing secondary generator plants along the New Jersey coast and throughout the inland regions west.</li> <li>4:13 p.m. End of <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a>. 256 power plants are off-line, 85% of which went offline after the grid separations occurred, most due to the action of automatic protective controls.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">"Northeast blackout of 2003"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; width:40%;"> <caption>Major cities affected </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">City </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Number of people affected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and surrounding areas</td> <td>14,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">surrounding areas</a></td> <td>8,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, and surrounding areas</td> <td>6,980,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and surrounding areas</td> <td>6,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">surrounding areas</a></td> <td>2,900,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></td> <td>780,000 of 1,120,000* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, and surrounding areas </td> <td>1,100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a></td> <td>1,050,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a>, and surrounding areas</td> <td>475,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo</a>, and surrounding areas</td> <td>415,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></td> <td>310,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a></td> <td>208,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estimated total<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>55,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <p>*<small><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">Ottawa-Gatineau</a> is a special case in that it is divided by a provincial boundary and the <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> grids are not synchronously connected. This resulted in <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a> having power while <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> did not. Locals may have witnessed the drastic cutoff when they were crossing the <a href="/wiki/Portage_Bridge" title="Portage Bridge">Portage Bridge</a> which links the capital region (street lights on the bridge were still lit on the Quebec side of the structure).</small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affected_infrastructure">Affected infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Affected infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_generation">Power generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Power generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the power fluctuations on the grid, power plants automatically went into "safe mode" to prevent damage in the case of an overload. This put much of the nuclear power offline until those plants could be slowly taken out of "safe mode". In the meantime, all available hydro-electric plants (as well as many coal- and oil-fired plants) were brought online, bringing some electrical power to the areas immediately surrounding the plants by the morning of August 15. Homes and businesses both in the affected area and in nearby areas were requested to limit power usage until the grid was back to full power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Water supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some areas lost water pressure because pumps lacked power. This loss of pressure caused potential contamination of the water supply. Four million customers of the Detroit water system in eight counties were under a <a href="/wiki/Boil-water_advisory" title="Boil-water advisory">boil-water advisory</a> until August 18, four days after the initial outage. One county, <a href="/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb</a>, ordered all 2,300 restaurants closed until they were decontaminated after the advisory was lifted. Twenty people living on the <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_River" title="St. Clair River">St. Clair River</a> claim to have been sickened after bathing in the river during the blackout. The accidental release of 140 kg (310 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Sarnia" title="Sarnia">Sarnia</a>, Ontario chemical plant was not revealed until five days later. Cleveland also lost water pressure and instituted a boil water advisory. Cleveland and New York had <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> spills into waterways, requiring beach closures. <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, and northern cities had major sewage spills into the <a href="/wiki/Passaic_River" title="Passaic River">Passaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hackensack_River" title="Hackensack River">Hackensack</a> rivers, which flow directly to the Atlantic Ocean. <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> lost power to sewage pumps, causing raw waste to be dumped into the <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_River" title="Cataraqui River">Cataraqui River</a> at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">"Northeast blackout of 2003"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streetcar_Toronto_2003_Blackout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Streetcar_Toronto_2003_Blackout.jpg/220px-Streetcar_Toronto_2003_Blackout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Streetcar_Toronto_2003_Blackout.jpg/330px-Streetcar_Toronto_2003_Blackout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Streetcar_Toronto_2003_Blackout.jpg/440px-Streetcar_Toronto_2003_Blackout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A streetcar left stranded by the blackout in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> railroad service was stopped north of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and all trains running into and out of New York City were shut down, initially including the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a>; both were able to establish a bare-bones "all-diesel" service by the next morning. Canada's <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>, which serves Toronto and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, had a few service delays before returning to normal the next morning. </p><p>Passenger screenings at affected airports ceased. Regional airports were shut down for this reason. In New York, flights were cancelled even after power had been restored to the airports because of difficulties accessing "electronic-ticket" information. <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> flights remained grounded on the morning of August 15 due to reliable power not having been restored to its <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a> control center. It expected to resume operations by midday. This problem affected all Air Canada service and canceled the most heavily traveled flights to <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Halifax">Halifax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Midway International Airport">Midway International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> employees spent 48 hours dealing with the disorder caused by the blackout's sudden incidence.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many gas stations were unable to pump fuel due to lack of electricity. In <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay, Ontario</a>, for instance, a long line of <a href="/wiki/Transport_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport truck">transport trucks</a> was held up, unable to go further west to <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> without refueling. In some cities, traffic problems were compounded by motorists who simply drove until their cars ran out of gas on the highway. Gas stations operating in pockets of <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario" title="Burlington, Ontario">Burlington, Ontario</a>, that had power were reported to be charging prices up to $3.78 per US gallon (99.9 ¢/Litre) when the going rate prior to the blackout was lower than $2.65/gallon (70¢/L). Customers still lined up for hours to pay prices many people considered <a href="/wiki/Price_gouging" title="Price gouging">price gouging</a>. Station operators claimed that they had a limited supply of gasoline and did not know when their tanks would be refilled, prompting the drastic price increases. </p><p>Many oil refineries on the East Coast of the United States shut down as a result of the blackout, and were slow to resume gasoline production. As a result, gasoline prices were expected to rise approximately 10 cents/gallon (3¢/L) in the United States. In Canada, gasoline <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> was also considered by the authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication">Communication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">"Northeast blackout of 2003"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cellular communication devices were disrupted. This was mainly due to the loss of backup power at the cellular sites where generators ran out of fuel. Where cell sites remained up, some cell phones still went out of service as their batteries ran out of charge without a power source to recharge from. Wired <a href="/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">telephone lines</a> continued to work, although some systems were overwhelmed by the volume of traffic, and millions of home users had only cordless telephones depending on house current. Most New York and many Ontario radio stations were momentarily knocked off the air before returning with backup power. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable television</a> systems were disabled, and in areas that had power restored (and had power to their television sets), cable subscribers could not receive information until power was restored to the cable provider. Those who relied on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> were similarly disconnected from their news source for the duration of the blackout, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> access from <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> computers, which were widely reported to work until the batteries ran out of charge. Information was available by over-the-air TV and radio reception for those who were equipped to receive TV and/or audio in that way. </p><p>The blackout affected communications well outside the immediate area of power outage. The New Jersey–based internet operations of <a href="/wiki/Advance_Publications" title="Advance Publications">Advance Publications</a> were among those knocked out by the blackout. As a result, the internet editions of Advance newspapers as far removed from the blackout area as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">The Birmingham News</a></i>, the New Orleans <i><a href="/wiki/Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="Times-Picayune">Times-Picayune</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregonian" title="The Oregonian">The Oregonian</a></i> were offline for days.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a> operators passed emergency communications during the blackout.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industry">Industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Large numbers of factories were closed in the affected area, and others outside the area were forced to close or slow work because of supply problems and the need to conserve energy while the grid was being stabilized. At one point a 7-hour wait developed for trucks crossing the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a> between <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a> due to the lack of electronic border check systems. Freeway congestion in affected areas affected the "<a href="/wiki/Just_in_time_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Just in time (business)">just in time</a>" (JIT) supply system. Some industries (including the auto industry) did not return to full production until August 22. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_region">By region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">"Northeast blackout of 2003"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Northeast+blackout+of+2003%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York">New York</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For delayed effects at <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, see <a href="#Ontario">§ Ontario</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2003_New_York_City_blackout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2003_New_York_City_blackout.jpg/250px-2003_New_York_City_blackout.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2003_New_York_City_blackout.jpg/375px-2003_New_York_City_blackout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2003_New_York_City_blackout.jpg/500px-2003_New_York_City_blackout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>People walking across the <a href="/wiki/Queensboro_Bridge" title="Queensboro Bridge">Queensboro Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> during the blackout</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a> lost power. Exceptions included <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_New_York" title="Freeport, New York">Freeport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockville_Centre,_New_York" title="Rockville Centre, New York">Rockville Centre</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, which relied on localized power plants; the <a href="/wiki/Capital_District,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital District, New York">Capital District</a>, where power dipped briefly (a few areas, such as portions of <a href="/wiki/Latham,_New_York" title="Latham, New York">Latham, New York</a>, did not lose power at all); the southernmost areas of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tier" title="Southern Tier">Southern Tier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>, mostly near <a href="/wiki/Waverly,_Tioga_County,_New_York" title="Waverly, Tioga County, New York">Waverly</a>, which relied on power from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>; the city of <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattsburgh (city), New York">Plattsburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Starrett_City,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Starrett City, Brooklyn">Starrett City, Brooklyn</a>, which has auxiliary power; most of the city of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>; and pockets of <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_York" title="Amherst, New York">Amherst</a> in the Buffalo area, running off <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Buffalo, The State University of New York">university power</a>. There were also some small pockets of power in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>, as a few smaller power companies operating in those areas were able to keep running. The <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_Towers" title="North Shore Towers">North Shore Towers</a> complex was unaffected by the blackout due to their on-site self-generating power plant. Power was also available at the <a href="/wiki/Kodak_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak Park">Kodak Park</a> facility and its surrounding neighborhood in the city. Power was lost at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Country_Club" title="Oak Hill Country Club">Oak Hill Country Club</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Pittsford,_New_York" title="Pittsford, New York">Pittsford</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/2003_PGA_Championship" title="2003 PGA Championship">2003 PGA Championship</a> was being played, which caused minor interruptions to the tournament. Also, that evening's <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> game between the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants" title="San Francisco Giants">San Francisco Giants</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shea_Stadium" title="Shea Stadium">Shea Stadium</a> was postponed. In New York, all prisons were blacked out and switched to generator power. The two <a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point nuclear reactors</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York" title="Peekskill, New York">Peekskill</a>, the two reactors at <a href="/wiki/Nine_Mile_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station">Nine Mile Point</a> nuclear plant, the single reactor at <a href="/wiki/Ginna_Nuclear_Generating_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginna Nuclear Generating Station">Ginna</a> nuclear plant near Rochester, and the <a href="/wiki/James_A._FitzPatrick_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant">FitzPatrick</a> reactor near <a href="/wiki/Oswego,_New_York" title="Oswego, New York">Oswego</a> all shut down. With three other nuclear plants shut down in Ohio, Michigan, and New Jersey, a total of nine reactors were affected. The governor of New York, <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a>, declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon</a>'s emergency generators failed several times, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services number">emergency services number</a> <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a> out of service for several periods of about a quarter-hour each. New York City's <a href="/wiki/3-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="3-1-1">3-1-1</a> information hotline received over 175,000 calls from concerned residents during the weekend. <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">Amateur radio operators</a> attached to New York City <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Radio_Emergency_Service" title="Amateur Radio Emergency Service">ARES</a> provided a backup communications link to emergency shelters and hospitals. Amateur radio <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a> were supplied with emergency power via <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a> and batteries and remained functional. </p><p>Major U.S. networks (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>) and some cable television channels (<a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a>), centered in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, were unable to broadcast normally, so backup stations and flagship transmitters in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> were used for prime-time TV. ABC ran their <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">news broadcasts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_York_City">New York City</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters of the United Nations</a>, was rendered without power, as were all area airports (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">Newburgh's</a> <a href="/wiki/Stewart_International_Airport" title="Stewart International Airport">Stewart International Airport</a>, which had once been a military airbase and had its own generators). All New York-area rail transportation including the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">subway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_Trans-Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority Trans-Hudson">PATH</a> lines between Manhattan and New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit_Rail_Operations" title="NJ Transit Rail Operations">NJ Transit Rail Operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>, were without power. Limited railroad service resumed early Friday morning through the use of diesel trains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 600 subway and commuter rail cars were trapped between stations. New York's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> (which operates the subway) and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a> (which operates the PATH lines) reported that all passengers were evacuated without serious injury. PATH resumed service on the <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Hudson_Tubes" title="Uptown Hudson Tubes">Uptown Hudson Tubes</a> by 9:45 p.m. that evening; system-wide service resumed at 11 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, full service on the New York City Subway system returned gradually from Friday through Saturday morning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without traffic lights, <a href="/wiki/Gridlock" title="Gridlock">gridlock</a> was reported as people in Lower and <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> fled their offices on foot. For hours into the evening, the streets, highways, bridges and tunnels were jammed with traffic and pedestrians leaving Manhattan. Many civilians helped direct traffic. The normally four-hour bus journey from Manhattan to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> took more than eight hours. According to reports, it took four hours just to get out of Manhattan. </p><p>Hundreds of people found themselves trapped in elevators at the start of the blackout, requiring urgent response from the FDNY. By late evening, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> had reportedly confirmed that all stalled elevators in approximately 800 Manhattan high-rise office and apartment buildings had been cleared. </p><p>Mayor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> advised residents to open their windows, drink plenty of liquids to avoid <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>, and not to forget their pets. Temperatures were 92 °F (33 °C) with high <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, as New York had just experienced a record-breaking rain spell that had started at the end of July. With cell phone operation mostly stalled by circuit overloads, New Yorkers were lining up 10 deep or more at <a href="/wiki/Pay_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay phone">pay phones</a> as <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">ordinary telephone service</a> remained largely unaffected. Many people found themselves with no phone service at home. </p><p>While some commuters were able to find alternate sleeping arrangements, many were left stranded in New York and slept in parks and on the steps of public buildings. While practically all businesses and retail establishments closed down, many bars and pubs reported a brisk business as many New Yorkers took the opportunity to spend the evening "enjoying" the blackout. Tourists' hotel rooms were blacked out, except the hallways, and most of the restaurants in lobbies gave out free food to guests. Since most perishable items were going to spoil anyway, many restaurants and citizens simply prepared what they could and served it to anyone who wanted it, leading to vast block parties in many New York City neighborhoods. Any ice cream in frozen storage also had to be quickly served to any and all passers by. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indigo_Girls" title="Indigo Girls">Indigo Girls</a> were scheduled to perform that evening at <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_SummerStage" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Park SummerStage">Central Park SummerStage</a>, and the band took the stage as planned to play one of the only shows in the affected area, using generators that had been filled with fuel that morning. Their performance was not a full-length concert, as they needed to end early to allow all attendees to exit Central Park before dark. The venue also had bathrooms, and vendors cooking food on propane grills. </p><p>Forty thousand police officers and the entire fire department were called in to maintain order. At least two fatalities were linked to the use of flames to provide light, and many non-fatal fires also resulted from the use of <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a>. New York City's <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Office_of_Emergency_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Office of Emergency Management">Office of Emergency Management</a> activated its Emergency Operations Center, from which more than 70 agencies coordinated response efforts, which included delivery of portable light towers to unlit intersections, generators and diesel fuel to hospitals, and a portable steam generator necessary to power air conditioning units at the <a href="/wiki/American_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="American Stock Exchange">American Stock Exchange</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affected areas included most of <a href="/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hudson County, New Jersey">Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey" title="Morris County, New Jersey">Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_County,_New_Jersey" title="Union County, New Jersey">Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic County, New Jersey">Passaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen</a> counties, including the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>, although some sections of Newark and <a href="/wiki/East_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="East Orange, New Jersey">East Orange</a> still had power. Small sections of certain towns in Essex, Hudson, and Union counties had power. </p><p>Power was returned first to the urban areas because of concerns of safety and unrest. Counties as far south as <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_New_Jersey" title="Cumberland County, New Jersey">Cumberland</a> were affected, where power was restored within an hour. Some towns in Bergen County only momentarily lost power, and had wild oscillations in power line voltage, ranging from about 90 V to 135 V every few minutes for an hour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The day following the blackout, August 15, the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</a> stopped collecting tolls until 9:00 a.m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Connecticut">Connecticut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Connecticut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parts of <a href="/wiki/New_London_County,_Connecticut" title="New London County, Connecticut">New London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartford_County,_Connecticut" title="Hartford County, Connecticut">Hartford</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut" title="New Haven County, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litchfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Litchfield County, Connecticut">Litchfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield</a> counties, from <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich</a> to <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a> were affected, although most of the state had power all evening, aside from a few momentary interruptions that caused computers to reboot. <a href="/wiki/Metro-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro-North">Metro-North</a> trains stopped and remained on the tracks for hours, until they could be towed to the nearest station. Generally, most of the state east of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">Interstate 91</a>, and some places west of I-91, had power during the duration of the blackout, with some of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>'s eastern suburbs being seen as the easternmost extreme of the effects of the blackout. </p><p>A local controversy ensued in the days after the blackout, when the federal government ordered power companies to energize the <a href="/wiki/HVDC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVDC">HVDC</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross_Sound_Cable" title="Cross Sound Cable">Cross Sound Cable</a> between New Haven and <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. This cable had been installed, but not activated due to environment and fishery concerns. The <a href="/wiki/State_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="State Attorney General">Attorney General</a> of Connecticut (and future U.S. Senator), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a>, traded insults over the cable. Connecticut politicians, without regard for public safety, expressed their outrage that the cable was being turned on, since it did not help anyone in Connecticut, as the cable would transport power from Connecticut to Long Island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small area of western <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> was affected. In <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a> the event was of sufficient magnitude to reboot some computers, while in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> the effect of the event was enough to cause the automatic startup of commercial and industrial backup generation facilities. Some areas were subjected to lower-than-normal voltage (as low as 100 volts AC) and <a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">brownouts</a> for periods of up to 24 hours. The <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> area was spared from the blackout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Michigan">Michigan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Michigan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 2.3 million households and businesses were affected, including almost all of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, and surrounding communities in southeast Michigan. The blackout affected three Michigan utilities: <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Edison">Detroit Edison</a> (whose entire system went down), <a href="/wiki/Lansing_Board_of_Water_%26_Light" title="Lansing Board of Water & Light">Lansing Board of Water & Light</a>, and a small portion of <a href="/wiki/Consumers_Energy" title="Consumers Energy">Consumers Energy</a>'s system in the southeastern corner of the state. </p><p>Word quickly spread to the surrounding areas without power and many flocked to surrounding areas that still had power, resulting in crowded stores, packed restaurants, booked hotels, and long queues for the gas stations in these towns. Locales closest to the affected areas in the northern <a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit suburbs</a> that did not lose power included the areas of <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Michigan" title="Oxford, Michigan">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holly,_Michigan" title="Holly, Michigan">Holly</a>, communities along <a href="/wiki/M-24_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-24 (Michigan highway)">M-24</a> and <a href="/wiki/M-15_(Michigan_highway)" title="M-15 (Michigan highway)">M-15</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Lapeer,_Michigan" title="Lapeer, Michigan">Lapeer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flint/Tri-Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint/Tri-Cities">Flint/Tri-Cities</a> area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city limits of <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Michigan" title="Brighton, Michigan">Brighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howell,_Michigan" title="Howell, Michigan">Howell</a> were unaffected as well, as they received electricity from Consumers Energy via the Genoa-Latson 138 kV line which interconnects Detroit Edison and Consumers Energy. </p><p>Television and radio stations were temporarily knocked off the air and water supplies were disrupted in Detroit due to the failure of electric pumps. Because of the loss of water pressure, all water was required to be boiled before use until August 18. Several schools, which had planned to begin the school year August 18, were closed until clean water was available. A planned August 15 concert at <a href="/wiki/Comerica_Park" title="Comerica Park">Comerica Park</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a> was postponed until September 7.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a> refinery in <a href="/wiki/Melvindale,_Michigan" title="Melvindale, Michigan">Melvindale</a>, near Detroit, suffered a small explosion from gas buildup, necessitating an evacuation within one mile (1.6 km) around the plant and the closure of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan" title="Interstate 75 in Michigan">Interstate 75</a>. </p><p>Officials feared the release of toxic gases. Heavy rains on August 17, coupled with the lack of sewage pumps, closed other expressways and prompted urban flood warnings. Untreated sewage flowed into local rivers in Lansing and Metropolitan Detroit as contingency solutions at some sewage treatment plants failed. </p><p>In the midst of a summer <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigander" title="Michigander">Michiganders</a> were deprived of <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>. Several people, mostly elderly individuals, had to be treated for symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>. </p><p>In the Detroit area, local television stations' news helicopters were told by each station's management to "stay above the cars' headlights" at night, and to not venture into Downtown Detroit (due to the hazard of flying into an unlit <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a>). During the days immediately after the blackout, many TV stations were back on the air, with limited resources. In one case, <a href="/wiki/WXYZ-TV" title="WXYZ-TV">WXYZ-TV</a>'s news anchor was wearing a T-shirt and shorts, as opposed to his normal news suit, and apologized to viewers for the "rather warm conditions" in the station, as they only had one air conditioner and a couple of fans working. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Downriver" title="Downriver">Downriver</a> communities had to contend with basements flooded with sewage-laden water on the weekend immediately after the blackout due to water and sewage pumps offline from a lack of power, much to the general annoyance of residents in the areas. News crews of the areas broadcast notices during their coverages of the blackouts to the Downriver residents, explaining why the pumps had shorted out, as well as to limit water usage. "Most places have water pressure, some have low pressure...some have none, and some even have <i>negative pressure</i>. That means in the next few hours, people in the downriver communities should expect flooded basements from, so move all your valuables high up and out of the basements," as <a href="/wiki/WDIV-TV" title="WDIV-TV">WDIV-TV</a> warned. </p><p><a href="/wiki/West_Michigan" title="West Michigan">West Michigan</a>, including the communities of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a> were mostly unaffected, although a large portion was within "seconds" of joining the blackout according to local U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Fred Upton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communities in Southwest Michigan were impacted, being among the most western locations impacted.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although right across the border from <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan">Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan</a> was unaffected by the outage, as the two cities are not electrically connected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ohio">Ohio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ohio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 540,000 homes and businesses were without power. In <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, water service stopped because the city is supplied by electric pumps and backup electricity was available only on a very limited basis. Water had to be boiled for several days afterwards. </p><p>Portions of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Ohio" title="Mansfield, Ohio">Mansfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massillon,_Ohio" title="Massillon, Ohio">Massillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Ohio" title="Marion, Ohio">Marion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Ohio" title="Ashland, Ohio">Ashland</a> were without power. </p><p>Cleveland declared a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> on all persons under the age of 18. At <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a> amusement park in <a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Sandusky</a>, park employees had to help guests walk down the steps of the 205-foot-tall (62 m) <a href="/wiki/Magnum_XL-200" title="Magnum XL-200">Magnum XL-200</a> roller coaster, which had stopped on the lift hill due to the blackout. Several other guests had to be helped off rides as a result of the blackout. In <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens" title="Toledo Mud Hens">Mud Hens</a> baseball team postponed the game scheduled for that night. Some parts of the city were unaffected by the blackout, notably the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sylvania,_Ohio" title="Sylvania, Ohio">Sylvania</a>. Other surrounding cities like <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Ohio" title="Bowling Green, Ohio">Bowling Green</a> only experienced a brief outage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario">Ontario</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/220px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/330px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg/440px-Toronto_ON_2003_Blackout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, on the evening of August 14</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_BayAdelaide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_BayAdelaide.jpg/220px-Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_BayAdelaide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_BayAdelaide.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Volunteers, like Toronto lawyer Peter Carayiannis (pictured), received fluorescent jackets from the police to direct traffic in Toronto during the blackout. Traffic lights also went out of service.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg/220px-Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Toronto <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Union Station</a> during the blackout</figcaption></figure> <p>The area affected by the blackout included all <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>, except Grimsby, Pelham, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> border, except for the <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also affected was <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a>, as far north as <a href="/wiki/Attawapiskat_First_Nation" title="Attawapiskat First Nation">Attawapiskat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moosonee" title="Moosonee">Moosonee</a> on <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a> and west to <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Ontario" title="Marathon, Ontario">Marathon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> shoreline. Communities affected in northern Ontario included <a href="/wiki/Timmins" title="Timmins">Timmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochrane,_Ontario" title="Cochrane, Ontario">Cochrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkland_Lake" title="Kirkland Lake">Kirkland Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wawa,_Ontario" title="Wawa, Ontario">Wawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie</a>. Most of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario" title="Northwestern Ontario">Northwestern Ontario</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>) was not affected. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic lights</a>, which had no backup power, were all knocked out. All intersections were to be considered an <a href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">all-way stop</a>. Coupled with the beginning of the evening rush hour, this caused traffic problems. In many major and minor intersections in large cities, such as Ottawa and Toronto, ordinary citizens began directing traffic until police or others relieved them. Since there were not enough police officers to direct traffic at every intersection during the afternoon rush hour, passing police officers distributed fluorescent jackets to civilians who were directing traffic. Drivers and pedestrians generally followed the instructions from them, even though they were not police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_archived_news_clip_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_archived_news_clip-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ottawa, the federal government was shut down. The Parliamentary Precinct and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> were evacuated. </p><p>In Toronto, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway_and_RT" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto subway and RT">Toronto subway and RT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">Toronto streetcar system</a> were shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-Rush_hour_halted_in_T.O._43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rush_hour_halted_in_T.O.-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many passengers had to be evacuated from subway trains by walking through the tunnels. Major Toronto hospitals reported that they had switched to generators and did not experience problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Hospitals_OK_in_T.O._44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hospitals_OK_in_T.O.-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">9-1-1</a> system was operational.<sup id="cite_ref-Hospitals_OK_in_T.O._44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hospitals_OK_in_T.O.-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The streetcars remained suspended on August 18 and 19, resuming after assurances they would be exempt from any potential rotating blackouts. </p><p>Toronto officials asked residents to curtail unnecessary use of water, as pumps were not working and there was only a 24-hour supply. Entertainment events were canceled for several days. English band <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a> rescheduled a planned August 16 concert in Toronto until the following October 15 due to the power outage. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition" title="Canadian National Exhibition">Canadian National Exhibition</a>, scheduled for August 15, was postponed to August 19. The roof of the <a href="/wiki/Skydome" class="mw-redirect" title="Skydome">Skydome</a> in Toronto remained open in an effort to conserve power until August 21, when a thunderstorm struck. </p><p>Large disruptions of truck traffic in northeastern Ontario were reported due to the unavailability of fuel, including the backlog near <a href="/wiki/North_Bay,_Ontario" title="North Bay, Ontario">North Bay</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit–Windsor Tunnel">tunnel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">bridge</a> between <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a> and Detroit were also closed, with the bridge's pillars illuminated by emergency <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">floodlights</a>, as to not pose a <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> hazard. </p><p>About 140 miners were marooned underground in the <a href="/wiki/Falconbridge,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Falconbridge, Ontario">Falconbridge</a> mine in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> when the power went out. Mine officials said they were safe and could be evacuated if necessary, but were not, due to the risks of doing so with no power. They were safely evacuated by the morning. In <a href="/wiki/Sarnia" title="Sarnia">Sarnia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">refinery</a> scrubber lost power and released above-normal levels of pollution; residents were advised to close their windows. </p><p>On the evening of August 14, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">Ontario premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Eves" title="Ernie Eves">Ernie Eves</a> declared a state of emergency, instructing nonessential personnel not to go to work the next day and that rolling blackouts could occur for weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Ontario_State_of_Emergency_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ontario_State_of_Emergency-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents were asked not to use televisions, washing machines, or air conditioners if possible, and warned that some restored power might go off again.<sup id="cite_ref-Ontario_State_of_Emergency_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ontario_State_of_Emergency-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the full state of emergency was lifted the next day, residents were warned that the normal amount of power would not be available for days, and were still asked to reduce power consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Ontario_State_of_Emergency_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ontario_State_of_Emergency-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For two days of this recovery period, diversion of water from the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> generation was increased to the maximum level, normally used only at night and in winter in order to maintain the scenic appearance of <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>. The resultant drop in the river level below the falls meant that the <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_the_Mist" title="Maid of the Mist">Maid of the Mist</a> tour boats could not dock safely, and their operation had to be suspended. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Petro-Canada" title="Petro-Canada">Petro-Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refinery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Ontario" title="Oakville, Ontario">Oakville</a> had to perform an <a href="/wiki/Plant_process_and_emergency_shutdown_systems#Emergency_shutdown_(ESD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant process and emergency shutdown systems">emergency shutdown</a> due to the lack of power. The plant's <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">flare</a> system produced large flames during the shutdown, leading to erroneous reports in the media that there had been a fire in the plant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Petro Canada lubricants plant in <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a> experienced a fire one week later while restarting normal operations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Torontonians remember that night as a moment where the community came together: "Without power, residents of Toronto took to the streets to help direct traffic; florists arranged flowers for weddings by candlelight; and convenience stores served customers in the blackness. The night sky was a rarely seen canopy of dazzling stars, twinkling down on the darkened city through soft summer heat that lingered into the evening." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blackout was confined to the northwest portion of the state. The state's most populated metros of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh were unaffected. According to emergency officials in Erie, Crawford, Venango, Clarion, Bradford, Forest and Warren counties, outages lasted into the night, but there were no serious injuries or incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergency_services">Emergency services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Emergency services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New York, about 3,000 fire calls were reported, many from people using candles. Emergency services responded to 80,000 calls for help, more than double the average. </p><p>From 4 p.m. of August 14 to midnight of August 15, there were 60 all-hands or greater alarm fires, caused mostly by candles. The FDNY answered over 7,500 calls which resulted in the transmission of over 4,000 alarms.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatalities">Fatalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blackout contributed to almost 100 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, a cyclist was hit by a car in <a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a father of two was hit by a car in his front yard west of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. A <a href="/wiki/North_York" title="North York">North York</a> burn victim, a young man injured in an electrical accident in 2001, was found dead in his apartment when his air conditioning unit failed to keep his skin grafts adequately cooled.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, one death was reported.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, six deaths were reported: Two from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, two from fire, one from a fall off a roof while breaking into a shoe store, and one from a heart attack after climbing stairs.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Harper_Woods,_Michigan" title="Harper Woods, Michigan">Harper Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/WXYZ-TV" title="WXYZ-TV">WXYZ-TV</a> news reported a man died from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a> after using a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generator</a> in his house.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield_Township,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsfield Township, Michigan">Pittsfield Township, Michigan</a>, a 27-year-old <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Michigan" title="Belleville, Michigan">Belleville</a> man died in a fire that destroyed the mobile home he was sleeping in, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ann_Arbor_News" title="The Ann Arbor News">The Ann Arbor News</a></i>. Officials said the fire was apparently caused by candles left burning.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Long-term effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blackout prompted the federal government of the United States to include reliability provisions in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a>. The standards of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Electric_Reliability_Corporation" title="North American Electric Reliability Corporation">North American Electric Reliability Corporation</a> became mandatory for U.S. electricity providers. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> administration had emphasized the need for changes to the U.S. national energy policy, <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical infrastructure protection">critical infrastructure protection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a>. During the blackout, most systems that would detect unauthorized border crossings, port landings, or detect unauthorized access to many vulnerable sites failed. There was considerable fear that future blackouts would be exploited for <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. In addition, the failure highlighted the ease with which the power grid could be taken down. </p><p>The Ontario government fell in a <a href="/wiki/2003_Ontario_general_election" title="2003 Ontario general election">provincial election</a> held in October 2003; power had long been a major issue. The government may have been hurt by the success of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, which were not affected whereas Ontario was shut down. The extra publicity given to Ontario's need to import electricity from the United States, mostly due to a decision of the government not to expand the province's power generating capabilities, may also have adversely affected the Conservative government. Premier <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Eves" title="Ernie Eves">Ernie Eves</a>'s handling of the crisis was also criticized; he was not heard from until long after Mayor Bloomberg and Governor Pataki had spoken out. Due to the regular announcements he gave in the days following the blackout, Eves enjoyed a moderate increase in the polls that his party took as a sign of an opportunity to call an <a href="/wiki/2003_Ontario_general_election" title="2003 Ontario general election">election</a> they could win, but they lost instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_of_service">Restoration of service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Restoration of service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By evening of August 14, power had been restored to: </p> <ul><li>Many areas of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Con_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Con Edison">Con Edison</a> retracted its claim that New York City would have power by 1 a.m. That night some areas of Manhattan regained power at approximately 5 a.m. (August 15), the New York City borough of <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> regained power around 3 a.m. on August 15, and Niagara Mohawk predicted that the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a> area would have to wait until 8 a.m. In the New York City borough of Brooklyn power was not fully restored until around sunset on August 15. </p><p>By early evening of August 15, two airports, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Cleveland Hopkins International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>, were back in service. </p><p>Half of the affected part of Ontario had power by the morning of August 15, though even in areas where it had come back online, some services were still disrupted or running at lower levels. The last areas to regain power were usually suffering from trouble at local electrical substations that was not directly related to the blackout itself. </p><p>By August 16, power was fully restored in New York and Toronto. Toronto's subway and streetcars remained out of service until August 18 to prevent the possibility of equipment being stuck in awkward locations if the power was interrupted again. Power had been mostly restored in Ottawa, though authorities warned of possible additional disruptions and advised conservation as power continued to be restored to other areas. Ontarians were asked to reduce their electricity use by 50% until all generating stations could be brought back on line. Four remained out of service on the 19th. Illuminated billboards were largely dormant for the week following the blackout, and many stores had only a portion of their lights on. </p><p>Preparations against the possible disruptions threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Year 2000 problem</a> have been credited for the installation of new electrical equipment and systems which allowed for a relatively rapid restoration of power in some areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_coverage_and_official_reports">Media coverage and official reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Media coverage and official reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States and Canada, the regional blackout dominated news broadcasts and news headlines beginning August 15. U.S. and Canadian television networks pre-empted normal programming in favor of full-time, advertising-free coverage of the unfolding story. Once terrorism had been conclusively ruled out as a cause, many stations switched back to normal programming following an 8:30 p.m. EDT address by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National news stations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, continued to cover the story by inviting politicians and electrical experts to discuss the situation and suggest ways to prevent blackouts. Internationally, coverage of the story focused on the development of the situation in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> metropolitan area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_made_in_the_aftermath">Statements made in the aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Statements made in the aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Special:EditPage/Northeast blackout of 2003">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the first two hours of the event, various officials offered speculative explanations as to its root cause: </p> <ul><li>Official reports from the office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> had struck a power plant in northern New York, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a> of the surrounding power grid and wide-area <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> grid, resulted in the outage. (A lightning strike to a power substation north of New York City was similarly blamed for the <a href="/wiki/1977_New_York_City_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 New York City blackout">1977 blackout</a> that plunged nearly the entire city into darkness for 24 hours.) New York state power officials replied that the problem did not originate in the United States, there was no rain storm in the area where the lightning allegedly stuck, and the power plant in question remained in operation throughout the blackout.</li> <li>Canadian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">John McCallum</a> blamed an outage at a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, where state officials reported all plants were functioning normally. McCallum later said his sources had given him incorrect information.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> governor <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> blamed the power outage on Canada, stating, "the New York independent systems operator says they are virtually certain it had nothing to do in New York state. And they believe it occurred west of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, cascaded from there into Ontario, Canada, and through the Northeast."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later proven to be false.</li> <li>CNN cited unnamed officials as saying that the <a href="/wiki/Niagara-Mohawk_power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara-Mohawk power grid">Niagara-Mohawk power grid</a>, which provides power for large portions of New York and parts of Canada, was overloaded. Between 4:10 and 4:13 p.m. EDT, 21 power stations throughout that grid shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a>, who formerly headed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>, in a live television interview two hours into the blackout characterized the United States as "a superpower with a third-world electricity grid." In Europe, this statement was published accompanied with comparisons highlighting the tighter, safer and better interconnected European electricity network (though Italy would suffer a <a href="/wiki/2003_Italy_blackout" title="2003 Italy blackout">similar blackout</a> six weeks later).</li> <li>In the ensuing days, critics focused on the role of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_market" title="Electricity market">electricity market</a> <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> for the inadequate state of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> grid, claiming that deregulation laws and electricity market mechanisms had failed to provide market participants with sufficient incentives to construct new transmission lines and maintain system security.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2010)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Later that night, claims surfaced that the blackout may have started in Ohio up to one hour before the network shut down, a claim denied by Ohio's <a href="/wiki/FirstEnergy" title="FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a> utility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The president of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation said that the problem originated in Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By the morning of August 18, investigators believed that the problem began with a sudden shift in the direction of power flow on the northern portion of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Erie_Transmission_Loop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Erie Transmission Loop (page does not exist)">Lake Erie Transmission Loop</a>, a system of transmission lines that circles <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> on both U.S. and Canadian soil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voluntary_Blackout_Day_commemorations">Voluntary Blackout Day commemorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Voluntary Blackout Day commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ontario, some cities took part in power conservation challenges or events to remind citizens of the blackout, the most well-known event being the Voluntary Blackout Day hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Power_Authority" title="Ontario Power Authority">Ontario Power Authority</a> (OPA). During these events, citizens were encouraged to maximize their <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> activities. Smaller cities such as <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Ontario" title="Woodstock, Ontario">Woodstock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a> took part in the challenges annually. The final Voluntary Blackout Day was held on August 14, 2010, with OPA moving to more year-round energy conservation efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brittle_Power" title="Brittle Power">Brittle Power</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_power_outages" title="List of major power outages">List of major power outages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_1965" title="Northeast blackout of 1965">Northeast blackout of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_blackout_of_1977" title="New York City blackout of 1977">New York City blackout of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Italy_blackout" title="2003 Italy blackout">2003 Italy blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Southwest_blackout" title="2011 Southwest blackout">2011 Southwest blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_blackout_of_July_2019" title="Manhattan blackout of July 2019">Manhattan blackout of July 2019</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Genscape-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genscape_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518020430/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/what-caused-the-power-blackout-to-spread-so-widely-and-so-fast-genscapes-unique-data-will-help-answer-that-question-70952022.html">"What Caused the Power Blackout To Spread So Widely and So Fast?"</a> (Press release). Genscape. August 15, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/what-caused-the-power-blackout-to-spread-so-widely-and-so-fast-genscapes-unique-data-will-help-answer-that-question-70952022.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2011</span> – via <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Caused+the+Power+Blackout+To+Spread+So+Widely+and+So+Fast%3F&rft.pub=Genscape&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fwhat-caused-the-power-blackout-to-spread-so-widely-and-so-fast-genscapes-unique-data-will-help-answer-that-question-70952022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/08/14/power.outage/">"Major power outage hits New York, other large cities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner Broadcasting System</a>. August 14, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914184151/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/08/14/power.outage/">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Major+power+outage+hits+New+York%2C+other+large+cities&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FUS%2F08%2F14%2Fpower.outage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DGA.Consulting-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DGA.Consulting_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGA.Consulting_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGA.Consulting_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDGA_Consulting,_Australia_(submitted_to_Australian_Energy_Market_Commission)2016" class="citation report cs1">DGA Consulting, Australia (submitted to <a href="/wiki/Australian_Energy_Market_Commission" title="Australian Energy Market Commission">Australian Energy Market Commission</a>) (May 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313063717/https://www.aemc.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/144f4579-f61f-41ea-803f-2048e2eb695d/DGA-Consulting-_International-comparison-of-major-blackouts-and-restorat.pdf">International Comparison Major Blackouts and Restoration</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aemc.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/144f4579-f61f-41ea-803f-2048e2eb695d/DGA-Consulting-_International-comparison-of-major-blackouts-and-restorat.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=International+Comparison+Major+Blackouts+and+Restoration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.au=DGA+Consulting%2C+Australia+%28submitted+to+Australian+Energy+Market+Commission%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aemc.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2F144f4579-f61f-41ea-803f-2048e2eb695d%2FDGA-Consulting-_International-comparison-of-major-blackouts-and-restorat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_archived_news_clip-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_archived_news_clip_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_archived_news_clip_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/2003-the-great-north-america-blackout">"2003: The great North America blackout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. August 14, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815104516/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/2003-the-great-north-america-blackout">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=2003%3A+The+great+North+America+blackout&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2F2003-the-great-north-america-blackout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203032628/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/poweroutage/timeline.html">"INDEPTH: Power Outage | Timeline"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. August 18, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/poweroutage/timeline.html">the original</a> on February 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=INDEPTH%3A+Power+Outage+%7C+Timeline&rft.date=2004-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Fpoweroutage%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYISO-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYISO_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYISO_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYISO_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910221454/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/hepg/Papers/NYISO.blackout.report.8.Jan.04.pdf">"Interim Report on the August 14, 2003, Blackout"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York Independent System Operator. January 8, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hks.harvard.edu/hepg/Papers/NYISO.blackout.report.8.Jan.04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interim+Report+on+the+August+14%2C+2003%2C+Blackout&rft.pub=New+York+Independent+System+Operator&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hks.harvard.edu%2Fhepg%2FPapers%2FNYISO.blackout.report.8.Jan.04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichtelRomero2003" class="citation news cs1">Richtel, Matt; Romero, Simon (August 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/15/business/blackout-2003-communications-when-wireless-phones-failed-because-heavy-use.html">"THE BLACKOUT OF 2003: COMMUNICATIONS; When Wireless Phones Failed Because of Heavy Use, Callers Turned to Land Lines"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103041541/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/15/business/blackout-2003-communications-when-wireless-phones-failed-because-heavy-use.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+BLACKOUT+OF+2003%3A+COMMUNICATIONS%3B+When+Wireless+Phones+Failed+Because+of+Heavy+Use%2C+Callers+Turned+to+Land+Lines&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Richtel&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Romero%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F08%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fblackout-2003-communications-when-wireless-phones-failed-because-heavy-use.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2003/08/15/technology/landlines/index.htm">"Wireless service performs poorly in big blackout – Aug. 16, 2003"</a>. <i>money.cnn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103041541/https://money.cnn.com/2003/08/15/technology/landlines/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=money.cnn.com&rft.atitle=Wireless+service+performs+poorly+in+big+blackout+%E2%80%93+Aug.+16%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2003%2F08%2F15%2Ftechnology%2Flandlines%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004139–173-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004139–173_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 139–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoislighting.org/loss.html">"The Costs Of Losing Our Night Skies"</a>. www.illinoislighting.org. August 14, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618013711/http://www.illinoislighting.org/loss.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Costs+Of+Losing+Our+Night+Skies&rft.pub=www.illinoislighting.org&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoislighting.org%2Floss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040224080845/http://www.forbes.com/markets/newswire/2003/11/19/rtr1153863.html">"DOE chief sees no blackout penalty for FirstEnergy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. Forbes, LLC. November 19, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/markets/newswire/2003/11/19/rtr1153863.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=DOE+chief+sees+no+blackout+penalty+for+FirstEnergy&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fmarkets%2Fnewswire%2F2003%2F11%2F19%2Frtr1153863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200418-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200418_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gegridsolutions.com/products/brochures/uos/xa21_ems.pdf">"XA/21™ EMS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Electric Grid Solutions</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326124641/https://www.gegridsolutions.com/products/brochures/uos/xa21_ems.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 26, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Electric+Grid+Solutions&rft.atitle=XA%2F21%E2%84%A2+EMS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gegridsolutions.com%2Fproducts%2Fbrochures%2Fuos%2Fxa21_ems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Poulsen2004" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Poulsen (February 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securityfocus.com/news/8016">"Software Bug Contributed to Blackout"</a>. Securityfocus.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610224942/http://www.securityfocus.com/news/8016">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Software+Bug+Contributed+to+Blackout&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft.au=Kevin+Poulsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securityfocus.com%2Fnews%2F8016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Poulsen2004" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Poulsen (April 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securityfocus.com/news/8412">"Tracking the blackout bug"</a>. Securityfocus.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610163731/http://www.securityfocus.com/news/8412">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+blackout+bug&rft.date=2004-04-07&rft.au=Kevin+Poulsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securityfocus.com%2Fnews%2F8412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nerc.com/docs/docs/blackout/NERC_Final_Blackout_Report_07_13_04.pdf">Technical Analysis of the August 14, 2003, Blackout: What Happened, Why, and What Did We Learn?</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/North_American_Electric_Reliability_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Electric Reliability Council">North American Electric Reliability Council</a>. July 13, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318081212/http://www.nerc.com/docs/docs/blackout/NERC_Final_Blackout_Report_07_13_04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Technical+Analysis+of+the+August+14%2C+2003%2C+Blackout%3A+What+Happened%2C+Why%2C+and+What+Did+We+Learn%3F&rft.pub=North+American+Electric+Reliability+Council&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nerc.com%2Fdocs%2Fdocs%2Fblackout%2FNERC_Final_Blackout_Report_07_13_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200424-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200424_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200425–27-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200425–27_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 25–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200414_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200427–28-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200427–28_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200449–50-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200449–50_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200447–48-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200447–48_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200451–57-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200451–57_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 51–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200457–64-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200457–64_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 57–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200466–67-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200466–67_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200468-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200468_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200448–49-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200448–49_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200448–49_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200446–48-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force200446–48_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force 2004</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2003" class="citation news cs1">Lerner, Eric J. (October–November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111817/http://www.tipmagazine.com/tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-5/p8.html">"What's wrong with the electric grid?"</a>. <i>The Industrial Physicist</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tipmagazine.com/tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-5/p8.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Industrial+Physicist&rft.atitle=What%27s+wrong+with+the+electric+grid%3F&rft.date=2003-10%2F2003-11&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tipmagazine.com%2Ftip%2FINPHFA%2Fvol-9%2Fiss-5%2Fp8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013125714/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/08/16/blackout.chron.ap/index.html">"A timeline of the 2003 blackout"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Turner Broadcasting System. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. August 16, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/08/16/blackout.chron.ap/index.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+timeline+of+the+2003+blackout&rft.date=2003-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FUS%2F08%2F16%2Fblackout.chron.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2003" class="citation news cs1">Coyne, John P. (August 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217151746/http://www.cleveland.com/blackout/index.ssf?%2Fblackout%2Fmore%2F1061717873203660.html">"Boom signaled power-line arc in Walton Hills"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Advance_Publications" title="Advance Publications">Advance Publications</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/blackout/index.ssf?/blackout/more/1061717873203660.html">the original</a> on December 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Boom+signaled+power-line+arc+in+Walton+Hills&rft.date=2003-08-24&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fblackout%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fblackout%2Fmore%2F1061717873203660.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eioc.pnl.gov/research/2003blackout.stm">"Looking back at the 2003 blackout"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091128093013/http://eioc.pnl.gov/research/2003blackout.stm">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+back+at+the+2003+blackout&rft.pub=Pacific+Northwest+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feioc.pnl.gov%2Fresearch%2F2003blackout.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812125832/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/poweroutage/numbers.html">"CBC News Indepth: Power outage"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/poweroutage/numbers.html">the original</a> on August 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=CBC+News+Indepth%3A+Power+outage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Fpoweroutage%2Fnumbers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Beyond Their Control". <a href="/wiki/Airline_(American_TV_series)" title="Airline (American TV series)"><i>Airline</i></a>. Season 1. January 12, 2004. <a href="/wiki/A%26E_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E (TV channel)">A&E</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airline&rft.series=Season+1&rft.date=2004-01-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span> features Southwest employees dealing with the flight interruptions caused by the blackout</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/BLACKOUT+STOPS+PRESSES%2c+SHUTS+WEB+SITES.-a0108017766">"Blackout Stops Presses, Shuts Web Sites"</a>. <i>Newsinc</i>. The Cole Group. August 18, 2003 – via <a href="/wiki/TheFreeLibrary" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeLibrary">TheFreeLibrary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsinc&rft.atitle=Blackout+Stops+Presses%2C+Shuts+Web+Sites&rft.date=2003-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FBLACKOUT%2BSTOPS%2BPRESSES%252c%2BSHUTS%2BWEB%2BSITES.-a0108017766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_Lindquist,_N1RL2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Rick Lindquist, N1RL (October 2003). "Hams a Bright Spot during Power Blackout". <i><a href="/wiki/QST" title="QST">QST</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QST&rft.atitle=Hams+a+Bright+Spot+during+Power+Blackout&rft.date=2003-10&rft.au=Rick+Lindquist%2C+N1RL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolpe2004" class="citation web cs1">Volpe, John (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/4349/dot_4349_DS1.pdf">"Effects of Catastrophic Events on Transportation Systems Management and Operations – August 2003 Blackout Great Lakes Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Department of Transportation – National Transportation Library</i>. United States Department of Transportation – Research and Special Programs Administration. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725033046/https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/4349/dot_4349_DS1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation+%E2%80%93+National+Transportation+Library&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Catastrophic+Events+on+Transportation+Systems+Management+and+Operations+%E2%80%93+August+2003+Blackout+Great+Lakes+Region&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Volpe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosap.ntl.bts.gov%2Fview%2Fdot%2F4349%2Fdot_4349_DS1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/event/991fd43e-127b-4fa7-8e3a-1e30ec5bd920">"KISS and Aerosmith at Comerica Park - MusicBrainz"</a>. <i>musicbrainz.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musicbrainz.org&rft.atitle=KISS+and+Aerosmith+at+Comerica+Park+-+MusicBrainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicbrainz.org%2Fevent%2F991fd43e-127b-4fa7-8e3a-1e30ec5bd920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcsx.com/2024/08/02/blackout-of-2003/">"The Blackout of 2003 That Cancelled Aerosmith and Kiss at Comerica Park"</a>. August 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Blackout+of+2003+That+Cancelled+Aerosmith+and+Kiss+at+Comerica+Park&rft.date=2024-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcsx.com%2F2024%2F08%2F02%2Fblackout-of-2003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogswell2003" class="citation news cs1">Cogswell, Dennis (August 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldpalladium.com/localnews/area-was-seconds-away-from-blackout/article_513f5764-3e16-5ea9-b126-8c953f8ca859.html">"Area was seconds away from blackout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald-Palladium" title="The Herald-Palladium">The Herald-Palladium</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Paxton_Media_Group" title="Paxton Media Group">Paxton Media Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415042044/https://www.heraldpalladium.com/localnews/area-was-seconds-away-from-blackout/article_513f5764-3e16-5ea9-b126-8c953f8ca859.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Palladium&rft.atitle=Area+was+seconds+away+from+blackout&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.aulast=Cogswell&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldpalladium.com%2Flocalnews%2Farea-was-seconds-away-from-blackout%2Farticle_513f5764-3e16-5ea9-b126-8c953f8ca859.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailyreporter.com/story/news/2021/09/13/although-power-grid-along-gulf-coast-pounded-hurricane-ida-summer-storms-had-little-impact-michigans/8273864002/">Right-of-way maintenance kept the Michigan power grid reliable</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926131448/https://www.thedailyreporter.com/story/news/2021/09/13/although-power-grid-along-gulf-coast-pounded-hurricane-ida-summer-storms-had-little-impact-michigans/8273864002/">Archived</a> September 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Reporter_(Coldwater)" title="The Daily Reporter (Coldwater)">The Daily Reporter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieso.ca/corporate-ieso/media/also-of-interest/blackout-2003">"Looking Back at Blackout 2003"</a>. <i>www.ieso.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822213029/http://www.ieso.ca/corporate-ieso/media/also-of-interest/blackout-2003">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ieso.ca&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+Blackout+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieso.ca%2Fcorporate-ieso%2Fmedia%2Falso-of-interest%2Fblackout-2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rush_hour_halted_in_T.O.-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rush_hour_halted_in_T.O._43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_Staff2003" class="citation news cs1">CBC Staff (August 14, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/outage-halts-afternoon-rush-1.367225">"Outage halts afternoon rush"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117055748/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2003/08/14/rush_hour030814.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Outage+halts+afternoon+rush&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft.au=CBC+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Foutage-halts-afternoon-rush-1.367225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hospitals_OK_in_T.O.-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hospitals_OK_in_T.O._44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hospitals_OK_in_T.O._44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_Staff2003" class="citation news cs1">CBC Staff (August 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/massive-power-failure-hits-toronto-1.362053">"Massive power failure hits Toronto"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117055748/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2003/08/14/ont_power20030814.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Massive+power+failure+hits+Toronto&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.au=CBC+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Fmassive-power-failure-hits-toronto-1.362053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ontario_State_of_Emergency-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ontario_State_of_Emergency_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ontario_State_of_Emergency_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ontario_State_of_Emergency_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Rijn2003" class="citation news cs1">Van Rijn, Nicholaas (August 15, 2003). "BLACKOUT: Eves declares state of emergency and warns of rolling power outages for 'weeks to come'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Toronto Star</i> (Special ed.). Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=BLACKOUT%3A+Eves+declares+state+of+emergency+and+warns+of+rolling+power+outages+for+%27weeks+to+come%27&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.aulast=Van+Rijn&rft.aufirst=Nicholaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015182630/http://www.petro-canada.ca/en/media/1886.aspx?id=630421">"Update on Fire and Explosion at Petro-Canada Lubricants Plant in Mississauga, Ontario"</a>. Petro-Canada. August 22, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petro-canada.ca/en/media/1886.aspx?id=630421">the original</a> on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+Fire+and+Explosion+at+Petro-Canada+Lubricants+Plant+in+Mississauga%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Petro-Canada&rft.date=2003-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petro-canada.ca%2Fen%2Fmedia%2F1886.aspx%3Fid%3D630421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725145113/http://www.esmeefairbairn.org.uk/docs/cdp_report3.pdf">"CDP Online Report_Port_3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.esmeefairbairn.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esmeefairbairn.org.uk/error.aspx">the original</a> on July 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esmeefairbairn.org.uk&rft.atitle=CDP+Online+Report_Port_3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esmeefairbairn.org.uk%2Ferror.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2003/08/15/Pennsylvania-hit-by-blackout-but-just-near-Erie/stories/200308150020">"Pennsylvania hit by blackout, but just near Erie"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. August 15, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620195009/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/nation/2003/08/15/Pennsylvania-hit-by-blackout-but-just-near-Erie/stories/200308150020">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+hit+by+blackout%2C+but+just+near+Erie&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2003%2F08%2F15%2FPennsylvania-hit-by-blackout-but-just-near-Erie%2Fstories%2F200308150020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdnewyork.com/lightsout.asp">"Who Turned Out the Lights?"</a>. <i>Fdnewyork.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113113437/http://www.fdnewyork.com/lightsout.asp">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fdnewyork.com&rft.atitle=Who+Turned+Out+the+Lights%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdnewyork.com%2Flightsout.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackout-newyork/spike-in-deaths-blamed-on-2003-new-york-blackout-idUSTRE80Q07G20120127">"Spike in deaths blamed on 2003 New York blackout"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. January 26, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021828/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackout-newyork/spike-in-deaths-blamed-on-2003-new-york-blackout-idUSTRE80Q07G20120127">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Spike+in+deaths+blamed+on+2003+New+York+blackout&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-blackout-newyork%2Fspike-in-deaths-blamed-on-2003-new-york-blackout-idUSTRE80Q07G20120127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeno2003" class="citation news cs1">Greeno, Cherri (August 25, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321165914/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/therecord/access/647946491.html?dids=647946491:647946491&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"The Record.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Region_Record" title="Waterloo Region Record">The Record</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Company</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/therecord/access/647946491.html?dids=647946491:647946491&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> on March 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2010</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=The+Record.com&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft.aulast=Greeno&rft.aufirst=Cherri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Ftherecord%2Faccess%2F647946491.html%3Fdids%3D647946491%3A647946491%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelwig2003" class="citation news cs1">Helwig, David (August 17, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sootoday.com/content/news/full_story.asp?StoryNumber=4396">"Sootoday.com"</a>. Sootoday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111204303/http://www.sootoday.com/content/news/full_story.asp?StoryNumber=4396">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sootoday.com&rft.date=2003-08-17&rft.aulast=Helwig&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sootoday.com%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2Ffull_story.asp%3FStoryNumber%3D4396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2003/2003-08-15-03.html">"Blackout 2003: Bush Rules Out Terrorism, Pledges Grid Review"</a>. Newswire. August 15, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825024314/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2003/2003-08-15-03.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blackout+2003%3A+Bush+Rules+Out+Terrorism%2C+Pledges+Grid+Review&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens-newswire.com%2Fens%2Faug2003%2F2003-08-15-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319073230/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1402915,00.html">"Canada gets blackout blame: World: News"</a>. <i>News24</i>. August 15, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1402915,00.html">the original</a> on March 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Canada+gets+blackout+blame%3A+World%3A+News&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FNews24%2FWorld%2FNews%2F0%2C%2C2-10-1462_1402915%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichehl_R._Gent" class="citation web cs1">Michehl R. Gent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050120122317/http://www.nerc.com/pub_doc/media-statement-08-16-03.doc">"Statement of Michehl R. Gent, President and CEO"</a>. North American Electric Reliability Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nerc.com/pub_doc/media-statement-08-16-03.doc">the original</a> on January 20, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Michehl+R.+Gent%2C+President+and+CEO&rft.pub=North+American+Electric+Reliability+Council&rft.au=Michehl+R.+Gent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nerc.com%2Fpub_doc%2Fmedia-statement-08-16-03.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407121447/http://www.woodstocksentinelreview.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3231415">"Blackout Day fades to black"</a>. woodstocksentinelreview.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodstocksentinelreview.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3231415">the original</a> on April 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blackout+Day+fades+to+black&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodstocksentinelreview.com%2FArticleDisplay.aspx%3Fe%3D3231415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004" class="citation report cs1">U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/oeprod/DocumentsandMedia/BlackoutFinal-Web.pdf">Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Energy.gov – Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability</i> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527210354/https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/oeprod/DocumentsandMedia/BlackoutFinal-Web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report+on+the+August+14%2C+2003+Blackout+in+the+United+States+and+Canada%3A+Causes+and+Recommendations&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=2004-04&rft.au=U.S.-Canada+Power+System+Outage+Task+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fsites%2Fprod%2Ffiles%2Foeprod%2FDocumentsandMedia%2FBlackoutFinal-Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANortheast+blackout+of+2003" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_stories">News stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: News stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2003/08/18/1396052/congressional-investigation-into-blackout-begins">NPR News</a> (special feature)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/how-a-butterfly-s-wing-can-bring-down-goliath-2595788.php">San Francisco Chronicle: Chaos theories calculate the vulnerability of megasystems</a> (August 15, 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3152451.stm">BBC: Blackouts cause North America chaos</a> (August 15, 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/08/14/power.outage/index.html">CNN: Major power outage hits New York, other large cities</a> (August 14, 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links">Other links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050520091828/http://www.gothamist.com/archives/2003/08/15/the_new_york_city_blackout_edition.php">Coverage and pictures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/09-12-03-blackout-sum.pdf">FERC U.S./Canada Power Outage Task Force Sequence of Events</a> September 2003 (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/oe/august-2003-blackout">August 2003 Blackout</a> – energy.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22August+14%2C+2003+blackout%22&sort=creatorSorter">Collection of reports analyzing the August 14, 2003 blackout</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Canada–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States603" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Canada–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Canada–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Canada–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States603" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Canada,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States">Ambassadors of Canada to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Uzbekistan,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Uzbekistan, Washington, D.C.">Former Residence of the Canadian Ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Ottawa" title="Embassy of the United States, Ottawa">Embassy of the United States, Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Canada" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Canada">Ambassadors of the United States to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornado" title="Lornado">Lornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Canada,_Boston" title="Consulate General of Canada, Boston">Consulate General of Canada, Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Canada,_Chicago" title="Consulate General of Canada, Chicago">Consulate General of Canada, Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs">Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Canada" title="United States presidential visits to Canada">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1796)" title="Treaty of New York (1796)">Treaty of New York (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush%E2%80%93Bagot_Treaty" title="Rush–Bagot Treaty">Rush–Bagot Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Waters_Treaty_of_1909" title="Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909">Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty" title="Migratory Bird Treaty">Migratory Bird Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut_Treaty" title="Halibut Treaty">Halibut Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Pacific_Halibut_Commission" title="International Pacific Halibut Commission">International Pacific Halibut Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">First Quebec Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Treaty" title="Columbia River Treaty">Columbia River Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant%E2%80%93Heeney_Report" title="The Merchant–Heeney Report">The Merchant–Heeney Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakwak_Agreement" title="Shakwak Agreement">Shakwak Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Charter" title="Great Lakes Charter">Great Lakes Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock_Summit" title="Shamrock Summit">Shamrock Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Canada_Air_Quality_Agreement" title="U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement">U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_the_Shipwrecked_Vessel_RMS_Titanic" title="Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic">Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Border_Declaration" title="Smart Border Declaration">Smart Border Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Safe_Third_Country_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement">Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes%E2%80%93Saint_Lawrence_River_Basin_Sustainable_Water_Resources_Agreement" title="Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement">Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston%E2%80%93Halifax_relations" title="Boston–Halifax relations">Boston–Halifax relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Canadian_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Canadian Relations">United States Senate Committee on Canadian Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Governors_and_Eastern_Canadian_Premiers%27_Annual_Conference" title="New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers' Annual Conference">New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers' Annual Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Governors_and_Eastern_Canadian_Premiers_Climate_Change_Action_Plan_2001" title="New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers Climate Change Action Plan 2001">Climate Change Action Plan 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Canadian response to Hurricane Katrina">Canadian response to Hurricane Katrina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadaville,_Louisiana" title="Canadaville, Louisiana">Canadaville, Louisiana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Economic_Council" title="Arctic Economic Council">Arctic Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair">Caroline affair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_chasseurs" title="Frères chasseurs">Frères chasseurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">Hunters' Lodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Windsor" title="Battle of Windsor">Battle of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_Massacre" title="Cypress Hills Massacre">Cypress Hills Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louie_Sam" title="Louie Sam">Louie Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_re_Ross" title="In re Ross">In re Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_Smelter_dispute" title="Trail Smelter dispute">Trail Smelter dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Scheme_No._1" title="Defence Scheme No. 1">Defence Scheme No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Douglas_C-54D_disappearance" title="1950 Douglas C-54D disappearance">1950 Douglas C-54D disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Columbia_B-36_crash" title="1950 British Columbia B-36 crash">1950 British Columbia B-36 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Loup_B-50_nuclear_weapon_loss_incident" title="1950 Rivière-du-Loup B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident">1950 Rivière-du-Loup B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Six" title="Symphony Six">Symphony Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Canada" title="CIA activities in Canada">CIA activities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_aircraft_bombing" title="Edmonton aircraft bombing">Edmonton aircraft bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canuck_letter" title="Canuck letter">Canuck letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Sidney_Jaffe" title="Kidnapping of Sidney Jaffe">Kidnapping of Sidney Jaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootings_of_Alfred_and_Rosemary_Podgis" title="Shootings of Alfred and Rosemary Podgis">Shootings of Alfred and Rosemary Podgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Montreal_bombing" title="1984 Montreal bombing">1984 Montreal bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Air_Flight_1285R" title="Arrow Air Flight 1285R">Arrow Air Flight 1285R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Ng_Extradition" title="Reference Re Ng Extradition">Reference Re Ng Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_War" title="Pacific Salmon War">Pacific Salmon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Burns" title="United States v Burns">United States v Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v_MNR" title="Mitchell v MNR">Mitchell v MNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_085" title="Korean Air Flight 085">Korean Air Flight 085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnak_Farm_incident" title="Tarnak Farm incident">Tarnak Farm incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="Canadian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Canadian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northeast blackout of 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar_v._Ashcroft" title="Arar v. Ashcroft">Arar v. Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Canada_convoy_protest" title="Timeline of the Canada convoy protest">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Yukon_high-altitude_object" title="2023 Yukon high-altitude object">2023 Yukon high-altitude object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Lake_Huron_high-altitude_object" title="2023 Lake Huron high-altitude object">2023 Lake Huron high-altitude object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Regiment" title="2nd Canadian Regiment">2nd Canadian Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Canada and the Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hinzman" title="Jeremy Hinzman">Jeremy Hinzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Rivera" title="Kimberly Rivera">Kimberly Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_Support_Campaign" title="War Resisters Support Campaign">War Resisters Support Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Vietnam War resisters in Canada">Vietnam War resisters in Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Canada" title="CIA activities in Canada">CIA activities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Scheme_No._2" title="Defence Scheme No. 2">Defence Scheme No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Special_Service_Force" title="First Special Service Force">First Special Service Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_Canadian_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Canada_Line" title="Mid-Canada Line">Mid-Canada Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distant_Early_Warning_Line" title="Distant Early Warning Line">Distant Early Warning Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Warning_System" title="North Warning System">North Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_NORAD_Region" title="Continental NORAD Region">Continental NORAD Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon" title="Operation Yellow Ribbon">Operation Yellow Ribbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inland_Seas" title="Operation Inland Seas">Operation Inland Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Joint_Board_on_Defense" title="Permanent Joint Board on Defense">Permanent Joint Board on Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg_Agreement" title="Ogdensburg Agreement">Ogdensburg Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinetree_Line" title="Pinetree Line">Pinetree Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_HARP" title="Project HARP">Project HARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Plan_Red" title="War Plan Red">War Plan Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">Economic relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_and_American_economies" title="Comparison of Canadian and American economies">Comparison of Canadian and American economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Canada" title="Exclusive economic zone of Canada">Exclusive economic zone of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_United_States" title="Exclusive economic zone of the United States">Exclusive economic zone of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_plant_economy" title="Branch plant economy">Branch plant economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_integration" title="Deep integration">Deep integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_ownership_of_companies_of_Canada" title="Foreign ownership of companies of Canada">Foreign ownership of companies of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(Canadian_politics)" title="Reciprocity (Canadian politics)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Automotive_Products_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement">Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Option" title="Third Option">Third Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald_Commission" title="Macdonald Commission">Macdonald Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_softwood_lumber_dispute" title="Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute">Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Cattle_Project" title="Northwest Cattle Project">Northwest Cattle Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Consultative_Committee_on_Agriculture" title="Canada–United States Consultative Committee on Agriculture">Canada–United States Consultative Committee on Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_country-of-origin_labeling_(US)" title="Mandatory country-of-origin labeling (US)">Mandatory country-of-origin labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_Cooperation_Council" title="Regulatory Cooperation Council">Regulatory Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FATCA_agreement_between_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States">FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSeries_dumping_petition_by_Boeing" title="CSeries dumping petition by Boeing">CSeries dumping petition by Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska-Alberta_Railway_Development_Corporation" title="Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation">Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fuel_Tax_Agreement" title="International Fuel Tax Agreement">International Fuel Tax Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_SuperCorridor_Coalition" title="North American SuperCorridor Coalition">North American SuperCorridor Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_Economic_Region" title="Pacific Northwest Economic Region">Pacific Northwest Economic Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings" title="List of Canada–United States border crossings">Border crossings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_Canada_by_land" title="American entry into Canada by land">American entry into Canada by land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Polar_Sea_controversy" title="1985 Polar Sea controversy">1985 Polar Sea controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Arbitration" title="Bering Sea Arbitration">Bering Sea Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Muzon" title="Cape Muzon">Cape Muzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caribou" title="Battle of Caribou">Battle of Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Entrance" title="Dixon Entrance">Dixon Entrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indian_Stream" title="Republic of Indian Stream">Republic of Indian Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machias_Seal_Island" title="Machias Seal Island">Machias Seal Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rock" title="North Rock">North Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Island" title="Pearse Island">Pearse Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_Maine" title="Saint Croix Island, Maine">Saint Croix Island, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Island_(Michigan)" title="Sugar Island (Michigan)">Sugar Island (Michigan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Island_(British_Columbia)" title="Wales Island (British Columbia)">Wales Island (British Columbia)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="History of Canada–United States relations">History of Canada–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Canadian_sentiment" title="Anti-Canadian sentiment">Anti-Canadian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Canada" title="American immigration to Canada">American immigration to Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Loyalists" title="Expulsion of the Loyalists">Expulsion of the Loyalists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Canada_(term)" title="Little Canada (term)">Little Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbird_(person)" title="Snowbird (person)">Snowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_sports_rivalries" title="Canada–United States sports rivalries">Canada–United States sports rivalries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_junior_ice_hockey_rivalry" title="Canada–United States junior ice hockey rivalry">Junior ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_rivalry" title="Canada–United States women's national ice hockey rivalry">Women's ice hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_healthcare_systems_in_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States">Comparison of healthcare systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lunar_sample_displays" title="Canada lunar sample displays">Canada lunar sample displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_of_New_York" title="Canadian Society of New York">Canadian Society of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANUSA_Games" title="CANUSA Games">CANUSA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_North" title="Hollywood North">Hollywood North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Match" title="Maple Match">Maple Match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Annexation_Manifesto" title="Montreal Annexation Manifesto">Montreal Annexation Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_Bill_of_1866" title="Annexation Bill of 1866">Annexation Bill of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(independence_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascadia (independence movement)">Cascadia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_flag" title="Doug flag">Doug flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_51" title="Parti 51">Parti 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionest_Party" title="Unionest Party">Unionest Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continentalism" title="Continentalism">Continentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stikine" title="Fort Stikine">Fort Stikine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey%E2%80%93Milliken_Bill" title="Godfrey–Milliken Bill">Godfrey–Milliken Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Invasion of Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec" title="Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec">Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">Letters to the inhabitants of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Road" title="Halifax Road">Halifax Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Fishery_Commission" title="Great Lakes Fishery Commission">Great Lakes Fishery Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Areas_of_Concern" title="Great Lakes Areas of Concern">Great Lakes Areas of Concern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Fisheries_Commission" title="Halifax Fisheries Commission">Halifax Fisheries Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_Commission" title="Pacific Salmon Commission">Pacific Salmon Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugets_Sound_Agricultural_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugets Sound Agricultural Company">Pugets Sound Agricultural Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running_in_Windsor,_Ontario" title="Rum-running in Windsor, Ontario">Rum-running in Windsor, Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_passport_card" title="United States passport card">United States passport card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative" title="Western Climate Initiative">Western Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor%E2%80%93Detroit_International_Freedom_Festival" title="Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival">Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Hudson_Power_Express" title="Champlain Hudson Power Express">Champlain Hudson Power Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recycling_and_Northern_Development_Canal" title="Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal">Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain_Seaway" title="Lake Champlain Seaway">Lake Champlain Seaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Control_Dam" title="International Control Dam">International Control Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Water_and_Power_Alliance" title="North American Water and Power Alliance">North American Water and Power Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Area_Water_Supply" title="Northwest Area Water Supply">Northwest Area Water Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumas_2" title="Sumas 2">Sumas 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_gas_pipeline" title="Alaska gas pipeline">Alaska gas pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Clipper_pipeline" title="Alberta Clipper pipeline">Alberta Clipper pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Pipeline" title="Alliance Pipeline">Alliance Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Pipeline" title="Brunswick Pipeline">Brunswick Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Transmission_Northwest" title="Gas Transmission Northwest">Gas Transmission Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Transmission" title="Great Lakes Transmission">Great Lakes Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Pipeline" title="Iroquois Pipeline">Iroquois Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritimes_%26_Northeast_Pipeline" title="Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline">Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Border_Pipeline" title="Northern Border Pipeline">Northern Border Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Pipeline" title="Northwest Pipeline">Northwest Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland%E2%80%93Montreal_pipeline" title="Portland–Montreal pipeline">Portland–Montreal pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Pipeline" title="Vector Pipeline">Vector Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_substitution" title="Simultaneous substitution">Simultaneous substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_television_stations_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of Canadian television stations available in the United States">Canadian television stations available in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_television_channels_available_in_Canada" title="List of foreign television channels available in Canada">Foreign television channels available in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_television_stations_available_in_Canada" title="List of United States television stations available in Canada">United States television stations available in Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_to_Americans" title="Talking to Americans">Talking to Americans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lament_for_a_Nation" title="Lament for a Nation">Lament for a Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_for_Canada" title="The Fight for Canada">The Fight for Canada</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Canada–United States relations">Category:Canada–United States relations</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&oldid=1276422713">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&oldid=1276422713</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_disasters_in_Canada" title="Category:2003 disasters in Canada">2003 disasters in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2003 disasters in the United States">2003 disasters in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_Connecticut" title="Category:2003 in Connecticut">2003 in Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_economic_history" title="Category:2003 in economic history">2003 in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:2003 in Massachusetts">2003 in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_Michigan" title="Category:2003 in Michigan">2003 in Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_New_Jersey" title="Category:2003 in New Jersey">2003 in New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:2003 in New York (state)">2003 in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_Ohio" title="Category:2003 in Ohio">2003 in Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_Ontario" title="Category:2003 in Ontario">2003 in Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:2003 in Pennsylvania">2003 in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:August_2003_in_North_America" title="Category:August 2003 in North America">August 2003 in North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:FirstEnergy" title="Category:FirstEnergy">FirstEnergy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Northeastern_United_States" title="Category:History of the Northeastern United States">History of the Northeastern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_outages_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Power outages in the United States">Power outages in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_outages_in_Canada" title="Category:Power outages in Canada">Power outages in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Software_bugs" title="Category:Software bugs">Software bugs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2013" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2013">Use mdy dates from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2010">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2021">Articles needing additional references from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from November 2021">Articles that may contain original research from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2012">Articles needing additional references from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2007" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2007">Articles needing additional references from May 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2010" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2010">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2010</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 February 2025, at 19:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeast_blackout_of_2003&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northeast blackout of 2003</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>14 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-ppkhl","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.097","walltime":"1.346","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8774,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":257076,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18700,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":195032,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1083.366 1 -total"," 28.58% 309.626 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.90% 139.708 1 Template:Canada–United_States_relations"," 12.64% 136.906 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.32% 101.011 11 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.83% 95.632 17 Template:Sfn"," 8.70% 94.247 1 Template:Cite_press_release"," 8.56% 92.715 12 Template:Fix"," 7.80% 84.472 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.78% 84.233 22 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.631","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11966458,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCBC_Staff2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCogswell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoyne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDGA_Consulting,_Australia_(submitted_to_Australian_Energy_Market_Commission)2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreeno2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelwig2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Poulsen2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLerner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichehl_R._Gent\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichtelRomero2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRick_Lindquist,_N1RL2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S.-Canada_Power_System_Outage_Task_Force2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Rijn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolpe2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Canada–United States relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox event\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start and end dates\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 5,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-8m5mv","timestamp":"20250221172529","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Northeast blackout of 2003","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northeast_blackout_of_2003","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2991760","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2991760","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-14T20:26:34Z","dateModified":"2025-02-18T19:46:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/eb\/Map_of_North_America%2C_blackout_2003.svg","headline":"Major power outage in August 2003 in North America"}</script> </body> </html>