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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_of_initial_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_of_initial_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Selection of initial routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_of_initial_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_The_Rainbow_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_The_Rainbow_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1970s: The Rainbow Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_The_Rainbow_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_and_1990s:_The_Building_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_1990s:_The_Building_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1980s and 1990s: The Building Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_1990s:_The_Building_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s:_Growth_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s:_Growth_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2000s: Growth in the 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s:_Growth_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-time_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-time_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 On-time performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On-time_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ridership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ridership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ridership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guest_Rewards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guest_Rewards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Guest Rewards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guest_Rewards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_passes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_passes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Rail passes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_passes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Service lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolling_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolling_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Rolling stock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On-board_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On-board_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 On-board services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-On-board_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle On-board services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-On-board_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classes_of_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes_of_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Classes of service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes_of_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wi-Fi_and_electronic_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wi-Fi_and_electronic_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Wi-Fi and electronic services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wi-Fi_and_electronic_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baggage_and_cargo_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baggage_and_cargo_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Baggage and cargo services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baggage_and_cargo_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Labor issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Environmental impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amtrak's_environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amtrak's_environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Amtrak's environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amtrak's_environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact_on_Amtrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact_on_Amtrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Environmental impact on Amtrak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact_on_Amtrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public funding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_funding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public funding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Funding history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s_to_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_to_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 1970s to 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_to_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Leadership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leadership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_board_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_board_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Current board members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_board_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topics_dealing_with_Amtrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics_dealing_with_Amtrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Topics dealing with Amtrak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics_dealing_with_Amtrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_railway_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_railway_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Other railway companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_railway_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Explanatory citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Amtrak</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" > 46 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="أمتراك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمتراك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Амтрак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амтрак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="امترک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امترک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%99" title="암트랙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암트랙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="אמטרק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמטרק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ആംട്രാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആംട്രാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="アムトラック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アムトラック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="แอ็มแทร็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอ็มแทร็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ایمٹریک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایمٹریک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amtrak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amtrak (disambiguation)">Amtrak (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amtrac" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrac">Amtrac</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amtrak_logo.svg/200px-Amtrak_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amtrak_logo.svg/300px-Amtrak_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amtrak_logo.svg/400px-Amtrak_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="55" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_network_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amtrak_network_map_2016.svg/250px-Amtrak_network_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amtrak_network_map_2016.svg/375px-Amtrak_network_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Amtrak_network_map_2016.svg/500px-Amtrak_network_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="768" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Geographic map of the Amtrak system</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_Chief_at_Laguna,_February_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Southwest_Chief_at_Laguna%2C_February_2020.jpg/250px-Southwest_Chief_at_Laguna%2C_February_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Southwest_Chief_at_Laguna%2C_February_2020.jpg/375px-Southwest_Chief_at_Laguna%2C_February_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Southwest_Chief_at_Laguna%2C_February_2020.jpg/500px-Southwest_Chief_at_Laguna%2C_February_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1284" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Chief" title="Southwest Chief">Southwest Chief</a>, one of Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Long_Distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrak Long Distance">long-distance</a> trains in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Laguna,_New_Mexico" title="Laguna, New Mexico">Laguna, New Mexico</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">1 Massachusetts Avenue NW <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardner_(transportation_executive)" title="Stephen Gardner (transportation executive)">Stephen Gardner</a> (<a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Roger Harris (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reporting_mark" title="Reporting mark">Reporting mark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AMTK and AMTZ <a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">IATA code</a>: 2V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a> (except <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1, 1971–present<a href="#cite_note-winner-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-last_court_test-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_railroads_eligible_to_participate_in_the_formation_of_Amtrak#Participating_railroads" title="List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak">20 privately operated intercity passenger rail systems</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Electrification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_25_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system">12 kV, 25 Hz AC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> (Washington–New York) and <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Corridor" title="Keystone Corridor">Keystone Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification_of_the_New_York,_New_Haven,_and_Hartford_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrification of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad">12.5 kV, 60 Hz AC</a>: Northeast Corridor (New York–New Haven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_60_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system">25 kV, 60 Hz AC</a>: Northeast Corridor (New Haven–Boston)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Routes: 21,400 mi (34,400 km)</li> <li>Track owned: 623 mi (1,003 km)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amtrak.com">amtrak.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23239#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">doing business as</a> Amtrak (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæmtræk/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reporting_mark" title="Reporting mark">reporting marks</a> AMTK, AMTZ), is the national <a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">passenger railroad</a> company of the United States. It operates <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city rail</a> service in 46 of the 48 <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous U.S. states</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a>. Amtrak is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words America and track. Founded in 1971 as a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-corporation" title="Quasi-corporation">quasi-public corporation</a> to operate many U.S. passenger rail routes, Amtrak receives a combination of state and federal subsidies but is managed as a <a href="/wiki/For-profit_corporation" title="For-profit corporation">for-profit organization</a>. The company's headquarters is located one block west of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Amtrak is headed by a Board of Directors, two of whom are the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a> and CEO of Amtrak, while the other eight members are nominated to serve a term of five years.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Amtrak's network includes over 500 stations along 21,400 miles (34,000 km) of track. It directly owns approximately 623 miles (1,003 km) of this track and operates an additional 132 miles of track; the remaining mileage is over rail lines owned by other railroad companies. While most track speeds are limited to 79 mph (127 km/h) or less, several lines have been upgraded to support top speeds of 110 mph (180 km/h), and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> support top speeds of 160 mph (260 km/h). In <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2022, Amtrak served 22.9 million passengers and had $2.1 billion in revenue, with more than 17,100 employees as of fiscal year 2021. Nearly 87,000 passengers ride more than 300 Amtrak trains daily.<a href="#cite_note-FY18_profile-7">[7]</a> Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">10 largest metropolitan areas</a> and 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles (645 km).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_passenger_service">Private passenger service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Private passenger service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Congressional_Pennsylvania_Railroad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Congressional_Pennsylvania_Railroad.JPG/220px-The_Congressional_Pennsylvania_Railroad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Congressional_Pennsylvania_Railroad.JPG/330px-The_Congressional_Pennsylvania_Railroad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Congressional_Pennsylvania_Railroad.JPG/440px-The_Congressional_Pennsylvania_Railroad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>'s Congressional in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> In 1916, 98% of all commercial intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, and the remaining 2% moved by <a href="/wiki/Inland_waterways_of_the_United_States" title="Inland waterways of the United States">inland waterways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Nearly 42 million passengers used railways as primary transportation.<a href="#cite_note-Stover-1997-219-10">[10]</a> Passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As the 20th century progressed, patronage declined in the face of competition from <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a>. New <a href="/wiki/Streamliner" title="Streamliner">streamlined</a> diesel-powered trains such as the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Zephyr" title="Pioneer Zephyr">Pioneer Zephyr</a> were popular with the traveling public but could not reverse the trend.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By 1940, railroads held 67 percent of commercial passenger-miles in the United States. In real terms, passenger-miles had fallen by 40% since 1916, from 42 billion to 25 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Stover-1997-219-10">[10]</a> Traffic surged during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which was aided by troop movement and <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Rationing in the United States">gasoline rationing</a>. The railroad's market share surged to 74% in 1945, with a massive 94 billion passenger-miles.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> After the war, railroads rejuvenated their overworked and neglected passenger fleets with fast and luxurious streamliners.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> These new trains brought only temporary relief to the overall decline.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Even as postwar travel exploded, passenger travel percentages of the overall market share fell to 46% by 1950, and then 32% by 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Stover-1997-219-10">[10]</a> The railroads had lost money on passenger service since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, but deficits reached $723 million in 1957. For many railroads, these losses threatened financial viability.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The causes of this decline were heavily debated. The <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, both funded by the government, competed directly with the railroads, which, unlike the airline, bus, and trucking companies, paid for their own infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/1950s_American_automobile_culture" title="1950s American automobile culture">American car culture</a> was also on the rise in the post-World War II years. <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> rate regulation limited the railroad's ability to turn a profit.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Railroads also faced antiquated work rules and inflexible relationships with trade unions. To take one example, workers continued to receive a day's pay for 100-to-150-mile (160 to 240 km) workdays. Streamliners covered that in two hours.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Matters approached a crisis in the 1960s. Passenger service route-miles fell from 107,000 miles (172,000 km) in 1958 to 49,000 miles (79,000 km) in 1970, the last full year of private operation.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The diversion of most <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">United States Post Office Department</a> mail from passenger trains to trucks, airplanes, and freight trains in late 1967 deprived those trains of badly needed revenue.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In direct response, the <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway</a> filed to discontinue 33 of its remaining 39 trains, ending almost all passenger service on one of the largest railroads in the country.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The equipment the railroads had ordered after World War II was now 20 years old, worn out, and in need of replacement.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_railroads_eligible_to_participate_in_the_formation_of_Amtrak" title="List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak">List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCPOST_19710601_Amtrak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PCPOST_19710601_Amtrak.png/220px-PCPOST_19710601_Amtrak.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PCPOST_19710601_Amtrak.png/330px-PCPOST_19710601_Amtrak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PCPOST_19710601_Amtrak.png/440px-PCPOST_19710601_Amtrak.png 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company" title="Penn Central Transportation Company">Penn Central Railroad</a>'s employee publication announcing the inauguration of Amtrak on May 1, 1971. Penn Central Amtrak routes are listed.</figcaption></figure> As passenger service declined, various proposals were brought forward to rescue it. The 1961 Doyle Report proposed that the private railroads pool their services into a single body.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Similar proposals were made in 1965 and 1968 but failed to attract support. The federal government passed the <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Ground_Transportation_Act_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965">High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965</a> to fund pilot programs in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>, but this did nothing to address passenger deficits. In late 1969, multiple proposals emerged in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, including equipment subsidies, route subsidies, and, lastly, a "quasi-public corporation" to take over the operation of intercity passenger trains. Matters were brought to a head on June 21, 1970, when the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company" title="Penn Central Transportation Company">Penn Central</a>, the largest railroad in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> and teetering on bankruptcy, filed to discontinue 34 of its passenger trains.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In October 1970, Congress passed, and President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> signed into law (against the objections of most of his advisors),<a href="#cite_note-enoamtrak50-1-26">[26]</a> the Rail Passenger Service Act.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Proponents of the bill, led by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Railroad_Passengers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Railroad Passengers">National Association of Railroad Passengers</a> (NARP), sought government funding to ensure the continuation of passenger trains. They conceived the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (NRPC), a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-corporation" title="Quasi-corporation">quasi-public corporation</a> that would be managed as a <a href="/wiki/For-profit_corporation" title="For-profit corporation">for-profit organization</a>, but which would receive taxpayer funding and assume operation of intercity passenger trains<a href="#cite_note-FY18_profile-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> – while many involved in drafting the bill did not believe the NRPC would actually be profitable, this was necessary in order for the White House and more conservative members of Congress to support the bill.<a href="#cite_note-enoamtrak50-1-26">[26]</a> There were several key provisions:<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <ul><li>Any railroad operating intercity passenger service could contract with the NRPC, thereby joining the national system.</li> <li>The United States federal government, through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a>, would own all of the NRPC's <a href="/wiki/Issued_shares" title="Issued shares">issued</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shares_outstanding" title="Shares outstanding">outstanding</a> <a href="/wiki/Preferred_stock" title="Preferred stock">preferred stock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Participating railroads bought into the NRPC using a formula based on their recent intercity passenger losses. The purchase price could be satisfied either by cash or rolling stock; in exchange, the railroads received NRPC <a href="/wiki/Common_stock" title="Common stock">common stock</a>.</li> <li>Any participating railroad was freed of the obligation to operate intercity passenger service after May 1, 1971, except for those services chosen by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a> (DOT) as part of a "basic system" of service and paid for by NRPC using its federal funds.</li> <li>Railroads that chose not to join the NRPC system were required to continue operating their existing passenger service until 1975, at which time they could pursue the customary <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> (ICC) approval process for any discontinuance or alteration to the service.</li></ul> Of the 26 railroads still offering intercity passenger service in 1970, only six declined to join the NRPC.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Nearly everyone involved expected the experiment to be short-lived. The Nixon administration and many Washington insiders viewed the NRPC as a politically expedient way for the President and Congress to give passenger trains a "last hurrah" as demanded by the public. They expected the NRPC to quietly disappear as public interest waned.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine exposed the manufactured mismanagement in 1974, <a href="/wiki/Louis_W._Menk" title="Louis W. Menk">Louis W. Menk</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">Burlington Northern Railroad</a>, remarked that the story was undermining the scheme to dismantle Amtrak.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Proponents also hoped that government intervention would be brief and that Amtrak would soon be able to support itself. Neither view had proved to be correct; popular support allowed Amtrak to continue in operation longer than critics imagined, while financial results made passenger train service returning to private railroad operations infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_of_initial_routes">Selection of initial routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selection of initial routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amtrak_Logo.svg/220px-Amtrak_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amtrak_Logo.svg/330px-Amtrak_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amtrak_Logo.svg/440px-Amtrak_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="142" /></a><figcaption>Old Amtrak Logo used from 1971 to 2000</figcaption></figure> The Rail Passenger Service Act gave the Secretary of Transportation, at that time <a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a>, thirty days to produce an initial draft of the endpoints of the routes the NRPC would be required by law to serve for four years. On November 24 Volpe presented his initial draft consisting of 27 routes to Nixon, which he believed would make a $24 million profit by 1975. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, however, believed Volpe and the DOT's analysis was far too optimistic, with director <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> arguing to cut the number of routes by around half. Nixon agreed with Shultz, and the public draft presented by Volpe on November 30 consisted of only 16 routes.<a href="#cite_note-enoamtrak50-2-37">[37]</a> The initial reaction to this heavily-cut-back proposed system from the public, the press, and congressmen was strongly negative. It made front-page headlines across the country and it was quickly leaked that the DOT had wanted a far larger system than the White House would approve of. The ICC produced its own report on December 29, criticising the proposed draft and arguing for the inclusion of fifteen additional routes, giving further ammunition to the congressmen who wanted an expanded system. Further wrangling between the DOT and the White House produced the final list of routes on January 28, 1971, adding five additional routes to the November 30th draft.<a href="#cite_note-enoamtrak50-2-37">[37]</a> These required routes only had their endpoints specified; the selection of the actual routes to be taken between the endpoints was left to the NRPC, which had just three months to decide them before it was due to start service. Consultants from <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a> were hired to perform this task, and their results were publicly announced on March 22.<a href="#cite_note-enoamtrak50-3-38">[38]</a> At the same time, the NRPC had hired <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_(brand_consultancy)" title="Lippincott (brand consultancy)">Lippincott & Margulies</a> to create a brand for it and replace its original working <a href="/wiki/Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a> of Railpax. On March 30, L&M's work was presented to the NRPC's board of incorporators, who unanimously agreed on the "headless arrow" logo and on the new brand name "Amtrak", a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words America and trak, the latter itself a <a href="/wiki/Sensational_spelling" title="Sensational spelling">sensational spelling</a> of track.<a href="#cite_note-enoamtrak50-3-38">[38]</a> The name change was publicly announced less than two weeks before operations began.<a href="#cite_note-FY18_profile-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_The_Rainbow_Era">1970s: The Rainbow Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1970s: The Rainbow Era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BN_9762_in_Yakima_Aug_71_NthCstHiRP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BN_9762_in_Yakima_Aug_71_NthCstHiRP.jpg/220px-BN_9762_in_Yakima_Aug_71_NthCstHiRP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BN_9762_in_Yakima_Aug_71_NthCstHiRP.jpg/330px-BN_9762_in_Yakima_Aug_71_NthCstHiRP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BN_9762_in_Yakima_Aug_71_NthCstHiRP.jpg/440px-BN_9762_in_Yakima_Aug_71_NthCstHiRP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Hiawatha" title="North Coast Hiawatha">North Coast Hiawatha</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima, Washington</a>, in July 1971, an example of early Amtrak "rainbow" <a href="/wiki/Consist" class="mw-redirect" title="Consist">consists</a>, made up of equipment still painted in the colors of various railroads</figcaption></figure> Amtrak began operations on May 1, 1971.<a href="#cite_note-winner-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-last_court_test-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Amtrak received no <a href="/wiki/Rail_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail tracks">rail tracks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">rights-of-way</a> at its inception. All of Amtrak's routes were continuations of prior service, although Amtrak pruned about half the passenger rail network.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Of the 366 train routes that operated previously, Amtrak continued only 184.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Several major corridors became freight-only, including the ex-<a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Water_Level_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Level Route">Water Level Route</a> from New York to Ohio and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Western_Railroad" title="Grand Trunk Western Railroad">Grand Trunk Western Railroad</a>'s Chicago to Detroit route. The reduced passenger train schedules created confusion amongst staff. At some stations, Amtrak service was available only late at night or early in the morning, prompting complaints from passengers.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Disputes with freight railroads over track usage caused some services to be rerouted, temporarily cancelled, or replaced with buses.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On the other hand, the creation of the Los Angeles–Seattle <a href="/wiki/Coast_Starlight" title="Coast Starlight">Coast Starlight</a> from three formerly separate train routes was an immediate success, resulting in an increase to daily service by 1973.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Needing to operate only half the train routes that had operated previously, Amtrak would lease around 1,200 of the best passenger cars from the 3,000 that the private railroads owned. All were air-conditioned, and 90% were easy-to-maintain stainless steel.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> When Amtrak took over, passenger cars and locomotives initially retained the paint schemes and logos of their former owners which resulted in Amtrak running trains with mismatched colors – the "Rainbow Era".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In mid-1971, Amtrak began purchasing some of the equipment it had leased, including 286 <a href="/wiki/Electro-Motive_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-Motive Division">EMD</a> E and F unit diesel locomotives, 30 <a href="/wiki/PRR_GG1" class="mw-redirect" title="PRR GG1">GG1</a> electric locomotives and 1,290 passenger cars. By 1975, the official Amtrak color scheme was painted on most Amtrak equipment and newly purchased locomotives and the rolling stock began appearing.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_pointless_arrow_logo_at_Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station,_September_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Amtrak_pointless_arrow_logo_at_Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station%2C_September_2015.jpg/220px-Amtrak_pointless_arrow_logo_at_Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station%2C_September_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Amtrak_pointless_arrow_logo_at_Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station%2C_September_2015.jpg/330px-Amtrak_pointless_arrow_logo_at_Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station%2C_September_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Amtrak_pointless_arrow_logo_at_Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station%2C_September_2015.jpg/440px-Amtrak_pointless_arrow_logo_at_Oakland%E2%80%93Jack_London_Square_station%2C_September_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption>Classic Amtrak logo displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_%E2%80%93_Jack_London_Square_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland – Jack London Square station">Oakland – Jack London Square station</a>, California</figcaption></figure> Amtrak inherited problems with train stations (most notably <a href="/wiki/Deferred_maintenance" title="Deferred maintenance">deferred maintenance</a>) and redundant facilities from the competing railroads that once served the same communities. Chicago is a prime example; on the day prior to Amtrak's inception, intercity passenger trains used four different Chicago terminals: <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Street_Station" title="LaSalle Street Station">LaSalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dearborn_Station" title="Dearborn Station">Dearborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_Transportation_Center" title="Ogilvie Transportation Center">North Western Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Station_(Chicago_terminal)" title="Central Station (Chicago terminal)">Central</a>, and Union. The trains at LaSalle remained there, as their operator <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Pacific_Railroad" title="Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad">Rock Island</a> could not afford to opt into Amtrak. Of all the trains serving Dearborn Station, Amtrak retained only a pair of Santa Fe trains, which relocated to <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Union Station</a> beginning with the first Amtrak departures on May 1, 1971. Dearborn Station closed after the last pre-Amtrak trains on the Santa Fe arrived in Chicago on May 2. None of the intercity trains that had served North Western Station became part of the Amtrak system, and that terminal became commuter-only after May 1. The trains serving Central Station continued to use that station until an alternate routing was adopted in March 1972. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, Amtrak had to maintain two stations (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Penn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central</a>) due to the lack of track connections to bring trains from upstate New York into Penn Station; a problem that was rectified once the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Connection">Empire Connection</a> was built in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The Amtrak Standard Stations Program was launched in 1978 and proposed to build a standardized station design across the system with an aim to reduce costs, speed construction, and improve its corporate image.<a href="#cite_note-amtrakhistory-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-executivesummary-55">[55]</a> However, the cash-strapped railroad would ultimately build relatively few of these standard stations.<a href="#cite_note-heartland2-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_621_with_the_San_Francisco_Zephyr_over_the_Truckee_River_in_Verdi,_Nevada,_February_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amtrak_621_with_the_San_Francisco_Zephyr_over_the_Truckee_River_in_Verdi%2C_Nevada%2C_February_1975.jpg/220px-Amtrak_621_with_the_San_Francisco_Zephyr_over_the_Truckee_River_in_Verdi%2C_Nevada%2C_February_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amtrak_621_with_the_San_Francisco_Zephyr_over_the_Truckee_River_in_Verdi%2C_Nevada%2C_February_1975.jpg/330px-Amtrak_621_with_the_San_Francisco_Zephyr_over_the_Truckee_River_in_Verdi%2C_Nevada%2C_February_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amtrak_621_with_the_San_Francisco_Zephyr_over_the_Truckee_River_in_Verdi%2C_Nevada%2C_February_1975.jpg/440px-Amtrak_621_with_the_San_Francisco_Zephyr_over_the_Truckee_River_in_Verdi%2C_Nevada%2C_February_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>An Amtrak <a href="/wiki/EMD_SDP40F" title="EMD SDP40F">EMD SDP40F</a> with the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zephyr" title="San Francisco Zephyr">San Francisco Zephyr</a> in 1975. By the mid-1970s, Amtrak equipment was acquiring its own identity.</figcaption></figure> Amtrak soon had the opportunity to acquire rights-of-way. Following the bankruptcy of several northeastern railroads in the early 1970s, including Penn Central, which owned and operated the Northeast Corridor (NEC), Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Revitalization_and_Regulatory_Reform_Act" title="Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act">Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act</a> of 1976.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> A large part of the legislation was directed to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Conrail" title="Conrail">Conrail</a>, but the law also enabled the transfer of the portions of the NEC not already owned by state authorities to Amtrak. Amtrak acquired the majority of the NEC on April 1, 1976.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> (The portion in Massachusetts is owned by the Commonwealth and managed by Amtrak. The route from New Haven to New Rochelle is owned by New York's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Department_of_Transportation" title="Connecticut Department of Transportation">Connecticut Department of Transportation</a> as the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Line" title="New Haven Line">New Haven Line</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> This mainline became Amtrak's "jewel" asset, and helped the railroad generate revenue. While the NEC ridership and revenues were higher than any other segment of the system, the cost of operating and maintaining the corridor proved to be overwhelming. As a result, Amtrak's federal subsidy was increased dramatically. In subsequent years, other short route segments not needed for freight operations were transferred to Amtrak.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In its first decade, Amtrak fell far short of financial independence, which continues today, but it did find modest success rebuilding trade. Outside factors discouraged competing transport, such as fuel shortages which increased costs of automobile and airline travel, and strikes which disrupted airline operations. Investments in Amtrak's track, equipment and information also made Amtrak more relevant to America's transportation needs.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Amtrak's ridership increased from 16.6 million in 1972 to 21 million in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-NiceD-62">[62]</a> In February 1978, Amtrak moved its headquarters to 400 North Capitol Street NW, Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_and_1990s:_The_Building_Era">1980s and 1990s: The Building Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s: The Building Era">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_943_with_a_Metroliner_at_Seabrook,_MD,_November_12,_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Amtrak_943_with_a_Metroliner_at_Seabrook%2C_MD%2C_November_12%2C_1987.jpg/220px-Amtrak_943_with_a_Metroliner_at_Seabrook%2C_MD%2C_November_12%2C_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Amtrak_943_with_a_Metroliner_at_Seabrook%2C_MD%2C_November_12%2C_1987.jpg/330px-Amtrak_943_with_a_Metroliner_at_Seabrook%2C_MD%2C_November_12%2C_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Amtrak_943_with_a_Metroliner_at_Seabrook%2C_MD%2C_November_12%2C_1987.jpg/440px-Amtrak_943_with_a_Metroliner_at_Seabrook%2C_MD%2C_November_12%2C_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/EMD_AEM-7" title="EMD AEM-7">EMD AEM-7</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Metroliner_(train)" title="Metroliner (train)">Metroliner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seabrook,_Maryland" title="Seabrook, Maryland">Seabrook, Maryland</a> in 1987. The AEM-7 was Amtrak's workhorse on electrified routes for over 30 years.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMTK_315_Tun17_CZ_Nwcstle_Mar1995RP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AMTK_315_Tun17_CZ_Nwcstle_Mar1995RP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg/220px-AMTK_315_Tun17_CZ_Nwcstle_Mar1995RP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AMTK_315_Tun17_CZ_Nwcstle_Mar1995RP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg/330px-AMTK_315_Tun17_CZ_Nwcstle_Mar1995RP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/AMTK_315_Tun17_CZ_Nwcstle_Mar1995RP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg/440px-AMTK_315_Tun17_CZ_Nwcstle_Mar1995RP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/EMD_F40PH" title="EMD F40PH">EMD F40PH</a> leads the <a href="/wiki/California_Zephyr" title="California Zephyr">California Zephyr</a> in 1995. The F40PH replaced the unreliable SDP40F.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> In 1982, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> and retired <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Southern Railway (U.S.)">Southern Railway</a> head <a href="/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="W. Graham Claytor, Jr.">William Graham Claytor Jr.</a> came out of retirement to lead Amtrak. During his time at Southern, Claytor was a vocal critic of Amtrak's prior managers, who all came from non-railroading backgrounds. Transportation Secretary <a href="/wiki/Drew_Lewis" title="Drew Lewis">Drew Lewis</a> cited this criticism as a reason why the Democrat Claytor was acceptable to the Reagan White House.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>: 7  Despite frequent clashes with the Reagan administration over funding, Claytor enjoyed a good relationship with Lewis, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Riley" title="John H. Riley">John H. Riley</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> (FRA), and with members of Congress. Limited funding led Claytor to use <a href="/wiki/Money_market" title="Money market">short-term debt</a> to fund operations.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Building on mechanical developments in the 1970s, high-speed Washington–New York <a href="/wiki/Metroliner_(train)" title="Metroliner (train)">Metroliner Service</a> was improved with new equipment and faster schedules. Travel time between New York and Washington, D.C. was reduced to under 3 hours due to system improvements and limited stop service.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> This improvement was cited as a reason why Amtrak grew its share of intercity trips between the cities along the corridor. Elsewhere in the country, demand for passenger rail service resulted in the creation of five new state-supported routes in California, Illinois, Missouri, Oregon and Pennsylvania, for a total of 15 state-supported routes. Amtrak added two trains in 1983, the <a href="/wiki/California_Zephyr" title="California Zephyr">California Zephyr</a> between <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a> and Chicago via Denver<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> and revived the <a href="/wiki/Auto_Train" title="Auto Train">Auto Train</a>, a unique service that carries both passengers and their vehicles. Amtrak advertised it as a great way to avoid traffic along the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">I-95</a> running between <a href="/wiki/Lorton,_Virginia" title="Lorton, Virginia">Lorton, Virginia</a> (near Washington, D.C.) and <a href="/wiki/Sanford,_Florida" title="Sanford, Florida">Sanford, Florida</a> (near Orlando) on the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star_(Amtrak_train)" title="Silver Star (Amtrak train)">Silver Star</a> alignment.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> In 1980s and 1990s, stations in Baltimore, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. received major rehabilitation and the Empire Connection tunnel opened in 1991, allowing Amtrak to consolidate all New York services at <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Penn Station.</a> Despite the improvements, Amtrak's ridership stagnated at roughly 20 million passengers per year, amid uncertain government aid from 1981 to about 2000.<a href="#cite_note-NiceD-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the early 1990s, Amtrak tested several different high-speed trains from Europe on the Northeast Corridor. An <a href="/wiki/X_2000#Exports" title="X 2000">X 2000 train was leased</a> from Sweden for test runs from October 1992 to January 1993, followed by revenue service between Washington, D.C. and New York City from February to May and August to September 1993. <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> showed the <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">ICE 1</a> train from Germany, organizing the <a href="/wiki/ICE_1#ICE_train_North_America_tour" title="ICE 1">ICE Train North America Tour</a> which started to operate on the Northeast Corridor on July 3, 1993.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1993, Thomas Downs succeeded Claytor as Amtrak's fifth president. The stated goal remained "operational self-sufficiency". By this time, however, Amtrak had a large overhang of debt from years of underfunding. In the mid-1990s, Amtrak suffered through a serious cash crunch. Under Downs, Congress included a provision in the <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_1997" title="Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997">Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997</a> that resulted in Amtrak receiving a $2.3 billion tax refund that resolved their cash crisis.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> However, Congress also instituted a "glide path" to financial self-sufficiency, excluding railroad retirement tax act payments.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Warrington" title="George Warrington">George Warrington</a> became the sixth president in 1998, with a mandate to make Amtrak financially self-sufficient. Under Warrington, the company tried to expand into express freight shipping, placing Amtrak in competition with the "host" freight railroads and the <a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">trucking industry</a>. On March 9, 1999, Amtrak unveiled its plan for the Acela Express, a high-speed train on the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> between Washington, D.C. and Boston.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-overview2-72">[72]</a> Several changes were made to the corridor to make it suitable for higher-speed electric trains. The <a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_60_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system">Northend Electrification Project</a> extended existing electrification from <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, to Boston to complete the <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">overhead power supply</a> along the 454-mile (731 km) route, and several grade crossings were improved or removed.<a href="#cite_note-overview2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s:_Growth_in_the_21st_century">2000s: Growth in the 21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000s: Growth in the 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sunday_Morning_Cardinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Sunday_Morning_Cardinal.jpg/220px-The_Sunday_Morning_Cardinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Sunday_Morning_Cardinal.jpg/330px-The_Sunday_Morning_Cardinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Sunday_Morning_Cardinal.jpg/440px-The_Sunday_Morning_Cardinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis" title="GE Genesis">GE Genesis</a> diesel locomotives lead the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(train)" title="Cardinal (train)">Cardinal</a> in 2006. In the 21st century, Amtrak replaced the F40PH with the Genesis series</figcaption></figure> Ridership increased during the first decade of the 21st century after the implementation of capital improvements in the NEC and rises in automobile fuel costs. The inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed</a> <a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">Acela</a> in late 2000 generated considerable publicity and led to major ridership gains. However, through the late 1990s and very early 21st century, Amtrak could not add sufficient express freight revenue or cut sufficient other expenditures to break even. By 2002, it was clear that Amtrak could not achieve self-sufficiency, but Congress continued to authorize funding and released Amtrak from the requirement.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In early 2002, <a href="/wiki/David_L._Gunn" title="David L. Gunn">David L. Gunn</a> replaced Warrington as seventh president. In a departure from his predecessors' promises to make Amtrak self-sufficient in the short term, Gunn argued that no form of passenger transportation in the United States is self-sufficient as the economy is currently structured.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Highways, airports, and air traffic control all require large government expenditures to build and operate, coming from the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Trust_Fund" title="Highway Trust Fund">Highway Trust Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airport_and_Airway_Trust_Fund" title="Airport and Airway Trust Fund">Aviation Trust Fund</a> paid for by user fees, highway fuel and road taxes, and, in the case of the General Fund, from general taxation.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Gunn dropped most freight express business and worked to eliminate deferred maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrakcropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="GE Genesis diesel pulls the California Zephyr Train in front of the Rocky Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amtrakcropped.jpg/220px-Amtrakcropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amtrakcropped.jpg/330px-Amtrakcropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amtrakcropped.jpg/440px-Amtrakcropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7547" data-file-height="3279" /></a><figcaption>Two GE Genesis diesels lead the California Zephyr in front of the Rocky Mountains</figcaption></figure> A plan by the Bush administration "to privatize parts of the national passenger rail system and spin off other parts to partial state ownership" provoked disagreement within Amtrak's board of directors. Late in 2005, Gunn was fired.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Gunn's replacement, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kummant" title="Alexander Kummant">Alexander Kummant</a> (2006–08), was committed to operating a national rail network, and like Gunn, opposed the notion of putting the Northeast Corridor under separate ownership.<a href="#cite_note-surprising_forecast-80">[80]</a> He said that shedding the system's long-distance routes would amount to selling national assets that are on par with national parks, and that Amtrak's abandonment of these routes would be irreversible. In late 2006, Amtrak unsuccessfully sought annual congressional funding of $1 billion for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-surprising_forecast-80">[80]</a> In early 2007, Amtrak employed 20,000 people in 46 states and served 25 million passengers a year, its highest number since its founding in 1970. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> noted a key problem: "the rail system chronically operates in the red. A pattern has emerged: Congress overrides cutbacks demanded by the White House and appropriates enough funds to keep Amtrak from plunging into insolvency. But, Amtrak advocates say, that is not enough to fix the system's woes."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Boardman" title="Joseph H. Boardman">Joseph H. Boardman</a> replaced Kummant as president and CEO in late 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Boardman_selected-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acela_old_saybrook_ct_summer2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Acela_old_saybrook_ct_summer2011.jpg/220px-Acela_old_saybrook_ct_summer2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Acela_old_saybrook_ct_summer2011.jpg/330px-Acela_old_saybrook_ct_summer2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Acela_old_saybrook_ct_summer2011.jpg/440px-Acela_old_saybrook_ct_summer2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">Acela</a> at <a href="/wiki/Old_Saybrook,_Connecticut" title="Old Saybrook, Connecticut">Old Saybrook, Connecticut</a>, in 2011</figcaption></figure> In 2011, Amtrak announced its intention to improve and expand the high-speed rail corridor from Penn Station in NYC, under the Hudson River in new tunnels, and double-tracking the line to <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, NJ</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Project">Gateway Program</a>, initially estimated to cost $13.5 billion (equal to $18 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> From May 2011 to May 2012, Amtrak celebrated its 40th anniversary with festivities across the country that started on National Train Day (May 7, 2011). A commemorative book entitled Amtrak: An American Story was published, a documentary was created, <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_paint_schemes#40th_anniversary_heritage_units" title="Amtrak paint schemes">six locomotives were painted in Amtrak's four prior paint schemes</a>, and an Exhibit Train toured the country visiting 45 communities and welcoming more than 85,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> After years of almost revolving-door CEOs at Amtrak, in December 2013, Boardman was named "Railroader of the Year" by Railway Age magazine, which noted that with over five years in the job, he is the second-longest serving head of Amtrak since it was formed more than 40 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On December 9, 2015, Boardman announced in a letter to employees that he would be leaving Amtrak in September 2016. He had advised the Amtrak Board of Directors of his decision the previous week. On August 19, 2016, the Amtrak Board of Directors named former <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a> President & CEO <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moorman" title="Charles Moorman">Charles "Wick" Moorman</a> as Boardman's successor with an effective date of September 1, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> During his term, Moorman took no salary<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and said that he saw his role as one of a "transitional CEO" who would reorganize Amtrak before turning it over to new leadership.<a href="#cite_note-WaPoAnderson-90">[90]</a> On November 17, 2016, the Gateway Program Development Corporation (GDC) was formed for the purpose of overseeing and effectuating the rail infrastructure improvements known as the Gateway Program.<a href="#cite_note-Gateway-91">[91]</a> GDC is a partnership of the States of New York and New Jersey and Amtrak. The Gateway Program includes the Hudson Tunnel Project, to build a new tunnel under the Hudson River and rehabilitate the existing century-old tunnel, and the Portal North Bridge, to replace a century-old moveable bridge with a modern structure that is less prone to failure. Later projects of the Gateway Program, including the expansion of track and platforms at Penn Station New York, construction of the Bergen Loop and other improvements will roughly double capacity for Amtrak and NJ Transit trains in the busiest, most complex section of the Northeast Corridor.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In June 2017, it was announced that former <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(businessman)" title="Richard H. Anderson (businessman)">Richard Anderson</a> would become Amtrak's next President & CEO.<a href="#cite_note-WaPoAnderson-90">[90]</a> Anderson began the job on July 12, assuming the title of President immediately and serving alongside Moorman as "co-CEOs" until the end of the year. On April 15, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Air" title="Atlas Air">Atlas Air</a> Chairman, President and CEO William Flynn was named Amtrak President and CEO. In addition to Atlas Air, Flynn has held senior roles at <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/SeaLand" title="SeaLand">SeaLand Services</a> and GeoLogistics Corp. Anderson would remain with Amtrak as a senior advisor until December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> As Amtrak approached profitability in 2020, the company undertook planning to expand and create new intermediate-distance corridors across the country. Included were several new services in Ohio, Tennessee, Colorado, and Minnesota, among other states.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Amtrak continued operating as an essential service. It started requiring face coverings the week of May 17, and limited sales to 50% of capacity.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Most long-distance routes were reduced to three weekly round trips in October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In March 2021, following President Joe Biden's <a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="American Jobs Plan">American Jobs Plan</a> announcement, Amtrak CEO Bill Flynn outlined a proposal called Amtrak Connects US that would expand state-supported intercity corridors with an infusion of upfront capital assistance.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This would expand service to cities including <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus (Ohio)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington (North Carolina)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming" title="Cheyenne, Wyoming">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Also in March 2021, Amtrak announced plans to return 12 of its long-distance routes to daily schedules later in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Most of these routes were restored to daily service in late-May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> However, a resurgence of the virus caused by the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> caused Amtrak to modify and/or suspend many of these routes again from January to March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moynihan_Train_Hall_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moynihan_Train_Hall_interior.jpg/220px-Moynihan_Train_Hall_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moynihan_Train_Hall_interior.jpg/330px-Moynihan_Train_Hall_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moynihan_Train_Hall_interior.jpg/440px-Moynihan_Train_Hall_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6619" data-file-height="4416" /></a><figcaption>New York City's <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">Penn Station</a>, Amtrak's busiest station by boardings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Union_Station,_Great_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chicago_Union_Station%2C_Great_Hall.jpg/220px-Chicago_Union_Station%2C_Great_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chicago_Union_Station%2C_Great_Hall.jpg/330px-Chicago_Union_Station%2C_Great_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chicago_Union_Station%2C_Great_Hall.jpg/440px-Chicago_Union_Station%2C_Great_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5139" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago Union Station</a>, Amtrak's busiest station off the Northeast Corridor and main hub for long-distance services.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routes">Routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Routes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes" title="List of Amtrak routes">List of Amtrak routes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_Amtrak_stations" title="List of busiest Amtrak stations">List of busiest Amtrak stations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_cities_in_the_United_States_lacking_inter-city_rail_service" title="List of major cities in the United States lacking inter-city rail service">List of major cities in the United States lacking inter-city rail service</a></div> Amtrak is required by law to operate a national route system.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Amtrak has presence in 46 of the 48 contiguous states, as well as the District of Columbia (with only thruway connecting services in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and no services in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>). Amtrak services fall into three groups: short-haul service on the Northeast Corridor, state-supported short-haul service outside the Northeast Corridor, and medium- and long-haul service known within Amtrak as the National Network. Amtrak receives federal funding for the vast majority of its operations including the central spine of the Northeast Corridor as well as for its National Network routes. In addition to the federally funded routes, Amtrak partners with transportation agencies in 18 states to operate other short and medium-haul routes outside of the Northeast Corridor, some of which connect to it or are extensions from it. In addition to its inter-city services, Amtrak also operates commuter services under contract for three public agencies: the <a href="/wiki/MARC_Train" title="MARC Train">MARC</a> <a href="/wiki/Penn_Line" title="Penn Line">Penn Line</a> in Maryland, <a href="/wiki/Shore_Line_East" title="Shore Line East">Shore Line East</a> in Connecticut,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metrolink_(California)" title="Metrolink (California)">Metrolink</a> in Southern California. Service on the Northeast Corridor (NEC), between <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, as well as between <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>, is powered by <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a>; for the rest of the system, diesel-fueled locomotives are used. Routes vary widely in the frequency of service, from three-days-a-week trains on the <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> to several times per hour on the Northeast Corridor.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> For areas not served by trains, <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway" title="Amtrak Thruway">Amtrak Thruway</a> routes provide guaranteed connections to trains via buses, vans, ferries and other modes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-108">[108]</a> The most popular and heavily used services are those running on the NEC, including the Acela and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a>. The NEC runs between Boston and Washington, D.C. via New York City and Philadelphia. Some services continue into <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The NEC services accounted for 4.4 million of Amtrak's 12.2 million passengers in <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> Outside the NEC the most popular services are the short-haul corridors in California, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Surfliner" title="Pacific Surfliner">Pacific Surfliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Corridor" title="Capitol Corridor">Capitol Corridor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Joaquin (train)">San Joaquins</a>, which are supplemented by an extensive network of connecting buses. Together the California corridor trains accounted for a combined 2.35 million passengers in fiscal year 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> Other popular routes include the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Service" title="Empire Service">Empire Service</a> between New York City and <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, which carried 613.2 thousand passengers in fiscal year 2021, and the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Service" title="Keystone Service">Keystone Service</a> between New York City and Harrisburg via Philadelphia that carried 394.3 thousand passengers that same year.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> Four of the six busiest stations by boardings are on the NEC: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">New York Penn Station</a> (first), <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Washington Union Station</a> (second), <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">Philadelphia 30th Street Station</a> (third), and <a href="/wiki/South_Station" title="South Station">Boston South Station</a> (fifth). The other two are <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station" title="Chicago Union Station">Chicago Union Station</a> (fourth) and <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)" title="Union Station (Los Angeles)">Los Angeles Union Station</a> (sixth).<a href="#cite_note-FY18_profile-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On-time_performance">On-time performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: On-time performance">edit</a>]</div> On-time performance is calculated differently for airlines than for Amtrak. A plane is considered on-time if it arrives within 15 minutes of the schedule. Amtrak uses a sliding scale, with trips under 250 miles (400 km) considered late if they are more than 10 minutes behind schedule, up to 30 minutes for trips over 551 miles (887 km) in length.<a href="#cite_note-bts-ontime-110">[110]</a> Outside the Northeast Corridor and stretches of track in Southern California and Michigan, most Amtrak trains run on tracks owned and operated by privately owned freight railroads. <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a> is the largest host to Amtrak routes, with 6.3 million train-miles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-111">[111]</a> Freight rail operators are required under federal law to give dispatching preference to Amtrak trains. However, Amtrak has accused freight railroads of violating or skirting these regulations, resulting in passenger trains waiting for freight traffic to clear the track.<a href="#cite_note-:4-112">[112]</a> The railroads' dispatching practices were investigated in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> resulting in stricter laws about train priority. Subsequently, Amtrak's overall on-time performance went up from 74.7% in fiscal 2008 to 84.7% in 2009, with long-distance trains and others outside the NEC seeing the greatest benefit. The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River_Runner" title="Missouri River Runner">Missouri River Runner</a> jumped from 11% to 95%, becoming one of Amtrak's best performers. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a> went from 22.4% to 96.7%, and the <a href="/wiki/California_Zephyr" title="California Zephyr">California Zephyr</a>, with a 5% on-time record in 2008, went up to 78.3%.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> However, this improved performance coincided with a general economic downturn, resulting in the lowest freight-rail traffic volumes since at least 1988, meaning less freight traffic to impede passenger traffic.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In 2018, Amtrak began issuing report cards, grading each host railroad <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">similar to students</a>, based on the railroad's impact to on-time performance. The first report card, issued in March 2018, includes one A (given to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific</a>) and two Fs (given to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Amtrak's 2020 host report card gives <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific</a> and Canadian National an A, <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX</a> a B, <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific</a> a C+, and Norfolk Southern a D−.<a href="#cite_note-:4-112">[112]</a> Amtrak's median on-time performance between 2018 and 2023 was 74.5%, reaching a high of 80% in 2020. It was highest on the Northeast Corridor (81.3%). The vast majority of hours of delay, about 57.5% on average, were caused by the host railroad. Long-distance routes performed similarly to the total weighted on time percentage.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ridership">Ridership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ridership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_Amtrak_Ridership_Graph_thru_FY2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Annual_Amtrak_Ridership_Graph_thru_FY2012.svg/220px-Annual_Amtrak_Ridership_Graph_thru_FY2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Annual_Amtrak_Ridership_Graph_thru_FY2012.svg/330px-Annual_Amtrak_Ridership_Graph_thru_FY2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Annual_Amtrak_Ridership_Graph_thru_FY2012.svg/440px-Annual_Amtrak_Ridership_Graph_thru_FY2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Annual ridership by fiscal year 1971–2023</figcaption></figure> Amtrak carried 15.8 million passengers in 1972, its first full year of operation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Ridership has increased steadily ever since, carrying a record 32 million passengers in <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2019, more than double the total in 1972. For the fiscal year ending on September 30, 2020, Amtrak reported 16.8 million passengers, with the decline resulting from effects of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Fiscal year 2021 saw ridership decrease more, with 12.2 million passengers reported.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> Fiscal year 2022 saw an increase to 22.9 million passengers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Fiscal year 2023 saw a further increase to 28.6 million passengers, although this is still below the record-high in Fiscal year 2019.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guest_Rewards">Guest Rewards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Guest Rewards">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_program" title="Loyalty program">loyalty program</a>, Guest Rewards,<a href="#cite_note-amtrakrewards-124">[124]</a> is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">frequent-flyer programs</a> of many airlines. Guest Rewards members accumulate points by riding Amtrak and through other activities, and can redeem these points for free Amtrak tickets and other rewards.<a href="#cite_note-amtrakrewards-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_passes">Rail passes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rail passes">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak offers the USA rail pass, valid for 10 segments (rides) in 30 days, and the California rail pass which is valid for 7 days of travel in a period of 21 days.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lines">Lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Lake_Shore_Limited_train_backing_into_Chicago_Union_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A_Lake_Shore_Limited_train_backing_into_Chicago_Union_Station.jpg/220px-A_Lake_Shore_Limited_train_backing_into_Chicago_Union_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A_Lake_Shore_Limited_train_backing_into_Chicago_Union_Station.jpg/330px-A_Lake_Shore_Limited_train_backing_into_Chicago_Union_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A_Lake_Shore_Limited_train_backing_into_Chicago_Union_Station.jpg/440px-A_Lake_Shore_Limited_train_backing_into_Chicago_Union_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>In 2009, an Amtrak Lake Shore Limited train backing into <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> Union Station</figcaption></figure> Along the NEC and in several other areas, Amtrak owns 730 miles (1,170 km) including 17 tunnels consisting of 29.7 miles (47.8 km) of track, and 1,186 bridges (including the famous <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge" title="Hell Gate Bridge">Hell Gate Bridge</a>) consisting of 42.5 miles (68.4 km) of track. In several places, primarily in New England, Amtrak leases tracks, providing track maintenance and controlling train movements. Most often, these tracks are leased from state, regional, or local governments. The lines are further divided into services. Amtrak owns and operates the following lines:<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>: the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> via <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a> is largely owned by Amtrak (363 of 457 miles),<a href="#cite_note-FY18_profile-7">[7]</a> working cooperatively with several state and regional commuter agencies.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Between New Haven, Connecticut, and New Rochelle, New York, Northeast Corridor trains travel on the <a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Line" title="New Haven Line">New Haven Line</a>, which is owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Department_of_Transportation" title="Connecticut Department of Transportation">Connecticut Department of Transportation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_to_Harrisburg_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line">Keystone Corridor</a>: Amtrak owns the 104.2-mile line from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FY18_profile-7">[7]</a> As a result of an investment partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Commonwealth of Pennsylvania</a>, signal and track improvements were completed in October 2006 that allow all-electric service with a top speed of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) to run along the corridor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Connection">Empire Corridor</a>: Amtrak owns the 11 miles (18 km) between New York Penn Station and <a href="/wiki/Spuyten_Duyvil,_Bronx" title="Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx">Spuyten Duyvil, New York</a>. In 2012, Amtrak leased the 94 miles (151 km) between <a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a>, from owner <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In addition, Amtrak owns the tracks across the <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Rapids_Bridge" title="Whirlpool Rapids Bridge">Whirlpool Rapids Bridge</a> and short approach sections near it.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Line" title="Michigan Line">Michigan Line</a>: Amtrak acquired the 98 miles of <a href="/wiki/Porter,_Indiana" title="Porter, Indiana">Porter, Indiana</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo, Michigan</a> section of the former <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad" title="Michigan Central Railroad">Michigan Central</a> main line from <a href="/wiki/Conrail" title="Conrail">Conrail</a> in 1976.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven%E2%80%93Springfield_Line" title="New Haven–Springfield Line">New Haven–Springfield Line</a>: Amtrak purchased the 62 miles (100 km) between <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> from Penn Central in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarr201786–87-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Road_Branch" title="Post Road Branch">Post Road Branch</a>: 12.42 miles (19.99 km), <a href="/wiki/Castleton-on-Hudson,_New_York" title="Castleton-on-Hudson, New York">Castleton-on-Hudson</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer,_New_York" title="Rensselaer, New York">Rensselaer, New York</a></li></ul> In addition to these lines, Amtrak owns station and yard tracks in Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a> (Kirkham Street Yard),<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and Washington, D.C. Amtrak leases station and yard tracks in <a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a>, near Miami, Florida, from the State of Florida.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Amtrak owns New York Penn Station, Philadelphia 30th Street Station, Baltimore Penn Station and Providence Station. It also owns Chicago Union Station, formerly through a wholly owned subsidiary, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station_Company" title="Chicago Union Station Company">Chicago Union Station Company</a> until absorbed by Amtrak in 2017. Through the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Terminal_Company" title="Washington Terminal Company">Washington Terminal Company</a>, in which it owns a 99.7 percent interest, it owns the rail infrastructure around <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Washington Union Station</a>. It holds a 99% interest in 30th Street Limited, a partnership responsible for redeveloping the area in and around 30th Street Station.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Amtrak also owns Passenger Railroad Insurance.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_lines">Service lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Service lines">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak organizes its business into six "service lines", which are treated like divisions at most companies.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> There are three operating service lines: Northeast Corridor, which operates Amtrak's high-speed Acela and Northeast Regional trains; State Supported, which provides service on corridor routes of less than 750 miles and are funded entirely by state governments since 2008;<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Long_Distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrak Long Distance">Long Distance</a>, which operates routes over 750 miles and receives financial support from the federal government. Additionally there are three service lines involved in activities other than operating Amtrak trains. They are: Ancillary, which includes operating commuter trains under contract, establishing Amtrak Thruway connecting services, operating charter trains, and hauling private railcars; Real Estate & Commercial which manages property owned by Amtrak, including leasing space to other businesses inside stations; and Infrastructure Access/Reimbursable which charges other railroads for access to Amtrak owned tracks and performs work that can be reimbursed by other railroads or state governments. Net revenue generated by these service lines is used to fund Amtrak's other operations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolling_stock">Rolling stock</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rolling stock">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_rolling_stock" title="List of Amtrak rolling stock">List of Amtrak rolling stock</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Amtrak_rolling_stock&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Amtrak operates a fleet of 2,142 railway cars and 425 locomotives for revenue runs and service, collectively called <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a>. Notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis" title="GE Genesis">GE Genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">Siemens Charger</a> diesel locomotives, the <a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">Siemens ACS-64</a> electric locomotive, the <a href="/wiki/Amfleet" title="Amfleet">Amfleet</a> series of single-level passenger cars, the <a href="/wiki/Superliner_(railcar)" title="Superliner (railcar)">Superliner</a> series of double-decker passenger cars, and 20 <a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela Express</a> high-speed trainsets. Amtrak also operates 196 locomotives and railcars owned wholly by state partners.<a href="#cite_note-List_of_Amtrak_rolling_stock_Amtrak_Equipment_Report-137">[137]</a> The railroad is currently working to replace its fleet, spending $2.4 billion on 28 <a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a> trainsets for its flagship Acela service and $7.3 billion for 65 <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Airo" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtrak Airo">Airo</a> trainsets for other Northeast Corridor services. Additionally, California, North Carolina, and a group of Midwestern states purchased <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Venture" title="Siemens Venture">Siemens Venture</a> trainsets for use on routes operated by Amtrak in their states, which started entering service in 2022. In 2023, Amtrak announced it had made a <a href="/wiki/Request_for_proposal" title="Request for proposal">request for proposals</a>, looking to replace hundreds of railcars used on long-distance routes.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On-board_services">On-board services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: On-board services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes_of_service">Classes of service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classes of service">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viewliner_(13970131747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Viewliner_%2813970131747%29.jpg/220px-Viewliner_%2813970131747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Viewliner_%2813970131747%29.jpg/330px-Viewliner_%2813970131747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Viewliner_%2813970131747%29.jpg/440px-Viewliner_%2813970131747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a <a href="/wiki/Viewliner" title="Viewliner">Viewliner</a> sleeping car bedroom with the lower bed down</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amfleet_(14156927994).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Amfleet_%2814156927994%29.jpg/220px-Amfleet_%2814156927994%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Amfleet_%2814156927994%29.jpg/330px-Amfleet_%2814156927994%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Amfleet_%2814156927994%29.jpg/440px-Amfleet_%2814156927994%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a long-distance <a href="/wiki/Amfleet" title="Amfleet">Amfleet II</a> coach</figcaption></figure> </div></div> Amtrak offers four classes of service: First Class, Sleeper Service, Business Class, and Coach Class:<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <ul><li>First Class: First Class service is only offered on the <a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">Acela</a>. Seats are larger than those of Business Class and come in a variety of seating styles (single, facing singles with table, double, facing doubles with table and wheelchair accessible). First Class is located in a separate car from business class and is located at the end of the train (to reduce the number of passengers walking in the aisles). A car attendant provides passengers with hot towel service, a complimentary meal and alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> First Class passengers have access to lounges located at most larger stations.<a href="#cite_note-Lounges-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Sleeper Service: Private room accommodations on long-distance trains, including <a href="/wiki/Roomette" title="Roomette">roomettes</a>, bedrooms, bedroom suites, accessible bedrooms, and, on some trains, family bedrooms. Included in the price of a room are attendant service and on most routes, full hot meals. At night, attendants convert rooms into sleeping areas with fold-down beds and linens. Shower facilities with towels and bar soap are available. Complimentary juice, coffee and bottled water are included as well. <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper car</a> passengers have access to all passenger facilities aboard the train. Sleeper Service passengers have access to lounges located at select stations.<a href="#cite_note-Lounges-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Business Class: Business Class seating is offered on the Acela, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a>, many short-haul corridor trains and some long-distance trains. It is the standard class of service on the Acela. On all other trains where it is offered, Business Class is located in a dedicated car or section of the train. While the specific features vary by route, many include extra legroom and complimentary non-alcoholic drinks. Seats in business class recline and feature a fold-down tray table, footrest, individual reading light, and power outlet.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Passengers have access to some lounges, but busier locations may exclude Business Class customers.<a href="#cite_note-Lounges-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Coach Class: Coach Class is the standard class of service on all Amtrak trains except the Acela. Seats in coach recline and feature a fold-down tray table, footrest, individual reading light, and power outlet. Coach cars on long-distance trains are configured with fewer seats per car so that passengers have additional legroom and seats which are equipped with leg rests.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Some corridor and short-distance trains have one coach car designated as a "quiet car" where loud conversation, phone calls, and sound played from electronic devices are not permitted.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wi-Fi_and_electronic_services">Wi-Fi and electronic services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wi-Fi and electronic services">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak first offered free <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> service to passengers aboard the Downeaster in 2008, the Acela and the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a> trains on the NEC in 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Amtrak Cascades</a> in 2011. In February 2014, Amtrak rolled out Wi-Fi on corridor trains out of Chicago. When all the Midwest cars offer the AmtrakConnect service, about 85% of all Amtrak passengers nationwide will have Wi-Fi access.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit">[update]</a>, most Amtrak passengers have access to free Wi-Fi. The service has developed a reputation for being unreliable and slow due to its cellular network connection;<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> on some routes it is usually unusable, either freezing on the login page or, if it manages to log in, failing to provide any internet bandwidth. Routes with Wi-Fi are typical on routes running east of the Mississippi River and the US Coastlines. West–east routes such as Sunset Limited, Southwest Chief and Texas Eagle notably lacks Wi-Fi whether through Amtrak or using a private hotspot, as cell towers are not common on the rail paths through desert and mountain wilderness.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Amtrak launched an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">e-ticketing</a> system on the <a href="/wiki/Downeaster_(train)" title="Downeaster (train)">Downeaster</a> in November 2011<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and rolled it out nationwide on July 30, 2012. Amtrak officials said the system gives "more accurate knowledge in realtime of who is on the train which greatly improves the safety and security of passengers; en route reporting of onboard equipment problems to mechanical crews which may result in faster resolution of the issue; and more efficient financial reporting".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baggage_and_cargo_services">Baggage and cargo services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Baggage and cargo services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viewliner_61049_on_Amtrak_train_66_at_New_London_Union_Station,_September_2016.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Viewliner_61049_on_Amtrak_train_66_at_New_London_Union_Station%2C_September_2016.JPG/220px-Viewliner_61049_on_Amtrak_train_66_at_New_London_Union_Station%2C_September_2016.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Viewliner_61049_on_Amtrak_train_66_at_New_London_Union_Station%2C_September_2016.JPG/330px-Viewliner_61049_on_Amtrak_train_66_at_New_London_Union_Station%2C_September_2016.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Viewliner_61049_on_Amtrak_train_66_at_New_London_Union_Station%2C_September_2016.JPG/440px-Viewliner_61049_on_Amtrak_train_66_at_New_London_Union_Station%2C_September_2016.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Viewliner" title="Viewliner">Viewliner II</a> baggage car at <a href="/wiki/New_London_Union_Station" title="New London Union Station">New London</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> Amtrak allows carry-on baggage on all routes; services with <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)#Baggage_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">baggage cars</a> allow checked baggage at selected stations.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker#Gun_law" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker Amendment</a> in 2010 passengers are allowed to put lawfully owned, unloaded firearms in checked Amtrak baggage, reversing a decade-long ban on such carriage.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Express" title="Amtrak Express">Amtrak Express</a> cargo service provides small-package and less-than-truckload shipping between most Amtrak stations that handle checked baggage (over 100 cities). Cargo travels alongside checked luggage in baggage cars. Service and hours vary by station, limited by available equipment and staffing. Nearly all stations with checked baggage service can handle small packages, while large stations with forklifts can handle <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">palletized shipments</a>. Amtrak Express also offers station-to-station shipment of human remains to many cities. Amtrak is popular among <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">bicycle touring</a> enthusiasts due to the ease of riding with a bike. In contrast to airlines, which require riders to dismantle their bicycles and place them in specialized bags, most Amtrak trains have onboard bike racks in either the coaches or checked baggage car. Bicycle reservations are required on most routes and cost up to $20.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor_issues">Labor issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Labor issues">edit</a>]</div> In the modern era, Amtrak faces a number of important labor issues. As of 2023, the average Amtrak employee annual salary was $121,000 per year.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In the area of pension funding, because of limitations originally imposed by Congress, most Amtrak workers were traditionally classified as "railroad employees" and contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Board" title="Railroad Retirement Board">Railroad Retirement</a> system have been made for those employees. However, because the size of the contributions is determined on an industry-wide basis rather than with reference to the employer for whom the employees work, some critics, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Railroad_Passengers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Railroad Passengers">National Association of Railroad Passengers</a>, maintain that Amtrak is subsidizing freight railroad pensions by as much as US$150 million/year.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In recent times, efforts at reforming passenger rail have addressed labor issues. In 1997 Congress released Amtrak from a prohibition on contracting for labor outside the corporation (and outside its unions), opening the door to privatization.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Since that time, many of Amtrak's employees have been working without a contract. The most recent contract, signed in 1999, was mainly retroactive. Because of the fragmentation of railroad unions, Amtrak had 14 separate unions to negotiate with, including 24 separate contracts between them as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> This makes it difficult to make substantial changes, in contrast to a situation where one union negotiates with one employer. Former Amtrak president Kummant followed a cooperative posture with Amtrak's trade unions, ruling out plans to privatize large parts of Amtrak's unionized workforce.<a href="#cite_note-surprising_forecast-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amtrak's_environmental_impact">Amtrak's environmental impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Amtrak's environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> Per passenger mile, Amtrak is 30–40 percent more energy-efficient than commercial airlines and automobiles overall,<a href="#cite_note-bts-energy-163">[163]</a> though the exact figures for particular routes depend on load factor along with other variables. The electrified trains in the NEC are considerably more efficient than Amtrak's diesels and can feed energy captured from <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake#The_motor_as_a_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a> back to the electrical grid. Passenger rail is also very competitive with other modes in terms of safety per mile. In 2005, Amtrak's carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per passenger were 0.411 lbs/mi (0.116 kg per km).<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> For comparison, this is similar to a car with two people,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> about twice as high as the UK rail average (where more of the system is electrified),<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> about four times the average US motorcoach,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and about eight times a Finnish electric intercity train or fully loaded fifty-seat coach.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> It is, however, about two thirds of the raw CO2-equivalent emissions of a long-distance domestic flight.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Amtrak operates <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, electric, and dual-mode (diesel and electric) locomotives on over thirty passenger train routes throughout the U.S. and Canada. <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel-powered engines</a> produce more greenhouse gas emissions during operation than electric trains. As for the locational pollution directly from Amtrak operation, their diesel trains cause more regional air pollution, impacting the ecosystems around the sites of operation. Also, more stops along train routes can lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Amtrak rail facilities located in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> were cited as the state's largest source of <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> (PCB) contamination into the Delaware River, which build up in the tissue of animals and are human carcinogens.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact_on_Amtrak">Environmental impact on Amtrak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environmental impact on Amtrak">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak railways and surrounding infrastructure are susceptible to degradation by natural causes over time.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Railways experience water damage from climate change backed increases in rainfall in wet areas, and rail buckling caused by hotter and dryer seasons in naturally dry areas.<a href="#cite_note-Dobney_Baker_Quinn_Chapman_2009-174">[174]</a> In September 2021, the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Hurricane Ida</a> flooded the Amtrak Northeast Corridor running from Boston to Washington D.C. and caused it to shut down for an entire day.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In February 2023, heavy snowfall and debris on tracks caused major disruptions from delays to cancellations.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Rising summertime temperatures are causing an increase in railway buckles. A study conducted on the railways in the southeast United Kingdom found that when temperature changes become extreme in the summertime due to climate change, the tracks buckle due to the outward force of the metal expanding in collaboration with the weight of train car traffic. This causes speed restrictions to be put in place around certain temperature intervals, slowing travel time and lessening the number of train rides in a day. The study found that in 2004, 30,000 delay minutes were attributed to increased heat causing a total of over 1.7 million U.S. dollars, of total heat related delay cost.<a href="#cite_note-Dobney_Baker_Quinn_Chapman_2009-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_funding">Public funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public funding">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak receives annual appropriations from federal and state governments to supplement operating and capital programs. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Total federal grant appropriations per year (in billions) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fiscal Year </th> <th>Appropriation </th></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>$1.488 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>$1.565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>$1.484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>$1.418 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>$1.374<a href="#cite_note-FY13_business_plan-177">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>$1.370 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>$1.375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>$1.837 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>$2.202 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>$2.447 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>$2.675<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>$3.018<a href="#cite_note-179">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>$4.700<a href="#cite_note-180">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>$6.731<a href="#cite_note-181">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>$6.853<a href="#cite_note-183">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_history">Funding history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Funding history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s_to_1990s">1970s to 1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1970s to 1990s">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak commenced operations in 1971 with $40 million in direct federal aid, $100 million in federally insured loans, and a somewhat larger private contribution.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Officials expected that Amtrak would break even by 1974, but those expectations proved unrealistic and annual direct federal aid reached a 17-year high in 1981 of $1.25 billion.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>, appropriations were halved and by 1986, federal support fell to a decade low of $601 million, almost none of which were capital appropriations.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Congress continued the reductionist trend even while Amtrak expenses held steady or rose. Amtrak was forced to borrow to meet short-term operating needs, and by 1995 Amtrak was on the brink of a cash crisis and was unable to continue to service its debts.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> In response, in 1997 Congress authorized $5.2 billion for Amtrak over the next five years – largely to complete the Acela capital project – on the condition that Amtrak submit to the ultimatum of self-sufficiency by 2003 or liquidation.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> While Amtrak made financial improvements during this period,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] it did not achieve self-sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-railroadingscuts-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s">2000s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NCF59.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NCF59.jpg/220px-NCF59.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NCF59.jpg/330px-NCF59.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NCF59.jpg/440px-NCF59.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(train)" title="Piedmont (train)">Piedmont</a> near <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, with a state-owned locomotive. This route is run under a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation" title="North Carolina Department of Transportation">North Carolina Department of Transportation</a>, 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_Cascades_cars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amtrak_Cascades_cars.jpg/220px-Amtrak_Cascades_cars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amtrak_Cascades_cars.jpg/330px-Amtrak_Cascades_cars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amtrak_Cascades_cars.jpg/440px-Amtrak_Cascades_cars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Amtrak Cascades</a> service with tilting <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a> trainsets in <a href="/wiki/King_Street_Station" title="King Street Station">Seattle, Washington</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> In 2004, a stalemate in federal support of Amtrak forced cutbacks in services and routes as well as the resumption of deferred maintenance. In fiscal 2004 and 2005, Congress appropriated about $1.2 billion for Amtrak, $300 million more than President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> had requested. However, the company's board requested $1.8 billion through fiscal 2006, the majority of which (about $1.3 billion) would be used to bring infrastructure, rolling stock, and motive power back to a state of good repair. In Congressional testimony, the DOT Inspector General confirmed that Amtrak would need at least $1.4 billion to $1.5 billion in fiscal 2006 and $2 billion in fiscal 2007 just to maintain the status quo. In 2006, Amtrak received just under $1.4 billion, with the condition that Amtrak would reduce (but not eliminate) food and sleeper service losses. Thus, dining service was simplified and now requires two fewer on-board service workers. Only <a href="/wiki/Auto_Train" title="Auto Train">Auto Train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_Builder" title="Empire Builder">Empire Builder</a> services continue regular made-on-board meal service. In 2010 the Senate approved a bill to provide $1.96 billion to Amtrak, but cut the approval for high-speed rail to a $1 billion appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-railroadingscuts-190">[186]</a> State governments have partially filled the breach left by reductions in federal aid. Several states have entered into operating partnerships with Amtrak, notably California, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Oregon, Missouri, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, Wisconsin, Vermont, Maine, and New York, as well as the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, which provides some of the resources for the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Cascades</a> route. With the dramatic rise in gasoline prices during 2007–08, Amtrak saw record ridership.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Capping a steady five-year increase in ridership overall, regional lines saw 12% year-over-year growth in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> In October 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> passed S-294, Passenger Rail Improvement and Investment Act of 2007 (70–22) sponsored by Senators <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Frank Lautenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a>. Despite a veto threat by President Bush, a similar bill passed the House on June 11, 2008, with a veto-proof margin (311–104).<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> The final bill, spurred on by the <a href="/wiki/2008_Chatsworth_train_collision" title="2008 Chatsworth train collision">September 12 Metrolink collision</a> in California and retitled <a href="/wiki/Passenger_Rail_Investment_and_Improvement_Act_of_2008" title="Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008">Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008</a>, was signed into law by President Bush on October 16, 2008. The bill appropriates $2.6 billion a year in Amtrak funding through 2013.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010s">2010s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> Amtrak points out that in 2010, its farebox recovery (percentage of operating costs covered by revenues generated by passenger fares) was 79%, the highest reported for any U.S. passenger railroad.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> This increased to 94.9% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FY18_profile-7">[7]</a> Amtrak has argued that it needs to increase capital program costs in 2013 in order to replace old train equipment because the multi-year maintenance costs for those trains exceed what it would cost to simply buy new equipment that would not need to be repaired for several years. However, despite an initial request for more than $2.1 billion in funding for the year, the company had to deal with a year-over-year cut in 2013 federal appropriations, dropping to under $1.4 billion for the first time in several years.<a href="#cite_note-FY13_business_plan-177">[177]</a> Amtrak stated in 2010 that the backlog of needed repairs of the track it owns on the Northeast Corridor included over 200 bridges, most dating to the 19th century, tunnels under Baltimore dating to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> era and functionally obsolete <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">track switches</a> which would cost $5.2 billion to repair (more than triple Amtrak's total annual budget).<a href="#cite_note-FY13_business_plan-177">[177]</a> Amtrak's budget is only allocated on a yearly basis, and it has been argued by Joseph Vranich that this makes multi-year development programs and long-term fiscal planning difficult if not impossible.<a href="#cite_note-Vranich_2004-196">[192]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In Fiscal Year 2011, the U.S. Congress granted Amtrak $563 million for operating and $922 million for capital programs.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020s">2020s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th United States Congress</a> passed and President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a>, which directly appropriated $66 billion for rail over a five-year period, of which at least $18 billion is designated for expanding passenger rail service to new corridors, and it authorized an additional $36 billion. Amtrak received $22 billion in advance appropriations and $19 billion in fully authorized funds.<a href="#cite_note-FRA_2021-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> Government aid to Amtrak was controversial from the beginning. The formation of Amtrak in 1971 was criticized as a bailout serving corporate rail interests and union railroaders, not the traveling public. Critics have asserted that Amtrak has proven incapable of operating as a business and that it does not provide valuable transportation services meriting public support,<a href="#cite_note-Vranich_2004-196">[192]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] a "mobile money-burning machine".<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Many fiscal conservatives have argued that subsidies should be ended, national rail service terminated, and the NEC turned over to private interests.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> Critics also question Amtrak's energy efficiency,<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> though the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> considers Amtrak among the most energy-efficient forms of transportation.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> The Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970, which established Amtrak, specifically states that, "The Corporation will not be an agency or establishment of the United States Government".<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Then <a href="/wiki/Common_stock" title="Common stock">common stock</a> was issued in 1971 to railroads that contributed capital and equipment; these shares convey almost no benefits,<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> but their holders<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> declined a 2002 buy-out offer by Amtrak. There are currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] 109.4 million shares of preferred stock, at a par value of $100 per share, all held by the US government. As of February 2015, there were 9.4 million shares of common stock, with a par value of $10 per share, held by <a href="/wiki/American_Premier_Underwriters" title="American Premier Underwriters">American Premier Underwriters</a> (53%), <a href="/wiki/BNSF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNSF">BNSF</a> (35%), <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacific">Canadian Pacific</a> (7%) and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National">Canadian National</a> (5%).<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">United States Secretary of Transportation</a> and its CEO, Amtrak's Board of Directors has eight presidentially-nominated and senate-confirmed seats. Presidentially-appointed members serve nominally five-year terms but are allowed to serve until their successor is confirmed, and no more than five of the eight may belong to one political party. Of the eight presidentially-appointed members, a minimum of two must and maximum of four may reside along or near the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> (defined as Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island), while the other four to six must reside in a state served by an Amtrak-operated long-distance or state-supported route outside of the Northeast Corridor. At least one of these eight must be an individual with a disability.<a href="#cite_note-USC-210">[206]</a> The Secretary may be represented at Board meetings by their designee.<a href="#cite_note-USC-210">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_board_members">Current board members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Current board members">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Name </th> <th>State of residence </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Confirmed </th> <th>Term expires </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chairman </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Coscia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Coscia (page does not exist)">Anthony Coscia</a> </td> <td>New Jersey </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>June 22, 2010 December 15, 2015 January 23, 2024 </td> <td>January 2029 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vice chairman </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_R._Moreland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey R. Moreland (page does not exist)">Jeffrey R. Moreland</a> </td> <td>Texas </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican </td> <td>June 22, 2010 </td> <td>June 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_DiClemente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert DiClemente (page does not exist)">Albert DiClemente</a> </td> <td>Delaware </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>June 22, 2010 September 22, 2012 </td> <td>September 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brathwaite_Burke" title="Yvonne Brathwaite Burke">Yvonne Brathwaite Burke</a> </td> <td>California </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>January 1, 2013 </td> <td>January 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Koos" title="Chris Koos">Christopher Koos</a> </td> <td>Illinois </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>January 23, 2024 </td> <td>January 2029 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Joel_Szabat" title="Joel Szabat">Joel Szabat</a> </td> <td>Maryland </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican </td> <td>January 23, 2024 </td> <td>January 2029 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td>Vacant </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td>Vacant </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Secretary of Transportation </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> </td> <td>Michigan </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic </td> <td>February 2, 2021 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>CEO (non-voting) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardner_(transportation_executive)" title="Stephen Gardner (transportation executive)">Stephen Gardner</a> </td> <td>Pennsylvania </td> <td>— </td> <td>January 17, 2022 </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominations">Nominations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nominations">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> has nominated the following people to fill open seats on the Amtrak Board of Directors. They are currently awaiting Senate confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>State of residence</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Replacing </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Michael_Capozzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Michael Capozzi (page does not exist)">David Michael Capozzi</a></td> <td>Maryland</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic</td> <td>New position </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_E._Lathem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel E. Lathem (page does not exist)">Samuel E. Lathem</a></td> <td>Delaware</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic</td> <td>Albert DiClemente </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald L. Batory">Ronald L. Batory</a></td> <td>New Mexico</td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican</td> <td>Christopher R. Beall </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Marie_Clegg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Marie Clegg (page does not exist)">Elaine Marie Clegg</a></td> <td>Idaho</td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Democratic</td> <td>Yvonne Brathwaite Burke </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanhee_Chen" title="Lanhee Chen">Lanhee Chen</a></td> <td>California</td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Republican</td> <td>Jeffrey R. Moreland </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Incidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_on_Amtrak" title="List of accidents on Amtrak">List of accidents on Amtrak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1987_Maryland_train_collision_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/1987_Maryland_train_collision_aerial.jpg/180px-1987_Maryland_train_collision_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/1987_Maryland_train_collision_aerial.jpg/270px-1987_Maryland_train_collision_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/1987_Maryland_train_collision_aerial.jpg/360px-1987_Maryland_train_collision_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Maryland_train_collision" title="1987 Maryland train collision">1987 Maryland train collision</a></figcaption></figure> The following are major <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_railway_accidents" title="Classification of railway accidents">accidents and incidents</a> that involved Amtrak trains: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Event</th> <th>Train</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Deaths</th> <th>Injuries </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1971_Salem,_Illinois,_derailment" title="1971 Salem, Illinois, derailment">1971 Salem, Illinois, derailment</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a></td> <td>June 10, 1971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Illinois" title="Salem, Illinois">Salem, Illinois</a></td> <td>The City of New Orleans derailed due to a broken locomotive axle.</td> <td>11</td> <td>163 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_Illinois_train_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey, Illinois train collision">1979 Harvey train crash</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_(train)" title="Shawnee (train)">Shawnee</a></td> <td>October 12, 1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_Illinois" title="Harvey, Illinois">Harvey, Illinois</a></td> <td>The Shawnee collided with a stationary <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Central">Illinois Central Gulf</a> freight train due to misaligned switches changed by a switchman shortly before the train passed them.</td> <td>2</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_Maryland_train_collision" title="1987 Maryland train collision">1987 Maryland train collision</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Colonial</a></td> <td>January 4, 1987</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chase,_Maryland" title="Chase, Maryland">Chase, Maryland</a></td> <td>The Colonial collided with three <a href="/wiki/Conrail" title="Conrail">Conrail</a> locomotives which had overrun signals.</td> <td>16</td> <td>164 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_Back_Bay,_Massachusetts_train_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Back Bay, Massachusetts train collision">1990 Back Bay, Massachusetts train collision</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Night_Owl_(train)" title="Night Owl (train)">Night Owl</a></td> <td>December 12, 1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts</a></td> <td>The Night Owl derailed due to excessive speed on a curve and collided with a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a> commuter train on an adjacent track.</td> <td>0</td> <td>453 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Bayou_Canot_rail_accident" title="Big Bayou Canot rail accident">1993 Big Bayou Canot rail accident</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></td> <td>September 22, 1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a></td> <td>The Sunset Limited derailed on a bridge which had been damaged by a <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a>.</td> <td>47</td> <td>103 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1995_Palo_Verde,_Arizona_derailment" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Palo Verde, Arizona derailment">1995 Palo Verde, Arizona derailment</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></td> <td>October 9, 1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde,_Arizona" title="Palo Verde, Arizona">Palo Verde, Arizona</a></td> <td>The Sunset Limited derailed because of track sabotage.</td> <td>1</td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Maryland_train_collision" title="1996 Maryland train collision">1996 Maryland train collision</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Limited_(Amtrak_train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)">Capitol Limited</a></td> <td>February 16, 1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a></td> <td>The Capitol Limited collided with a <a href="/wiki/MARC_Train" title="MARC Train">Maryland Area Regional Commuter</a> train which had overrun signals.</td> <td>11</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_Bourbonnais,_Illinois,_train_crash" title="1999 Bourbonnais, Illinois, train crash">1999 Bourbonnais, Illinois, train crash</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a></td> <td>March 15, 1999</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais,_Illinois" title="Bourbonnais, Illinois">Bourbonnais, Illinois</a></td> <td>The City of New Orleans collided with a semi-truck hauling steel that was trying to beat the train across a grade crossing. Eleven of the train's fourteen passenger cars derailed, hitting freight cars on an adjacent track.</td> <td>13</td> <td>122 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2015_Philadelphia_train_derailment" title="2015 Philadelphia train derailment">2015 Philadelphia train derailment</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a></td> <td>May 12, 2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></td> <td>A Northeast Regional derailed due to excessive speed on a curve.</td> <td>8</td> <td>200+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_Washington_train_derailment" title="2017 Washington train derailment">2017 Washington train derailment</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Cascades</a></td> <td>December 18, 2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/DuPont,_Washington" title="DuPont, Washington">DuPont, Washington</a></td> <td>A Cascades train derailed due to excessive speed on a curve.</td> <td>3</td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayce,_South_Carolina_train_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayce, South Carolina train collision">2018 Cayce, South Carolina train collision</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star_(Amtrak_train)" title="Silver Star (Amtrak train)">Silver Star</a></td> <td>February 4, 2018</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cayce,_South_Carolina" title="Cayce, South Carolina">Cayce, South Carolina</a></td> <td>The Silver Star collided head-on into a parked <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX</a> freight train, due to a track switch being improperly set by the conductor of the CSX train.</td> <td>2</td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Montana_train_derailment" title="2021 Montana train derailment">2021 Montana train derailment</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Empire_Builder" title="Empire Builder">Empire Builder</a></td> <td>September 25, 2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Montana" title="Joplin, Montana">Joplin, Montana</a></td> <td>The westbound Empire Builder derailed at the control point East Buelow, with 146 passengers and 16 crew members on board.</td> <td>3</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Missouri_train_derailment" title="2022 Missouri train derailment">2022 Missouri train derailment</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Chief" title="Southwest Chief">Southwest Chief</a></td> <td>June 27, 2022</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendon,_Missouri" title="Mendon, Missouri">Mendon, Missouri</a></td> <td>The eastbound Southwest Chief struck a dump truck on the tracks and derailed.</td> <td>4</td> <td>50 </td></tr></tbody></table> After settling for $17 million in the 2017 Washington state train crash, to prevent further lawsuits, the board adopted a new policy requiring arbitration.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Publication">edit</a>]</div> In April 1974, Amtrak News was launched as Amtrak's bi-monthly <a href="/wiki/House_organ" title="House organ">in-house journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics_dealing_with_Amtrak">Topics dealing with Amtrak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Topics dealing with Amtrak">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Arrow_Reservation_System" title="Amtrak Arrow Reservation System">Amtrak Arrow Reservation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_paint_schemes" title="Amtrak paint schemes">Amtrak paint schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Police_Department" title="Amtrak Police Department">Amtrak Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Standard_Stations_Program" title="Amtrak Standard Stations Program">Amtrak Standard Stations Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_Grove_Shops" title="Beech Grove Shops">Beech Grove Shops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in the United States">History of rail transport in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_stations" title="List of Amtrak stations">List of Amtrak stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_train_control" title="Positive train control">Positive train control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Intermodal_Prevention_and_Response_team" title="Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response team">Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response team</a> (VIPR) – <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a>'s rail security operations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">Railway electrification system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_railway_companies">Other railway companies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other railway companies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Train_Corporation" title="Auto-Train Corporation">Auto-Train Corporation</a> – Pioneer of car-on-train service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightline" title="Brightline">Brightline</a> – Privately operated higher-speed intercity rail service between <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a> that is also constructing a high-speed rail route, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Brightline_West" title="Brightline West">Brightline West</a> that will run between <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> (Canada) - connects with Amtrak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">List of railway companies</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_citations">Explanatory citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Explanatory citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Includes $1.018 billion in COVID-19 emergency funding </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Includes $2.7 billion in COVID-19 emergency funding </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Includes $4.4 billion in additional infrastructure investment via the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Includes $4.4 billion in additional infrastructure investment via the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-winner-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-winner_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-winner_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved June 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Management+discussion+Fiscal+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fprojects%2Fdotcom%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fcorporate%2Ffinancial%2FAmtrak-Management-Discussion-Analysis-Audited-Financial-Statements-FY19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders2006">Sanders 2006</a>, pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuberoff1996" class="citation journal cs1">Luberoff, David (November 1996). "Amtrak and the States". Governing Magazine: 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Governing+Magazine&rft.atitle=Amtrak+and+the+States&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1996-11&rft.aulast=Luberoff&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoving2009" class="citation journal cs1">Loving, Rush Jr. (March 2009). "Trains formula for fixing Amtrak". Trains.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trains&rft.atitle=Trains+formula+for+fixing+Amtrak&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Loving&rft.aufirst=Rush+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey1978" class="citation news cs1">Casey, Robert J. (January 5, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJxRAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5">"Federal Money, Priorities and the Railroads"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002163944/https://books.google.com/books?id=gJxRAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Federal+Money%2C+Priorities+and+the+Railroads&rft.date=1978-01-05&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJxRAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester1984" class="citation news cs1">Forrester, Steve (June 1, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8">"Amtrak funding no longer a battle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Register-Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Register-Guard">Eugene Register-Guard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002163948/https://books.google.com/books?id=8uhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Amtrak+funding+no+longer+a+battle&rft.date=1984-06-01&rft.aulast=Forrester&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8uhVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-enoamtrak50-2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enoamtrak50-2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enoamtrak50-2_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid" class="citation web cs1">David, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enotrans.org/article/amtrak-at-50-defining-the-basic-system-of-service-routes/">"Amtrak at 50: Defining the "Basic System" of Service Routes"</a>. Eno Center for Transportation. Retrieved May 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtrak+at+50%3A+Defining+the+%22Basic+System%22+of+Service+Routes&rft.pub=Eno+Center+for+Transportation&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenotrans.org%2Farticle%2Famtrak-at-50-defining-the-basic-system-of-service-routes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-enoamtrak50-3-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enoamtrak50-3_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enoamtrak50-3_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid" class="citation web cs1">David, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enotrans.org/article/amtrak-at-50-how-mckinsey-designed-a-national-railroad/">"Amtrak at 50: How McKinsey Designed A National Railroad"</a>. Eno Center for Transportation. 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Associated Press. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509213404/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_rteAAAAIBAJ&pg=2851%2C10220">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021. 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April 28, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002165557/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJlDAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2021. 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July 14, 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002165555/https://books.google.com/books?id=gS1jAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rochester+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Hoosiers+fighting+over+rails&rft.date=1978-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgS1jAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1973" class="citation news cs1">Barr, Robert A. (March 18, 1973). 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Retrieved April 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amtrak&rft.atitle=%22We%27ve+Rejected+2+Out+Of+Every+3+Cars%22+advertisement%2C+1971&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.amtrak.com%2Farchives%2Fweve-rejected-2-out-of-every-3-cars-advertisement-1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/travel/2017/09/27/amtrak-interiors-through-the-years/106053536/">"Amtrak interiors through the years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. September 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081956/https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/travel/2017/09/27/amtrak-interiors-through-the-years/106053536/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Amtrak+interiors+through+the+years&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fpicture-gallery%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F09%2F27%2Famtrak-interiors-through-the-years%2F106053536%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, John (June 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctr.trains.com/railroad-reference/operations/2001/06/amtraks-beginnings">"Amtrak's beginnings"</a>. 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Retrieved January 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=September+2021+Monthly+Performance+Report&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fprojects%2Fdotcom%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fcorporate%2Fmonthlyperformancereports%2F2021%2FAmtrak-Monthly-Performance-Report-September-2021.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bts-ontime-110"><a href="#cite_ref-bts-ontime_110-0">^</a> Figures from 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430045955/http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_73.html">"Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause"</a>. 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Retrieved May 2, 2021. <q>Fiscal year 2019 ridership previously reported as 32.5 millions has been decreased to 32.0 million to reflect an updated company definition of ridership</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amtrak&rft.atitle=Amtrak+Route+Ridership+%7C+FY20+vs.+FY19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.amtrak.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FFY20-Year-End-Ridership.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg" class="citation web cs1">Weinberg, Harrison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/capacitys-impact-shows-in-amtraks-fiscal-2022-revenue-and-ridership-analysis/">"Capacity's impact shows in Amtrak's fiscal 2022 revenue and ridership: analysis"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacbee.com/2010/11/30/3220359/amtrak-to-let-passengers-bring.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=Amtrak+to+let+passengers+bring+guns+on+most+trains&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.aulast=Bizjak&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacbee.com%2F2010%2F11%2F30%2F3220359%2Famtrak-to-let-passengers-bring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrak.com/bring-your-bicycle-onboard">"Bring Your Bike on Amtrak"</a>. www.amtrak.com. 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Retrieved October 6, 2023. <q>the average Amtrak employee makes $121,000, putting the company at the top of the top paid list of federal agencies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WRGB+CBS+6+News&rft.atitle=Expert%3A+%27Train+is+going+in+the+wrong+direction%27+as+report+shows+average+Amtrak+employee+makes+%24121%2C000+annually&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbs6albany.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fexpert-train-is-going-in-the-wrong-direction-as-report-shows-average-amtrak-employee-makes-121000-annually-transportation-open-the-books-federal-employees-tax-payer-funded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604101110/http://www.narprail.org/resources/fact-sheets/328-amtrak-myths-a-facts">"Amtrak Myths & Facts: 4. 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(January 7, 1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212052252/http://www.redorbit.com/news/business/934121/sidetracked_negotiations_the_contract_for_nearly_10000_unionized_amtrak_employees/index.html">"Sidetracked Negotiations: The Contract for Nearly 10,000 Unionized Amtrak Employees Expired on December 31, 1999. Since Then, Talks Have Failed to Make Much Headway"</a>. redOrbit. May 13, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/business/934121/sidetracked_negotiations_the_contract_for_nearly_10000_unionized_amtrak_employees/index.html">the original</a> on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redOrbit&rft.atitle=Sidetracked+Negotiations%3A+The+Contract+for+Nearly+10%2C000+Unionized+Amtrak+Employees+Expired+on+December+31%2C+1999.+Since+Then%2C+Talks+Have+Failed+to+Make+Much+Headway&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F934121%2Fsidetracked_negotiations_the_contract_for_nearly_10000_unionized_amtrak_employees%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bts-energy-163"><a href="#cite_ref-bts-energy_163-0">^</a> Figures are from 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007061308/http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_20.html">"Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes"</a>. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_20.html">the original</a> on October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Transportation+Statistics&rft.atitle=Table+4-20%3A+Energy+Intensity+of+Passenger+Modes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bts.gov%2Fpublications%2Fnational_transportation_statistics%2Fhtml%2Ftable_04_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034836/http://www.buses.org/files/2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf">"Updated Comparison of Energy Use & CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buses.org/files/2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updated+Comparison+of+Energy+Use+%26+CO2+Emissions+From+Different+Transportation+Modes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buses.org%2Ffiles%2F2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> table 1.1, figures from 2005. Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls">http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112035414/http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls">Archived</a> January 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, sheet 8, cell C33 (figures from 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> respectively <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls">http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112035414/http://docs.wri.org/wri_co2comm_2002_commuting_protected.xls">Archived</a> January 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, sheet 8, cell C36 (figures from 2002); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034836/http://www.buses.org/files/2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf">"Updated Comparison of Energy Use &CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buses.org/files/2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updated+Comparison+of+Energy+Use+%26CO2+Emissions+From+Different+Transportation+Modes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buses.org%2Ffiles%2F2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> table 1.1, figures from 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324105139/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/rolling-c9-environ.pdf">"figures from 2008–9"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/rolling-c9-environ.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 24, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=figures+from+2008%E2%80%939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rail-reg.gov.uk%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Frolling-c9-environ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034836/http://www.buses.org/files/2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf">"Figures from 2007"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buses.org/files/2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Figures+from+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buses.org%2Ffiles%2F2008ABAFoundationComparativeFuelCO2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAverage_emissions_of_railway" class="citation web cs1">Average emissions of railway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/raideliikennee/junat_henkiloe.htm">"Traffic in Finland"</a>. www.lipasto.vtt.fi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225092441/http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/raideliikennee/junat_henkiloe.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lipasto.vtt.fi&rft.atitle=Traffic+in+Finland&rft.au=Average+emissions+of+railway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flipasto.vtt.fi%2Fyksikkopaastot%2Fhenkiloliikennee%2Fraideliikennee%2Fjunat_henkiloe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrying_capacity" class="citation web cs1">Carrying capacity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/tieliikennee/linja-autote/latiee.htm">"Gross vehicle mass 18"</a>. www.lipasto.vtt.fi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225232/http://www.lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/tieliikennee/linja-autote/latiee.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lipasto.vtt.fi&rft.atitle=Gross+vehicle+mass+18&rft.au=Carrying+capacity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lipasto.vtt.fi%2Fyksikkopaastot%2Fhenkiloliikennee%2Ftieliikennee%2Flinja-autote%2Flatiee.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLIPASTO" class="citation web cs1">LIPASTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/ilmaliikennee/ilmae.htm">"Average passenger"</a>. www.lipasto.vtt.fi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224215/http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/ilmaliikennee/ilmae.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lipasto.vtt.fi&rft.atitle=Average+passenger&rft.au=LIPASTO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flipasto.vtt.fi%2Fyksikkopaastot%2Fhenkiloliikennee%2Filmaliikennee%2Filmae.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivoniBrandWatkiss2009" class="citation journal cs1">Givoni, Moshe; Brand, Christian; Watkiss, Paul (March 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cd7d3eb7-e57c-427d-9ec6-70da72389cce">"Are Railways Climate Friendly?"</a>. Built Environment. 35 (1): 70–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2148%2Fbenv.35.1.70">10.2148/benv.35.1.70</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23289645">23289645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154527995">154527995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Built+Environment&rft.atitle=Are+Railways+Climate+Friendly%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-86&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154527995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23289645%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2148%2Fbenv.35.1.70&rft.aulast=Givoni&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft.au=Brand%2C+Christian&rft.au=Watkiss%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Acd7d3eb7-e57c-427d-9ec6-70da72389cce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2022/07/12/judge-dismisses-del-attorney-generals-suit-over-pcb-contamination-00045293">"E&E News: Judge dismisses Del. attorney general's suit over PCB contamination"</a>. subscriber.politicopro.com. Retrieved November 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=subscriber.politicopro.com&rft.atitle=E%26E+News%3A+Judge+dismisses+Del.+attorney+general%27s+suit+over+PCB+contamination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubscriber.politicopro.com%2Farticle%2Feenews%2F2022%2F07%2F12%2Fjudge-dismisses-del-attorney-generals-suit-over-pcb-contamination-00045293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinowskyHelmanGulatiNeumann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chinowsky, Paul; Helman, Jacob; Gulati, Sahil; Neumann, James; Martinich, Jeremy (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2017.05.007">"Impacts of climate change on operation of the US rail network"</a>. Transport Policy. 75: 183–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2017.05.007">10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158453316">158453316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transport+Policy&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+climate+change+on+operation+of+the+US+rail+network&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=183-191&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2017.05.007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158453316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chinowsky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Helman%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Gulati%2C+Sahil&rft.au=Neumann%2C+James&rft.au=Martinich%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.tranpol.2017.05.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobney_Baker_Quinn_Chapman_2009-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dobney_Baker_Quinn_Chapman_2009_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobney_Baker_Quinn_Chapman_2009_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobneyBakerQuinnChapman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dobney, K.; Baker, C. J.; Quinn, A. D.; Chapman, L. (June 2009). "Quantifying the effects of high summer temperatures due to climate change on buckling and rail related delays in south-east United Kingdom". Meteorological Applications. 16 (2): 245–251. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MeApp..16..245D">2009MeApp..16..245D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmet.114">10.1002/met.114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56429333">56429333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorological+Applications&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+effects+of+high+summer+temperatures+due+to+climate+change+on+buckling+and+rail+related+delays+in+south-east+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-251&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56429333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmet.114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009MeApp..16..245D&rft.aulast=Dobney&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Baker%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Quinn%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2021/10/08/summer-storms-were-a-climate-change-wake-up-call-for-subways-281721">"E&E News: Summer storms were a climate wake-up call for subways"</a>. subscriber.politicopro.com. Retrieved November 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=subscriber.politicopro.com&rft.atitle=E%26E+News%3A+Summer+storms+were+a+climate+wake-up+call+for+subways&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubscriber.politicopro.com%2Farticle%2Feenews%2F2021%2F10%2F08%2Fsummer-storms-were-a-climate-change-wake-up-call-for-subways-281721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/cancellations-other-operational-issues-plague-amtrak/">"Cancellations, other operational issues plague Amtrak"</a>. Trains. March 3, 2023. 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May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011233717/http://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/345/484/AmtrakFY13-Budget-Comprehensive-Business-Plan-w-appx-052413.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Amtrak+FY13+Comprehensive+Business+Plan&rft.pub=Amtrak&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fccurl%2F345%2F484%2FAmtrakFY13-Budget-Comprehensive-Business-Plan-w-appx-052413.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/133/704/FY15-Budget-Business-Plan-FY16-Budget-Justification-FY-15-19-Five-Year-Financial-Plan.pdf">"FY15 Budget, Business Plan 2015"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204232001/https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/133/704/FY15-Budget-Business-Plan-FY16-Budget-Justification-FY-15-19-Five-Year-Financial-Plan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 4, 2016. 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Retrieved October 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Plan+to+Liquidate+Amtrak&rft.date=2002-02-08&rft.aulast=Vranich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Cornelius&rft.au=Hudgins%2C+Edward+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fpa425.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xlYelsGU4kEN7lh1UqVxfG7o3xq9_rhn/view?usp=sharing">Amtrak Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) that list complete number of Amtrak issued Common and Preferred stock shares and shareholders</a> Retrieved on May 27, 2022[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430091700/https://www.railwayage.com/news/fini-to-saga-of-amtraks-common-stock/">Fini to saga of Amtrak's common stock</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway_Age" title="Railway Age">Railway Age</a> February 26, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-USC-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USC_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USC_210-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_49_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 49 of the United States Code">49 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/24302">§ 24302</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/quick-search/nominations?wordsPhrases=Amtrak&wordVariants=on&congressGroups%5B0%5D=0&congresses%5B0%5D=118&nomCivil=on&nomOther=on&pnNumbers=&nomineeNames=&positions=&organizations=&stateTerritories%5B0%5D=any&nominationAction=&dates=datesReceivedInSenate&dateOperator=equal&startDate=&endDate=&dateIsOption=yesterday">"Quick Search Amtrak"</a>. Congress.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved September 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=Quick+Search+Amtrak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fquick-search%2Fnominations%3FwordsPhrases%3DAmtrak%26wordVariants%3Don%26congressGroups%255B0%255D%3D0%26congresses%255B0%255D%3D118%26nomCivil%3Don%26nomOther%3Don%26pnNumbers%3D%26nomineeNames%3D%26positions%3D%26organizations%3D%26stateTerritories%255B0%255D%3Dany%26nominationAction%3D%26dates%3DdatesReceivedInSenate%26dateOperator%3Dequal%26startDate%3D%26endDate%3D%26dateIsOption%3Dyesterday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/passengers-can-no-longer-sue-amtrak-after-company-loses-millions-in-deadly-derailment-lawsuits/281-408218f9-a196-4551-a01a-63c08afd9ea4">"Passengers can no longer sue Amtrak after company loses millions in deadly derailment lawsuits"</a>. KING5. November 16, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117223823/https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/passengers-can-no-longer-sue-amtrak-after-company-loses-millions-in-deadly-derailment-lawsuits/281-408218f9-a196-4551-a01a-63c08afd9ea4">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KING5&rft.atitle=Passengers+can+no+longer+sue+Amtrak+after+company+loses+millions+in+deadly+derailment+lawsuits&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.king5.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fpassengers-can-no-longer-sue-amtrak-after-company-loses-millions-in-deadly-derailment-lawsuits%2F281-408218f9-a196-4551-a01a-63c08afd9ea4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028053436/https://history.amtrak.com/archives/i-amtrak-news-i-april-15-1974/@@download/item/AmtrakNews_1974-04-15.pdf">"Amtrak News"</a> (PDF). Vol. 1, no. 1. April 15, 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.amtrak.com/archives/i-amtrak-news-i-april-15-1974/@@download/item/AmtrakNews_1974-04-15.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 28, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Amtrak+News&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1974-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.amtrak.com%2Farchives%2Fi-amtrak-news-i-april-15-1974%2F%40%40download%2Fitem%2FAmtrakNews_1974-04-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarper1968" class="citation book cs1">Carper, Robert S. (1968). American Railroads in Transition; The Passing of the Steam Locomotives. A. S. Barnes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-06678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-06678-8"><bdi>978-0-498-06678-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Railroads+in+Transition%3B+The+Passing+of+the+Steam+Locomotives&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-498-06678-8&rft.aulast=Carper&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonson2000" class="citation book cs1">Edmonson, Harold A. (2000). Journey to Amtrak: The year history rode the passenger train. Kalmbach Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-023-6"><bdi>978-0-89024-023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+Amtrak%3A+The+year+history+rode+the+passenger+train&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89024-023-6&rft.aulast=Edmonson&rft.aufirst=Harold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlischinski1997" class="citation book cs1">Glischinski, Steve (1997). Santa Fe Railway. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0380-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0380-1"><bdi>978-0-7603-0380-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Fe+Railway&rft.place=Osceola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Motorbooks+International&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0380-1&rft.aulast=Glischinski&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_Accountability_Office2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125143343/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06145.pdf">"Amtrak Management: Systemic Problems Require Actions to Improve Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Accountability"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06145.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 25, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtrak+Management%3A+Systemic+Problems+Require+Actions+to+Improve+Efficiency%2C+Effectiveness%2C+and+Accountability&rft.date=2005-10&rft.au=Government+Accountability+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd06145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosmer1958" class="citation report cs1">Hosmer, Howard; et al. (1958). Railroad Passenger Train Deficit (Report). Interstate Commerce Commission. 31954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Railroad+Passenger+Train+Deficit&rft.pub=Interstate+Commerce+Commission&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Hosmer&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarr2017" class="citation book cs1">Karr, Ronald Dale (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1038017689">The Rail Lines of Southern New England</a> (2nd ed.). Pepperell, Massachusetts: Branch Line Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942147-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942147-12-4"><bdi>978-0-942147-12-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038017689">1038017689</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024110057/https://www.worldcat.org/title/rail-lines-of-southern-new-england-a-handbook-of-railroad-history/oclc/1038017689?referer=br&ht=edition">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rail+Lines+of+Southern+New+England&rft.place=Pepperell%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Branch+Line+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038017689&rft.isbn=978-0-942147-12-4&rft.aulast=Karr&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1038017689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCommons2009" class="citation book cs1">McCommons, James (2009). Waiting on a Train: The Embattled Future of Passenger Rail Service. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-064-9"><bdi>978-1-60358-064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waiting+on+a+Train%3A+The+Embattled+Future+of+Passenger+Rail+Service&rft.place=White+River+Junction%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-064-9&rft.aulast=McCommons&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1991" class="citation journal cs1">McKinney, Kevin (June 1991). "At the dawn of Amtrak". <a href="/wiki/Trains_(magazine)" title="Trains (magazine)">Trains</a>: 34–41. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23730369">23730369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trains&rft.atitle=At+the+dawn+of+Amtrak&rft.pages=34-41&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23730369&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Inspector_General_for_the_Department_of_Transportation2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_for_the_Department_of_Transportation" title="Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation">Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation</a> (July 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo41459/AMTRAK%20Delays%20Report%5E7-10-12.pdf">"Analysis of the Causes of AMTRAK Train Delays"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862979061">862979061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+the+Causes+of+AMTRAK+Train+Delays&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862979061&rft.au=Office+of+Inspector+General+for+the+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.access.gpo.gov%2Fgpo41459%2FAMTRAK%2520Delays%2520Report%255E7-10-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterman2017" class="citation book cs1">Peterman, David Randall (September 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44973.pdf">Amtrak: Overview</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtrak%3A+Overview&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft.aulast=Peterman&rft.aufirst=David+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR44973.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2006" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Craig (2006). Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34705-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34705-3"><bdi>978-0-253-34705-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtrak+in+the+Heartland&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34705-3&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Richard (2001) [1978]. Merging Lines: American Railroads 1900–1970 (Revised ed.). DeKalb, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Northern Illinois University Press">Northern Illinois University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-265-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-265-7"><bdi>978-0-87580-265-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merging+Lines%3A+American+Railroads+1900%E2%80%931970&rft.place=DeKalb%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87580-265-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2003" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mainlinesrebirth0000saun">Main Lines: Rebirth of the North American Railroads, 1970–2002</a>. DeKalb, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Northern Illinois University Press">Northern Illinois University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87580-316-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87580-316-4"><bdi>0-87580-316-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Lines%3A+Rebirth+of+the+North+American+Railroads%2C+1970%E2%80%932002&rft.place=DeKalb%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87580-316-4&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmainlinesrebirth0000saun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaferWelshHolland2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Schafer_(author)" title="Mike Schafer (author)">Schafer, Mike</a>; Welsh, Joe; Holland, Kevin J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZavmIIRE95QC">The American Passenger Train</a>. Saint Paul, MN: MBI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0896-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0896-9"><bdi>0-7603-0896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Passenger+Train&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=MBI&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7603-0896-9&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Welsh%2C+Joe&rft.au=Holland%2C+Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZavmIIRE95QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Schafer, Mike (June 1991). "Amtrak's Atlas: 1971–1991". <a href="/wiki/Trains_(magazine)" title="Trains (magazine)">Trains</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trains&rft.atitle=Amtrak%27s+Atlas%3A+1971%E2%80%931991&rft.date=1991-06&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2004" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Brian (2004). Amtrak. Saint Paul, Minnesota: MBI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1765-5"><bdi>978-0-7603-1765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtrak&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=MBI&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1765-5&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStover1997" class="citation book cs1">Stover, John F. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrailroad00stov">American Railroads</a> (2nd ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-77657-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-77657-3"><bdi>0-226-77657-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Railroads&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-226-77657-3&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanrailroad00stov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoms1973" class="citation book cs1">Thoms, William E. (1973). Reprieve for the Iron Horse: The AMTRAK Experiment–Its Predecessors and Prospects. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor's Publishing Division. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1094744">1094744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprieve+for+the+Iron+Horse%3A+The+AMTRAK+Experiment%E2%80%93Its+Predecessors+and+Prospects&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Claitor%27s+Publishing+Division&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1094744&rft.aulast=Thoms&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVranich1997" class="citation book cs1">Vranich, Joseph (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derailedwhatwent00vran">Derailed: What Went Wrong and What to Do about America's Passenger Trains</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3121-7182-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-3121-7182-X"><bdi>0-3121-7182-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derailed%3A+What+Went+Wrong+and+What+to+Do+about+America%27s+Passenger+Trains&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-3121-7182-X&rft.aulast=Vranich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fderailedwhatwent00vran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVranich2004" class="citation book cs1">Vranich, Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endoflinefailure00vran">End of the Line: The Failure of Amtrak Reform and the Future of America's Passenger Trains</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/AEI_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AEI Press">AEI Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8447-4203-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8447-4203-1"><bdi>0-8447-4203-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+of+the+Line%3A+The+Failure+of+Amtrak+Reform+and+the+Future+of+America%27s+Passenger+Trains&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=AEI+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8447-4203-1&rft.aulast=Vranich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendoflinefailure00vran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilner1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilner, Frank N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780911382167">The Amtrak Story</a>. Omaha, NE: Simmons-Boardman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9113-8216-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9113-8216-X"><bdi>0-9113-8216-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amtrak+Story&rft.place=Omaha%2C+NE&rft.pub=Simmons-Boardman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-9113-8216-X&rft.aulast=Wilner&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780911382167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann1981" class="citation book cs1">Zimmermann, Karl R. (1981). Amtrak at Milepost 10. PTJ Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937658-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-937658-06-5"><bdi>0-937658-06-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtrak+at+Milepost+10&rft.pub=PTJ+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-937658-06-5&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Karl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.muckrock.com/foia_files/FOIAResponseAmtrakNYDOTApplication..pdf#page=15">"Articles of Incorporation of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation"</a> (PDF). Muckrock.com. April 17, 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muckrock.com&rft.atitle=Articles+of+Incorporation+of+the+National+Railroad+Passenger+Corporation&rft.date=1971-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.muckrock.com%2Ffoia_files%2FFOIAResponseAmtrakNYDOTApplication..pdf%23page%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron,_David_P.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Baron, David P. (August 1990). "Distributive Politics and the Persistence of Amtrak". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics" title="The Journal of Politics">The Journal of Politics</a>. 52 (3): 883–913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2131831">10.2307/2131831</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131831">2131831</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153981819">153981819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Distributive+Politics+and+the+Persistence+of+Amtrak&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=883-913&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153981819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2131831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2131831&rft.au=Baron%2C+David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFostik2017" class="citation book cs1">Fostik, John (2017). Amtrak Across America: An Illustrated History (1st ed.). Enthusiast Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583883501" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583883501"><bdi>978-1583883501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtrak+Across+America%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Enthusiast+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1583883501&rft.aulast=Fostik&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanus,_ChrisShaske,_John2009" class="citation book cs1">Hanus, Chris; Shaske, John (2009). USA West by Train: The Complete Amtrak Travel Guide. Way of the Rail Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9730897-6-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9730897-6-9"><bdi>978-0-9730897-6-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USA+West+by+Train%3A+The+Complete+Amtrak+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=Way+of+the+Rail+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9730897-6-9&rft.au=Hanus%2C+Chris&rft.au=Shaske%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitt,_John2008" class="citation book cs1">Pitt, John (2008). USA by Rail. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-255-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-255-2"><bdi>978-1-84162-255-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USA+by+Rail&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-255-2&rft.au=Pitt%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Staff_of_Amtrak2011" class="citation book cs1">The Staff of Amtrak (2011). Amtrak: An American Story (40th Anniversary Book). Kalmbach Publishing Company, Books Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871164445" title="Special:BookSources/9780871164445"><bdi>9780871164445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtrak%3A+An+American+Story+%2840th+Anniversary+Book%29&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Publishing+Company%2C+Books+Division&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780871164445&rft.au=The+Staff+of+Amtrak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilner,_Frank_N.2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilner, Frank N. (2013). Amtrak: Past, Present, Future. Simmons-Boardman Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911-382600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911-382600"><bdi>978-0-911-382600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amtrak%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future&rft.pub=Simmons-Boardman+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-911-382600&rft.au=Wilner%2C+Frank+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmtrak" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatamericanstations.com/">Amtrak - Great American Stations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrakconnectsus.com/">Amtrak Connects US</a> - official website outlining 15-year expansion plans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240618140248/https://history.amtrak.com/">Amtrak: History of America's Railroad</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 18, 2024)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.northwestern.edu/amtrak50/">All Aboard Amtrak! 50 Years of America's Railroad</a> - digital exhibit from Northwestern University's Transportation Library for Amtrak's 50th anniversary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetables.org/">The Museum of Railway Timetables</a> (Amtrak timetables from 1971 to 2016)</li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amtrak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:white; background:#00537E;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amtrak" title="Template:Amtrak"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amtrak" title="Template talk:Amtrak"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amtrak" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amtrak"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amtrak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amtrak</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes" title="List of Amtrak routes">Routes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_Amtrak_routes" title="Long-distance Amtrak routes">Long-distance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway" title="Amtrak Thruway">Amtrak Thruway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Express" title="Amtrak Express">Amtrak Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_stations" title="List of Amtrak stations">Stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_Amtrak_stations" title="List of busiest Amtrak stations">Busiest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Amtrak_stations" title="List of former Amtrak stations">Former</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_rolling_stock" title="List of Amtrak rolling stock">Rolling stock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_paint_schemes" title="Amtrak paint schemes">Paint schemes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_25_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system">25 Hz traction power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_60_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system">60 Hz traction power system</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lines" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_to_Harrisburg_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line">Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven%E2%80%93Springfield_Line" title="New Haven–Springfield Line">New Haven–Springfield Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Line" title="Michigan Line">Michigan Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Road_Branch" title="Post Road Branch">Post Road Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_Line" title="Surf Line">Surf Line</a> (through <a href="/wiki/Metrolink_(Southern_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrolink (Southern California)">SCRRA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Police_Department" title="Amtrak Police Department">Amtrak Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Arrow_Reservation_System" title="Amtrak Arrow Reservation System">Arrow Reservation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_Passengers_Association" title="Rail Passengers Association">Rail Passengers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trails_and_Rails" title="Trails and Rails">Trails and Rails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_on_Amtrak" title="List of accidents on Amtrak">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railroads_eligible_to_participate_in_the_formation_of_Amtrak" title="List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak">List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Standard_Stations_Program" title="Amtrak Standard Stations Program">Standard Stations Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Train_Day" title="National Train Day">National Train Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Association_of_American_Railroads" title="Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads">Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebron_v._National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp." title="Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.">Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp._v._Boston_%26_Maine_Corp." title="National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp.">National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amtrak_routes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:white; background:#00537E;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amtrak_routes" title="Template:Amtrak routes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amtrak_routes" title="Template talk:Amtrak routes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amtrak_routes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amtrak routes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amtrak_routes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amtrak</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes" title="List of Amtrak routes">routes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DBE0E4; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_Amtrak_routes" title="Long-distance Amtrak routes">Long distance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEEEF8; color:black;">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Zephyr" title="California Zephyr">California Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Starlight" title="Coast Starlight">Coast Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Builder" title="Empire Builder">Empire Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Chief" title="Southwest Chief">Southwest Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEEEF8; color:black;">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Train" title="Auto Train">Auto Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(train)" title="Cardinal (train)">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_(train)" title="Crescent (train)">Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridian_(train)" title="Floridian (train)">Floridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited" title="Lake Shore Limited">Lake Shore Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmetto_(train)" title="Palmetto (train)">Palmetto</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silver_Service" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Service" title="Silver Service">Silver Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Meteor" title="Silver Meteor">Silver Meteor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DBE0E4; color:black;">Corridor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEEEF8; color:black;">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Cascades" title="Amtrak Cascades">Amtrak Cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Flyer" title="Heartland Flyer">Heartland Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Park_Express" title="Winter Park Express">Winter Park Express</a> (seasonal)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_California" title="Amtrak California">Amtrak California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Corridor" title="Capitol Corridor">Capitol Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Surfliner" title="Pacific Surfliner">Pacific Surfliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquins" title="San Joaquins">San Joaquins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEEEF8; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Midwest" title="Amtrak Midwest">Midwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borealis_(train)" title="Borealis (train)">Borealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiawatha_(Amtrak_train)" title="Hiawatha (Amtrak train)">Hiawatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River_Runner" title="Missouri River Runner">Missouri River Runner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Service" title="Illinois Service">Illinois Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illini_and_Saluki" title="Illini and Saluki">Illini and Saluki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Zephyr_and_Carl_Sandburg" title="Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg">Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Service" title="Lincoln Service">Lincoln Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Services" title="Michigan Services">Michigan Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_(train)" title="Blue Water (train)">Blue Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Marquette_(Amtrak_train)" title="Pere Marquette (Amtrak train)">Pere Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine_(train)" title="Wolverine (train)">Wolverine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEEEF8; color:black;">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downeaster_(train)" title="Downeaster (train)">Downeaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardi Gras Service">Mardi Gras Service</a> (planned for 2025)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Virginia" title="Amtrak Virginia">Amtrak Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven%E2%80%93Springfield_Line" title="New Haven–Springfield Line">Knowledge Corridor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Hartford_Line" title="Amtrak Hartford Line">Amtrak Hartford Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Flyer_(Amtrak_train)" title="Valley Flyer (Amtrak train)">Valley Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermonter_(train)" title="Vermonter (train)">Vermonter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_Corridor" title="Empire Corridor">Empire Corridor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_(train)" title="Adirondack (train)">Adirondack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Flyer" title="Berkshire Flyer">Berkshire Flyer</a> (seasonal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Service" title="Empire Service">Empire Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen_Express" title="Ethan Allen Express">Ethan Allen Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_(train)" title="Maple Leaf (train)">Maple Leaf</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail Canada</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Corridor" title="Keystone Corridor">Keystone Corridor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Service" title="Keystone Service">Keystone Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(train)" title="Pennsylvanian (train)">Pennsylvanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NC_By_Train" title="NC By Train">NC By Train</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_(train)" title="Carolinian (train)">Carolinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(train)" title="Piedmont (train)">Piedmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amtrak_rolling_stock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amtrak_rolling_stock" title="Template:Amtrak rolling stock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amtrak_rolling_stock" title="Template talk:Amtrak rolling stock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amtrak_rolling_stock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amtrak rolling stock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amtrak_rolling_stock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amtrak</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_rolling_stock" title="List of Amtrak rolling stock">rolling stock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railcars and trainsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela trainset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a> (future)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfleet" title="Amfleet">Amfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_(railcar)" title="Horizon (railcar)">Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Metroliner#Conversion_to_cab_cars" title="Budd Metroliner">Metroliner cab car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Venture" title="Siemens Venture">Siemens Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfliner_(railcar)" title="Surfliner (railcar)">Surfliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superliner_(railcar)" title="Superliner (railcar)">Superliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewliner" title="Viewliner">Viewliner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diesel locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis" title="GE Genesis">GE Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis#P40DC" title="GE Genesis">P40DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis#P42DC" title="GE Genesis">P42DC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Dash_8-32BWH" title="GE Dash 8-32BWH">GE P32-8WH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">Siemens Charger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual-mode locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>GE Genesis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_Genesis#P32AC-DM" title="GE Genesis">P32AC-DM</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electric locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">Siemens ACS-64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMD_GP40-based_passenger_locomotives#GP40TC" title="EMD GP40-based passenger locomotives">EMD GP38H-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_MP15DC" title="EMD MP15DC">EMD MP15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_SW1" title="EMD SW1">EMD SW1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_SW9#SW1000R" title="EMD SW9">EMD SW1000R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_SW1001" title="EMD SW1001">EMD SW1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_SW1500" title="EMD SW1500">EMD SW1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_80-ton_switcher" title="GE 80-ton switcher">GE 80t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_GP15D" title="EMD GP15D">MPI GP15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPI_MP14B" title="MPI MP14B">MPI MP14B</a> / <a href="/wiki/MPI_MP21B" title="MPI MP21B">MP21B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRE_2GS12B" title="NRE 2GS12B">NRE 2GS12B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railcars and trainsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LRC_(train)" title="LRC (train)">Bombardier LRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Metroliner" title="Budd Metroliner">Budd Metroliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car" title="Budd Rail Diesel Car">Budd RDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_Car" title="Gallery Car">Pullman-Standard Bilevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Fleet" title="Heritage Fleet">Heritage Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dome_(railcar)" title="Great Dome (railcar)">Great Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_series_(railcar)" title="Pacific series (railcar)">Pacific series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumbercoach" title="Slumbercoach">Slumbercoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-Dome" title="Strata-Dome">Strata-Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Dome_(railcar)" title="Super Dome (railcar)">Super Dome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Level" title="Hi-Level">Hi-Level</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diesel locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMD_E8" title="EMD E8">EMD E8</a>/<a href="/wiki/EMD_E9" title="EMD E9">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_F3" title="EMD F3">EMD F3B</a>/<a href="/wiki/EMD_F7" title="EMD F7">F7</a>/<a href="/wiki/EMD_FP7" title="EMD FP7">FP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_SDP40F" title="EMD SDP40F">EMD SDP40F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_P30CH" title="GE P30CH">GE P30CH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_F40PH" title="EMD F40PH">EMD F40PH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_F59PH" title="EMD F59PH">EMD F59PHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_F69PHAC" title="EMD F69PHAC">EMD F69PHAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual-mode locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMD_FL9" title="EMD FL9">EMD FL9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electric locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_GG1" title="Pennsylvania Railroad class GG1">PRR GG1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_E60" title="GE E60">GE E60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_AEM-7" title="EMD AEM-7">EMD AEM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier%E2%80%93Alstom_HHP-8" title="Bombardier–Alstom HHP-8">Bombardier HHP-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas turbine trainsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UAC_TurboTrain" title="UAC TurboTrain">UAC TurboTrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboliner" title="Turboliner">ANF/Rohr Turboliner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALCO_RS-1" title="ALCO RS-1">ALCO RS-1</a>/<a href="/wiki/ALCO_RS-3" title="ALCO RS-3">RS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALCO_S-2_and_S-4" title="ALCO S-2 and S-4">ALCO S-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_CF7" title="Santa Fe CF7">EMD CF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_GP7" title="EMD GP7">EMD GP7</a>/<a href="/wiki/EMD_GP9" title="EMD GP9">GP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_GP40" title="EMD GP40">EMD GP40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_SW1200" title="EMD SW1200">EMD SSB1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_SW8" title="EMD SW8">EMD SW8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_45-ton_switcher" title="GE 45-ton switcher">GE 45t</a>/<a href="/wiki/GE_65-ton_switcher" title="GE 65-ton switcher">65t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railpower_GG20B" title="Railpower GG20B">Railpower GG20B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad_class_E44" title="Pennsylvania Railroad class E44">PRR E44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">ICE 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_Class_CC_21000" title="SNCF Class CC 21000">SNCF Class CC 21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJ_Rc" title="SJ Rc">SJ Rc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_2000" title="X 2000">X 2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_paint_schemes" title="Amtrak paint schemes">Amtrak paint schemes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Class_I_railroads_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_Class_I" title="Template:North America Class I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_Class_I" title="Template talk:North America Class I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_Class_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America Class I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Class_I_railroads_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a> of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AMTK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">CN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Corporation" title="Grand Trunk Corporation">GTC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">CPKC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway" title="Kansas City Southern Railway">KCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad" title="Soo Line Railroad">SOO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Canada" title="Rail transport in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">CPKC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">CP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">VIA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mexico" title="Rail transport in Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">CPKC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Kansas City Southern de México">KCSM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">FXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1956–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Railroad_(1895%E2%80%931976)" title="Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)">AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad" title="Atlantic Coast Line Railroad">ACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Canton_and_Youngstown_Railroad" title="Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railroad">AC&Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Great_Southern_Railroad" title="Alabama Great Southern Railroad">AGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_and_St._Andrews_Bay_Railroad" title="Atlanta and St. Andrews Bay Railroad">ASAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama,_Tennessee_and_Northern_Railroad" title="Alabama, Tennessee and Northern Railroad">AT&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">AT&SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Train_Corporation" title="Auto-Train Corporation">AUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_and_West_Point_Railroad" title="Atlanta and West Point Railroad">A&WP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor_and_Aroostook_Railroad" title="Bangor and Aroostook Railroad">B&AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_and_Maine_Railroad" title="Boston and Maine Railroad">B&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">BN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">B&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_and_Northwestern_Railway" title="Carolina and Northwestern Railway">CAR&NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_and_Quincy_Railroad" title="Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad">CB&Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Eastern_Illinois_Railroad" title="Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad">C&EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_of_Georgia_Railway" title="Central of Georgia Railway">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Great_Western_Railway" title="Chicago Great Western Railway">CGW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Midland_Railroad" title="Illinois and Midland Railroad">C&IM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey" title="Central Railroad of New Jersey">CNJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_New_Orleans_and_Texas_Pacific_Railway" title="Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway">CNO&TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_North_Western_Transportation_Company" title="Chicago and North Western Transportation Company">C&NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">C&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Lines_in_Maine" title="Canadian Pacific Lines in Maine">CPME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrail" title="Conrail">CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinchfield_Railroad" title="Clinchfield Railroad">CRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_and_Southern_Railway" title="Colorado and Southern Railway">C&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chessie_System" title="Chessie System">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_St._Paul,_Minneapolis_and_Omaha_Railway" title="Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway">CSPM&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vermont_Railway" title="Central Vermont Railway">CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_and_Wyoming_Railway" title="Colorado and Wyoming Railway">C&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_and_Western_Carolina_Railway" title="Charleston and Western Carolina Railway">C&WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railway" title="Delaware and Hudson Railway">DH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad" title="Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad">DL&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Missabe_and_Iron_Range_Railway" title="Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway">DM&IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad" title="Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad">D&RGW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_South_Shore_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway">DSS&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Toledo_and_Ironton_Railroad" title="Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad">DT&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Toledo_Shore_Line_Railroad" title="Detroit and Toledo Shore Line Railroad">D&TSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Winnipeg_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway">DW&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Joliet_and_Eastern_Railway" title="Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway">EJ&E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Lackawanna_Railway" title="Erie Lackawanna Railway">EL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad" title="Erie Railroad">ERIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">FEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_and_Denver_Railway" title="Fort Worth and Denver Railway">FW&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Railroad_and_Banking_Company" title="Georgia Railroad and Banking Company">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_and_Western_Railroad" title="Green Bay and Western Railroad">GB&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_and_Florida_Railroad_(1926%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia and Florida Railroad (1926–63)">G&F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad">GM&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">GN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Southern_and_Florida_Railway" title="Georgia Southern and Florida Railway">GS&F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Western_Railroad" title="Grand Trunk Western Railroad">GTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">IC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">ICG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Terminal_Railroad" title="Illinois Terminal Railroad">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas,_Oklahoma_and_Gulf_Railway" title="Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway">KO&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_and_Arkansas_Railway" title="Louisiana and Arkansas Railway">L&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_and_Hudson_River_Railway" title="Lehigh and Hudson River Railway">L&HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_and_Madison_Railway" title="Litchfield and Madison Railway">L&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">L&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_and_New_England_Railroad" title="Lehigh and New England Railroad">L&NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior_and_Ishpeming_Railroad" title="Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad">LS&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Railroad" title="Lehigh Valley Railroad">LV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Central_Railroad_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Central Railroad Company">MEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_Railway" title="Monongahela Railway">MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Illinois_Railroad" title="Missouri–Illinois Railroad">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad">MILW/CMStP&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Interstate_Railway" title="Michigan Interstate Railway">MIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas%E2%80%93Texas_Railroad" title="Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad">MKT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Northfield_and_Southern_Railway" title="Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway">MN&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monon_Railroad" title="Monon Railroad">MON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railroad" title="Missouri Pacific Railroad">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_and_St._Louis_Railway" title="Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway">M&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Chattanooga_and_St._Louis_Railway" title="Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway">NC&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_Haven_and_Hartford_Railroad" title="New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad">NKP/ NYC&StL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Susquehanna_and_Western_Railway" title="New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway">NYS&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_and_Northeastern_Railroad" title="New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad">NO&NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway" title="Northern Pacific Railway">NP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway_(1942%E2%80%9382)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern Railway (1942–82)">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway" title="Norfolk and Western Railway">N&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Pacific_Railroad" title="Northwestern Pacific Railroad">NWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">NYC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Connecting_Railroad" title="New York Connecting Railroad">NYCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Ontario_and_Western_Railway" title="New York, Ontario and Western Railway">NYO&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company" title="Penn Central Transportation Company">PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_Lake_Erie_Railroad" title="Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad">P&LE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_and_Northern_Railway" title="Piedmont and Northern Railway">P&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">PRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania-Reading_Seashore_Lines" title="Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines">PRSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_West_Virginia_Railway" title="Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway">P&WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">RDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad">RF&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_Railroad" title="Rutland Railroad">RUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah,_Acme_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway">QA&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Pacific_Railroad" title="Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad">RI/CRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_and_Atlanta_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah and Atlanta Railway">S&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_Railroad" title="Seaboard Air Line Railroad">SAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_System_Railroad" title="Seaboard System Railroad">SBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line_Railroad" title="Seaboard Coast Line Railroad">SCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Eastern_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway">SD&AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_International_Railroad" title="Spokane International Railroad">SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway">SIRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis%E2%80%93San_Francisco_Railway" title="St. Louis–San Francisco Railway">SLSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_San_Francisco_and_Texas_Railway" title="St. Louis, San Francisco and Texas Railway">SLSFTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Northern_Railway" title="Sacramento Northern Railway">SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_St._Paul_and_Sault_Ste._Marie_Railroad" title="Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad">SOO/MStP&SSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Southern Railway (U.S.)">SOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company" title="Southern Pacific Transportation Company">SP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Portland_and_Seattle_Railway" title="Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway">SP&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway" title="St. Louis Southwestern Railway">SSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Central_Railway" title="Tennessee Central Railway">TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Kansas City Southern de México">TFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Mexican_Railway" title="Texas Mexican Railway">TM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_and_New_Orleans_Railroad" title="Texas and New Orleans Railroad">T&NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Texas and Pacific Railway">T&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Peoria_and_Western_Railway" title="Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway">TP&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginian_Railway" title="Virginian Railway">VGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_of_Alabama" title="Western Railway of Alabama">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Railroad" title="Wabash Railroad">WAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railway_(1897%E2%80%931954)" title="Wisconsin Central Railway (1897–1954)">WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway" title="Western Maryland Railway">WM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Railroad" title="Western Pacific Railroad">WP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-1956</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alton_Railroad" title="Alton Railroad">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Birmingham_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railway">AB&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Birmingham_and_Coast_Railroad" title="Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad">AB&C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_Railroad" title="Atlantic City Railroad">AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_and_Danville_Railway" title="Atlantic and Danville Railway">A&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad">A&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte,_Anaconda_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway">BA&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Chesapeake_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway">BC&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennecott_Utah_Copper_rail_line" title="Kennecott Utah Copper rail line">B&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington-Rock_Island_Railroad" title="Burlington-Rock Island Railroad">BRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_Rochester_and_Pittsburgh_Railway" title="Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway">BR&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_and_Susquehanna_Railroad" title="Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad">B&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Sour_Lake_and_Western_Railway" title="Beaumont, Sour Lake and Western Railway">BSL&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_Railroad" title="Alton Railroad">C&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Akron_and_Columbus_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Akron and Columbus Railway">CA&C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_and_Coke_Railway" title="Coal and Coke Railway">C&C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Cincinnati,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railway" title="Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway">CCC&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Chicago and Atlantic Railway">C&E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_and_Greenville_Railway" title="Columbus and Greenville Railway">C&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_(1846%E2%80%931917)" title="Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway (1846–1917)">CH&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_and_Indiana_Railroad" title="Cambria and Indiana Railroad">C&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Northern_Railroad_(1894%E2%80%931938)" title="Cincinnati Northern Railroad (1894–1938)">CINN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Indiana_and_Southern_Railroad" title="Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad">CI&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Indianapolis_and_Western_Railroad" title="Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Western Railroad">CI&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Lebanon_and_Northern_Railway" title="Cincinnati, Lebanon and Northern Railway">CL&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Midland_Railway" title="Colorado Midland Railway">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee_and_Puget_Sound_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway">CM&PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_England_Railway" title="Central New England Railway">CNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_and_Atlantic_Railroad" title="St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad">CNNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">CNOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Peoria_and_St._Louis_Railroad" title="Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis Railroad">CP&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Lines_in_Vermont" title="Canadian Pacific Lines in Vermont">CPVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Rock_Island_and_Gulf_Railway" title="Chicago, Rock Island and Gulf Railway">CRI&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_River_and_Northwestern_Railway" title="Copper River and Northwestern Railway">CR&NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Railroad_of_Pennsylvania" title="Central Railroad of Pennsylvania">CRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley_Railroad" title="Cumberland Valley Railroad">CVRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Grand_Haven_and_Milwaukee_Railway" title="Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway">DGH&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_and_Iron_Range_Railroad" title="Duluth and Iron Range Railroad">D&IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_and_Mackinac_Railway" title="Detroit and Mackinac Railway">D&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Missabe_and_Northern_Railway" title="Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway">DM&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Salt_Lake_Railway" title="Denver and Salt Lake Railway">DNW&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_and_Salt_Lake_Railway" title="Denver and Salt Lake Railway">D&SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_and_Southwestern_Railroad" title="El Paso and Southwestern Railroad">EP&SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_and_Crawfordsville_Railroad" title="Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad">E&TH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_and_Cripple_Creek_Railroad" title="Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad">F&CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonda,_Johnstown_and_Gloversville_Railroad" title="Fonda, Johnstown and Gloversville Railroad">FJ&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_and_Western_Railway" title="Fort Smith and Western Railway">FS&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_and_Rio_Grande_Railway" title="Fort Worth and Rio Grande Railway">FW&RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Colorado_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway">GC&SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou,_Brazos_and_Colorado_Railway" title="Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway">GH&SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf,_Mobile_and_Northern_Railroad" title="Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad">GM&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_and_Indiana_Railroad" title="Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad">GR&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Ship_Island_Railroad" title="Gulf and Ship Island Railroad">G&SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_East_and_West_Texas_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston East and West Texas Railway">HE&WT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_and_Texas_Central_Railway" title="Houston and Texas Central Railway">H&TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_Valley_Railway" title="Hocking Valley Railway">HV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Central_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Central Railway">ICRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International%E2%80%93Great_Northern_Railroad" title="International–Great Northern Railroad">IGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Mexico_and_Orient_Railway" title="Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway">KCM&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Mexico_and_Orient_Railway" title="Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway">KCM&OTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad" title="Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad">LA&SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_and_Western_Railroad" title="Lake Erie and Western Railroad">LE&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_and_Michigan_Southern_Railway" title="Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway">LS&MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad" title="Michigan Central Railroad">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_Delaware_and_Virginia_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland, Delaware and Virginia Railway">MD&V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_and_International_Railway" title="Minnesota and International Railway">M&I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_and_North_Arkansas_Railroad" title="Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad">M&NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Mobile and Ohio Railroad">M&O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Central_Railroad_(1901%E2%80%931967)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Central Railroad (1901–1967)">MSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montour_Railroad" title="Montour Railroad">MTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Valley_Railroad" title="Midland Valley Railroad">MV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Central_Railway" title="Northern Central Railway">NCRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_and_New_York_Railroad" title="New Jersey and New York Railroad">NJ&NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Northern_Railway" title="Nevada Northern Railway">NN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Texas_and_Mexico_Railway" title="New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway">NOT&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Philadelphia_and_Norfolk_Railroad" title="New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad">NYP&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_%E2%80%93_Ada_%E2%80%93_Atoka_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City – Ada – Atoka Railway">OCAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Electric_Railway" title="Oregon Electric Railway">OE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu_Railway_and_Land_Company" title="Oahu Railway and Land Company">OR&L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Short_Line_Railroad" title="Oregon Short Line Railroad">OSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Railroad_and_Navigation_Company" title="Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company">OWRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Baltimore_and_Washington_Railroad" title="Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad">PB&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Cincinnati,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railroad" title="Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad">PCC&STL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Company" title="Pennsylvania Company">PCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Electric" title="Pacific Electric">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_and_Eastern_Railway" title="Peoria and Eastern Railway">P&E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Marquette_Railway" title="Pere Marquette Railway">PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Reading_Railroad" title="Port Reading Railroad">PRDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_and_Shawmut_Railroad" title="Pittsburg and Shawmut Railroad">P&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Panhandle and Santa Fe Railway">P&SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Shawmut_and_Northern_Railroad" title="Pittsburg, Shawmut and Northern Railroad">PS&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_and_Aransas_Pass_Railway" title="San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway">SA&AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_and_Binghamton_Railroad" title="Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad">SB&NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Railway">SD&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Prescott_and_Phoenix_Railway" title="Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway">SFP&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_and_Inland_Empire_Railroad" title="Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad">S&IE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_and_Grand_Island_Railway" title="St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway">SJ&GI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Brownsville_and_Mexico_Railway" title="St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway">SLB&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Iron_Mountain_and_Southern_Railway" title="St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway">SLIM&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_and_Greenville_Railway" title="Columbus and Greenville Railway">SOUMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Southwestern_Railway_of_Texas" title="St. Louis Southwestern Railway of Texas">SSWTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_and_Brazos_Valley_Railway" title="Trinity and Brazos Valley Railway">T&BV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana_and_Fort_Smith_Railway" title="Texarkana and Fort Smith Railway">T&FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_and_Northern_Railway" title="Texas and Northern Railway">T&N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_and_Ohio_Central_Railway" title="Toledo and Ohio Central Railway">T&OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_St._Louis_and_Western_Railroad" title="Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad">TSTL&W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_and_Delaware_Railroad" title="Ulster and Delaware Railroad">U&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Railway" title="Utah Railway">UTAH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalia_Railroad_(1905%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalia Railroad (1905–17)">VAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Shreveport_and_Pacific_Railway" title="Vicksburg, Shreveport and Pacific Railway">VS&P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey_and_Seashore_Railroad" title="West Jersey and Seashore Railroad">WJ&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_and_Lake_Erie_Railway_(1916%E2%80%9388)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (1916–88)">W&LE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_and_West_Virginia_Railway" title="Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway">WPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad">WSN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wichita_Valley_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wichita Valley Railway (page does not exist)">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_and_Mississippi_Valley_Railroad" title="Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad">Y&MV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Class_I_railroads_(1910%E2%80%931929)" title="Timeline of Class I railroads (1910–1929)">1910–1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Class_I_railroads_(1930%E2%80%931976)" title="Timeline of Class I railroads (1930–1976)">1930–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Class_I_railroads_(1977%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of Class I railroads (1977–present)">1977–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Railroads in italics meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23239#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106879819">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132304583">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10040355-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063287">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007320340105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&oldid=1258886784">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amtrak&oldid=1258886784</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amtrak" title="Category:Amtrak">Amtrak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1971" title="Category:American companies established in 1971">American companies established in 1971</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1971_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1971 establishments in the United States">1971 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alabama_railroads" title="Category:Alabama railroads">Alabama railroads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arizona_railroads" 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