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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>String</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Care_and_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Care and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bow_lengths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bow_lengths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bow lengths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bow_lengths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_(%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="يومي (قوس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يومي (قوس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumi" title="Jumi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jumi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EA%B6%81" title="화궁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화궁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="יומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumi" title="Jumi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jumi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%BC%93" title="和弓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="和弓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Японский длинный лук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японский длинный лук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4" title="ยุมิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุมิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yumi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Юмі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юмі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Japanese bow. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yumi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yumi (disambiguation)">Yumi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Asymmetrical bow</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弓</span></span>)</span> </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yumi02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yumi02.jpg/330px-Yumi02.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yumi02.jpg/500px-Yumi02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yumi02.jpg/960px-Yumi02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="363" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yumi</i></span> from behind, profile</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Asymmetrical <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onna-musha" title="Onna-musha">Onna-musha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyudo">Kyudo</a> practitioners</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">Since 3rd century (the asymmetrical <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Weizhi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weizhi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hankyū</i></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">212–245 cm (83–96 in)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Arrow length: 85–110 cm (33–43 in)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yumi-p1000624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yumi-p1000624.jpg/170px-Yumi-p1000624.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yumi-p1000624.jpg/255px-Yumi-p1000624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yumi-p1000624.jpg/340px-Yumi-p1000624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption>Japanese bows, arrows, and arrow-stand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yumi00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Yumi00.jpg/330px-Yumi00.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Yumi00.jpg/500px-Yumi00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Yumi00.jpg/960px-Yumi00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yumi</i></span> bow names</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Yumi</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:弓">弓</a></span></span>)</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> term for a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a>. As used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> refers more specifically to traditional Japanese asymmetrical bows, and includes the longer <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>daikyū</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:大弓">大弓</a></span></span>)</span> and the shorter <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>hankyū</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:半弓">半弓</a></span></span>)</span> used in the practice of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">kyūdō</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjutsu" title="Kyūjutsu">kyūjutsu</a></i></span>, or Japanese <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>. </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> was an important weapon of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warrior during the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan">feudal period of Japan</a>. It is typically shot with Japanese <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a> known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">ya</a></i></span>. </p><p>The most famous style of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> is an asymmetrically shaped long bow with a length of more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in), characterized by the archer holding the part of the bow below the center to shoot the arrow.<sup id="cite_ref-touken39107_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken39107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the excavated <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 14,000–300 BCE</span>) bows are 1.2 to 1.6 metres (3 ft 11 in to 5 ft 3 in) in length, while most of the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century BCE–2nd/3rd century CE</span>) bows are 2 to 2.3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 7 ft 7 in) in length. The bows in these periods were made from a single processed wood, and the bows with this structure were called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">maruki yumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">丸木弓</span></span>)</span> and were used until the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> (710–794 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-koto145366_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koto145366-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown when the asymmetrical <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> came into use, but the first written record is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms#Book_of_Wei_(魏書)" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Book of Wei</a></i>, a Chinese historical manuscript dating to the 3rd century CE, which describes the people of the Japanese islands using "spears, shields, and wooden bows for arms; the wooden bows are made with the lower limbs short and the upper limbs long; and bamboo arrows with points of either iron or bone."<sup id="cite_ref-Weizhi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weizhi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest asymmetrical <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> found to date was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a>, and is estimated to be from the 5th century. </p><p>Some of the bows found as burial goods in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">kofun</a></i></span> (ancient tombs) during the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> (300–538 CE) were decorated with gold or silver, and it is believed that they were also used in ceremonies. The length of most bows in this period ranged from 70 to 150 cm (28 to 59 in), and it is thought that they were powerful enough to shoot enemies and animals at close range.<sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Nara period, lacquered bows with more weather resistance and decorative features appeared. <i><a href="/wiki/Euonymus_hamiltonianus" title="Euonymus hamiltonianus">Euonymus hamiltonianus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_serrata" title="Zelkova serrata">Zelkova serrata</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_succedaneum" title="Toxicodendron succedaneum">Toxicodendron succedaneum</a></i>, which are highly elastic wood, came to be used for making <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>, and many <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> became as long as roughly 7 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shaku_(unit)" title="Shaku (unit)">shaku</a></i></span> 3 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">sun</a></i></span> (2.21 m (7 ft 3 in)), increasing their power and range. Since then, the structure of the bow has gradually evolved, but its length of roughly 7 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shaku</i></span> 3 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">sun</i></span> has been passed down to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fusedake_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fusedake-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid to late <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185), the Japanese developed the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">fusedake no yumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伏竹弓</span></span>)</span> style of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>, the first <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> in Japan with a laminated structure. This style of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> was made by attaching bamboo to a wooden <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> with a flat front side using glue made from a fish float, and the elasticity of the bamboo improved the bow's range, power and durability.<sup id="cite_ref-fusedake_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fusedake-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nasu_no_Yoichi" title="Nasu no Yoichi">Nasu no Yoichi</a> was famous as a master of archery in the late Heian period; his fame was depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike" title="The Tale of the Heike">The Tale of the Heike</a></i> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Genpei_Seisuiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Genpei Seisuiki">Genpei Seisuiki</a></i></span>, and he was the subject of various Japanese traditional performing arts and fine arts such as <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kyogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyogen">kyogen</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kodan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodan">kodan</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> of later generations.<sup id="cite_ref-touken39107_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken39107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the end of the Heian period to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185–1333), the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sanmaiuchi no yumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三枚打弓</span></span>)</span> was developed, and bamboo was glued not only on the front side but also on the reverse side of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>. In the late Kamakura period, the shape of the bow became more asymmetrical, with the upper part bent from the lower part, so that it resembled a modern bow, further increasing the range and power of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fusedake_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fusedake-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the middle of the Heian period, the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tōyumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">籐弓</span></span>)</span> style of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>, in which <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> was wrapped around a laminated-structure <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> to improve its elasticity and sturdiness, became popular. The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shigetō yumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">重籐</span></span>)</span> style <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> in particular was the strongest weapon of the Kamakura period, with a maximum range of 400 metres (1,300 ft) and an effective range of 80 metres (260 ft) that could inflict fatal wounds on targets. There are more than 20 varieties of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shigetō yumi</i></span>, depending on how and where on the bow the rattan is wound. In the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> (1336–1573), the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shigetō yumi</i></span> went from its luxurious exterior to a piece of equipment that symbolized the rank of commander.<sup id="cite_ref-koto145366_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koto145366-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Kamakura period, when the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class came to power, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjutsu" title="Kyūjutsu">kyūjutsu</a></i></span> (archery) became more and more popular, especially the three types of <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archery</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">yabusame</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Inuoumono" title="Inuoumono">inuoumono</a></i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasagake" title="Kasagake">kasagake</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-touken47462_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken47462-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shihodake no yumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四方竹弓</span></span>)</span> was developed during the Muromachi period, and bamboo was used on the side of the bow to increase its range and power.<sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> (1467–1615), the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">higoyumi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弓胎弓</span></span>)</span> used in modern <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">kyūdō</a></i></span> was developed, completing the original form of the Japanese bow now known around the world. The characteristic of the bow is that it has a greatly changed laminated structure from the conventional bow. The core of the structure is about four pieces of bonded bamboo, with bamboo glued to the front side and the other side and wood glued to the sides. This improved the range and power of the bow and enabled it to shoot through targets 132 metres (433 ft) away in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjusangen-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjusangen-do">Sanjusangen-do</a> archery contest, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dshiya" title="Tōshiya">Tōshiya</a></i></span>, a famous event still held today. Research on <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yajiri</i></span> (arrowheads) was actively conducted to enhance their killing ability, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yajiri</i></span> of various shapes were developed. During this period, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(gun)" title="Tanegashima (gun)">tanegashima</a></i></span> was mass-produced by Japanese swordsmiths, and mobilized <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ashigaru" title="Ashigaru">ashigaru</a></i></span> (foot soldiers) used them to exert tremendous power on the battlefield. However, because <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tanegashima</i></span> took a long time to load, were inconvenient in rainy weather when damp gunpowder would not fire, and were not exactly subtle in terms of noise, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> did not go out of fashion and continued to be used as an important military force on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-touken39107_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken39107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Japanese society became more peaceful in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1867), the spirituality and decorativeness of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> became important, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyūjutsu</i></span> developed as a samurai's way of doing things.<sup id="cite_ref-touken65943_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even today, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> is used in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyūdō</i></span> and ceremonies, and in Grand <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> tournaments, a ceremony called the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumitori shiki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">弓取り式</span></span>)</span>, which is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i></span>, is held.<sup id="cite_ref-touken39107_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touken39107-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Time period</th> <th>Type of bow</th> <th>Bow formation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prehistoric</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Maruki</i></span></td> <td>Single piece of wood </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800–900</span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fusetake</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Fusedake</i></span></td> <td>Wood with bamboo front </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sanmaiuchi</i></span></td> <td>Wood with bamboo front and back </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300–1400</span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shihochiku</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shihodake</i></span></td> <td>Wood surrounded with bamboo </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sanbonhigo (Higoyumi)</i></span></td> <td>Three-piece bamboo laminate core, wooden sides, bamboo front and back </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yohonhigo (Higoyumi)</i></span></td> <td>Four-piece bamboo laminate core, wooden sides, bamboo front and back </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650</span></td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gohonhigo (Higoyumi)</i></span></td> <td>Five-piece bamboo (or bamboo and wood) laminate core, wooden sides, bamboo front and back </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1971</span>–Modern times</td> <td>Glass fiber</td> <td>Wooden laminate core, <a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">FRP</a> front and back </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> is exceptionally tall, standing over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height, and typically surpasses the height of the archer<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">射手</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ite</i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are traditionally made by <a href="/wiki/Laminated_bow" title="Laminated bow">laminating</a> <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, using techniques which have not changed for centuries, although some archers (particularly beginners) may use a synthetic <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>. </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> is asymmetrical; according to the All Nippon Kyudo Federation, the grip (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nigiri</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8F%A1%E3%82%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:握り">握り</a></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">grip; handle; handful</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>) has to be positioned at about two thirds of the distance from the upper tip. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YumiKai.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/YumiKai.gif/170px-YumiKai.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/YumiKai.gif/255px-YumiKai.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/YumiKai.gif/340px-YumiKai.gif 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Scale representation of a drawn <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The upper and lower curves also differ. Several hypotheses have been offered for this asymmetric shape. Some believe it was designed for use on a <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>, where the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> could be moved from one side of the horse to the other with ease; however, there is evidence that the asymmetrical shape predates its use on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others claim that asymmetry was needed to enable shooting from a kneeling position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Yet another explanation is the characteristics of the wood from a time before laminating techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In case the bow is made from a single piece of wood, its modulus of elasticity is different between the part taken from the treetop side and the other side. A lower grip balances it. </p><p>The hand holding the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> may also experience less vibration due to the grip being on a vibration <a href="/wiki/Node_(physics)" title="Node (physics)">node</a> of the bow. A perfectly uniform pole has nodes at 1/4 and 3/4 of the way from the ends, or 1/2 if held taut at the ends – these positions will change significantly with shape and consistency of the bow material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="String">String</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: String"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The string of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>, a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:弦">弦</a></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Bowstring" title="Bowstring">bowstring</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, is traditionally made of <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, although most modern archers will use strings made of synthetic materials such as <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>, which will last longer. </p><p>The nocking-point on the string is built up through the application of hemp and glue to protect the string and to provide a thickness which helps hold the nock (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hazu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AD%88#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:筈">筈</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%AD#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:弭">弭</a></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">[Japanese arrow] nock/notch</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> of the arrow, a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">ya</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:矢">矢</a></span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">[Japanese] arrow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, in place while drawing the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>. However, it can also be made of strands of waxed bamboo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Care_and_maintenance">Care and maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Care and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bamboo <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> requires careful attention. Left unattended, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> can warp out of shape and may eventually become unusable. The shape of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> will change through normal use and can be re-formed when needed through manual application of pressure, through shaping blocks, or by leaving it strung or unstrung when not in use. </p><p>The shape of the curves of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> is greatly affected by whether it is left strung or unstrung when not in use. The decision to leave a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> strung or unstrung depends upon the current shape of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>. A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> that is relatively flat when unstrung will usually be left unstrung when not in use (a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> in this state is sometimes referred to as being 'tired'). A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> that has excessive curvature when unstrung is typically left strung for a period of time to 'tame' the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>. </p><p>A well cared-for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> can last many generations, while the usable life of a mistreated <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> can be very short. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bow_lengths">Bow lengths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bow lengths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" width="380px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Height of archer</th> <th>Arrow length</th> <th>Suggested bow length </th></tr> <tr> <td><150 cm (59 in)</td> <td><85 cm (33 in)</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sansun-zume</i></span> (212 cm (83 in)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>150–165 cm (59–65 in)</td> <td>85–90 cm (33–35 in)</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Namisun</i></span> (221 cm (87 in)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>165–180 cm (65–71 in)</td> <td>90–100 cm (35–39 in)</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nisun-nobi</i></span> (227 cm (89 in)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>180–195 cm (71–77 in)</td> <td>100–105 cm (39–41 in)</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yonsun-nobi</i></span> (233 cm (92 in)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>195–205 cm (77–81 in)</td> <td>105–110 cm (41–43 in)</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Rokusun-nobi</i></span> (239 cm (94 in)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>>205 cm (81 in)</td> <td>>110 cm (43 in)</td> <td><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hassun-nobi</i></span> (245 cm (96 in)) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moto_hazu_(bottom_nock).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moto hazu (bottom nock)"><img alt="Moto hazu (bottom nock)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moto_hazu_%28bottom_nock%29.jpg/35px-Moto_hazu_%28bottom_nock%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moto_hazu_%28bottom_nock%29.jpg/53px-Moto_hazu_%28bottom_nock%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Moto_hazu_%28bottom_nock%29.jpg/70px-Moto_hazu_%28bottom_nock%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="3635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moto hazu</i></span> (bottom nock)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigiri_(grip).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nigiri (grip)"><img alt="Nigiri (grip)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nigiri_%28grip%29.jpg/34px-Nigiri_%28grip%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="34" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nigiri_%28grip%29.jpg/52px-Nigiri_%28grip%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nigiri_%28grip%29.jpg/69px-Nigiri_%28grip%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="1902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nigiri</i></span> (grip)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ura_hazu_(top_nock).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ura hazu (top nock)"><img alt="Ura hazu (top nock)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ura_hazu_%28top_nock%29.jpg/31px-Ura_hazu_%28top_nock%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="31" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ura_hazu_%28top_nock%29.jpg/47px-Ura_hazu_%28top_nock%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ura_hazu_%28top_nock%29.jpg/63px-Ura_hazu_%28top_nock%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="3641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ura hazu</i></span> (top nock)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsurumaki_string_holder_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsurumaki (string holder) and tsuru (string)"><img alt="Tsurumaki (string holder) and tsuru (string)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tsurumaki_string_holder_1.JPG/120px-Tsurumaki_string_holder_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tsurumaki_string_holder_1.JPG/180px-Tsurumaki_string_holder_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tsurumaki_string_holder_1.JPG/240px-Tsurumaki_string_holder_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tsurumaki</i></span> (string holder) and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuru</i></span> (string)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_Japanese_(samurai)_hanky%C5%AB(small_yumi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antique hankyū (shortbow)"><img alt="Antique hankyū (shortbow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_hanky%C5%AB%28small_yumi%29.jpg/120px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_hanky%C5%AB%28small_yumi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_hanky%C5%AB%28small_yumi%29.jpg/250px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_hanky%C5%AB%28small_yumi%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3646" data-file-height="872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antique <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hankyū</i></span> (shortbow)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_Japanese_(samurai)_daiky%C5%AB_and_hanky%C5%AB_yumi_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antique daikyū (longbow) and hankyū (shortbow)"><img alt="Antique daikyū (longbow) and hankyū (shortbow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_daiky%C5%AB_and_hanky%C5%AB_yumi_3.jpg/24px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_daiky%C5%AB_and_hanky%C5%AB_yumi_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_daiky%C5%AB_and_hanky%C5%AB_yumi_3.jpg/37px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_daiky%C5%AB_and_hanky%C5%AB_yumi_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_daiky%C5%AB_and_hanky%C5%AB_yumi_3.jpg/49px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_daiky%C5%AB_and_hanky%C5%AB_yumi_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="3583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antique <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daikyū</i></span> (longbow) and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hankyū</i></span> (shortbow)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_Japanese_(samurai)_yumi_bukuro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yumi bukuro (cloth cover)"><img alt="Yumi bukuro (cloth cover)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_yumi_bukuro.jpg/120px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_yumi_bukuro.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_yumi_bukuro.jpg/180px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_yumi_bukuro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_yumi_bukuro.jpg/240px-Antique_Japanese_%28samurai%29_yumi_bukuro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yumi bukuro</i></span> (cloth cover)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoshitoshi_-_100_Aspects_of_the_Moon_-_67.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukiyo-e by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi depicting Minamoto no Tsunemoto hunting a sika deer with a yumi"><img alt="Ukiyo-e by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi depicting Minamoto no Tsunemoto hunting a sika deer with a yumi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yoshitoshi_-_100_Aspects_of_the_Moon_-_67.jpg/82px-Yoshitoshi_-_100_Aspects_of_the_Moon_-_67.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yoshitoshi_-_100_Aspects_of_the_Moon_-_67.jpg/124px-Yoshitoshi_-_100_Aspects_of_the_Moon_-_67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yoshitoshi_-_100_Aspects_of_the_Moon_-_67.jpg/165px-Yoshitoshi_-_100_Aspects_of_the_Moon_-_67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi" title="Tsukioka Yoshitoshi">Tsukioka Yoshitoshi</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Tsunemoto" title="Minamoto no Tsunemoto">Minamoto no Tsunemoto</a> hunting a <a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">sika deer</a> with a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86%EF%BC%88%E3%81%95%E3%81%95%E3%81%92%EF%BC%89%E8%92%94%E7%B5%B5%E7%9F%A2%E7%AD%92,_Japanese_quiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A yazutsu (quiver) decorated with maki-e. Edo period, 18th century. Tokyo National Museum."><img alt="A yazutsu (quiver) decorated with maki-e. Edo period, 18th century. Tokyo National Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86%EF%BC%88%E3%81%95%E3%81%95%E3%81%92%EF%BC%89%E8%92%94%E7%B5%B5%E7%9F%A2%E7%AD%92%2C_Japanese_quiver.jpg/120px-%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86%EF%BC%88%E3%81%95%E3%81%95%E3%81%92%EF%BC%89%E8%92%94%E7%B5%B5%E7%9F%A2%E7%AD%92%2C_Japanese_quiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86%EF%BC%88%E3%81%95%E3%81%95%E3%81%92%EF%BC%89%E8%92%94%E7%B5%B5%E7%9F%A2%E7%AD%92%2C_Japanese_quiver.jpg/180px-%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86%EF%BC%88%E3%81%95%E3%81%95%E3%81%92%EF%BC%89%E8%92%94%E7%B5%B5%E7%9F%A2%E7%AD%92%2C_Japanese_quiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86%EF%BC%88%E3%81%95%E3%81%95%E3%81%92%EF%BC%89%E8%92%94%E7%B5%B5%E7%9F%A2%E7%AD%92%2C_Japanese_quiver.jpg/240px-%E8%B1%87%E8%B1%86%EF%BC%88%E3%81%95%E3%81%95%E3%81%92%EF%BC%89%E8%92%94%E7%B5%B5%E7%9F%A2%E7%AD%92%2C_Japanese_quiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yazutsu" title="Yazutsu">yazutsu</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">quiver</a>) decorated with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maki-e" title="Maki-e">maki-e</a></i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yumi</i></span> are featured in the <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i> franchise, used by <a href="/wiki/Splinter_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)" title="Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)">Splinter</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_II:_The_Secret_of_the_Ooze" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2003_TV_series)" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)">2003</a> episode "Exodus, Part 1". The <a href="/wiki/Foot_Clan" title="Foot Clan">Foot Clan</a> includes Foot Archers who use <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)" title="Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)">Leonardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatello_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)" title="Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)" title="Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)">Raphael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michaelangelo_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michaelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)">Michaelangelo</a> occasionally used <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)">2012 version</a>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> were also used by <a href="/wiki/Karai_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)" title="Karai (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)">Karai</a>, as shown on the flashbacks of the 2003 episode "City At War, part 3". A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> bow was used by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Usagi_Yojimbo_characters" title="List of Usagi Yojimbo characters">Murakami Gennosuke</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">rhino</a> <a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">bounty hunter</a> in the 2003 episode "The Real World, Part 1".</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Rangers_Samurai" title="Power Rangers Samurai">Power Rangers Samurai</a></i> features the Blue Ranger <a href="/wiki/List_of_Power_Rangers_Samurai_characters#Kevin_Douglas" title="List of Power Rangers Samurai characters">Kevin Douglas</a> using the Hydro Bow, which is based on a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yumi</i></span> bow.</li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yumi</i></span> bows were used by samurai in <i><a href="/wiki/Deadliest_Warrior" title="Deadliest Warrior">Deadliest Warrior</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i>.</li> <li>The character Hanzo Shimada from <i><a href="/wiki/Overwatch" title="Overwatch">Overwatch</a></i> uses a futuristic yumi as his weapon of choice due to him abandoning the way of the sword after nearly killing his brother Genji.</li> <li>Kikyo uses the Yumi bow as her preferred weapon of choice while her younger sister, Kaede did the same thing in her own right before and after her death and resurrection in <a href="/wiki/Inuyasha" title="Inuyasha">Inuyasha</a> both the anime and manga series</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%93%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:弓道">弓道</a></span></span>, "way [of the] <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a>")</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjutsu" title="Kyūjutsu">Kyūjutsu</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%93%E8%A1%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:弓術">弓術</a></span></span>, "bow <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">technique</a>")</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daiky%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daikyū">Daikyū</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:大弓">大弓</a></span></span>, a "great bow", a <a href="/wiki/Long_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Long bow">long bow</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dky%C5%AB" title="Chōkyū">Chōkyū</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:長弓">長弓</a></span></span>, a "long bow", also a long bow)</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hanky%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankyū">Hankyū</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:半弓">半弓</a></span></span>, a "half bow", a <a href="/wiki/Short_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Short bow">short bow</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Azusa_yumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Azusa yumi">Azusa yumi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A2%93%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:梓弓">梓弓</a></span></span>, a sacred bow used in certain Shinto rituals)</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E9%AD%94%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:破魔弓">破魔弓</a></span></span>, an "evil-destroying bow")</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saig%C5%AB_yumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saigū yumi (page does not exist)">Saigū yumi</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%AE%AE%E5%BC%93" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:祭宮弓">祭宮弓</a></span></span>, a "ceremonial bow")</span></li> <li><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:矢">矢</a></span></span>, an arrow)</span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasagake" title="Kasagake">Kasagake</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shihan_Mato" title="Shihan Mato">Shihan Mato</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Inuoumono" title="Inuoumono">Inuoumono</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dshiya" title="Tōshiya">Tōshiya</a></i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Weizhi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weizhi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weizhi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Records of the Three Kingdoms</i>, Book of Wei: 兵用矛楯木弓木弓短下長上竹箭或鐵鏃或骨鏃</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-touken39107-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-touken39107_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken39107_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken39107_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken39107_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204074818/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/39107/"><bdi lang="ja">弓・弓矢の基本知識</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/39107/">the original</a> on 4 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BC%93%E3%83%BB%E5%BC%93%E7%9F%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&rft.pub=Nagoya+Japanese+Sword+Museum+Nagoya+Touken+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touken-world.jp%2Ftips%2F39107%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-touken65943-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-touken65943_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204074744/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/65943/"><bdi lang="ja">弓矢を学ぶ（弓編）</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/65943/">the original</a> on 4 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BC%93%E7%9F%A2%E3%82%92%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%B6%EF%BC%88%E5%BC%93%E7%B7%A8%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Nagoya+Japanese+Sword+Museum+Nagoya+Touken+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touken-world.jp%2Ftips%2F65943%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koto145366-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koto145366_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koto145366_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204085344/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BC%93-145366"><bdi lang="ja">弓 (Yumi)</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Kotobank/Digitalio, Inc/<a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BC%93-145366">the original</a> on 4 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BC%93+%28Yumi%29&rft.pub=Kotobank%2FDigitalio%2C+Inc%2FAsahi+Shimbun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E5%25BC%2593-145366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fusedake-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fusedake_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fusedake_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fusedake_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204075523/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BC%8F%E7%AB%B9%E5%BC%93-1405701"><bdi lang="ja">伏竹弓</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Kotobank/Digitalio, Inc/<a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BC%8F%E7%AB%B9%E5%BC%93-1405701">the original</a> on 4 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8F%E7%AB%B9%E5%BC%93&rft.pub=Kotobank%2FDigitalio%2C+Inc%2FAsahi+Shimbun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E4%25BC%258F%25E7%25AB%25B9%25E5%25BC%2593-1405701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204110521/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/43159/"><bdi lang="ja">弓矢の歴史</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/43159/">the original</a> on 4 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BC%93%E7%9F%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=Nagoya+Japanese+Sword+Museum+Nagoya+Touken+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touken-world.jp%2Ftips%2F43159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-touken47462-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-touken47462_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407131659/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/47462/"><bdi lang="ja">弓術とは</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/47462/">the original</a> on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BC%93%E8%A1%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF&rft.pub=Nagoya+Japanese+Sword+Museum+Nagoya+Touken+World.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touken-world.jp%2Ftips%2F47462%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOnuma1993" class="citation book cs1">Onuma, Hideharu (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kyudoessenceprac00onum_0/page/43"><i>Kyudo: The Essence and Practice of Japanese Archery</i></a></span> (1 ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kyudoessenceprac00onum_0/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-1734-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-1734-5"><bdi>978-4-7700-1734-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kyudo%3A+The+Essence+and+Practice+of+Japanese+Archery&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=43&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-1734-5&rft.aulast=Onuma&rft.aufirst=Hideharu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkyudoessenceprac00onum_0%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriday2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friday" title="Karl Friday">Friday, Karl</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samuraiwarfarest00frid_779"><i>Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan</i></a></span>. New York NY: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samuraiwarfarest00frid_779/page/n83">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32962-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32962-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32962-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai%2C+Warfare+and+the+State+in+Early+Medieval+Japan&rft.place=New+York+NY&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32962-0&rft.aulast=Friday&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamuraiwarfarest00frid_779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrigel,_Eugen1999" class="citation book cs1">Herrigel, Eugen (1999). <a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_Art_of_Archery" title="Zen in the Art of Archery"><i>Zen in the Art of Archery</i></a>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70509-0"><bdi>978-0-375-70509-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+in+the+Art+of+Archery&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70509-0&rft.au=Herrigel%2C+Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael1958" class="citation journal cs1">Michael, Henry N. (1958). "The Neolithic Age in Eastern Siberia". <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. New Series. <b>49</b> (2). Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society (published April 1958): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005699">10.2307/1005699</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015018658560">2027/mdp.39015018658560</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005699">1005699</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36624391">36624391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Neolithic+Age+in+Eastern+Siberia&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015018658560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36624391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005699%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1005699&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Henry+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYumi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archery634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archery" title="Template:Archery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archery" title="Template talk:Archery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archery634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_archery" title="Chinese archery">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_crossbows" title="History of crossbows">History of crossbows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Modern competitive archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery" title="World Archery">World Archery Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Rankings" title="World Archery Rankings">World Archery Rankings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_paradox" title="Archer's paradox">Archer's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_archery" title="Run archery">Run archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bows</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">yumi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bow_shape" title="Bow shape">Bow shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">Arbalest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_crossbow" title="Austroasiatic crossbow">Austroasiatic crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable-backed_bow" title="Cable-backed bow">Cable-backed bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">Composite bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">Compound bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbow" title="Flatbow">Flatbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakgung" title="Gakgung">Gakgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_bow" title="Holmegaard bow">Holmegaard bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_bow" title="Laminated bow">Laminated bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">Longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_bow" title="Mongol bow">Mongol bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">Recurve bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_bow" title="Self bow">Self bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_bow" title="Takedown bow">Takedown bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bow" title="Welsh bow">Welsh bow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowstring" title="Bowstring">Bowstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracer" title="Bracer">Bracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_cresting" title="Arrow cresting">Cresting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tab" title="Finger tab">Finger tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flu-flu_arrow" title="Flu-flu arrow">Flu-flu arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_aid" title="Release aid">Release aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">Quarrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">Quiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_target#Archery_sports" title="Shooting target">Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_ring" title="Thumb ring">Thumb ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowyer" title="Bowyer">Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clout_archery" title="Clout archery">Clout archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_archery" title="Field archery">Field archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popinjay_(sport)" title="Popinjay (sport)">Popinjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">Target archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Archery at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="Archery at the Summer Youth Olympics">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Championships" title="World Archery Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Youth_Championships" title="World Archery Youth Championships">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_World_Cup" title="Archery World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Archery at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_World_University_Games" title="Archery at the Summer World University Games">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_Archery_Championships" title="World University Archery Championships">World University Archery Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Military_World_Games" title="Archery at the Military World Games">Military World Games</a></li> <li>Continental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Archery_Championships" title="African Archery Championships">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Archery_Championships" title="Pan American Archery Championships">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Archery_Championships" title="Asian Archery Championships">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Archery_Championships" title="European Archery Championships">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam#Archery" title="Naadam">Naadam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archery" title="Category:Archery">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archery_terms" title="Glossary of archery terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_weapons,_armour_and_equipment4847" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Template:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Template talk:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_weapons,_armour_and_equipment4847" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese weapons, armour and equipment</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword" title="Japanese sword">Swords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chokut%C5%8D" title="Chokutō">Chokutō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtanuki" title="Dōtanuki">Dōtanuki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunt%C5%8D" title="Guntō">Guntō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">Katana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kodachi" title="Kodachi">Kodachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagamaki" title="Nagamaki">Nagamaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjat%C5%8D" title="Ninjatō">Ninjatō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cdachi" title="Ōdachi">Ōdachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikomizue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikomizue">Shikomizue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">Tachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">Tantō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsurugi_(sword)" title="Tsurugi (sword)">Tsurugi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakizashi" title="Wakizashi">Wakizashi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_swords" title="Glossary of Japanese swords">Glossary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horimono" title="Horimono">Horimono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings" title="Japanese sword mountings">Sword mountings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_polishing" title="Japanese sword polishing">Sword polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_swordsmithing" title="Japanese swordsmithing">Swordsmithing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tameshigiri" title="Tameshigiri">Tameshigiri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Knives and daggers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabutowari" title="Kabutowari">Kabutowari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)" title="Kaiken (dagger)">Kaiken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunai" title="Kunai">Kunai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoroi-d%C5%8Dshi" title="Yoroi-dōshi">Yoroi-dōshi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Polearms and spears</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bisento" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisento">Bisento</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoko_yari" title="Hoko yari">Hoko yari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama-yari" title="Kama-yari">Kama-yari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">Naginata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sasumata" title="Sasumata">Sasumata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodegarami" title="Sodegarami">Sodegarami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torimono_sand%C5%8Dgu" title="Torimono sandōgu">Torimono sandōgu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukub%C5%8D" title="Tsukubō">Tsukubō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yari" title="Yari">Yari</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Practice weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bokken" title="Bokken">Bokken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iait%C5%8D" title="Iaitō">Iaitō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinai" title="Shinai">Shinai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinken" title="Shinken">Shinken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suburit%C5%8D" title="Suburitō">Suburitō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanren_b%C5%8D" title="Tanren bō">Tanren bō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">Armour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_armours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary armours of Japan">Auxiliary armours</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dgu" title="Bōgu">Bōgu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D_(armour)" title="Dō (armour)">Dō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D-maru" title="Dō-maru">Dō-maru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haramaki_(armour)" title="Haramaki (armour)">Haramaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabuto" title="Kabuto">Kabuto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuta_(armour)" title="Karuta (armour)">Karuta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kikko_(Japanese_armour)" title="Kikko (Japanese armour)">Kikko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)" title="Kusari (Japanese mail armour)">Kusari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men-yoroi" title="Men-yoroi">Men-yoroi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">Ō-yoroi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangu_(armour)" title="Sangu (armour)">Sangu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatami_(Japanese_armour)" title="Tatami (Japanese armour)">Tatami</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigandine" title="Brigandine">Brigandine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(armor)" title="Lame (armor)">Lame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">Lamellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminar_armour" title="Laminar armour">Laminar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_plate_armour" title="Mail and plate armour">Mail and plate armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">Fundoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">Hachimaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">Hakama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyahan" title="Kyahan">Kyahan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shitagi" title="Shitagi">Shitagi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">Tabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uwa-obi" title="Uwa-obi">Uwa-obi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waraji" title="Waraji">Waraji</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Samurai accoutrements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abumi_(stirrup)" title="Abumi (stirrup)">Abumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daish%C5%8D" title="Daishō">Daishō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horo_(cloak)" title="Horo (cloak)">Horo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaginawa" title="Kaginawa">Kaginawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate-bukuro" title="Kate-bukuro">Kate-bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubi_bukuro" title="Kubi bukuro">Kubi bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kura_(saddle)" title="Kura (saddle)">Kura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchi-bukuro" title="Uchi-bukuro">Uchi-bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yebira" title="Yebira">Yebira</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chain and rope weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chigiriki" title="Chigiriki">Chigiriki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubotan" title="Kubotan">Kubotan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigama" title="Kusarigama">Kusarigama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusari-fundo" title="Kusari-fundo">Kusari-fundo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyoketsu-shoge" title="Kyoketsu-shoge">Kyoketsu-shoge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rope_dart" title="Rope dart">Jōhyō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Clubs and truncheons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabutowari" title="Kabutowari">Hachiwari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jitte" title="Jitte">Jitte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanab%C5%8D" title="Kanabō">Kanabō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tekkan" title="Tekkan">Tekkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_fan" title="Japanese war fan">Tessen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Staff weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8D" title="Bō">Bō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanb%C5%8D" title="Hanbō">Hanbō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">Jō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%8D" title="Tanbō">Tanbō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yubi-bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yubi-bo">Yubi-bo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Projectile and throwing weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_Japan" title="Artillery of Japan">Artillery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukiya" title="Fukiya">Fukiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makibishi" title="Makibishi">Makibishi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyumi">Oyumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken">Shuriken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Firearms_of_Japan" title="Firearms of Japan">Firearms</a> and guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baj%C5%8D-zutsu" title="Bajō-zutsu">Bajō-zutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bo-hiya" title="Bo-hiya">Bo-hiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cdzutsu" title="Ōdzutsu">Ōdzutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(gun)" title="Tanegashima (gun)">Tanegashima</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Improvised and other weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama (weapon)">Kama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiseru" title="Kiseru">Kiseru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metsubushi" title="Metsubushi">Metsubushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ono_(axe)" title="Ono (axe)">Ono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuchi" title="Ōtsuchi">Ōtsuchi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shobo" title="Shobo">Shobo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suntetsu" title="Suntetsu">Suntetsu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Signal devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_fan" title="Japanese war fan">Gunbai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hata-jirushi" title="Hata-jirushi">Hata-jirushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horagai" title="Horagai">Horagai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabura-ya_(Japanese_signal_arrow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabura-ya (Japanese signal arrow)">Kabura-ya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nobori" title="Nobori">Nobori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saihai" title="Saihai">Saihai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sashimono" title="Sashimono">Sashimono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma-jirushi" title="Uma-jirushi">Uma-jirushi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Users</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashigaru" title="Ashigaru">Ashigaru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period_police" title="Edo period police">Edo period police</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunoichi" title="Kunoichi">Kunoichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">Ninja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onna-musha" title="Onna-musha">Onna-musha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">Rōnin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinsengumi" title="Shinsengumi">Shinsengumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamabushi" title="Yamabushi">Yamabushi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_armour" title="Category:Japanese armour">Japanese armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weapons_of_Japan" title="Category:Weapons of Japan">Weapons of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_swords" title="Category:Japanese swords">Japanese swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(crafts:_swords)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: swords)">National Treasure swords</a></li> 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