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契诃夫的爱情与反叛(带小狗的女士)书评
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src="//img3.doubanio.com/dae/accounts/resources/78fadc7/book/bundle.js" defer="defer"></script> <div id="wrapper" class="book-content review-wrapper"> <div id="content"> <div class="grid-16-8 clearfix"> <div class="article"> <h1> <span property="v:summary">契诃夫的爱情与反叛</span> </h1> <div> <div class="main" id="16306246"> <a class="avatar author-avatar left" href="https://www.douban.com/people/unread/"><img width="48" height="48" src="https://img1.doubanio.com/icon/u91226378-8.jpg"></a> <header class="main-hd"> <a href="https://www.douban.com/people/unread/"> <span>未读</span> </a> 评论 <a href="https://book.douban.com/subject/36784945/">带小狗的女士</a> <span class="allstar50 main-title-rating" title="力荐"></span> <span class="main-title-hide">5</span> <div class="main-meta"> <span content="2024-11-19">2024-11-19 11:25:52</span> <span>已编辑</span> <span>北京</span> </div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org/", "@type": "Review", "datePublished": "2024-11-19T11:25:52", "reviewBody": "文 / 台湾大学外文系副教授 熊宗慧 在台湾,契诃夫的名字与他的戏剧作品《海鸥》《万尼亚舅舅》《三姐妹》和《樱桃园》紧紧相连,借由这几部作品我们认识契诃夫,爱上他构筑的舞台世界。然而,契诃夫不只是剧作...", "description": "{ review.abstract(200) }", "itemReviewed": { "@type": "Book", "name": "带小狗的女士", "url": "/subject/36784945/", "sameAs": "https://book.douban.com/subject/36784945/", "image": "https://img9.doubanio.com/view/subject/l/public/s34951236.jpg" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "豆瓣(Douban)" }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "url": "https://www.douban.com/people/unread/", "name": "未读", "sameAs": "https://www.douban.com/people/unread/" }, "reviewRating": { "@type": "Rating", "ratingValue": "5" } } </script> </header> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://img1.doubanio.com/f/zerkalo/00ff9bf8b07d831cbe53185984b51cdaa428fbf5/css/review/list.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://img1.doubanio.com/f/zerkalo/c7323fce7e9167c8bdd415abc3acf3b458e83bba/css/review/rich_content.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://img1.doubanio.com/f/zerkalo/3aeb281ab0e4f2c7050458684acfeb6838441de9/css/review/editor/ng/setting_standalone.css" /> <div class="main-bd" id="review-16306246-content" data-ad-ext="有用3 · 没用0"> <p class="main-title-tip"> 这篇书评可能有关键情节透露 </p> <div id="link-report-16306246"> <div class="review-content clearfix" data-author="未读" data-url="https://book.douban.com/review/16306246/" data-original="1"> <p data-page="0">文 / 台湾大学外文系副教授 熊宗慧</p><p data-page="0">在台湾,契诃夫的名字与他的戏剧作品《海鸥》《万尼亚舅舅》《三姐妹》和《樱桃园》紧紧相连,借由这几部作品我们认识契诃夫,爱上他构筑的舞台世界。然而,契诃夫不只是剧作家,他还是写短篇故事的高手,《一个文官之死》《变色龙》《胖子和瘦子》《忧愁》《套中人》《醋栗》是他耳熟能详的短篇作品。然而,契诃夫也写中篇小说——《第六病房》,内容是讽刺沙皇政府统治之下的俄国像个恐怖的精神病院,这部作品让契诃夫成为批判写实主义作家。</p><p data-page="0">以上所提都还是我们熟悉的契诃夫,是关怀小人物和弱势阶级的人道主义者契诃夫,是讨厌庸俗和无作为知识分子的契诃夫。然而,有一面的契诃夫我们始终陌生,它隐秘、低调,却更让人想一窥究竟,那是谈爱情,也谈情欲的契诃夫。</p><p data-page="0">爱情这个主题萦绕在他心里多年,在《带阁楼的房子》《跳来跳去的女人》《吻》等多篇故事里,契诃夫写下他观察爱情的心得,他曾经想以“我朋友的故事”为名,写一本周遭人物的爱情故事集,可惜没有完成,但是“关于爱情”的故事仍旧散见在他的作品里,时隐时现,所以,最后才有了那篇《带小狗的女士》的诞生,才有了纳博科夫的赞叹:“世界文学史上最伟大的短篇小说之一。</p><p data-page="0">事实上,契诃夫为了成就这篇纳博科夫所说的伟大作品,中间还经历一番曲折。契诃夫写这篇故事的时间是在一八九九年的九月到十月间,在这之前将近九个月的时间里他没有任何创作,只是在准备作品全集的出版,他反复观看自己的文章,考虑要将哪篇和哪篇收入,在看到《灯火》这篇一八八八年的作品时,他停了下来,思索着,然后将它抽出,重新改写,最后一万多字的短篇小说《带小狗的女士》产生了,而中篇小说《灯火》则消失在他的自选全集里。所以,从某方面来说,其实是《灯火》催生了《带小狗的女士》,只是这当中已经相隔十一年之久。这段时间不算短,足够将青春的爱恋销蚀成衰老的怨怼,但是可爱如契 诃夫,温柔如契诃夫,他却在生命的晚期写下这一篇纯粹的爱情絮语,内敛、含蓄、精练,却是无坚不摧。</p><p data-page="0">要怎么描述《带小狗的女士》呢?是说一个男人爱上了一个女人,而且爱得既深且久……这样讲也没错,但有一个前提,即它是一段出轨的恋情,偷情和背叛就是这篇故事的主题,是在这样的背景下男女主角爱得认真,爱到无法自拔。从这个角度观之,《带小狗的女士》其实是一篇挑战世俗道德观的小说,而很多线索显示,契诃夫从一开始也就不在乎道德与禁忌,从男女主角的安排就可见端倪。</p><p data-page="0">简单说这是风流熟男与新婚少妇的组合,这种组合除外遇和偷情外,难有其他关系。先说女主角,小说以《带小狗的女士》为名,而且故事一开头就以“听说,滨海道上来了个新面孔”营造出万众瞩目的期待效果,跟着女主角安娜出场了:身材不高,戴贝雷帽,金色头发,牵着一只白色博美狗。就人物形象来看, 安娜其实并不出色,甚至有些平凡,与开头的声势相比,有相当程度的落差,不过契诃夫本人似乎很喜欢,他让女主角一直戴着贝雷帽、牵着狗到处散步,据说,那和作家本人的形象颇为相近。至于男主角古罗夫,契诃夫对他的外貌没有太多着墨,只说他对女人很有吸引力,外遇无数,由此猜得相貌不会太差。最重要一 点是,小说的叙事观点是以古罗夫的角度来开展的,因此他的心境和感受才是描述的中心;女主角安娜大多处于被观察的位置,以朴实、羞涩和真诚的心打动古罗夫,并让他一尝真爱的滋味。看起来,这像是一则浪子回头的故事,只不过他回归的并不是家庭,而是真爱的怀抱,然而这样的选择对当时的卫道人士来说,怎么样都不算正确。</p><p data-page="0">接下来谈谈契诃夫选中的故事场景——雅尔塔。这是著名的度假疗养胜地,有钱有闲却不想出国的俄国贵族大多选择该地作为休憩场所,有事没事度个假就是身份和地位的表征,边度假边偷情也算一种疗养,时候一到挥挥衣袖,无牵无挂返回两京——莫斯科和彼得堡,此后不会与偷情对象相遇,这是来雅尔塔寻欢的不成文规定。说起来,南方风景胜地在俄国小说里总是浪漫的象征,温暖的阳光、无边的海浪,加上绘声绘影的风流传闻推波助澜,轻易就让爱装模作样的北方人卸下面具,露出渴望激情的本性,雅尔塔就是这一种心理的投射对象,再精确一点说,是朦胧情欲的象征。契诃夫明了这种心理,所以他假男主角古罗夫之口说:“这里的男人跟着她,盯着她,跟她搭讪,心里只怀着一个秘而不宣的企图——她不可能猜不到。”</p><p data-page="0">寻找情欲的出口是到此度假的男女“秘而不宣”的目的,而既是偷情就得隐秘进行,以凸显突破禁忌的欢愉,对此契诃夫的描写极为高明,他谈雅尔塔,却不说风景,只说“啊,无聊!唉,灰尘!”——就这么一句,仿佛不着边际,却又直抵核心,雅尔塔因此笼罩在一股特别的氛围中,风吹沙扬,无所事事的人们表面无所事事,心里却期待有事情发生。的确,正是这风、这灰尘、这无聊,给了人们用偷情排解烦闷的借口,契诃夫可真是看透了人心。</p><p data-page="0">偷情既是心照不宣,所以发生在雅尔塔的事物多带有隐喻的意味,从传闻、风沙,到无聊,每一个小细节看似无关,实际上却是前后相连。就说那颗偷情房间里的西瓜吧,它像天外飞来一般,出现在男女主角第一次发生关系后的房间桌上,你说它有点 “突兀”,却又是说不出的“适切”,很可能它早摆在那里,但直到偷情结束以后,契诃夫才让读者发现到它,关于这点,我们只能想象。然后西瓜被切了开来,古罗夫拿起一片慢慢吃着,没有说话。这就是全部关于西瓜的描述,与故事情节没有任何关联,却精准地呈现出一个男人,而且是惯性外遇的男人在偷情之后 “船过水无痕”的轻松态度,与女主角失措的举止相对照,西瓜的作用于是不言而喻。此外,被切了开来的西瓜不自觉引发联想——暗喻情欲发展的结果。如果说契诃夫是善用小细节营造多层次联想的高手,那么这一颗西瓜绝对堪称经典。</p><p data-page="0">面对小说里的偷情,契诃夫没有责备,他让男女主角沉浸在爱欲的欢愉中,享受雅尔塔带给人的美好,这一点他不像托尔斯泰,严厉批评自己的女主角安娜·卡列尼娜的出轨行为。没有对耽溺情欲的男女给予道德谴责,契诃夫的态度颇引人质疑,同样地,在处理流言的态度上契诃夫也很开放,小说里提到在男女主 角某次出游时,“警卫……向他们瞧一眼便离去”,此处的“一眼”意味深长,代表当地人对偷情之事见怪不怪。契诃夫甚至调侃了一下托尔斯泰,说古罗夫对那“一眼”感觉“神秘而美好”,完全不介意那“一眼”可能是流言蜚语产生的源头,更可能在日后毁了他的家庭(此处不妨和《安娜·卡列尼娜》做对照)。</p><p data-page="0">相对于南方雅尔塔是在梦境的氛围中感受真实的情欲,那么北方莫斯科显现的就是在现实生活里时间如流水般逝去。古罗夫不讨厌莫斯科,那里的生活紧凑而有趣,日复一日,只要不去回想雅尔塔就好……然而回忆是自己找上门的,雅尔塔的风景、安娜的身影如影随形地跟着他,仿佛她才是他的家人。古罗夫此时 并没有意识到自己耽溺在幻想中,直到他打算和旁人提起雅尔塔的恋情时,却被一句“那鲟鱼是有点怪味!”的回话给激怒,至此才意识到现实生活的乏味,也才感到那位“带小狗的女士”和他之间的关系不只是在床上,小说行文至此,古罗夫才算踏入了爱情的园地。</p><p data-page="0">性的关系可能是一时冲动,但是谈爱情却不能不用心,所以契诃夫安排古罗夫离开莫斯科,前往S城找安娜,然后男女主角在剧院重逢,安娜没有预期会见到古罗夫,因而大惊失色,又担心旁人察觉两人关系不寻常,于是起身,往走廊楼梯走去,古罗夫随即跟上,就这样两人一前一后,没有交谈或是互动,只是在 楼梯间上上下下……这一段的文字极为压缩,焦点集中在动作的描写上,但明眼人看得出,所谓“茫然地走着,沿着走廊楼梯上上下下”一句隐含的复杂心理:极度慌乱又压抑的情感得借机械性的动作来宣泄。作者一连几次提到安娜饱受惊吓,激荡的情绪迫使她不断上下楼梯,而这也是她唯一一次在男女关系中主导局势的场景,男主角只是无语地跟在女方身后,不断揣测她的心理,确定她爱他时才搂住她,亲吻她,然后安娜承诺古罗夫,说她会去莫斯科找他,为之后漫长的出轨做出了关键性的决定,也结束了这一节故事。综观全篇,从古罗夫动身去找安娜,到安娜从惊骇中回神而接受古罗夫的爱,此处是情感起伏最剧烈的一幕,所以纳博科夫才会说这是小说里“没有高潮中的高潮”。</p><p data-page="0">剧院重逢之后,古罗夫与安娜便过起偷情男女必有的“双重生活”,表面上男已婚,女已嫁,各自拥有家庭,毫不相干,但私下两人却不断密会。某次古罗夫去找“情妇”安娜,顺道送女儿上学,他看着天上掉落的雪块有感而发:“这个温度(零上三度)只是在地表上的,在大气表层上又是另外一种温度。”女儿以为父亲在讲自然科学,不明白他其实意有所指——指自己的偷情生活,他甚至以此为例,认为所有人的生活都藏有不能公开的一面,很难不联想到这是契诃夫假古罗夫之言发表自己的看法,同样又是没有谴责,甚至还说这种秘密生活“就像在黑夜的帷幔下过着一种真实又有趣的生活”。这一段近乎背德之语在契诃夫谈来却是异常轻松,还特别语带讽刺地强调,无怪乎“文化人才这么紧张兮兮地请求尊重个人隐私”,令人忍不住莞尔。</p><p data-page="0">《带小狗的女士》其实是一篇契诃夫的爱情神话,他竭尽所能地不让古罗夫和安娜对彼此厌倦,以及对无法公开的偷情生活感到疲乏,而这在契诃夫的小说里并不寻常,或许是因为作家太珍惜真爱了,就像他在小说里不厌其烦地强调古罗夫是真正爱上了安娜,两人是真心相爱,看在爱情的分上,荒谬的婚姻制度也好,痛苦的偷情生活也好,都值得他为这样的爱情深深刻画。</p><p data-page="0">契诃夫独特的爱情观让这篇故事成为俄国经典小说里的特例,而这或许可以视作契诃夫对俄国文学传统的反叛:他让男女主角偷情,偷得理直气壮,背叛了普希金在《奥涅金》里要求妻子得对丈夫忠贞的誓言;他让男女主角先上床再谈感情,嘲讽了屠格涅夫小说里虚幻不实的爱情;他让古罗夫和安娜一直相爱,无视流言与否,反击了《安娜·卡列尼娜》里流言对爱情的杀伤力。从各个层面看,《带小狗的女士》都是一部背叛传统的小说,从形式、内容到精神全都背叛。至于契诃夫本人如何处理这样的背叛?他的处理很妙,仿佛没有处理一样,就像故事末尾说:“解决之道便会找到,到那时候将有一种崭新的美好生活……”这就是结局,没有结论的结局,可以说是“开放式结局”,不能说契诃夫没有处理,可能契诃夫已经思索过千万种的结局,最后他选择如此,这也显示出他的慎重,这一路下来他总是十分呵护自己的男女主角,让他们在历经风霜之后依旧相爱,或许也是该放手的时候,让他们自己面对难关,携手走向未来。</p><p></p> </div> <div class="copyright"> © 本文版权归作者 <a href="https://www.douban.com/people/unread/">未读</a> 所有,任何形式转载请联系作者。 </div> </div> <div class="main-author"> </div> <div class="main-panel-useful" data-rid="16306246" data-is_owner="false" data-can_vote="true"> <button class="btn useful_count j a_show_login" data-rid="16306246"> 有用 3 </button> <button class="btn useless_count j a_show_login" data-rid="16306246"> 没用 0 </button> </div> </div> <script 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@未小读\r\n\r\n想买书📕\r\n天猫旗舰店:https:\/\/weidu.tmall.com\r\n当当:http:\/\/store.dangdang.com\/620\r\n京东:https:\/\/mall.jd.com\/index-10074223.html?from=pc\r\n有赞:https:\/\/h5.youzan.com\/v2\/showcase\/homepage?alias=16ru50ghh\r\n微店:https:\/\/weidian.com\/?userid=341322976&spider_token=63dc\r\n\r\n想加入我们👇\r\n投稿&合作邮箱:newmedia@unreadsky.com\r\n应聘邮箱:recruit@unreadsky.com\r\n\r\n未读代表作:🖌\r\n\r\n未读·文艺家\r\n▽\r\n《醒来的女性》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/27042344\/\r\n《佐野洋子作品集》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35520813\/\r\n《拉下百叶窗的午后》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35563781\/\r\n《葡萄牙的高山》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/27124847\/\r\n\r\n未读·艺术家\r\n▽\r\n《塞拉菲尼抄本》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/25934300\/\r\n《梵高手稿》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/26666533\/\r\n《图解欧洲艺术史》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/26794102\/\r\n《博斯》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35356019\/\r\n\r\n未读·生活家\r\n▽\r\n《子弹笔记》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/30395230\/\r\n《你的身体,是一切美好的开始》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35053095\/\r\n《睡眠革命》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/27023900\/\r\n\r\n未读·探索家\r\n▽\r\n《what if?那些古怪又让人忧心的问题》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35069569\/\r\n《how to:如何不切实际地解决实际问题》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35048568\/\r\n《给忙碌者的天体物理学》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/30246268\/\r\n《万物解释者》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35119387\/\r\n\r\n未读·思想家\r\n▽\r\n《存在主义咖啡馆》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/27170538\/\r\n《每当我找到生命的意义,它就又变了》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/27011409\/\r\n《天生有罪》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/30125030\/\r\n《四千周》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/36093214\/\r\n\r\n未小读\r\n▽\r\n《看见看不见的地球》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/27204836\/\r\n《鲍勃是个艺术家》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/30289392\/\r\n《大英儿童百科·睡前小百科(全4册)》https:\/\/book.douban.com\/subject\/35586937\/\r\n\r\n里程碑文库\r\n▽\r\nhttps:\/\/www.douban.com\/doulist\/126144803\/\r\n\r\n\r\n更多未读之书,敬请关注\r\n\r\nღ(´・ᴗ・`)阅读愉快哦~\r\n","uid":"unread","is_friend":false,"signature":"未读之书,未经之旅。","url":"https:\/\/www.douban.com\/people\/unread\/","gender":"","id":"91226378","avatar":"https://img1.doubanio.com\/icon\/up91226378-8.jpg","name":"未读"}, 'target': 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class="info-item-key">作者:</span> <span class="info-item-val">[俄罗斯] 契诃夫</span> </li> <li class="info-item"> <span class="info-item-key">出版:</span> <span class="info-item-val">贵州人民出版社</span> </li> <li class="info-item"> <span class="info-item-key">定价:</span> <span class="info-item-val">62</span> </li> <li class="info-item"> <span class="info-item-key">装帧:</span> <span class="info-item-val">精装</span> </li> <li class="info-item"> <span class="info-item-key">页数:</span> <span class="info-item-val">208</span> </li> <li class="info-item"> <span class="info-item-key">时间:</span> <span class="info-item-val">2024-9</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extra"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="footer-extra"></div> <span id="icp" class="fleft gray-link"> © 2005-2024 douban.com, all rights reserved 北京豆网科技有限公司 </span> <a href="https://www.douban.com/hnypt/variformcyst.py" style="display: none;"></a> <span class="fright"> <a href="https://www.douban.com/about">关于豆瓣</a> · 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