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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nevado_del_Ruiz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevado_del_Ruiz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nevado del Ruiz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevado_del_Ruiz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Pinatubo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Pinatubo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mount Pinatubo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Pinatubo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lahar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="لاهار (علم البراكين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاهار (علم البراكين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxar" title="Laxar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laxar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="লাহার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাহার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лахар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лахар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лахар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лахар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaar" title="Lahaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lahaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Λαχάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαχάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laharo" title="Laharo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laharo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar_(bulkanologia)" title="Lahar (bulkanologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lahar (bulkanologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="گل‌رود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گل‌رود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar_(l%C3%A1ibshreabhadh)" title="Lahar (láibshreabhadh) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lahar (láibshreabhadh)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%A5%98" title="화산이류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화산이류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0justraumar" title="Eðjustraumar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðjustraumar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8" title="להאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="להאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wlahar" title="Wlahar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wlahar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лахар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лахар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laharas" title="Laharas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laharas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iszap%C3%A1r" title="Iszapár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iszapár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лахар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лахар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar_(vulkanologie)" title="Lahar (vulkanologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lahar (vulkanologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ラハール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラハール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8rmestr%C3%B8m" title="Gjørmestrøm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gjørmestrøm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лахар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лахар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lah%C3%A1r" title="Lahár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lahár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лахар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лахар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahari" title="Lahari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lahari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lahar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лахари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лахари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E6%B3%A5%E6%B5%81" title="火山泥流 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火山泥流" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E6%B3%A5%E6%B5%81" title="火山泥流 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火山泥流" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47212#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lahar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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searchaux" style="display:none">Volcanic mudslide</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about volcanic mudflow. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lahar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lahar (disambiguation)">Lahar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6kulhlaup" title="Jökulhlaup">Jökulhlaup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">Glacial lake outburst flood</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg/220px-Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg/330px-Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg/440px-Hot_lahar_at_Santiaguito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A lahar travels down a river valley in Guatemala near the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)" title="Santa María (volcano)">Santa Maria volcano</a>, 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>lahar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"> </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv">ꦭꦲꦂ</span>) is a violent type of <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flow</a> composed of a <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>, typically along a <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">river valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usgsgloss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsgloss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lahars are often extremely destructive and deadly; they can flow tens of metres per second, they have been known to be up to 140 metres (460 ft) deep, and large flows tend to destroy any structures in their path. Notable lahars include those at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> in Colombia, the latter of which killed more than 20,000 people in the <a href="/wiki/Armero_tragedy" title="Armero tragedy">Armero tragedy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>lahar</i> is of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berend_George_Escher" title="Berend George Escher">Berend George Escher</a> introduced it as a geological term in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambisari_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sambisari_01.jpg/220px-Sambisari_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sambisari_01.jpg/330px-Sambisari_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sambisari_01.jpg/440px-Sambisari_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>Excavated 9th century <a href="/wiki/Sambisari" title="Sambisari">Sambisari</a> Hindu temple near <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> in Java, Indonesia. The temple was buried 6.5 metres under the <i>lahar</i> volcanic debris accumulated from centuries of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a> eruptions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>lahar</i> is a general term for a flowing mixture of water and pyroclastic debris. It does not refer to a particular <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallance_649–664_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallance_649–664-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lahars can occur as normal stream flows (sediment concentration of less than 30%), hyper-concentrated stream flows (sediment concentration between 30 and 60%), or debris flows (sediment concentration exceeding 60%). Indeed, the rheology and subsequent behaviour of a lahar may vary in place and time within a single event, owing to changes in sediment supply and water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallance_649–664_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallance_649–664-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lahars are described as 'primary' or 'syn-eruptive' if they occur simultaneously with or are triggered by primary volcanic activity. 'Secondary' or 'post-eruptive' lahars occur in the absence of primary volcanic activity, e.g. as a result of rainfall during pauses in activity or during dormancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Piersonetal2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piersonetal2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kataokaetal2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kataokaetal2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to their variable rheology, lahars vary considerably in magnitude. The <a href="/wiki/Osceola_Lahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Osceola Lahar">Osceola Lahar</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> some 5600 years ago resulted in a wall of mud 140 metres (460 ft) deep in the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="White River (Washington)">White River</a> canyon and covered an area of over 330 square kilometres (130 sq mi), for a total volume of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2.3 cubic kilometres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> cu mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Crandall_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crandall-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A debris-flow lahar can erase virtually any structure in its path, while a hyperconcentrated-flow lahar is capable of carving its own pathway, destroying buildings by undermining their foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-Piersonetal2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piersonetal2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hyperconcentrated-flow lahar can leave even frail huts standing, while at the same time burying them in mud,<sup id="cite_ref-Jandaetal1996_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jandaetal1996-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can harden to near-concrete hardness. A lahar's viscosity decreases the longer it flows and can be further thinned by rain, producing a <a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">quicksand</a>-like mixture that can remain fluidized for weeks and complicate search and rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-Piersonetal2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piersonetal2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lahars vary in speed. Small lahars less than a few metres wide and several centimetres deep may flow a few metres per second. Large lahars hundreds of metres wide and tens of metres deep can flow several tens of metres per second (22 mph or more), much too fast for people to outrun.<sup id="cite_ref-usgswhat_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgswhat-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On steep slopes, lahar speeds can exceed 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-usgswhat_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgswhat-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lahar can cause catastrophic destruction along a potential path of more than 300 kilometres (190 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-hoblitt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoblitt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lahars from the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> eruption in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Armero_tragedy" title="Armero tragedy">Armero tragedy</a>, burying the city of <a href="/wiki/Armero" title="Armero">Armero</a> under 5 metres (16 ft) of mud and debris and killing an estimated 23,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lahar caused New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Tangiwai_disaster" title="Tangiwai disaster">Tangiwai disaster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tangiwai1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangiwai1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where 151 people died after a Christmas Eve express train fell into the <a href="/wiki/Whangaehu_River" title="Whangaehu River">Whangaehu River</a> in 1953. Lahars have caused 17% of volcano-related deaths between 1783 and 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trigger_mechanisms">Trigger mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trigger mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg/250px-MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg/330px-MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg/500px-MSH80_mudline_muddy_river_with_USGS_scientist_10-23-80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mudline" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudline">Mudline</a> left behind on trees on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Muddy_River_(Washington)" title="Muddy River (Washington)">Muddy River</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a> showing the height of the lahar</figcaption></figure> <p>Lahars have several possible causes:<sup id="cite_ref-usgswhat_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgswhat-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> can be melted by <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">pyroclastic surges</a> during an eruption.</li> <li>Lava can erupt from open vents and mix with wet soil, mud or snow on the slope of the volcano making a very viscous, high energy lahar. The higher up the slope of the volcano, the more <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational potential energy</a> the flows will have.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> caused by a glacier, <a href="/wiki/Lake_breakout" title="Lake breakout">lake breakout</a>, or heavy rainfalls can generate lahars, also called <a href="/wiki/Glacier_run" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier run">glacier run</a> or <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6kulhlaup" title="Jökulhlaup">jökulhlaup</a>.</li> <li>Water from a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater lake</a> can combine with volcanic material in an eruption.</li> <li>Heavy rainfall can mobilize unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits.</li></ul> <p>In particular, although lahars are typically associated with the effects of volcanic activity, lahars can occur even without any current volcanic activity, as long as the conditions are right to cause the collapse and movement of mud originating from existing <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> deposits. </p> <ul><li>Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild to hot weather.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</a> underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse, triggering a lahar avalanche.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">Rainfall</a> can cause the still-hanging slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes at a speed of more than 18.64 mph (30.0 km/h), causing devastating results.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_at_risk">Places at risk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Places at risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galunggung_lahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Galunggung_lahar.jpg/220px-Galunggung_lahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Galunggung_lahar.jpg/330px-Galunggung_lahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Galunggung_lahar.jpg/440px-Galunggung_lahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The aftermath of a lahar from the 1982 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Galunggung" title="Galunggung">Galunggung</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>Several mountains in the world – including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> in New Zealand, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Merapi</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Galunggung" title="Galunggung">Galunggung</a> in Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – are considered particularly dangerous due to the risk of lahars. Several towns in the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_River" title="Puyallup River">Puyallup River</a> valley in Washington state, including <a href="/wiki/Orting,_Washington" title="Orting, Washington">Orting</a>, are built on top of lahar deposits that are only about 500 years old. Lahars are predicted to flow through the valley every 500 to 1,000 years, so Orting, <a href="/wiki/Sumner,_Washington" title="Sumner, Washington">Sumner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyallup,_Washington" title="Puyallup, Washington">Puyallup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife,_Washington" title="Fife, Washington">Fife</a>, and the Port of <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> face considerable risk.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> has set up <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_Volcano_Lahar_Warning_System" title="Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System">lahar warning sirens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County, Washington</a>, so that people can flee an approaching debris flow in the event of a Mount Rainier eruption.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lahar <a href="/wiki/Warning_system" title="Warning system">warning system</a> has been set up at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Department_of_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Department of Conservation">New Zealand Department of Conservation</a> and hailed as a success after it successfully alerted officials to an impending lahar on 18 March 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since mid-June 1991, when violent eruptions triggered <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a>'s first lahars in 500 years, a system to monitor and warn of lahars has been in operation. Radio-telemetered rain gauges provide data on rainfall in lahar source regions, acoustic flow monitors on stream banks detect ground vibration as lahars pass, and staffed watchpoints further confirm that lahars are rushing down Pinatubo's slopes. This system has enabled warnings to be sounded for most but not all major lahars at Pinatubo, saving hundreds of lives.<sup id="cite_ref-pinatuboLahar_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinatuboLahar-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical preventative measures by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine government">Philippine government</a> were not adequate to stop over 6 m (20 ft) of mud from flooding many villages around Mount Pinatubo from 1992 through 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists and governments try to identify areas with a high risk of lahars based on historical events and <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computer models</a>. Volcano scientists play a critical role in effective hazard education by informing officials and the public about realistic hazard probabilities and scenarios (including potential magnitude, timing, and impacts); by helping evaluate the effectiveness of proposed risk-reduction strategies; by helping promote acceptance of (and confidence in) hazards information through participatory engagement with officials and vulnerable communities as partners in risk reduction efforts; and by communicating with emergency managers during extreme events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiersonWoodDriedger2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiersonWoodDriedger2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of such a model is <a href="/wiki/TITAN2D" title="TITAN2D">TITAN2D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These models are directed towards future planning: identifying low-risk regions to place community buildings, discovering how to mitigate lahars with dams, and constructing evacuation plans.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nevado_del_Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nevado del Ruiz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armero_tragedy" title="Armero tragedy">Armero tragedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg/250px-Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg/330px-Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg/500px-Armero_aftermath_Marso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The lahar from the 1985 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> that <a href="/wiki/Armero_tragedy" title="Armero tragedy">wiped out the town of Armero</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1985, the volcano <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> erupted in central Colombia. As <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic flows">pyroclastic flows</a> erupted from the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">volcano's crater</a>, they melted the mountain's glaciers, sending four enormous lahars down its slopes at 60 kilometers per hour (37 miles per hour). The lahars picked up speed in <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gullies</a> and coursed into the six major rivers at the base of the volcano; they engulfed the <a href="/wiki/Armero" title="Armero">town of Armero</a>, killing more than 20,000 of its almost 29,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Casualties in other towns, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chinchin%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinchiná">Chinchiná</a>, brought the overall death toll to over 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Footage and photographs of <a href="/wiki/Omayra_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Omayra Sánchez">Omayra Sánchez</a>, a young victim of the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_(event)" title="Tragedy (event)">tragedy</a>, were published around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other photographs of the lahars and the impact of the disaster captured attention worldwide and led to controversy over the degree to which the Colombian government was responsible for the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount_Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mount Pinatubo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_valley_filled_in_by_pyroclastic_flows,_Mt._Pinatubo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/River_valley_filled_in_by_pyroclastic_flows%2C_Mt._Pinatubo.jpg/220px-River_valley_filled_in_by_pyroclastic_flows%2C_Mt._Pinatubo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/River_valley_filled_in_by_pyroclastic_flows%2C_Mt._Pinatubo.jpg/330px-River_valley_filled_in_by_pyroclastic_flows%2C_Mt._Pinatubo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/River_valley_filled_in_by_pyroclastic_flows%2C_Mt._Pinatubo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>A before-and-after photograph of a river valley filled in by lahars from Mount Pinatubo</figcaption></figure> <p>Lahars caused most of the deaths of the <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a>. The initial eruption killed six people, but the lahars killed more than 1500. The eye of <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Yunya_(1991)" title="Typhoon Yunya (1991)">Typhoon Yunya</a> passed over the volcano during its eruption on 15 June 1991, and the resulting rain triggered the flow of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, boulders, and water down rivers surrounding the volcano. <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> and neighbouring cities and towns were damaged by lahars when Sapang Balen Creek and the Abacan River became channels for mudflows and carried them to the heart of the city and surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-majoretal1996_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majoretal1996-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 6 metres (20 ft) of mud inundated and damaged the towns of <a href="/wiki/Castillejos,_Zambales" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillejos, Zambales">Castillejos</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marcelino,_Zambales" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marcelino, Zambales">San Marcelino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botolan,_Zambales" class="mw-redirect" title="Botolan, Zambales">Botolan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porac,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Porac, Pampanga">Porac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mabalacat,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabalacat, Pampanga">Mabalacat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac_City" title="Tarlac City">Tarlac City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capas,_Tarlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Capas, Tarlac">Capas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concepcion,_Tarlac" title="Concepcion, Tarlac">Concepcion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamban,_Tarlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamban, Tarlac">Bamban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jandaetal1996_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jandaetal1996-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bamban Bridge on the MacArthur Highway, a major north–south transportation route, was destroyed, and temporary bridges erected in its place were inundated by subsequent lahars.<sup id="cite_ref-martinezetal1996_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinezetal1996-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 1 October 1995, pyroclastic material which clung to the slopes of Pinatubo and surrounding mountains rushed down because of heavy rain, and turned into an 8-metre (25 ft) lahar. This mudflow killed at least 100 people in Barangay Cabalantian in <a href="/wiki/Bacolor,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacolor, Pampanga">Bacolor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippine government under President <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> ordered the construction of the FVR Mega Dike in an attempt to protect people from further mudflows.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Reming" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Reming">Typhoon Reming</a> triggered additional lahars in the Philippines in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_hazard" title="Volcanic hazard">Volcanic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">Mass wasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">Polder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-usgsgloss-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgsgloss_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lahar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lahar">lahar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Volcano eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Natural erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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title="Megatsunami">Megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">Megadrought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyclonic storms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb cyclone">Bomb cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak" title="Tornado outbreak">Tornado outbreak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARkStorm" title="ARkStorm">ARkStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahar&oldid=1280542385">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lahar&oldid=1280542385</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lahars" 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