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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_les_Dunes_(1639)" title="Batalla de les Dunes (1639) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de les Dunes (1639)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeschlacht_bei_den_Downs" title="Seeschlacht bei den Downs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeschlacht bei den Downs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_las_Dunas_(1639)" title="Batalla de las Dunas (1639) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de las Dunas (1639)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Downs" title="Bataille des Downs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille des Downs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_das_Dunas_(1639)" title="Batalla das Dunas (1639) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla das Dunas (1639)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_delle_Dune_(1639)" title="Battaglia delle Dune (1639) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia delle Dune (1639)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsi_csata" title="Downsi csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Downsi csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeslag_bij_Duins" title="Zeeslag bij Duins – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeeslag bij Duins" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_na_p%C5%82yci%C5%BAnie_Downs" title="Bitwa na płyciźnie Downs – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa na płyciźnie Downs" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_das_Dunas" title="Batalha das Dunas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha das Dunas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сражение у Даунса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сражение у Даунса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Битка код Даунса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Даунса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6slaget_vid_Downs" title="Sjöslaget vid Downs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöslaget vid Downs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E5%9C%B0%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="泊地海戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泊地海戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q675999#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Downs&params=51.2_N_1.5_E_region:GB_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.2°N 1.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.2; 1.5</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1639 naval battle of the Eighty Years' War</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Downs&params=51.2_N_1.5_E_region:GB_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.2°N 1.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.2; 1.5</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of the Downs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+the+Downs%22">"Battle of the Downs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+the+Downs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+the+Downs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+the+Downs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+the+Downs%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+the+Downs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Downs</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG/300px-The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG/450px-The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG/600px-The_Battle_of_the_Downs_by_Willem_van_de_Velde.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span><br /><b> <i>The Battle of the Downs</i> </b> by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Velde_the_Younger" title="Willem van de Velde the Younger">Willem van de Velde</a>, 1659, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijksmuseum Amsterdam">RijksMuseum</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 October 1639</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Near <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">The Downs</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Dutch victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> <br /> <span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Dutch Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Oquendo" title="Antonio de Oquendo">Antonio de Oquendo</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Hoces" title="Lope de Hoces">Lope de Hoces</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Horna" title="Miguel de Horna">Miguel de Horna</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Tromp" title="Maarten Tromp">Maarten Tromp</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Witte_de_With" title="Witte de With">Witte de With</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joost_Banckert" title="Joost Banckert">Joost Banckert</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johan_Evertsen" title="Johan Evertsen">Johan Evertsen</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 22 <a href="/wiki/Galleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleys">galleys</a>, 29 <a href="/wiki/Galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleons">galleons</a>, 13 <a href="/wiki/Frigates" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigates">frigates</a>, 6,500 sailors, 8,000 marines, <br /> 30 transports carrying 9,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 95 warships<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 35-40 ships <br /> 5,000 sailors or marines <br /> 3,000 soldiers captured or interned in England<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979213_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 100–1,000 men<br />1–10 ships lost</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="List of battles of the Eighty Years' War">List of battles</a><br /></dt></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1566%E2%80%931572" title="Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572">1566–1572</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1567)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1567)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattrelos" title="Battle of Wattrelos">Wattrelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lannoy" title="Battle of Lannoy">Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oosterweel" title="Battle of Oosterweel">Oosterweel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dahlen" title="Battle of Dahlen">Dahlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heiligerlee_(1568)" title="Battle of Heiligerlee (1568)">Heiligerlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemmingen" title="Battle of Jemmingen">Jemmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jodoigne" title="Battle of Jodoigne">Jodoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Quesnoy_(1568)" title="Battle of Le Quesnoy (1568)">Le Quesnoy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1572%E2%80%931576" title="Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576">1572–1576</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Brielle" title="Capture of Brielle">Brielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="Spanish Fury at Mechelen">1st Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Naarden" title="Massacre of Naarden">Naarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_IJsselmeer" title="Battle of IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alkmaar" title="Siege of Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mookerheyde" title="Battle of Mookerheyde">Mookerheyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oudewater_(1575)" title="Siege of Oudewater (1575)">Oudewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zierikzee" title="Siege of Zierikzee">Zierikzee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flushing" title="Battle of Flushing">Flushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borsele" title="Battle of Borsele">Borsele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer" title="Battle of Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Zuiderzee" title="Battle on the Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Reimerswaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lillo" title="Battle of Lillo">Lillo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579" title="Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579">1576–1579</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">1st Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam" title="Battle of Rijmenam">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1578)" title="Siege of Deventer (1578)">1st Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588" title="Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588">1579–1588</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1579)">1st Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">2nd Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_of_Diest_(1580)" title="Taking of Diest (1580)">Diest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1581)" title="Capture of Breda (1581)">1st Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">1st Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fury" title="French Fury">2nd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)" title="Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)">Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">3rd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Empel" title="Battle of Empel">Empel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boksum" title="Battle of Boksum">Boksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">1st Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Neuss" title="Destruction of Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Ponta Delgada</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Years, 1588–1598</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">1st Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">2nd Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591-1592)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rouen (1591-1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#First_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">1st Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#Second_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">2nd Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lier" title="Sack of Lier">2nd Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">1st Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">1st Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">1st Lingen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">1st English Channel <b>·</b> Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">1st Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">Azores</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609" title="Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609">1599–1609</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">1st Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lekkerbeetje" title="Battle of Lekkerbeetje">Lekkerbeetje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">1st 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">3rd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1605)" title="Siege of Lingen (1605)">2nd Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1606)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1606) (page does not exist)">4th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1606)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1606)">3rd Groenlo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluis_(1603)" title="Battle of Sluis (1603)">2nd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Channel" title="Battle of the Channel">2nd English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1606)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606)">1st Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">1st Gibraltar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>, 1609–1621</dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aachen_(1614)" title="Siege of Aachen (1614)">Aachen</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Playa_Honda" title="Battle of Playa Honda">Playa Honda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1621%E2%80%931648" title="Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648">1621–1648</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">2nd Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_the_Veluwe_(1624)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasion of the Veluwe (1624) (page does not exist)">1st Veluwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">3rd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">2nd Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">4th Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">2nd 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Veluwe_(1629)" title="Invasion of the Veluwe (1629)">2nd Veluwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry%27s_Meuse_campaign" title="Frederick Henry's Meuse campaign">Meuse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">2nd Maastricht</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Venlo_((1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Venlo ((1632) (page does not exist)">2nd Venlo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roermond_(1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roermond (1632) (page does not exist)">1st Roermond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1633)">5th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">2nd Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">4th Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">3rd Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Roermond" title="Capture of Roermond">2nd Roermond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallo" title="Battle of Kallo">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1640)" title="Siege of Hulst (1640)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">4th Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mardyck (1646) (page does not exist)">Mardyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1646)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1646)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul> <p><b>European waters</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">2nd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_expedition_(1625)" title="Cádiz expedition (1625)">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">3rd English Channel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">2nd Cape St. Vincent</a></li></ul> <p><b>Americas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">1st Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1625)" title="Battle of San Juan (1625)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Bay of Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon_van_Hoorn%27s_expedition_of_1633" title="Jan Janszoon van Hoorn's expedition of 1633">Trujillo <b>·</b> Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_Unare" title="Expedition to the Unare">1st Unare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">2nd Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Battle of Cabañas">Cabañas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Southern Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">1st San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">2nd San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_de_Cavite" title="Battle of Puerto de Cavite">Cavite</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War">Aftermath</a> – <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Historiography</a></dt></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Thirty Years' War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Thirty Years' War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Thirty Years' War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirty_Years&#039;_War16418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War"><span class="wrap">Thirty Years' War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pilsen" title="Siege of Pilsen">Pilsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lomnice" title="Battle of Lomnice">Lomnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat" title="Battle of Sablat">Sablat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisternitz" title="Battle of Wisternitz">Wisternitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bautzen_(1620)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bautzen (1620) (page does not exist)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neu_Titschein" title="Battle of Neu Titschein">Neu Titschein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_campaign" title="Palatinate campaign">Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bad_Kreuznach" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bad Kreuznach">Bad Kreuznach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oppenheim" title="Capture of Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bacharach" title="Capture of Bacharach">Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim" title="Battle of Mingolsheim">Mingolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen" title="Battle of Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B6chst" title="Battle of Höchst">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Heidelberg_(1622)" title="Siege of Heidelberg (1622)">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mannheim" title="Capture of Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Frankenthal" title="Siege of Frankenthal">Frankenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stadtlohn" title="Battle of Stadtlohn">Stadtlohn</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1621)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1621) (page does not exist)">Érsekújvár</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tyrnau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tyrnau (page does not exist)">Tyrnau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Tyrnau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Tyrnau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hodon%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hodonín (page does not exist)">Hodonín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_uprisings_in_Moravia" title="Vlach uprisings in Moravia">Vlach uprisings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Danish intervention (1625–1629)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dessau_Bridge" title="Battle of Dessau Bridge">Dessau Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutter" title="Battle of Lutter">Lutter am Barenberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1628)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1628)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolgast" title="Battle of Wolgast">Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish intervention (1630–1635)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Swedish landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">Werben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">1st Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamberg" title="Battle of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rain" title="Battle of Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wiesloch_(1632)" title="Battle of Wiesloch (1632)">Wiesloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alte_Veste" title="Battle of the Alte Veste">Alte Veste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BCrth" title="Battle of Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oldendorf" title="Battle of Oldendorf">Oldendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pfaffenhofen (1633) (page does not exist)">Pfaffenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Steinau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Steinau (page does not exist)">Steinau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Konstanz_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Konstanz (1633) (page does not exist)">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Breisach_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Breisach (1633) (page does not exist)">1st Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinfelden_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinfelden (1633)">1st Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1634)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1634) (page does not exist)">Liegnitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Liegnitz_(1634)" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Liegnitz (1634)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">1st Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg_Bridge" title="Battle of Strasbourg Bridge">Strasbourg Bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ray-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ray-sur-Saône (page does not exist)">Ray-sur-Saône</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_D%C3%B6mitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dömitz (page does not exist)">Dömitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_D%C3%B6mitz" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dömitz">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hasel%C3%BCnne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Haselünne (page does not exist)">Haselünne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Hasel%C3%BCnne" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Haselünne">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Raon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Raon (page does not exist)">Raon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1636) (page does not exist)">2nd Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittstock" title="Battle of Wittstock">Wittstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leipzig_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Leipzig (1637) (page does not exist)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hanau_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hanau (1638) (page does not exist)">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rheinfelden" title="Battle of Rheinfelden">2nd Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallo" title="Battle of Kallo">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittenweiher" title="Battle of Wittenweiher">Wittenweiher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thann_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Thann (1638) (page does not exist)">Thann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treffen_auf_dem_Ochsenfelde" class="extiw" title="de:Treffen auf dem Ochsenfelde">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho" title="Battle of Vlotho">Vlotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breisach" title="Siege of Breisach">2nd Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (page does not exist)">1st Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemnitz" title="Battle of Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Melnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Melnik (page does not exist)">Melnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville" title="Relief of Thionville">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salses" title="Siege of Salses">Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrils" title="Battle of Cambrils">Cambrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)" title="Battle of Montjuïc (1641)">Montjuïc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pre%C3%9Fnitz" title="Battle of Preßnitz">Preßnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plauen (page does not exist)">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e" title="Battle of La Marfée">La Marfée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorsten" title="Siege of Dorsten">Dorsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Battle of Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kempen" title="Battle of Kempen">Kempen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt" title="Battle of Honnecourt">Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schweidnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schweidnitz (page does not exist)">Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1642)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)">2nd Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (1642) (page does not exist)">2nd Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Brno_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Brno (1643) (page does not exist)">1st Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolding_(1644)" title="Battle of Kolding (1644)">Kolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiburg" title="Battle of Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippsburg_(1644)" title="Siege of Philippsburg (1644)">Philippsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_J%C3%BCterbog" title="Battle of Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bysj%C3%B6n" title="Battle of Bysjön">Bysjön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jankau" title="Battle of Jankau">Jankau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brno_(1645)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Brno (1645)">2nd Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herbsthausen" title="Battle of Herbsthausen">Mergentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1645)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1645)">2nd Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Korneuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Korneuburg (page does not exist)">Korneuburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Korneuburg_(1646)" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Korneuburg (1646)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Totenh%C3%B6he&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Totenhöhe (page does not exist)">Totenhöhe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_auf_der_Totenh%C3%B6he" class="extiw" title="de:Gefecht auf der Totenhöhe">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hohent%C3%BCbingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hohentübingen (page does not exist)">Hohentübingen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Schloss_Hohent%C3%BCbingen" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Schloss Hohentübingen">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mardyck (1646) (page does not exist)">Mardyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1646)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1646)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triebl" title="Battle of Triebl">Triebl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Revolt (1647–1648)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zusmarshausen" title="Battle of Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wevelinghoven" title="Battle of Wevelinghoven">Wevelinghoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dachau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dachau (page does not exist)">Dachau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Dachau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dachau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1648)" title="Battle of Prague (1648)">Prague</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Naval battles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">The Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">Channel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1644" title="Action of 16 May 1644">Lister Dyb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colberger_Heide" title="Battle of Colberger Heide">Colberger Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehmarn_(1644)" title="Battle of Fehmarn (1644)">Fehmarn</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sub><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirty_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Template:Thirty Years' War treaties">Treaties</a></b></sub></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch–Portuguese_War4125" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Dutch–Portuguese War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Dutch–Portuguese War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Dutch–Portuguese War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch–Portuguese_War4125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War"><span class="wrap">Dutch–Portuguese War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1606)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Downs</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dutch_invasions_of_Brazil" title="Dutch invasions of Brazil">Brazil</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Salvador">1st Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">2nd Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_S%C3%A3o_Salvador" title="Battle in the Bay of São Salvador">3rd Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">1st Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Mata Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Porto_Calvo" title="Campaign of Porto Calvo">Porto Calvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">4th Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Para%C3%ADba" title="Conquest of Paraíba">Paraíba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Tabocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Casa Forte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Tamanana,_9_September_1645" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Tamanana, 9 September 1645">Tamanare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">1st Guararapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">2nd Guararapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652%E2%80%931654)" title="Recapture of Recife (1652–1654)">2nd Recife</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1607)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1607)">1st Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1608)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1608)">2nd Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">1st Luanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">1st Elmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">2nd Elmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Luanda">2nd Luanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Kombi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Angola" title="Recapture of Angola">3rd Luanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Amboina" title="Capture of Amboina">Amboina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">1st Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changi_(1603)" title="Battle of Changi (1603)">Changi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Cape Rachado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pulo_Buton" title="Battle of Pulo Buton">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Hormuz_(1625)" title="Battle off Hormuz (1625)">Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">2nd Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_1654" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 1654">1st Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar_(1658-1663)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar (1658-1663)">Malabar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">the Downs</a></b> took place on 21 October 1639 (<a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">New Style</a>), during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> fleet, commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Oquendo" title="Antonio de Oquendo">Antonio de Oquendo</a>, was decisively defeated by a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> force under Lieutenant-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Tromp" title="Maarten Tromp">Maarten Tromp</a>. Victory ended Spanish efforts to re-assert naval control over the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and confirmed Dutch dominance of the sea lanes, while it is also alleged to be the first major action to feature <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> tactics. </p><p>The battle was initiated when Spanish chief minister <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Olivares</a> sent a large convoy of troops and supplies for the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a>, escorted by some 50 warships. Since 1621, Spanish naval activity in the Channel had focused on avoiding direct conflict with the superior Dutch fleet, while attacking their <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> from bases in <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>. In a change from this policy, Oquendo was ordered to deliver the reinforcements but also bring the Dutch to battle; Olivares hoped victory would restore Spanish prestige and force the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> to negotiate peace terms. </p><p>The Spanish entered the Channel on 11 September and were intercepted by the Dutch in a series of actions between 16 and 18 September. Losses on both sides were minimal, but Oquendo took refuge in <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">The Downs</a>, an anchorage between the ports of <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal</a>, where he was protected by English neutrality. Although blockaded here by the Dutch fleet, most of the reinforcements were transported to Dunkirk via small, fast <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>. </p><p>On 21 October, the Dutch entered the Downs and attacked the Spanish fleet with <a href="/wiki/Fireship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireship">fireships</a>. Unable to manoeuvre in the cramped waters and with the wind against them, the Spanish lost around ten ships captured or destroyed, while another twelve deliberately ran themselves ashore to avoid capture. Combined with <a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">the repulse</a> of a similar-sized expedition against <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a> in January 1640, this marked the end of attempts to challenge Dutch maritime supremacy and an acceptance by the Spanish court that the war could not be won. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%9359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)">Franco-Spanish War</a> began in 1635, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> was already engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">Eighty Years War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, as well as supporting <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Ferdinand II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> had far greater resources than any of its opponents, fighting on multiple fronts forced them to rely on long and vulnerable lines of communication. The most important was the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a>, an overland route funnelling troops and supplies from their possessions in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a>. This was crucial for the war in the Netherlands since Dutch naval superiority made it difficult to send these by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood193850_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood193850-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_road_(in_red).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spanish_road_%28in_red%29.png/220px-Spanish_road_%28in_red%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spanish_road_%28in_red%29.png/330px-Spanish_road_%28in_red%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spanish_road_%28in_red%29.png/440px-Spanish_road_%28in_red%29.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a>; routes in Red and Blue <br /> <b>Magenta</b>: Areas controlled by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> <br /> <b>Green</b>: Areas controlled by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> <br /> <b>Orange</b>: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>(ruled by Spain)</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1638, a French-backed army under <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Saxe-Weimar" title="Bernard of Saxe-Weimar">Bernard of Saxe-Weimar</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breisach" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Breisach">Breisach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, severing the Spanish Road (see map). However, the Spanish defeated Dutch attacks on <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, and despite a French naval victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Getaria" title="Battle of Getaria">Getaria</a> in August, forced them to retreat from <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a>. This encouraged chief minister <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Olivares</a> to reassert Spanish naval prestige by sending a large convoy to reinforce Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979206–207_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979206–207-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stripping 22 <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, combined with a hurried construction program, meant that by August 1639 Olivares had assembled a fleet of around 50 warships along with a number of smaller vessels, manned by 6,500 sailors and 8,000 marines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, 9,000 reinforcements and three million <a href="/wiki/Escudos" class="mw-redirect" title="Escudos">escudos</a> for the Army of Flanders were carried in 30 transports, which included ships chartered from Germany and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, contracted under an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009662_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009662-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dating back to the early 1630s and known as the "English Road", this took advantage of English neutrality to ship supplies and men to <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, where they transferred to small, fast vessels for the trip across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to Dunkirk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201428–29_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201428–29-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, a flotilla of nine ships used this route to transport 1,500 men to Flanders, one of many similar transfers that took place over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1992106_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1992106-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1621, the Spanish had avoided major conflict with the Dutch fleet in favour of raids conducted by the Dunkirk-based <i>Armada de Flandre</i> and <a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">privateers</a> on their commercial shipping. In October 1637, <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Hoces" title="Lope de Hoces">Lope de Hoces</a>, commander of the <i>Armada de Coruña</i>, transported 5,000 men from <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> to Dunkirk, then captured over 20 Dutch merchant ships on his return voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009651_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009651-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now confident enough to seek a full-scale battle, Olivares offered him command of the expedition, but de Hoces was sceptical of his own ability to defeat the Dutch, especially given that the galleys which formed a significant part of his force were far less effective in the Channel. He refused the position, which passed instead to <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Oquendo" title="Antonio de Oquendo">Antonio de Oquendo</a>, admiral in the Mediterranean. Olivares expected the Dutch would try to prevent delivery of the reinforcements, giving Oquendo the opportunity to bring them to battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advised of these movements, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> began preparing the main Dutch fleet for action. While this was being done, a squadron led by <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Tromp" title="Maarten Tromp">Maarten Tromp</a> was ordered to sea to monitor and harass the Spanish if needed, although he was forbidden from engaging them in battle until joined by the rest of the fleet, some fifty vessels under <a href="/wiki/Johan_Evertsen" title="Johan Evertsen">Johan Evertsen</a>. Tromp divided his force into three; 12 ships under <a href="/wiki/Joost_Banckert" title="Joost Banckert">Joost Banckert</a> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were positioned north of the Downs, in the unlikely event the Spanish took the long route around the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. Five ships under <a href="/wiki/Witte_de_With" title="Witte de With">Witte de With</a> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> patrolled the English side of the Channel, while the remaining 12 under Tromp<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monitored the French coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner198140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner198140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preliminary_actions;_16_to_18_September"><span id="Preliminary_actions.3B_16_to_18_September"></span>Preliminary actions; 16 to 18 September</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preliminary actions; 16 to 18 September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_de_Oquendo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Antonio_de_Oquendo.jpg/180px-Antonio_de_Oquendo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Antonio_de_Oquendo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Spanish commander <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Oquendo" title="Antonio de Oquendo">Antonio de Oquendo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Attempts by the French admiral <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Sourdis" title="Henri de Sourdis">Henri de Sourdis</a> to disrupt Spanish preparations failed and the fleet sailed on 27 August, entering the Channel on 11 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ships of different squadrons were mixed through the formation, an attempt to ensure smaller ships would be supported by larger ones. The <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">vanguard</a> was composed of thirteen ships from the <i>Armada de Flandre</i> under <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Horna" title="Miguel de Horna">Miguel de Horna</a>, since they had the most experience in these waters; De Horna himself accompanied Oquendo on board his flagship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1992106_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1992106-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 September, they learned from a passing English ship that a Dutch squadron was anchored near <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and the next day made contact with Tromp. Following his instructions, Oquendo adopted a half-moon formation, placing his flagship on the right flank; despite being outnumbered, Tromp placed his squadron into <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> and attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner198141_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner198141-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">Fight in the Channel</a> Oquendo used the same tactics employed in his 1631 victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos</a>, where he had destroyed the Dutch flagship in a single ship to ship battle. He failed to issue adequate instructions to his subordinates and negated his superior numbers by constantly seeking to engage Tromp's flagship. This manoeuver, however, was effected without warning the rest of the Spanish fleet. Some of the ships near Oquendo turned with him, others were confused and maintained bearing. The half-moon formation quickly disintegrated, and only the Dunkirk squadron and the galleon <i>San Juan</i> kept up with the Spanish flagship's pursuit of Tromp. </p><p>Had Oquendo given the order for a line, the immense Spanish fleet could have probably encircled and dispatched the Dutch squadron in a few hours. However, Oquendo seemed intent on boarding the Dutch flagship. When he finally decided to turn for a shot, he did it too late and sailed past the Tromp's poop. Trying to correct his error, Oquendo attempted to board the second ship in the Dutch column. The latter also avoided him. Oquendo's flagship and one of the Dunkirk ships, the <i>Santiago</i>, were now downwind and on the receiving end of the cannonades of the remaining nine ships of the Dutch column. Tromp turned his column and went for another round on the <i>Santiago</i>. Oquendo, the other six Dunkirk ships and the <i>San Juan</i>, unable to turn upwind, fired as they could. The artillery did little damage, but Spanish musketry picked off many on the Dutch decks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp.jpg/180px-Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp.jpg/270px-Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp.jpg/360px-Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Dutch commander <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Tromp" title="Maarten Tromp">Maarten Tromp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This encounter lasted for three hours, in the course of which the Dutch ship <i>Groot Christoffel</i> accidentally exploded. By noon, the six ships of the <a href="/wiki/Witte_de_With" title="Witte de With">Witte de With</a> column had reached Tromp, and increased his number to 16. Although the rest of the Spanish fleet remained dispersed and disorganized, many units had finally turned and were also approaching from the other side. For Tromp, this was building up into a dangerous situation, as the Spanish units upwind would cut off his exit, and force the Dutch squadron to turn into the shoals of the bay of <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> and almost certainly run aground. However, at this moment, Oquendo ordered the Spanish fleet to resume a half-moon formation. The Spanish ships turned, allowing Tromp's squadron to turn also, gain the wind, and escape the danger. </p><p>There were no more engagements that evening. The fleets anchored in, and the next day, rear-admiral <a href="/wiki/Joost_Banckert" title="Joost Banckert">Joost Banckert</a> arrived, bringing the total Dutch fleet to thirty-two. But there was no engagement, just preparations for what was to become known as the Battle of the Downs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg/220px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg/330px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg/440px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption><i>Before the Battle of the Downs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Reinier_Nooms" title="Reinier Nooms">Reinier Nooms</a>, <i>circa</i> 1639, depicting the Dutch blockade off the English coast, the vessel shown is the <i><a href="/wiki/Dutch_ship_Aemilia_(1632)" title="Dutch ship Aemilia (1632)">Aemilia</a></i>, Tromp's flagship.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish, whose priority was to protect the troops, not to endanger them by continuing the battle, took refuge in <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">The Downs</a>, an anchorage between the English ports of Dover and <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal</a>, near an English squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Pennington_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pennington (admiral)">John Pennington</a>. Ocquendo ordered 13 of his Dunkirker squadron, composed of light, fast <a href="/wiki/Frigates" class="mw-redirect" title="Frigates">frigates</a>, to head north at night round the <a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Sands" title="Goodwin Sands">Goodwin Sands</a>; although the Dutch later sealed this exit, they arrived in Dunkirk with 3,000 troops and all the bullion intended to pay the Army of Flanders. Ultimately, the Spanish calculated 6,000 troops had been landed, with 1,500 captured by the Dutch and another 1,500 either killed or interned in England, which allowed Ocquendo to later claim he had largely achieved the objectives set.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979213_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of 28 September, Tromp and De With withdrew to resupply, for they were short of gunpowder. They feared they had failed in their mission until they rediscovered the Spanish at the Downs on the 30th. Together, they blockaded the Spanish and sent urgently to the Netherlands for reinforcements. The five <a href="/wiki/Dutch_admiralties" title="Dutch admiralties">Dutch admiralties</a> hired any large armed merchant ship they could find. Many joined voluntarily, hoping for a rich bounty. By the end of October, Tromp had 95 ships and 12 <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ships</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Tetar_van_Elven_-_Anno_1639._De_krijgsraad_besluit_op_voorstel_van_Tromp_de_vijand_voor_Duins_van_buskruit_te_voorzien_-_SA_4923_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Tetar_van_Elven_-_Anno_1639._De_krijgsraad_besluit_op_voorstel_van_Tromp_de_vijand_voor_Duins_van_buskruit_te_voorzien_-_SA_4923_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/220px-Paul_Tetar_van_Elven_-_Anno_1639._De_krijgsraad_besluit_op_voorstel_van_Tromp_de_vijand_voor_Duins_van_buskruit_te_voorzien_-_SA_4923_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Tetar_van_Elven_-_Anno_1639._De_krijgsraad_besluit_op_voorstel_van_Tromp_de_vijand_voor_Duins_van_buskruit_te_voorzien_-_SA_4923_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg/330px-Paul_Tetar_van_Elven_-_Anno_1639._De_krijgsraad_besluit_op_voorstel_van_Tromp_de_vijand_voor_Duins_van_buskruit_te_voorzien_-_SA_4923_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Paul_Tetar_van_Elven_-_Anno_1639._De_krijgsraad_besluit_op_voorstel_van_Tromp_de_vijand_voor_Duins_van_buskruit_te_voorzien_-_SA_4923_-_Amsterdam_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch council of war decides at Tromp's suggestion to supply the Spanish with gunpowder</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the Spanish, who earlier had managed to sneak 13 or 14 Dunkirker frigates through the blockade, began to transport their troops and money to Flanders on British ships under an English flag. Tromp stopped this by searching the English vessels and detaining any Spanish troops he found. Uneasy about the possible English reaction to this, he pretended to Pennington to be worried by his secret orders from the <a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="States-General of the Netherlands">States-General</a>. He showed him, "confidentially", a missive commanding him to attack the Spanish armada wherever it might be located and to prevent by force of arms any interference by a third power. </p><p>Meanwhile, Tromp's patience was tested to the limit. His war council would not yet agree to an attack while the Spaniards claimed they did not have enough gunpowder to sail out. This prompted a remarkable offer from the Dutch. On the 13th of October, two captains on behalf of Tromp reported to Pennington that they were willing to supply the Spanish fleet with 500 barrels of gunpowder on the condition that the fleet would then immediately sail out to battle. Oquendo did not accept the offer, but conflict almost broke out anyway on the 14th when a Spanish gunman shot dead a sailor on a Dutch ship. According to Oquendo, the gunman was an incredibly stupid peasant who would be severely punished. Still, in the following days, Oquendo and Tromp both began to prepare for battle, while Pennington was given permission to withdraw in case of a battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2021272—278_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2021272—278-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_battle">The battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maarten_Tromp_v%C3%B3%C3%B3r_de_aanvang_van_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins,_1639_Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp,_voor_den_zeeslag_bij_Duins_1639_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-81.616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maarten_Tromp_v%C3%B3%C3%B3r_de_aanvang_van_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp%2C_voor_den_zeeslag_bij_Duins_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.616.jpg/220px-Maarten_Tromp_v%C3%B3%C3%B3r_de_aanvang_van_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp%2C_voor_den_zeeslag_bij_Duins_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maarten_Tromp_v%C3%B3%C3%B3r_de_aanvang_van_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp%2C_voor_den_zeeslag_bij_Duins_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.616.jpg/330px-Maarten_Tromp_v%C3%B3%C3%B3r_de_aanvang_van_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp%2C_voor_den_zeeslag_bij_Duins_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maarten_Tromp_v%C3%B3%C3%B3r_de_aanvang_van_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp%2C_voor_den_zeeslag_bij_Duins_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.616.jpg/440px-Maarten_Tromp_v%C3%B3%C3%B3r_de_aanvang_van_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_Maarten_Harpertszoon_Tromp%2C_voor_den_zeeslag_bij_Duins_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6320" data-file-height="4604" /></a><figcaption>Maarten Tromp on his flagship just before the Battle of the Downs</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 October, an easterly wind giving him the <a href="/wiki/Weather_gage" title="Weather gage">weather gage</a>, Tromp detached 30 ships under De With to prevent any interference from Pennington, while two squadrons commanded by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Jol" title="Cornelis Jol">Cornelis Jol</a> and Jan Hendriksz de Nijs blocked escape routes to the north and south respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner198141_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner198141-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attacked with the remainder, which included a number of fireships. Some of the large, unmanoeuverable Spanish ships panicked on approach of the Dutch fleet and grounded themselves deliberately; they were immediately plundered by the English populace, present in great numbers to watch the uncommon spectacle. Others tried a planned breakthrough. </p><p>De Oquendo's Royal Flagship, the <i>Santiago</i>, came out first followed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_(1637)" title="Santa Teresa (1637)">Santa Teresa</a></i>, the Portuguese flagship. Five blazing fireships were sent into the Spanish ships. The first Spanish ship could disengage and avoid three of the fireships at the last moment, but these hit the following <i>Santa Teresa</i>, who had just managed to repel the attack of the other two. Too big (the biggest ship in the Spanish/Portuguese fleet) and slow to manoeuvre, and with no time to react, the <i>Santa Teresa</i> was finally grappled and set on fire by one fire ship. With Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Hoces" title="Lope de Hoces">Lope de Hoces</a> already dead from his wounds, she fiercely burned with great loss of life. </p><p>The Portuguese ships were intercepted by the squadron of the Zeelandic Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Johan_Evertsen" title="Johan Evertsen">Johan Evertsen</a> who launched his fireships against them: most Portuguese ships were taken or destroyed, leaving according to some reports 15,200 dead and 1,800 prisoner. The number of dead is today considered as greatly exaggerated; for example, it does not take into account that a third of the troops had already reached Flanders. De Oquendo managed to escape in the fog with about ten ships, most of them <a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">Dunkirkers</a>, and reach Dunkirk. Nine of the ships driven ashore during the battle could be later refloated and also reached Dunkirk.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Losses">Losses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaanse_vloot_verslagen_in_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins,_1639_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-81.468_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Spaanse_vloot_verslagen_in_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.468_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Spaanse_vloot_verslagen_in_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.468_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Spaanse_vloot_verslagen_in_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.468_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Spaanse_vloot_verslagen_in_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.468_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Spaanse_vloot_verslagen_in_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.468_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Spaanse_vloot_verslagen_in_de_zeeslag_bij_Duins%2C_1639_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-81.468_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4204" data-file-height="2642" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of the Downs</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Spanish naval historian <a href="/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Duro" title="Cesáreo Fernández Duro">Cesáreo Fernández Duro</a>, of the 38 ships that attempted to break the Dutch blockade, twelve beached themselves on the English shore, nine of which were later refloated and managed to reach Dunkirk. One was destroyed by a fireship and another nine captured, three being so badly damaged they sank before reaching port; another three were wrecked on the coasts of France or Flanders while trying to avoid capture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuro1898221_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuro1898221-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Godefroi,_Comte_d%27Estrades" title="Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades">Comte d'Estrades</a>, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, claimed that the Spanish had lost thirteen ships burnt or sunk, sixteen captured with 4,000 prisoners, and lost fourteen off the coasts of France and Flanders,<sup id="cite_ref-Estrades_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrades-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a figure higher than the number of Spanish ships present at the Downs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D'Estrades also reported in his letter that the Dutch had lost ten ships sunk or burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrades_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrades-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This source is cited by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Clerc_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Le Clerc (historian)">Jean Le Clerc</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Histoire_des_Provinces-Unies_des_Pays-Bas" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire des Provinces-Unies des Pays-Bas">Histoire des Provinces-Unies des Pays-Bas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese Admiral and historian <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Costa_Quintella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignacio Costa Quintella">Ignacio Costa Quintella</a> gives figures of 43 ships and 6,000 men lost by the Spanish and some ships and more than 1,000 men by the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch sources only mention the loss of one Dutch ship that got entangled with the <i>Santa Teresa</i> and about a hundred persons dead. Historian M.G de Boer's extensively researched book about the subject confirms this and puts Spanish losses in ships and men at about 40 and 7,000 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Boer1941132_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Boer1941132-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The larger part of the Spanish infantry managed to reach Flanders along with nearly all the money, but the celebrated Dutch victory marked a significant moment in the shifting balance of naval power. Much of the Spanish fleet, which had been built up over several years, was destroyed, and of the ships that succeeded in breaking through the blockade, many were severely damaged. A few months later, <a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">another large Spanish expedition</a>, this time headed for <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>, was also defeated. Spain, strained under the vast commitments of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a>, was in no position to rebuild its naval dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major naval defeats also had consequences for the Spanish on the Iberian mainland, where they contributed to the climate in which the Portuguese decided to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">revolt against the Spanish king</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlooster201669_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlooster201669-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dunkirker privateers continued to harm Dutch trade and were not defeated until Dunkirk was captured by a Franco-Dutch force in 1646. However, the continuation of Dutch naval dominance in the North Sea meant that Spanish convoys paid a heavy price in lives and ships in running the Dutch blockades. These complicated operations in the Low Countries had left the overall <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Habsburg">Spanish Habsburg</a> forces and finances in a precarious situation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch, English, and French were quick to take advantage by seizing some small Spanish island possessions in the Caribbean. But by far the worst effects for Spain were the increased difficulties it suffered in maintaining its position in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>. </p><p>Tromp was hailed as a hero on his return and was rewarded with 10,000 guldens, invoking the jealousy of De With who only got 1,000. De With wrote some anonymous <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a> painting Tromp as avaricious and himself as the real hero of the battle. With Spain gradually losing its dominant naval position, England weak, and France not yet in possession of a strong navy, the Dutch allowed their own navy to diminish greatly after a peace treaty was signed in 1648. So, with an ineffective naval administration and ships that were too light and too few in number, they were to find themselves at a serious disadvantage in their coming conflicts with the English. However, they were able to maintain their large mercantile advantage over other European powers, entering into a period of increasing Dutch maritime superiority, both mercantile and naval, from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>, until the onset of the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portugal was part of a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a> with Spain until 1640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Spanish Order of Battle</b>; <br /> <i>Santiago</i> 60 (Castile) – flagship; reached Dunkirk 22 October <br /> <i>San Antonio</i> (<a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">pinnace</a>) (Masibradi) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>San Agustin</i> (pinnace) (Martin Ladron de Guevara) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_(1637)" title="Santa Teresa (1637)">Santa Teresa</a></i> 60 (Portugal) – Don <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Hoces" title="Lope de Hoces">Lope de Hoces</a>, commander. Destroyed in action 21 October<br /> <i>San Jeronimo</i><br /> <i>San Agustin</i> (Naples) – Vice-Admiral. Driven ashore 21 October, sunk 3 or 4 days later<br /> <i>El Gran Alejandro</i> (Martin Ladron de Guevara) – Taken by the Dutch<br /> <i>Santa Ana</i> (Portugal)<br /> <i>San Sebastian</i><br /> <i>Santa Catalina</i> (Guipuzcoa) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>San Lazaro</i><br /> <i>San Blas</i> (Masibradi) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>San Jerónimo</i> (Masibradi) – Burnt in the Downs 21 October<br /> <i>San Nicolas</i><br /> <i>Santiago</i> (Castile) – Burnt off Dover on the night of 23 October<br /> <i>San Juan Bautista</i> (Guipuzcoa) – Sunk 21 October<br /> <i>Esquevel</i> 16 (hired Dane) – Captured 28 September<br /> <i>San Jose</i> (Dunkirk)<br /> <i>Los Angeles</i> (Castile) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>Santiago</i> (Portugal) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>Delfin Dorado</i> (Naples) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>San Antonio</i> (Naples) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>San Juan Evangelista</i> (Dunkirk)<br /> <i>El Pingue</i> (hired ship) – Sunk in the Downs 21 October<br /> <i>San Carlos</i> (Masibradi)<br /> <i>San Nicolas</i> (Masibradi)<br /> <i>San Miguel</i><br /> <i>Orfeo</i> 44 (Naples) – Lost on the Goodwin sands 21 October<br /> <i>San Vicente Ferrer</i> (Dunkerque)<br /> <i>San Martin</i> (Dunkerque)<br /> <i>Nuestra Senora de Monteagudo</i> (Dunkerque) – Escaped into Dunkirk 22 October<br /> <i>Santiago</i> 60? (Galicia) – Captured 21 October<br /> <i>?</i> (flag of Masibradi) – Captured 28 September, retaken same day, escaped to Dunkirk, 22 October, wrecked ?26 October<br /> <i>Santo Tomas</i> (Martin Ladron de Guevara) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>Nuestra Senora de Luz</i><br /> <i>Santa Clara</i><br /> <i>San Gedeon</i> (Dunkerque)<br /> <i>San Jacinto</i><br /> <i>San Carlos</i> (Dunkerque) – Sunk 21 October<br /> <i>Santo Cristo de Burgos</i> (San Josef) – Lost off the French coast 21 October<br /> <i>San Paulo</i> (Masibradi)<br /> <i>San Miguel</i><br /> <i>La Corona</i> (hired ship)<br /> <i>La Presa</i> or <i>San Pablo La Presa</i> (Castile)<br /> <i>San Esteban</i> (Martin Ladron de Guevara) – Captured 21 October<br /> <i>San Pedro de la Fortuna</i> (hired ship) – Driven ashore but got off, 21 October<br /> <i>Los Angeles</i> (hired ship)<br /> <i>Aguila Imperial</i><br /> <i>La Mujer</i><br /> <i>Santo Domingo de Polonia</i> (hired Polish ship) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>San Jose</i> (flagship of Vizcaya) – Captured 21 October<br /> <i>San Salvador</i> (flagship of Dunkirk) – Escaped into Dunkirk 22 October<br /> <i>São Baltasar</i> (Vice-Admiral of Portugal) – 800 tons. Back at Lisbon in 1640<br /> <i>San Francisco</i> 50? (Rear-Admiral of Dunkerque) – Escaped into Dunkirk 22 October<br /> <i>San Pedro el Grande</i> (flagship of Ladron de Guevara)<br /> <i>Santiago</i> (Martin Ladron de Guevara)<br /> <i>Jesus Maria</i> (pinnace)<br /> <i>San Pedro Martir</i> (urca) (hired ship) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>Fama</i> (Urca) (hired ship) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>Santa Cruz</i> (Masibradi)<br /> <i>San Daniel</i> (Guipuzcoa) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>San Juan Evangelista</i> (hired ship of Hamburg) – Driven ashore 21 October<br /> <i>Santa Agnes</i> (frigate) (Naples) – Stranded but got off, 24 October<br /> <i>Grune</i>? (Castile) – Driven ashore, 21 October 1639<br /> <i>Santa Teresa (Saetia)</i> (Castile) – Taken by a French privateer 21 October<br /> Hired English transports; <i>Exchange</i>, <i>Peregrine</i>, <i>Assurance</i> plus five others; all 8 English transports put into Plymouth on 13 September, and reached the Downs 22 October, where they were detained</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Dutch Order of Battle</b>; incomplete, since contemporaneous Dutch sources only list participating captains and in many cases it is unknown which ship they commanded<br /> <b>26 September:</b><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Dutch_ship_Aemilia_(1632)" title="Dutch ship Aemilia (1632)">Aemilia</a></i> 57 (Tromp, flag captain Barend Barendsz Cramer) Rotterdam<br /> <i>Frederik Hendrik</i> 36 (Pieter Pietersz de Wint) Amsterdam; on 21 October this was Witte de With's flagship<br /> <i>Hollandsche Tuyn</i> 32 (Lambert IJsbrandszoon Halfhoorn) Northern Quarter (Noorderkwartier)<br /> <i>Salamander</i> 40 (Laurens Pietersz Backhuysen) – WIC ship<br /> <i>Gelderland</i> 34 (Willem van Colster) Rotterdam<br /> <i>Sampson</i> 32 (Claes Cornelisz Ham) Noorderkwartier<br /> <i>Omlandia</i> 28 (Jan Gerbrandszoon) Frisia <br /> <i>Groot Christoffel</i> 28 (hired by Noorderkwartier admiralty, Frederick Pieterszoon) – blew up on 26 September<br /> <i>Deventer</i> 28 (Robert Post) Amsterdam<br /> <i>Gideon</i> 24 (Hendrick Jansz Kamp) Frisia<br /> <i>Meerminne</i> 28 (Jan Pauluszoon) Zealand<br /> <i>Veere</i> 32 (Cornelis Ringelszoon) Zealand <b>Reinforcements 27 September:</b><br /> <i>Maeght van Dordrecht</i> 42 (Vice-Admiral Witte de With) Rotterdam<br /> <i>Overijssel</i> 24 (Jacques Forant) Amsterdam<br /> <i>Utrecht</i> 30 (Gerrit Meyndertsz den Uyl) Amsterdam<br /> <i>Sint Laurens</i> 32 (A.Dommertszoon)<br /> <i>Bommel</i> 28 (Sybrant Barentsz Waterdrincker) Amsterdam <b>Reinforcements 28 September:</b><br /> <b>Banckert squadron:</b><br /> '<i>t Wapen van Zeeland</i> 28 (Vice-Admiral Joost Banckert) Zealand<br /> <i>Zeeridder</i> 34 (Frans Jansz van Vlissingen) Zealand<br /> <i>Zutphen</i> 28 (Joris van Cats) Amsterdam<br /> <i>Walcheren</i> 28 (Jan Theunisz Sluis) Amsterdam<br /> '<i>t Wapen van Holland</i> 39 (Lieven Cornelisz de Zeeuw) Noorderkwartier<br /> <i>Neptunis</i> 33 (Albert 't Jongen Hoen) Noorderkwartier<br /> <i>Amsterdam</i> 10 (Pieter Barentsz Dorrevelt) Amsterdam <br /> <i>Drenthe</i> 16 (Gerrit Veen) Amsterdam<br /> <i>Rotterdam</i> 10 (<a href="/wiki/Joris_Pieters_van_den_Broeck" title="Joris Pieters van den Broeck">Joris Pietersz van den Broecke</a>) Frisia<br /> <i>Arnemuyden</i> 22 (Adriaen Jansz de Gloeyende Oven) Zealand<br /> <i>Ter Goes</i> 24 (Abraham Crijnssen) Zealand<br /> <i>Friesland</i> 22 (Tjaert de Groot) Frisia <br /> <b>After reinforcements 30 September</b><br /> <b>Evertsen squadron:</b><br /> <i>Vlissingen</i> 34 (Vice-Admiral Johan Evertsen, flag captain Frans Jansen) Zeeland <b>De With squadron: thirty ships, four fireships</b> <b>Jol squadron, seven ships:</b><br /> <i>Jupiter</i> (Cornelis Cornelisz Jol "Houtebeen") WIC <b>De Nijs squadron, eight ships</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middelburg (30); Vlissingen (34); Zutphen (28); Walcheren (28); Wapen van Nassau (38); Neptunus (28); Amsterdam (10); Drente (10); Rotterdam (10); Arnemuyden (22); Ter Goes (24); Friesland (22)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maagd van Dordrecht (42); Overijssel (24); Utrecht (30); Sint Laurens (32); Bommel (30);<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aemilia (57); Gelderland (32); Frederik Hendrik (36); Sampson (36); Hollandsche Tuin (32); Deventer (28); Omlandia (28); Veere (32); Salamander (40); Groote Christoffel (30); Gideon (24); Meermin (28)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979208_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStradling1979">Stradling 1979</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span><i>Schittering en schandaal, Biografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp.</i>, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979213-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979213_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979213_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStradling1979">Stradling 1979</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood193850-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood193850_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedgwood1938">Wedgwood 1938</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979206–207-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979206–207_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStradling1979">Stradling 1979</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009662-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009662_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>, p. 662.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201428–29-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill201428–29_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Neill2014">O'Neill 2014</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1992106-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1992106_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1992106_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStradling1992">Stradling 1992</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009651-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009651_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>, p. 651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=930">"Action of 18 September 1639"</a>. <i>Three Decks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Three+Decks&rft.atitle=Action+of+18+September+1639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthreedecks.org%2Findex.php%3Fdisplay_type%3Dshow_battle%26id%3D930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=930">"Action of 18 September 1639"</a>. <i>Three Decks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Three+Decks&rft.atitle=Action+of+18+September+1639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthreedecks.org%2Findex.php%3Fdisplay_type%3Dshow_battle%26id%3D930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=930">"Action of 18 September 1639"</a>. <i>Three Decks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Three+Decks&rft.atitle=Action+of+18+September+1639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthreedecks.org%2Findex.php%3Fdisplay_type%3Dshow_battle%26id%3D930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner198140-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner198140_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1981">Warner 1981</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2009">Wilson 2009</a>, p. 661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner198141-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner198141_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner198141_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1981">Warner 1981</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2021272—278-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2021272—278_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanhuysen2021">Panhuysen 2021</a>, p. 272—278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Duro" title="Cesáreo Fernández Duro">Cesáreo Fernández Duro</a>, <i>Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León</i>, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1898, Vol. IV, pp. 215-216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuro1898221-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuro1898221_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuro1898">Duro 1898</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estrades-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estrades_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrades_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comte d'Estrades, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernández Duro, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Clerc, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costa Quintanella, p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Boer1941132-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Boer1941132_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Boer1941">De Boer 1941</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Wilson, Peter H. <i>A History of the Thirty Years' War</i> Allan Lane (Penguin) 2009 p.651</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlooster201669-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlooster201669_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlooster2016">Klooster 2016</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. Wilson, Peter H. <i>A History of the Thirty Years' War</i> Allan Lane (Penguin) 2009 p.651</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Downs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Boer1941" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Boer, Dr MG (1941). <i>Tromp en de armada van 1639</i> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tromp+en+de+armada+van+1639&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=De+Boer&rft.aufirst=Dr+MG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuro1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (1898). <i>Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón</i> (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armada+Espa%C3%B1ola+desde+la+uni%C3%B3n+de+los+reinos+de+Castilla+y+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Est.+tipogr%C3%A1fico+Sucesores+de+Rivadeneyra&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Duro&rft.aufirst=Ces%C3%A1reo+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodefroi_Louis_Estrades_(comte_d'),_Charles_Colbert_de_Croissy_(marquis),_Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_Avaux_(comte_d')1743" class="citation book cs1">Godefroi Louis Estrades (comte d'), Charles Colbert de Croissy (marquis), Jean-Antoine de Mesmes Avaux (comte d') (1743). <i>Lettres, memoires et négociations de Monsieur le comte d'Estrades: tant en qualité d'ambassadeur de S. M. T. C. en Italie, en Angleterre & en Hollande, que comme ambassadeur plénipotentiaire à la paix de Nimegue, conjointement avec Messieurs Colbert & comte d'Avaux</i>. Vol. 1. J. Nourse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres%2C+memoires+et+n%C3%A9gociations+de+Monsieur+le+comte+d%27Estrades%3A+tant+en+qualit%C3%A9+d%27ambassadeur+de+S.+M.+T.+C.+en+Italie%2C+en+Angleterre+%26+en+Hollande%2C+que+comme+ambassadeur+pl%C3%A9nipotentiaire+%C3%A0+la+paix+de+Nimegue%2C+conjointement+avec+Messieurs+Colbert+%26+comte+d%27Avaux&rft.pub=J.+Nourse&rft.date=1743&rft.au=Godefroi+Louis+Estrades+%28comte+d%27%29%2C+Charles+Colbert+de+Croissy+%28marquis%29%2C+Jean-Antoine+de+Mesmes+Avaux+%28comte+d%27%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Le_Clerc1728" class="citation book cs1">Jean Le Clerc (1728). <i>Histoire des Provinces-Unies des Pays-Bas, depuis la naissance de la République jusqu'à la Paix d'Utrecht & le Traité de la Barrière en 1716. Avec les principales médailles et leur explication</i>. Vol. 2. L'Honoré et Chatelain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Provinces-Unies+des+Pays-Bas%2C+depuis+la+naissance+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+Paix+d%27Utrecht+%26+le+Trait%C3%A9+de+la+Barri%C3%A8re+en+1716.+Avec+les+principales+m%C3%A9dailles+et+leur+explication&rft.pub=L%27Honor%C3%A9+et+Chatelain&rft.date=1728&rft.au=Jean+Le+Clerc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_da_Costa_Quintella1839" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio da Costa Quintella (1839). <i>Annaes da marinha portugueza</i>. Acad. das sci. de Lisboa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annaes+da+marinha+portugueza&rft.pub=Acad.+das+sci.+de+Lisboa&rft.date=1839&rft.au=Ignacio+da+Costa+Quintella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="edmundson1890" class="citation journal cs1">Edmundson, George (January 1890). "Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>5</b> (17). Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/546555">546555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Frederick+Henry%2C+Prince+of+Orange&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1890-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F546555%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._B_Prud'homme_van_Reine2001" class="citation book cs1">R. B Prud'homme van Reine (2001). <i>Schittering en schandaal – Biografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp</i>. Arbeiderspers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schittering+en+schandaal+%E2%80%93+Biografie+van+Maerten+en+Cornelis+Tromp&rft.pub=Arbeiderspers&rft.date=2001&rft.au=R.+B+Prud%27homme+van+Reine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStradling1979" class="citation journal cs1">Stradling, Robert (1979). "Catastrophe and Recovery: The Defeat of Spain, 1639–43". <i>History</i>. <b>64</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24411536">24411536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Catastrophe+and+Recovery%3A+The+Defeat+of+Spain%2C+1639%E2%80%9343&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24411536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stradling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStradling1992" class="citation book cs1">Stradling, Robert (1992). <i>The Armada of Flanders: Spanish Maritime Policy and European War, 1568-1668</i>. CUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521405348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521405348"><bdi>978-0521405348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armada+of+Flanders%3A+Spanish+Maritime+Policy+and+European+War%2C+1568-1668&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0521405348&rft.aulast=Stradling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill2014" class="citation thesis cs1">O'Neill, Patrick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5z67h5rt#page=11"><i>Charles I and the Spanish Plot: Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630-1641</i></a> (PHD). University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Charles+I+and+the+Spanish+Plot%3A+Anglo-Habsburg+Relations+and+the+Outbreak+of+the+War+of+Three+Kingdoms%2C+1630-1641&rft.inst=University+of+California&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F5z67h5rt%23page%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1981" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Oliver (1981). <i>Great Sea Battles</i>. Cambridge Ferndale Edns.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Sea+Battles&rft.pub=Cambridge+Ferndale+Edns&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1938" class="citation book cs1">Wedgwood, CV (1938). <i>The Thirty Years War</i> (2005 ed.). New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590171462" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590171462"><bdi>978-1590171462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years+War&rft.edition=2005&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-1590171462&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=CV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2009). <i>Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War</i>. 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Cassell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salt+in+their+blood%3A+The+lives+of+the+famous+Dutch+admirals&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Francis+Vere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.C.M._Warnsick1938" class="citation book cs1">J.C.M. Warnsick (1938). <i>Drie zeventiende-eeuwsche admiraals. Piet Heyn, Witte de With, Jan Evertsen</i>. van Kampen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drie+zeventiende-eeuwsche+admiraals.+Piet+Heyn%2C+Witte+de+With%2C+Jan+Evertsen.&rft.pub=van+Kampen&rft.date=1938&rft.au=J.C.M.+Warnsick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.C.M._Warnsick1941" class="citation book cs1">J.C.M. Warnsick (1941). <i>12 doorluchtige zeehelden</i>. van Kampen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=12+doorluchtige+zeehelden&rft.pub=van+Kampen&rft.date=1941&rft.au=J.C.M.+Warnsick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanhuysen2021" class="citation book cs1">Panhuysen, Luc (2021). <i>Het monsterschip: Maarten Tromp en de armada van 1639</i>. Atlas contact. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9045040714" title="Special:BookSources/978-9045040714"><bdi>978-9045040714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+monsterschip%3A+Maarten+Tromp+en+de+armada+van+1639&rft.pub=Atlas+contact&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9045040714&rft.aulast=Panhuysen&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlooster2016" class="citation book cs1">Klooster, Wim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchmomentwartr0000kloo/page/68/mode/2up"><i>The Dutch moment: war, trade, and settlement in the seventeenth-century Atlantic world</i></a>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+moment%3A+war%2C+trade%2C+and+settlement+in+the+seventeenth-century+Atlantic+world&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Klooster&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdutchmomentwartr0000kloo%2Fpage%2F68%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Downs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Americas (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanist_(Spain)" title="Africanist (Spain)">Africanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> 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